1.
Clare Hall, Cambridge
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Clare Hall is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. Founded in 1966 by Clare College, Clare Hall is a college for advanced study, admitting only postgraduate students alongside postdoctoral researchers and fellows. Clare Hall is one of the smallest colleges with 180 graduate students, after Clare College decided to establish this new centre in January 1964, the initial planning was carried through by a small group of fellows of the college chaired by the Master, Sir Eric Ashby. It was soon agreed that the new centre would be called Clare Hall, the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University of Bologna is so far the only institution abroad explicitly modelled upon Clare Hall. A neighbouring house, Elmside in Grange Road, provided rooms for the small number of graduate students. Sir Eric Ashby, then Master of Clare College and Vice-Chancellor of the University, among the early visiting fellows was Ivar Giaever, who was awarded a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1973. Joseph Brodsky, a fellow and poet in residence at Clare Hall in 1977, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1987. Other facilities in the grounds include a sports complex with a multi-gym and swimming pool. It also has a room which is used for Formal Hall. The university athletics track is a run from the main college buildings. In 1978 a second neighbouring house, now called Leslie Barnett House, was obtained for graduate student accommodation and this purchase also allowed the Michael Stoker and Brian Pippard Buildings to be built in the college grounds, providing further student rooms. The Anthony Low Building in the garden of Elmside was completed in 2000, providing further common rooms and the Garden Bar for the graduates on the main college site. It was renamed Clare Hall West Court and, after conversion and some major building works, now provides public rooms, studies, apartments, study bedrooms, a fitness centre and a swimming pool. The interaction between members of Clare Hall is encouraged also by college seminars, lunchtime discussions and formal lecture series, the latter includes the annual series of lectures relating to human values, given by a distinguished international scholar and sponsored by the Tanner Foundation. They also include the annual Ashby lecture, given by a fellow. Other events include art exhibitions, films and small concerts which supplement the wealth of music available in the university, the President’s term of office is fixed at seven years. In February 2013, it was announced that David Ibbetson, Regius Professor of Civil Law would succeed Harris after the summer, the late Lord Ashby was elected as the first honorary fellow of Clare Hall in 1975, on his retirement from the Mastership of Clare College. They also include the retired Presidents of the College, together with Ralph Erskine, architect of the early buildings, Clare Hall has a strong tradition in theoretical physics
2.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
3.
Trinity Lane
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Trinity Lane is a historical street in the heart of the college area in Cambridge, England. The lane leads off Trinity Street, the lane then turns south around the back of Gonville and Caius. Here, Trinity Hall is to the west, at the end of the lane is Clare College to the west and Kings College with its huge Chapel blocking the way to the south. Here the Old Schools are also to be found to the east and beyond that the University of Cambridge Senate House where degree ceremonies are held, the Old Schools now house the Cambridge University Offices, which form the main administration for the University. Senate House Passage is a passageway that links from near the end of Trinity Lane back to Trinity Street. Gonville and Caius College is to the north and the Senate House is to the south, Trinity Lane originally linked the High Street with the wharfs on the River Cam. In the 16th century, the east–west part of the lane was known as Find Silver Lane or Kings Childer Lane, before Kings College was built, this street continued on to what is now known as Queens Lane, leading off the north of Silver Street. Trinity Lane has changed little for several centuries, Trinity Lane, Cambridge — postcards of Cambridge Trinity Lane, Cambridge in Colour
4.
Elizabeth de Clare
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Elizabeth de Clare, 11th Lady of Clare was the heiress to the lordships of Clare, Suffolk in England and Usk in Wales. She was the youngest of the three daughters of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford and Joan of Acre, and sister of Gilbert de Clare and she is often referred to as Elizabeth de Burgh, due to her first marriage to John de Burgh. Her two successive husbands were Theobald II de Verdun and Roger dAmory, Elizabeth de Clare married three times and had three children, one by each husband. Her father had one of Englands wealthiest and most powerful nobles. This made Elizabeth one of the greatest heiresses in England and her maternal uncle, King Edward II, recalled her to England so he could select a husband for her. She left Ireland for good in 1316, leaving behind her young son and she accompanied her brother Gilbert to Ireland for their double wedding to two siblings, the son and daughter of the Earl of Ulster. Elizabeth married John de Burgh on 30 September 1308 and he was the heir to the Earl of Ulster, and Elizabeth could expect to be a countess in due course. She gave birth to their child, a son, in 1312, he would become William Donn de Burgh. Only a year later, her husband John was unexpectedly killed in a minor skirmish, a widow, Elizabeth remained in Ireland until another the death of her brother, Gilbert, at the Battle of Bannockburn in July 1314 compelled her immediate return to England. He and Elizabeth had been engaged before she was called back to England and she was Lady Verdun for only six months when Theobald died on 27 July 1316, at Alton, Staffordshire, from typhoid. He left behind three daughters from a marriage and Elizabeth, who was pregnant. Just a few weeks later after Isabels birth, Edward II married Elizabeth to Sir Roger DAmory, Lord DAmory, DAmory had been a knight in her brothers service who rose to prominence as a favourite of Edward II. Now married to him, Elizabeth was caught up in the upheavals of her uncles reign. She gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth, in May 1318. Roger was reckless and violent, and made an enemy of his brother-in-law. DAmory switched sides, joining the Marcher Lords led by Roger Mortimer and Thomas and he died of his wounds at Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire on 12 March 1322, having been captured by the royalist forces at the Battle of Boroughbridge where the rebels were soundly defeated. Elizabeth was captured at Usk Castle and imprisoned at Barking Abbey with her children by the victorious faction, elizabeths brother-in-law, Hugh Despenser the younger, lord of Glamorgan, became a particular favourite of King Edward II. With the support of the king he began to take over the adjacent lordships in south Wales and he concentrated on the lordships held by his sisters-in law and their husbands, Margaret and Hugh DAudley, and Elizabeth and Roger Damory
5.
St Hugh's College, Oxford
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St Hughs College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford. It is located on a 14. 5-acre site on St Margarets Road and it was founded in 1886 by Elizabeth Wordsworth as a womens college, and accepted its first male students in its centenary year in 1986. It enjoys a reputation as one of the most attractive colleges because of its extensive, in its 125th anniversary year, the college became a registered charity under the name The Principal and Fellows of St Hughs College in the University of Oxford. As of July 2013, the financial endowment was £25.7 million. St Hughs was founded in 1886 by Elizabeth Wordsworth to help the number of women who find the charges of the present Halls at Oxford. Using money left to her by her father, who had been Bishop of Lincoln and she named the college after one of her fathers 13th-century predecessors, Hugh of Avalon, who was canonised in 1220, and in whose diocese Oxford had been. The college was initially accommodated in properties in Norham Road, Norham Gardens and its first six students were Annie Moberly, Jessie Annie Emmerson, Charlotte Jourdain, Constance E. Ashburner, Wilhemina J. de Lorna Mitchell and Grace J. Parsons. Students were required to ask the Principal before accepting invitations to friends. Records show that rent was between £18 and £21 a term depending on the size of the room, with fires being charged extra. The college began to move to its present site in 1913 and this house was situated on the corner of St Margarets Road and Banbury Road, and was owned by University College. The first book was a copy of Sales Koran, which was given to the college by the then Bishop of Tokyo, the college soon took over other properties nearby. The leasehold of No.4 St Margarets Road was acquired in 1919, the leasehold of No.82 Woodstock Road was donated to the college by Dr Joan Evans in 1924 and No.89 Banbury Road was purchased from Lincoln College for £7,000 in 1927. The college obtained the freehold to the site in 1927. The freeholds of Nos. 1-4 St Margarets Road and 74-82 Woodstock Road were purchased from St Johns College in 1931 and 1932 respectively, the college received a Royal Charter in 1926. Between 1935 and 1936 No.1 St Margarets Road was demolished, brick huts were constructed in the college grounds with space for 300 beds. Between 1940 and 1945, over 13,000 servicemen and women were treated at the college, advances in medicine discovered at the hospital meant the mortality rate for brain-penetrating injuries fell from 90% to 9%. Staff and students were relocated to Holywell Manor, Savile House, in 1943 the college acquired the leasehold of No 72 Woodstock Road from Dame Gertrude Whitehead for £1,500. It was used as a club for American soldiers during the war, in 1946, it was leased to the University of Paris as Maison Française, an Anglo-American educational establishment
6.
Oriel College, Oxford
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Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford, in recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been known as Kings College and Kings Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom is the official Visitor of the College, the original medieval foundation set up by Adam de Brome, under the patronage of Edward II, was called the House or Hall of the Blessed Mary at Oxford. The first design allowed for a Provost and ten Fellows, called scholars, and the College remained a body of graduate Fellows until the 16th century. During the English Civil War, Oriel played host to high-ranking members of the Kings Oxford Parliament, the College has nearly 40 Fellows, about 300 undergraduates and some 160 graduates, the student body having roughly equal numbers of men and women. Oriels notable alumni include two Nobel laureates, prominent Fellows have included founders of the Oxford Movement, among Oriels more notable possessions are a painting by Bernard van Orley and three pieces of medieval silver plate. In 1329, the college received by royal grant a large house belonging to the Crown, known as La Oriole and it is from this property that the college acquired its common name, Oriel, the name was in use from about 1349. The word referred to an oratoriolum, or oriel window, forming a feature of the earlier property, the arrangement was cancelled in 1450. In 1643 a general obligation was imposed on Oxford colleges to support the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. The King called for Oriels plate, and almost all of it was given, the total weighing 29 lb.0 oz.5 dwt. of gilt, and 52 lb.7 oz.14 dwt. of white plate. In the same year the College was assessed at £1 of the sum of £40 charged on the colleges. When the Oxford Parliament was assembled during the Civil War in 1644, Oriel housed the Executive Committee of the Privy Council, following the defeat of the Royalist cause, the University was scrutinised by the Parliamentarians, and five of the eighteen Oriel Fellows were removed. In 1673 James Davenant, a Fellow since 1661, complained to William Fuller, then Bishop of Lincoln, Bishop Fuller appointed a commission that included the Vice-Chancellor, Peter Mews, the Dean of Christ Church, John Fell, and the Principal of Brasenose, Thomas Yates. During the early 1720s, a struggle began between the Provost and the Fellows, culminating in a lawsuit. In 1721, Henry Edmunds was elected as a Fellow by 9 votes to 3, his election was rejected by Provost George Carter, and on appeal, by the Visitor, Edmund Gibson, then Bishop of Lincoln. The Provost continued to reject candidates, fuelling discontent among the Fellows, the jury decided for the Fellows, supporting the original charter of Edward II. In the early 19th century, the zeal of Provosts John Eveleigh. The group was disgusted by the then Church of England and sought to revive the spirit of early Christianity, tension arose in College since Provost Edward Hawkins was a determined opponent of the Movement
7.
Anthony Grabiner, Baron Grabiner
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Anthony Stephen Grabiner, Baron Grabiner, QC is a British barrister, academic administrator, and life peer. He is head of chambers at One Essex Court, a set of commercial barristers in the Temple. Since 2014, he has been the Master of Clare College, Cambridge, Grabiner was non-executive chairman of Arcadia Group from 2002 to December 2015. In 1999, he was made a peer as Baron Grabiner. In October 2015, he resigned the Labour whip over the direction the party was taking under Jeremy Corbyn and he now sits in the Lords as a Non-affiliated member but remains a member of the Labour Party. Grabiner was born on 21 March 1945 to Jewish parents, Ralph Grabiner and he was educated in the Central Foundation Boys School. He studied at the London School of Economics and Political Science, where he graduated with a first class honours Bachelor of Laws in 1966 and he was further educated in Lincolns Inn, and was called to the Bar in 1968. From 1976 to 1981, Grabiner was Standing Junior Counsel to the Department of Trade, made a Queens Counsel in 1981, he became a Bencher in 1989, and a Recorder of the Crown Court between 1990 and 1999. Grabiner has been a Deputy High Court Judge since 1994 and he was a non-executive director of Next plc in 2002, and a member of the Bank of England Financial Services Law Committee from 2002 to 2005. In the week ending 15 October 2010, Lord Grabiner represented Liverpool Football Club in the London High Court, Lord Grabiners service to Liverpool Football Club has been noted by international news organisations. In July 2011, Grabiner was appointed by News Corporation as chairman of the management and it was subsequently reported in The Lawyer magazine that Grabiner would be receiving a fee of £3,000 an hour for his advice to News Corporation. Furthermore, MPs stated that He was content to provide a veneer of establishment credibility to the group while happily disengaging from the key decisions he had a responsibility to scrutinise, for this deplorable performance he received a considerable salary. A later report by the lawyers Lord Pannick QC and Michael Todd QC, exonerated Lord Grabiner and criticized the parliamentary inquiry, in particular, the QCs found that the parliamentary committees showed little understanding of the relevant company law in drafting the report. Grabiner was Chair of the Governors of the London School of Economics from 1998 until 2007, in December 2013, it was announced that he had been elected Master of Clare College, Cambridge University, to succeed Professor Tony Badger in October 2014. On 1 August 2015, Grabiner was appointed as the President of the University of Law, on 26 July 1999, Grabiner was created a life peer with the title Baron Grabiner, of Aldwych in the City of Westminster. From 1999 to 2015, he sat in the House of Lords on the Labour Party benches, on 24 October 2015, he announced that he has resigned the Labour whip but would remain a party member. He was the second Labour peer to resign the whip over the views of the new party leader, Grabiner explained his resignation to The Times, I have nothing in common whatever with Mr Corbyn — and I dont believe we are ever going to win an election. He now sits in the Lords as a cross-bench member, since 1983, Lord Grabiner has been married to Jane Portnoy
8.
Colleges of the University of Cambridge
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This is a list of the colleges within the University of Cambridge. They also provide funding, accommodation, or both, for some of the research posts in the University. They are self-governed charities in their own right, with their own endowments, until the mid-19th century, both Cambridge and Oxford comprised a group of colleges with a small central university administration, rather than universities in the common sense. The University of Cambridge has 31 colleges, founded between the 13th and 20th centuries, the oldest college is Peterhouse, founded in 1284, and the newest is Robinson, founded in 1977. Homerton, which was first founded in the century as a dissenting academy. All 16 of the old colleges and 7 of the 15 new ones admit both male and female students as undergraduates and postgraduates, without any age restrictions. No colleges are all-male, although most originally were, darwin, founded in 1964, was the first mixed college, while in 1972 Churchill, Clare and Kings colleges were the first previously all-male colleges to admit women. The last all-male college to become mixed was Magdalene, in 1988, in 1973 Hughes Hall became the first all-female college to admit men, and Girton admitted men in 1976. Lucy Cavendish also places restrictions on the admission of staff members, the same is true of Newnham, but not Murray Edwards. Key, U–undergraduates, P–postgraduates, Abb-Official abbreviation used in the Reporter, there are also several theological colleges in Cambridge that are affiliated with the university through the Cambridge Theological Federation. Most colleges are led by a Master, even when the Master is female, Girton College has always had a Mistress, even though male candidates have been able to run for the office since 1976. These include, Ayerst Hostel, founded in the 1880s, renamed as St Edmunds House in 1896, buckingham College, founded in 1428 as a Benedictine hall, refounded as Magdalene in 1542. Bull College, a college for US GIs returning from World War II, existing in Michaelmas 1945. Cavendish College, founded in 1873, an attempt to allow students to sit the Tripos examinations. Clare Hall was the name of Clare College between 1338 and 1856, Clare College founded a new college named Clare Hall in 1966. Gonville Hall, founded in 1348, and re-founded in 1557 as Gonville, gods House, founded in 1437, and re-founded in 1505 as Christs College. Kings Hall, founded in 1317, and combined with Michaelhouse to form Trinity College in 1546, Michaelhouse, founded in 1324, and combined with Kings Hall to form Trinity College in 1546. List of Oxbridge sister colleges List of fictional Cambridge colleges Colleges of the University of Oxford Colleges of Durham University Colleges of the University of York
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Cambridge
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Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam about 50 miles north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867, there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in the Bronze Age and in Roman Britain, under Viking rule, Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951, the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, is one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the Cavendish Laboratory, Kings College Chapel, the citys skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, the chimney of Addenbrookes Hospital and St Johns College Chapel tower. Anglia Ruskin University, evolved from the Cambridge School of Art, Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies spun out of the university. More than 40% of the workforce has a higher education qualification, the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to be home to AstraZeneca, a hotel and the relocated Papworth Hospital. Parkers Piece hosted the first ever game of Association football, the Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fairs are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads, settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3, the principal Roman site is a small fort Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street, the eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettles Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill. It was constructed around AD70 and converted to use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads, evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century. Their settlement—also on and around Castle Hill—became known as Grantebrycge, Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands, by the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a little ruined city containing the burial site of Etheldreda. Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river, the arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878 Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank. In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill, like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies
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England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
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Peterhouse, Cambridge
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Peterhouse is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. It is the oldest college of the university, having founded in 1284 by Hugo de Balsham, Bishop of Ely. Today, Peterhouse has 226 undergraduates,86 full-time graduate students and 45 fellows, the modern name of Peterhouse does not include the word college. Peterhouse is one of the wealthiest colleges in Cambridge, with assets exceeding £250 million, Peterhouse is widely considered the most traditional of the Cambridge colleges. It is one of the few that still seeks to insist that its members attend communal dinners, Hall takes place in two sittings, with the second known as Formal Hall, which consists of a three-course candlelit meal and which must be attended wearing gowns. At Formal Hall, the rise as the fellows proceed in, a gong is rung. The college has five Nobel laureates associated with it, either as students or fellows, Sir John Kendrew, Sir Aaron Klug, Archer Martin, Max Perutz. After disagreement between the scholars and the Brethren of the Hospital, both requested a separation, the Church of St Peter without Trumpington Gate was to be used by the scholars. Bishop Hugo de Balsham died in 1286, bequeathing 300 marks that were used to buy land to the south of St Peters Church. The earliest surviving set of statutes for the college was given to it by the then Bishop of Ely, Simon Montacute, although based on those of Merton College, these statutes clearly display the lack of resources then available to the college. They were used in 1345 to defeat an attempt by Edward III to appoint a candidate of his own as scholar, in 1354-55, William Moschett set up a trust that resulted in nearly 70 acres of land at Fen Ditton being transferred to the College by 1391-92. The Colleges relative poverty was relieved in 1401 when it acquired the advowson and rectory of Hinton through the efforts of Bishop John Fordham and John Newton. During the reign of Elizabeth I, the college acquired the area formerly known as Volneys Croft, which today is the area of St Peters Terrace, the William Stone Building. In 1553, Andrew Perne was appointed Master and his religious views were pragmatic enough to be favoured by both Mary I, who gave him the Deanery of Ely, and Elizabeth I. A contemporary joke was that the letters on the weather vane of St Peters Church could represent Andrew Perne, Papist or Andrew Perne, Protestant according to which way the wind was blowing. Having previously been close to the reformist Regius Chair of Divinity, Martin Bucer, later as vice-chancellor of the university Perne would have Bucers bones exhumed, John Foxe in his Actes and Monuments singled this out as shameful railing. There is a hole burnt in the middle of the relevant page in Pernes own copy of Foxe, Perne died in 1589, leaving a legacy to the college that funded a number of fellowships and scholarships, as well bequeathing an extensive collection of books. This collection and rare volumes since added to it is now known as the Perne Library, between 1626 and 1634, the Master was Matthew Wren
12.
Choir of Clare College, Cambridge
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The Choir of Clare College, Cambridge is a mixed-voice choir whose primary function is to lead services in Clare Colleges chapel at the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Since the founding of the choir in 1971, the Choir of Clare College has gained an reputation as one of the leading university choral groups in the world. The first chapel choir was formed in 1866, for the next one hundred years the choir consisted of undergraduate lower voices and a treble line provided by boys from city schools. In 1966, the use of boys was discontinued and for a period there was no upper line. The current mixed-voice choir was established in 1971 by Peter Dennison and he was succeeded by the colleges first director of music, John Rutter. Rutter left in 1979 to focus on composing but retains a connection with the college as an honorary fellow. Timothy Brown directed the choir for 31 years until he was succeeded by the current director of music. Since 1979 the choir has been conducted by the director of music, the organ is played by two organ scholars, who, like the choral scholars, are students at the college. An organ scholarship is awarded as necessary to ensure there are always two undergraduate organists in the college - a new scholar is appointed to arrive when the previous one graduates. If the director of music is not present for any reason, the Choir of Clare College, Cambridge maintains a strong recording and touring schedule, in addition to its performances at Clare College Chapel in Cambridge. In recent years, the choir has toured throughout Europe, the US, the choir regularly performs in the United Kingdom, giving concerts in the major London concert halls, as well as at numerous festivals around the country. The choir also performs with instrumental groups such as the European Baroque Orchestra, in January 2016 it gave the world premiere of Green Mass, composed by Alexander Raskatov, in the Royal Festival Hall along with the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Vladimir Jurowski. The Choir of Clare College, Cambridge has recorded extensively, now exclusively for the Harmonia Mundi USA label, releases on this label include Veni Emmanuel, Music for Advent, Stabat Mater Dolorosa, Music for Passiontide and a recording of selected works by Imogen Holst. The choir has also begun live streaming of some of its services from the chapel. The choir often tours externally, usually between university terms, many composers have been commissioned to write for the choir, including Sir John Tavener, Jonathan Dove, Herbert Howells, Tarik ORegan, John Rutter, Giles Swayne and James Whitbourn
13.
The Backs
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The name the Backs refers to the backs of the colleges. St Johns — buildings on both sides of the river, spanned by the St Johns kitchen bridge and the Bridge of Sighs Trinity — buildings on the east bank, Trinity Hall — buildings on the east bank but with no rear grounds on the west bank. Clare — buildings on the east bank, spanned by Clare bridge, Kings — buildings on the east bank, spanned by Kings bridge. Queens — buildings on both sides of the river, spanned by the Mathematical Bridge, historically, much of the land was used by the colleges for grazing livestock or growing fruit. The river was also an important commercial thoroughfare to the mill at Silver Street, in the 16th century, the area consisted of pasture, gardens and orchards owned by colleges of the University, with wooden bridges across the Cam. Over time, the colleges planted avenues of trees and built sturdier bridges, in 1772, St Johns College consulted English landscape architect Lancelot Brown, who laid out a wilderness on the college side of Queens Road which still exists today. In 1779, Brown presented a plan to the University of Cambridge to create country-house style parkland with its focus on Kings Colleges Gibbs Building, the plan would have involved removing avenues, transforming the river into a lake, and planting clumps of trees to screen the other colleges. It was never implemented, possibly because it would have removed historic college boundaries, in response to many elm trees succumbing to Dutch elm disease, a Backs Committee was formed in 1979 so that a joint approach could be taken to the problem facing The Backs. As a result of the work, trees were cut down. However, the committee stopped meeting in 1994, in 1995, English Heritage listed The Backs as a Grade 1 Historic Park. In the 2000s, six University colleges on The Backs commissioned Robert Myers, the report, entitled The Backs Cambridge Landscape Strategy, was completed in November 2007 and released on 1 December 2007. It sets out proposals for the evolution of The Backs over the next 50 years, over-mature and inappropriately-sited trees will be removed and new ones planted. In addition, there will be a replacement of avenues, an extension of the wilderness planting behind St Johns and along the edge of Queens Road. In December 2007, The Daily Telegraph reported that there has been a degree of consensus between institutions well known for prizing their autonomy. List of bridges in Cambridge Punt Stubbings, Frank H. Bedders, Bulldogs and Bedells, academical Elysium — The Landscaping of the Cambridge Backs. Queens College Record 2000 — The Grove Elms, archived from the original on 2008-01-28. Some of the references in this section were obtained from The Backs Cambridge landscape strategy, University of Cambridge Official Map — The Backs
14.
River Cam
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The River Cam is the main river flowing through Cambridge in eastern England. After leaving Cambridge, it flows north and east into the Great Ouse to the south of Ely at Popes Corner. The Great Ouse connects the Cam to the North Sea at Kings Lynn, The total distance from Cambridge to the sea is about 40 mi and is navigable for punts, small boats, and rowing craft. The Great Ouse also connects to Englands canal system via the Middle Level Navigations, in total, the Cam runs for around 69 kilometres from its furthest source to its confluence with the Great Ouse. This was not universally applied, however, and the stretch of the river continues to be informally known as the Granta. It has been said that the river is the Granta above the Silver Street Bridgemap 11, the Rhee tributary is also formally known as the Cam, and the Granta has a tributary on its upper stretch also known as the Granta. The Cam has no connection with the much smaller River Cam in Gloucestershire, an organisation called the Conservators of the River Cam was formed in 1702, charged with keeping the river navigable. The Conservators are responsible for the two locks in and north east of Cambridge, Jesus Lockmap 7 and Baits Bite Lock. map 3 The stretch north of Jesus Lock is sometimes called the lower river. The stretch between Jesus Lock and Baits Bite Lock is much used for rowing, there are also many residential boats on this stretch, their occupants forming a community who call themselves the Camboaters. Navigation on the lowest section of the Cam, below and including Bottisham Lock, the stretch above Jesus Lock is sometimes known as the middle river. Between Jesus Lock and the Mill Pond, map 12 it passes through the Backsmap 10 below the walls of many of the colleges and this is the section of river most popular with tourists, with its picture-postcard views of elegant bridges, green lawns and graceful willows. Access for mechanically powered boats is prohibited above La Mimosa Pub between 1 April and 30 September, when the middle and upper river are only to manually propelled craft. The most common of these are the flat-bottomed punts, punts and canoes can be manhandled around the weir above the Mill Pool by means of the rollers, a slipway from lower to upper level. From the Mill Pool and its weir, the river can be followed upstream through Grantchester meadows to the village of Grantchestermap 14 and Byrons Pool, the two principal tributaries of the Cam are the Granta and the Rhee, though both are also known as the Cam. The Rhee begins just off the High Street, at Ashwell in Hertfordshire, just after flowing under the Roman Ermine Street, it crosses the avenue of Wimpole Hall and a few kilometres later it receives the waters of the minor River Mel that runs through Meldreth. It runs along the edge of the village of Barrington. At Harston it passes Harston Mill, the site of a mill from at least the 11th century until the need for mill died out in the mid-20th century. It then touches the edge of the village of Haslingfield before joining the Granta at Hauxton Junction
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Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
16.
Edward I of England
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Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law, through an extensive legal inquiry, Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edwards attention was drawn towards military affairs, the first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his fathers reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he sided with a baronial reform movement. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained throughout the subsequent armed conflict. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land, the crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster on 19 August, after suppressing a minor rebellion in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second rebellion in 1282–83 with a full-scale war of conquest. After a successful campaign, Edward subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the countryside, next, his efforts were directed towards Scotland. Initially invited to arbitrate a dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over the kingdom. In the war followed, the Scots persevered, even though the English seemed victorious at several points. At the same there were problems at home. In the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation and these crises were initially averted, but issues remained unsettled. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son, Edward II, Edward I was a tall man for his era, hence the nickname Longshanks. He was temperamental, and this, along with his height, made him an intimidating man, nevertheless, he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship, as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henrys brother Richard of Cornwall, Henry of Almain would remain a close companion of the prince, both through the civil war that followed, and later during the crusade. Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffards death in 1246, there were concerns about Edwards health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246,1247, and 1251
17.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
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King's College, Cambridge
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Kings College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Formally The Kings College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge, Kings was founded in 1441 by Henry VI, soon after he had founded its sister college in Eton. However, the Kings plans for the college were disrupted by the Wars of the Roses and resultant scarcity of funds, and his eventual deposition. Little progress was made on the project until in 1508 Henry VII began to take an interest in the college, the building of the colleges chapel, begun in 1446, was finally finished in 1544 during the reign of Henry VIII. Kings College Chapel is regarded as one of the greatest examples of late Gothic English architecture and it has the worlds largest fan-vault, and the chapels stained-glass windows and wooden chancel screen are considered some of the finest from their era. The building is seen as emblematic of Cambridge, the chapels choir, composed of male students at Kings and choristers from the nearby Kings College School, is one of the most accomplished and renowned in the world. Every year on Christmas Eve the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols is broadcast from the chapel to millions of listeners worldwide, on 12 February 1441 King Henry VI issued letters patent founding a college at Cambridge for a rector and twelve poor scholars. This college was to be named after Saint Nicholas, upon whose saint day Henry had been born, William Millington, a fellow of Clare College was installed as the rector. Henry directed the publication of the colleges first governing statutes in 1443 and his original modest plan for the college was abandoned, and provision was instead made for community of seventy fellows and scholars headed by a provost. Henry had belatedly learned of William of Wykehams 1379 twin foundation of New College, Oxford and Winchester College, the King had in fact founded Eton College on 11 October 1440, but up until 1443 Kings and Eton had been unconnected. However, that year the relationship between the two was remodelled upon Wykehams successful institutions and the sizes of the colleges scaled up to surpass Wykehams. A second royal charter which re-founded the now much larger Kings College was issued on 12 July 1443, members of Kings were to be recruited entirely from Eton. Membership of Kings was a vocation for life, scholars were eligible for election to the fellowship after three years of probation, irrespective of whether they had achieved a degree or not. In fact, undergraduates at Kings – unlike those other colleges – did not even have to pass university examinations to achieve their BA degree. The gateway and south range of Old Court had already been built, Henrys grand design for the new college buildings survives in the 1448 Founders Will which describes his vision in detail. Behind the hall and buttery was to be another courtyard, the first stone of the chapel was laid by the King on St James Day,25 July 1446. However, within a decade Henrys engagement in the Wars of the Roses meant that funds began to dry up, work proceeded sporadically until a generation later in 1508 when the Founders nephew Henry VII was prevailed upon to finish the shell of the building. The interior had to wait a further generation until completion by 1544 with the aid of Henry VIII, the chapel would be the only part of Henry VIs Founders Will to be realised
19.
English Civil War
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The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of Englands government. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. The term English Civil War appears most often in the singular form, the war in all these countries are known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Unlike other civil wars in England, which focused on who should rule, this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, the two sides had their geographical strongholds, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside, the shires, on the other hand, all the cathedral cities sided with Parliament. All the industrial centers, the ports, and the advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds. Lacey Baldwin Smith says, the words populist, rich, at times there would be two groups of three lines allowing one group to reload while the other group arranged themselves and fired. Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying pikes that were between 12 feet and 18 feet long, whose purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. The Royalist cavaliers skill and speed on horseback led to early victories. While the Parliamentarian cavalry were slower than the cavaliers, they were better disciplined. The Royalists had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge leaving their forces scattered and tired, Cromwells cavalry, on the other hand, trained to operate as a single unit, which led to many decisive victories. The English Civil War broke out fewer than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, in spite of this, James personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy. As Charles shared his fathers position on the power of the crown, at the time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, Parliament functioned as an advisory committee and was summoned only if. Once summoned, a continued existence was at the kings pleasure. Yet in spite of this role, Parliament had, over the preceding centuries. Without question, for a monarch, Parliaments most indispensable power was its ability to tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crowns disposal
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Classicism
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Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. Classicism is a genre of philosophy, expressing itself in literature, architecture, art, and music, which has Ancient Greek and Roman sources. It was particularly expressed in the Neoclassicism of the Age of Enlightenment, Classicism is a recurrent tendency in the Late Antique period, and had a major revival in Carolingian and Ottonian art. Until that time the identification with antiquity had been seen as a history of Christendom from the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine I. Renaissance classicism introduced a host of elements into European culture, including the application of mathematics and empiricism into art, humanism, literary and depictive realism, importantly it also introduced Polytheism, or paganism, and the juxtaposition of ancient and modern. The classicism of the Renaissance led to, and gave way to and this period sought the revival of classical art forms, including Greek drama and music. Opera, in its modern European form, had its roots in attempts to recreate the combination of singing and dancing with theatre thought to be the Greek norm, examples of this appeal to classicism included Dante, Petrarch, and Shakespeare in poetry and theatre. Tudor drama, in particular, modeled itself after classical ideals, studying Ancient Greek became regarded as essential for a well-rounded education in the liberal arts. They also began reviving plastic arts such as bronze casting for sculpture, for example, the painting of Jacques-Louis David which was seen as an attempt to return to formal balance, clarity, manliness, and vigor in art. Various movements of the period saw themselves as classical revolts against a prevailing trend of emotionalism and irregularity. The 20th century saw a number of changes in the arts, thus, both pre-20th century disciplines were labelled classical and modern movements in art which saw themselves as aligned with light, space, sparseness of texture, and formal coherence. Examples of classicist playwrights are Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine and Moliere, the influence of these French rules on playwrights in other nations is debatable. In the English theatre, Restoration playwrights such as William Wycherly and those of Shakespeares plays that seem to display the unities, such as The Tempest, probably indicate a familiarity with actual models from classical antiquity. Classicism in architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance, notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and this style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere. In the 16th century, Sebastiano Serlio helped codify the classical orders, building off of these influences, the 17th-century architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren firmly established classicism in England. For the development of classicism from the mid-18th-century onwards, see Neoclassical architecture, for Greek art of the 5th century B. C. E. See Classical art in ancient Greece and the Severe style Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture are marked by their renewal of classical forms, motifs and subjects. In the 15th century Leon Battista Alberti was important in theorizing many of the ideas for painting that came to a fully realised product with Raphaels School of Athens during the High Renaissance
21.
Gothic architecture
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Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture and its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the cathedrals, abbeys. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, for this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches. A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th-century England, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for ecclesiastical and university structures, the term Gothic architecture originated as a pejorative description. Hence, François Rabelais, also of the 16th century, imagines an inscription over the door of his utopian Abbey of Thélème, Here enter no hypocrites, slipping in a slighting reference to Gotz and Ostrogotz. Authorities such as Christopher Wren lent their aid in deprecating the old medieval style, the Company disapproved of several of these new manners, which are defective and which belong for the most part to the Gothic. Gothic architecture is the architecture of the medieval period, characterised by use of the pointed arch. As an architectural style, Gothic developed primarily in ecclesiastical architecture, the greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the cathedrals of Northern France. At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states, norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns. Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with other, or united for mutual weal. Civic building was of importance to these towns as a sign of wealth. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, the Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the lords and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France, a part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce
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James Burrough (architect)
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Sir James Burrough was an English academic, antiquary, and amateur architect. He was Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, the son of James Burrough, M. D. of Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, he was born on 1 September 1691. Educated at the school at Bury for eight years, he entered Gonville. He proceeded to the degree of B. A. in 1711 and he was elected one of the esquire bedells in 1727, resigning the post in 1749. He was fellow of his college in 1738, and Master in 1754 and he was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and a collector of pictures, prints, and medals. The Duke of Newcastle, chancellor of the university, procured Burrough a knighthood in November 1759 and he died in 1764 and was buried in the antechapel of Caius College. Burrough had a reputation as an architect at the university. Although basically an amateur, he took a professional fee. In 1721 he was added to a syndicate which had appointed two years before to build the new Senate House. This was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as the first of those ashlaring or re-facing jobs which have done so much to damage the appearance of medieval college courts and he also made plans to replace the library at Trinity Hall, which were not carried out. His last work, a new chapel for Clare Hall, was completed after his death by James Essex who had been his pupil. Besides these works, he was consulted about most of the changes underway in Cambridge, in 1752 he made a design for a new east room and façade for the library adjoining the Senate House. Two years later it was, however, set aside in favour of one by Stephen Wright, architecture in Britain,1530 to 1830. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Clark
23.
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
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Gonville and Caius College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. The college is the fourth-oldest college at the University of Cambridge, the college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment, including fourteen Nobel Prize winners, the second-most of any Oxbridge college. The college has long associations with medical teaching, especially due to its alumni physicians, John Caius. Other famous alumni in the sciences include Francis Crick, James Chadwick, Stephen Hawking, previously Cambridges Lucasian Chair of Mathematics Emeritus, is a current fellow of the college. The college also maintains academic programmes in other disciplines, including economics, English literature. Gonville and Caius is said to own or have rights to much of the land in Cambridge, several streets in the city, such as Harvey Road, Glisson Road and Gresham Road, are named after alumni of the College. The college was first founded, as Gonville Hall, by Edmund Gonville, Rector of Terrington St Clement in Norfolk in 1348, when Gonville died three years later, he left a struggling institution with almost no money. The executor of his will, William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, stepped in and he leased himself the land close to the river to set up his own college, Trinity Hall, and renamed Gonville Hall The Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Bateman appointed the first Master of the new college his former chaplain John Colton, by the sixteenth century, the college had fallen into disrepair, and in 1557 it was refounded by Royal Charter as Gonville and Caius College by the physician John Caius. John Caius was master of the college from 1559 until shortly before his death in 1573 and he provided the college with significant funds and greatly extended the buildings. During his time as Master, Caius accepted no payment but insisted on several unusual rules, Caius also built a three-sided court, Caius Court, “lest the air from being confined within a narrow space should become foul”. Caius did, however, found the college as a centre for the study of medicine. By 1630, the college had expanded greatly, having around 25 fellows and 150 students, since then the college has grown considerably and now has one of the largest undergraduate populations in the university. The college first admitted women as fellows and students in 1979 and it now has over 110 Fellows, over 700 students and about 200 staff. Gonville and Caius is one of the wealthiest of all Cambridge colleges with net assets of £180 million in 2014, the college’s present Master, the 42nd, is Alan Fersht. The first buildings to be erected on the current site date from 1353 when Bateman built Gonville Court. The college chapel was added in 1393 with the Old Hall, most of the stone used to build the college came from Ramsey Abbey near Ramsey, Cambridgeshire. Gonville and Caius has the oldest college chapel in either Oxford or Cambridge which has been in use as such
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Giovanni Battista Cipriani
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Giovanni Battista Cipriani RA was an Italian painter and engraver, who lived in England from 1755. He is also called Giuseppe Cipriani by some authors, much of his work consisted of designs for prints, many of which were engraved by his friend Francesco Bartolozzi. His family were originally from Pistoia and he first studied with Ignatius Hugford, a Florentine artist of English descent, and then under Anton Domenico Gabbiani. He spent the years 1750–53 in Rome, where he acquainted with the architect, Sir William Chambers. He had already painted two pictures, a St Tesauro and St Peter Igneo for the abbey of San Michele in Pelago, Pistoia, on his arrival to England he was patronized by Lord Tilney, the Duke of Richmond and other noblemen. When William Chambers designed the Albany in London for Lord Holland and he also painted part of a ceiling in Buckingham House, and a room with poetical subjects at Standlynch in Wiltshire. In the same building he also painted the decorations in the joint ante-room of the Royal. The grotesque groups flanking the doorways on three sides of the quadrangle and the central doorway on the terrace also appear to have been designed by Cipriani. Cipriani was a member of the Royal Academy, and designed its diploma. In recognition of his services in respect the members presented him with a silver cup with a commemorative inscription in 1769. He was much employed by publishers, for whom he made drawings in pen and ink and his friend Bartolozzi engraved most of them. Capriani made some engravings, including The Death of Cleopatra, after Benvenuto Cellini, The Descent of the Holy Ghost, after Gabbiani and these designs were sometimes inlaid in marquetry, but more usually painted onto the wood by other hands. Some of the furniture designed by the Adams was probably painted by Cipriani himself and he also occasionally designed handles for drawers and doors. Cipriani died in Hammersmith in west London, and was buried at Dovehouse Green, Chelsea and he had married an Englishwoman, by whom he had two sons. Among his pupils were John Alexander Gresse, Charles Grignion the Younger, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Cipriani, Giovanni Battista
25.
Giles Gilbert Scott
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Scott came from a family of architects. He was noted for his blending of Gothic tradition with modernism, born in Hampstead, London, Scott was one of six children and the third son of George Gilbert Scott Jr. and his wife, Ellen King Samson. His father was an architect, the son of Sir George Gilbert Scott, a famous architect, known for designing the Albert Memorial. When Scott was three, his father was declared to be of unsound mind and was confined to the Bethlem Royal Hospital. Consequently, his sons saw little of him, giles later said that he remembered seeing his father only twice. A bequest from an uncle in 1889 gave the young Scott ownership of Hollis Street Farm, near Ninfield, Sussex, during the week Ellen Scott and her three sons lived in a flat in Battersea, spending weekends and holidays at the farm. She regularly took them on bicycling trips to sketch buildings in the area, Scott and his brothers were raised as Roman Catholics, their father was a Catholic convert. Giles attended Beaumont College on the recommendation of his father who admired the buildings of its preparatory school, in January 1899 Scott became an articled pupil in the office of Temple Moore, who had studied with Scotts father. From Moore, or Ellen Scott, or from his fathers former assistant P. B, Freeman, Scott got to know the work of his father. In a 2005 study of Scotts work, John Thomas observes that Scott seniors important church of St Agnes, Kennington clearly influenced Giless early work, in later years Scott remarked to John Betjeman, I always think that my father was a genius. … He was a far better architect than my grandfather and yet look at the reputations of the two men and he had an unusually free hand in working out his ideas, as Moore generally worked at home, leaving Freeman to run the office. In 1901, while Scott was still a pupil in Moores practice, two well-known architects were appointed as assessors for an open competition for architects wishing to be considered. G. F. Bodley was an exponent of the Gothic revival style. R. Norman Shaw was an architect, having begun in the Gothic style. Architects were invited by public advertisement to submit portfolios of their work for consideration by Bodley, from these, the two assessors selected a first shortlist of architects to be invited to prepare drawings for the new building. The competition attracted 103 entries, from architects including Temple Moore, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, with Moores approval, Scott submitted his own entry, on which he worked in his spare time. In 1903, the assessors recommended that Scott should be appointed, there was widespread comment at the nomination of a twenty-two-year-old with no existing buildings to his credit. Scott admitted that so far his only design to be constructed had been a pipe-rack, the choice of winner was even more contentious when it emerged that Scott was a Roman Catholic, but the assessors recommendation was accepted by the diocesan authorities
26.
Van Heyningen and Haward Architects
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The London architects work primarily in education, and have also worked in the heritage, community and health sectors. In 2010 the practice produced a monograph detailing their work to date, van Heyningen and Haward - Buildings, the book was published by Right Angle Publishing and edited by Ian Latham. As well as giving an overview of the projects undertaken by the practice from inception until publication, it includes essays by Trevor Garnham and contributions by Ken Powell. Featuring, The National Centre for Early Music RIBA Sector Reviews, RIBA - Creating Excellent Buildings - A Guide for Clients, CABE London
27.
Churchill College, Cambridge
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Churchill College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. It has a focus on science, engineering and technology. It is situated on the outskirts of Cambridge, away from the centre of the city. Its 16 hectares of grounds make it physically the largest of all the colleges, Churchill was the first all-male college to decide to admit women, and was among three mens colleges to admit its first women students in 1972. Within 15 years all others had followed suit, the college has a reputation for relative informality compared with other Cambridge colleges, and traditionally admits a larger proportion of its undergraduates from state schools. In 1955, on holiday in Sicily soon after his resignation as Prime Minister, Winston Churchill discussed with Sir John Colville, Churchill wanted a mix of non-scientists to ensure a well rounded education and environment for scholars and fellows. The college therefore admits students to all subjects except Land Economy. The first postgraduate students arrived in October 1960, and the first undergraduates a year later, full College status was received in 1966. Women were not accepted as undergraduates until 1972, the bias to science and engineering remains as policy to the current day, with the statutes requiring approximately 70% science and technology students amongst its student intake each year. The college statutes also stipulate that one third of the students of the college should be studying for postgraduate qualification, Cambridge University Radio broadcast from Churchill College from 1979 until 2011. In 1958, a 42-acre site was purchased to the west of the city centre, after a competition, Richard Sheppard was appointed to design the new college. Building was completed by 1968 with nine main residential courts, separate graduate flats, the dining hall is the largest in Cambridge. It measures 22m square, 9m to the base of the vault beams and it can cater for up to 430 guests in a formal dining arrangement. The main college buildings and courtyards are arranged around a central space. Only a few later, being opened in 1974, an extension to the library building was added to house the Churchill Archives Centre. In 1992, the Møller Centre for Continuing Education was built on the Churchill site and it is a dedicated residential executive training and conference centre, aiming to bring together education and commerce. As well as the main College buildings, Sheppard designed a group of flats, known as the Sheppard flats. These are located to one side of the College grounds, a distance from the main buildings
28.
Tinie Tempah
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Patrick Chukwuemeka Okogwu, better known by his stage name Tinie Tempah, is an English rapper, singer and songwriter. He has been signed to Parlophone Records since 2009, a subsidiary of Warner Music Group and he created his own record and fashion label Disturbing London Records in 2007 along with his cousin, Dumi Oburota. After releasing a number of mixtapes, he released his debut album, Disc-Overy. Preceded by two British number-one singles, Pass Out and Written in the Stars, the album charted at number one and was certified Platinum the next year, in February 2011, he won two Brit Awards for Best British Breakthrough Act and Best British Single. In November 2013, he released his album, entitled Demonstration. Preceded by top ten singles Trampoline and Children of the Sun, in June 2015, he released Not Letting Go, the first single from his upcoming third album Youth. This gave Tempah his sixth UK number one, passing out Dizzee Rascal as the most by any rap artist, Tempah was born in London, the son of Igbo parents from Nigeria. His middle name, Chukwuemeka, means God has done more in the Igbo language, until he was 12, Tempah lived on the Aylesbury Estate in southeast London with his parents and three younger siblings, Kelly, Kelvin, and Marian. The family later moved to Plumstead, with Tempah attending St. Pauls Catholic School in nearby Abbey Wood, after earning 10 GCSEs, he took A Levels in media studies, psychology, and religious studies at Saint Francis Xavier Sixth Form College. At 12 years old, Tempah conceived his stage name after viewing the video for So Solid Crews 21 Seconds. He used a thesaurus in class, juxtaposing tempah, which he saw under angry, with tinie, to ameliorate the aggressive sound of tempah. Regarding his London upbringing, Tempah states, London is one of the places in the world where you can live in a council block. Growing up around that was inspirational, it kept me motivated and he has said that he has considered furthering his education, stating, I definitely want to be in a financial position where I can head off to Cambridge or Oxford or somewhere. I would study something like music management or something extremely random like physics, tempahs music career began in 2005 when he joined the Aftershock Hooligans, recording hundreds of songs with the fellow Hooligans. His first mixtape, Chapter 1, Verse 22, was released via Aftershock Records in 2005, in 2006, Tempah gained a great deal of airplay on British music TV channel Channel AKA for his song Tears, and later on gained more recognition for Wifey. Later in the year, he collaborated on a track with grime artist Ultra and he released the mixtape Hood Economics Room 147, The 80 Minute Course in 2007 and left the label later that year. When asked why he left, he stated that he felt Aftershock didnt respect him as an artist, according to Dumi, We wanted to have a platform to put out our music and there wasnt any Def Jam or Roc-A-Fella label equivalent in England. I wanted to create an independent label with quality artists
29.
Bombay Bicycle Club
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Bombay Bicycle Club are an English indie rock band from Crouch End, London, consisting of Jack Steadman, Jamie MacColl, Suren de Saram and Ed Nash. They are guitar-fronted and have experimented with different genres, including folk, electronica, world music, the band were given the opening slot on 2006s V Festival after winning a competition. They subsequently released two EPs and their debut single Evening/Morning, since then, the band has released four albums including So Long, See You Tomorrow which topped the album charts in February 2014. The band has toured worldwide as an act, playing North America, Australia, Europe. Their 2014 tour finished on 13 December at Earls Court Arena, Pink Floyd member David Gilmour played with the band on their song Rinse Me Down before a performance of Pink Floyds Wish You Were Here. In January 2016, the four announced that they would pursue solo projects. They switched between various aliases until they picked Bombay Bicycle Club, named after a chain of Indian restaurants in Britain, the line-up changed regularly until summer 2006, when Ed Nash, joined the band after they met him at a funeral. Initially they played gigs at small London venues such as The Old Blue Last, Lark in the Park, the band was entered into Virgin Mobiles Road to V competition on Channel 4 in 2006. Previous participants include The Young Knives, who were winners of the competition one year before. They were given the slot of the 2006 V Festival, playing on the Channel 4 Stage in Chelmsford on 19 August. On 16 May 2007, NME published an article naming Bombay Bicycle Club. the hottest band to come from North London for quite some time, Bombay Bicycle Club released their debut EP, The Boy I Used to Be, on 12 February 2007. The band released it on their own independent record label, Mmm, the EP was produced by Jim Abbiss at his own personal request, and was recorded and mixed by Ewan Davies at Lincolnshires Chapel Studios. To support the release of the EP they played a show at the Dingwalls in Camden as well as supporting fellow Road to V winners The Young Knives across some of their UK Tour. The band also played the Carling Stage at Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2007, the bands second EP, How We Are, was released on 22 October 2007, again through Mmm. It was produced by Jim Abbiss, and recorded and mixed by Richard Wilkinson at Konk Studios, the band headlined their first UK tour in support of this release and the EP debuted at number 2 on the UK Indie Singles Chart of 5 November 2007. At the beginning of 2008, Bombay Bicycle Club appeared at the third annual Artrocker Festival, the Camden Crawl, the band also played the Shockwaves NME Awards Show at Londons KOKO where they were main support for The Hold Steady. The band also headlined the first Club NME in Paris at La Fleche Dor venue, the bands first single, Evening/Morning, was released on 4 August 2008 through Young and Lost Club. The single was produced by Jim Abbiss and was recorded and mixed by Richard Wilkinson at The Garden, in September 2008, Bombay Bicycle Club took part in the Levis Ones to Watch 5 Night Revue at The Macbeth in London
30.
Chase & Status
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Chase & Status are an English electronic music production duo composed of Saul Milton and Will Kennard. In addition, MC Rage & Andy Gangadeen also make up the live band, the duo are from London, and formed in 2003 after meeting at university in Manchester. The duo have released three studio albums as well as collaborating with major artists such as Plan B, Cee Lo Green, Rihanna, Example. They run the independent record label MTA Records, Saul Milton and Will Kennard originally met in London through a mutual friend although met up again whilst university students in Manchester. Will studied History of Art at the University of Manchester, while Saul studied English, will decided to drop out of university to pursue a music career although Saul did manage to achieve an honours in his studies despite spending most of his time on music. Chase & Status had three number one singles on the UK Dance Chart between 2007–2009, the double A-side Hurt You / Sell Me Your Soul in 2007 and Take Me Away / Judgement in 2008 were two of them. On 5 October 2008, they reached number seventy on the UK Singles Chart, in 2009, they peaked at number forty five with Against All Odds, which featured UK rapper Kano. In November 2009, the duo entered the top forty of the UK Singles Chart for the first time with the track End Credits, the track was released on 2 November 2009 and featuring Plan B, it reached a peak of number nine on the UK Singles Chart. The single featured vocals from Mali and debuted at eleven on the UK Singles Chart. Hypest Hype was confirmed in October 2010 to be the single from the album. Because it was released as a download from their website on 8 November 2010. The fourth single from the album is Blind Faith, which features soul singer/songwriter Liam Bailey and was released in January 2011, other singles include Time, Hitz and Flashing Lights. The album also contains the song Heavy with Dizzee Rascal, the album debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and was certified Gold in the first week of sales by the British Phonographic Industry. In contrast to More Than Alot and No More Idols, the new album has a darker sound, Chase & Status have also headlined electronic music festival South West Four hosted on Londons Clapham Common. Chase & Status, Live at Brixton, a CD/DVD featuring appearances from Tinie Tempah, Liam Bailey, on 15 October 2012, the track Big Man featuring Liam Bailey was released on the official Chase & Status website as a free download. The following day it was released through online retailers, the music video was also published on 15 October on their official YouTube channel and the UKFDrumandBass channel. On 8 March 2013, the duo were confirmed to headline Saturday night at Roskilde Festival following Metallica at Orange stage, on 11 March 2013, the duo were confirmed through their website to co-headline Saturday night at Reading Festival and Sunday night at Leeds Festival 2013. On 4 June 2013, the lead single Lost & Not Found featuring Louis M^ttrs was uploaded to the ChaseAndStatusVEVO channel
31.
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
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The newspaper announced that this was an attempt to contribute to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship. Muslim groups in Denmark complained, and the issue led to protests around the world, including violent demonstrations. Islam has a tradition of aniconism, and it is considered highly blasphemous in most Islamic traditions to visually depict Muhammad. This, compounded with a sense that the cartoons insulted Muhammad and Islam and they presented a dossier containing the twelve cartoons from the Jyllands-Posten, and other information some of which was found to be falsified. As a result, the issue received prominent media attention in some Muslim countries, leading to protests across the world in late January, some groups responded to the outpouring of protest by endorsing the Danish policies, launching Buy Danish campaigns and other displays of support. The cartoons were reprinted in newspapers around the world both in a sense of solidarity and as an illustration in what became a major news story. Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen described the controversy as Denmarks worst international relations incident since the Second World War, the cartoons and the reaction to them aggravated already-strained relations. The Danish tradition of high tolerance for freedom of speech became a focus of some attention. Critics of the cartoons described them as Islamophobic, racist, or baiting and blasphemous to Muslims, others saw them as a manifestation of ignorance about the history of Western imperialism, double standards, and stereotyping. Three artists declined Bluitgens proposal out of fear of reprisals, one artist agreed to assist anonymously, he said that he was afraid for his and his familys safety. The story gained some traction, and the major Danish newspapers reported the story the following day, the supposed refusals from these first three artists to participate was seen as evidence of self-censorship out of fear of violence from Islamists, which led to much debate in Denmark. The Danish news paper Politiken stated at February 12,2006, the author refused, and nobody has ever been able to confirm whether the incident is properly described. At an editorial meeting of Jyllands-Posten on 19 September, reporter Stig Olesen mooted the idea of asking the members of the newspaper illustrators union if they would be willing to draw Muhammad and this would be an experiment to see the degree to which professional illustrators felt threatened. Flemming Rose, culture editor, was interested in the idea,12 drawings had been submitted—three from newspaper employees and two which did not directly show Muhammad. The editors thought that some of the illustrators who had not responded were employed by newspapers and were thus contractually prohibited from working for Jyllands-Posten. Carsten Juste has said that the survey lacked validity and the story fell short of sound journalistic basis, on 30 September 2005, Jyllands-Posten published an article entitled Muhammeds ansigt incorporating the cartoons. The article consisted of the 12 cartoons and a text, in which Rose wrote, Modern. They demand a position, insisting on special consideration of their own religious feelings
32.
Jyllands-Posten
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Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten, commonly shortened to JP, is a Danish daily broadsheet newspaper. It is based in Viby, a suburb of Århus, Jutland and its main competitors are the broadsheet Politiken and compact Berlingske. The foundation behind the newspaper, Jyllands-Postens Fond, defines it as an independent liberal newspaper, the paper officially supported the Conservative Peoples Party until 1938. The newspaper was founded in 1871 and issued its first copy on 2 October of that year, originally, the name Jyllandsposten was used, the hyphen being adopted in 1945. The current name was introduced in 1969 and it also refers to itself as Denmarks international newspaper. Jyllandsposten quickly became one of Jutlands most modern newspapers and secured an exclusive access to government telegraph wires between 21,00 and midnight every day and this enabled Jyllandsposten to publish news one day earlier than most of its competitors. Gradually the paper expanded, enlarging its format and adding more and more pages, the first issues had only contained four pages. In 1889 it abandoned the traditional Gothic script in favour of the Latin script used today, Gothic script had been abolished by the Danish spelling reform of 1875, but was still in wide use. Politically the paper supported the Højre party – which became the Conservative Peoples Party in 1915, the paper advocated business interests and strongly opposed socialism. It was also critical of business monopolies, in international affairs, it was generally supportive of Britain and critical of Germany, which it considered the only country that wished to attack Denmark, to quote an 1872 edition. This nationalist sentiment was a reaction to Germanys annexation of portions of southern Jutland following the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. Editorially the newspaper supported the Danish minority in Germany and advocated for a new located at the Danevirke. Throughout World War I Jyllands-Posten continued its attacks on Germany despite the governments policy of neutrality in the conflict. In 1918, the newspaper was outlawed in Germany, in 1929, the paper established an office in Copenhagen, and established a corporation with The Times. In 1931, the paper was acquired by a joint stock company whose main investor became editor-in-chief, in 1934 the newspaper began to use photographs in its layouts. Foreign news stories were supplied by Ritzau, The Times, during the 1920s and 1930s, the editorial line of the paper was right-wing Conservative. Another issue was support of the Danish minority in Germany, the paper expressed its admiration for the authoritarian regimes of Italy and Germany on several occasions, a line assumed by many European newspapers. In 1933, the newspaper advocated that Denmark follow Germanys example, in March 1933, the paper wrote, Only dry tears will be cried at the grave of the Weimar Republic
33.
May Ball
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A May Ball is a ball at the end of the academic year that takes place at any of the colleges of the University of Cambridge. They are elaborate and lavish formal affairs, requiring black tie or sometimes white tie, may Ball budgets generally exceed £100,000, although some are as high as £286,000 or even more. Survivors photographs are taken of those who last until morning, other colleges frequently hold winter balls, such as the popular Selwyn Snowball, who recently had acts such Tinchy Stryder and Mumford and Sons headlining. The tradition of May Balls in Cambridge started in the 1830s with the first official one being the First and Third Trinity Boat Club May Ball in 1866. It is thought they developed from the celebrations surrounding successes in the May Bumps - a set of rowing races which used to place before the university tripos examinations in May each year. The balls and the celebrations which make up May Week moved from May to June in 1882, and still take place in June, after examinations. By the 1890s, Kings and Clare were holding regular balls, as the 20th century progressed the formula of the balls varied very little until the 1960s, when students began to question both the cost and perceived stuffiness. Around this time, some began to augment the traditional dance orchestras with rock bands. The solution was for most of the balls to hold events every other year, and by the 2000s only Trinity, St Johns, Clare. They fell out of popularity with the students in the 1990s, many Cambridge colleges originally held the balls in May, sometimes in the week preceding year-end exams. Today, they place in May Week, which usually starts on the second Thursday of June following the end of exams. The balls operate a dress code. Magdalene and Peterhouse insist on white tie, which is recommended but not required at Trinity, most balls are themed, though Magdalene, Peterhouse, and Trinitys are notable for their lack of a theme. The First and Third Trinity Boat Club May Ball, held on the first Monday of May Week, Magdalene and Peterhouse hold exclusive white tie balls. Robinson hosts the first ball of May Week, and is one of the least expensive black tie balls. St Edmunds hosts the final ball of May Week and is known for attracting finalists and postgraduates, christs is known for securing high-profile acts. The latest addition to May Week will come on Saturday 20 June 2015 as Selwyn hosts a May Ball for the first time since 2008. Trinity, Clare and St Johns are situated directly on the River Cam, along the Backs, as are Queens, Magdalene and Trinity Hall
34.
May Week
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May Week is the name used within the University of Cambridge to refer to a period at the end of the academic year. Originally May Week took place in the week during May before year-end exams began, nowadays, May Week takes place in June after exams, and is a cause for great celebration amongst the students of the University. Highlights of the week include Bumps races, May Balls, June Events and garden parties. Originally May Week festivities were held in May, in the week leading up to the year end exams, but in 1882 the May boat races were moved to June. Suicide Sunday is the used at Cambridge University to refer to the Sunday immediately after the end of the summer term. By this Sunday, all students have finished exams but most of the results have not been published, so it is traditionally a period of nerves, the name, however, ironically refers to the celebration that students havent committed suicide due to stress of exams. The event is for current students of the University of Cambridge but is frequented by students that indulge in the student lifestyle. A student-led campaign in 2015 encouraged use of the name May Week Sunday instead, though Suicide Sunday continues to persist among students and the public
35.
Clare Boat Club
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Clare Boat Club is the rowing club for members of Clare College, Cambridge, it was founded in 1831. In the May Bumps, Clare Mens 1st VIII rose to Head of the River in 1941 and held it until 1944, Clare Womens 1st VIII started 1st in the first ever womens Lent Bumps in 1976 but did not gain the Headship. Clare retained Headship in the first womens May Bumps in 1974, Clare Mens 1st VIII entered their first May Bumps race in 1831, achieving second place in the 1st Division by the end of 1832. They dropped steadily over the decade, reaching an all-time low of forty-first in 1845, before the Mays boat reached fourth again in 1886. It was nearly 50 years before this position was reached again, prior to about 1930, the Clare Mens 1st VIII spent most of its time near the boundary of the 1st Division and 2nd Division of both the Lent and May Bumps charts. However, they did win Headship in the Lent Bumps competition of 1939, the Mens 1st VIII remained in the top ten of Lents until the 1960s, and returned to form in the early 1970s, taking the Headship again in 1973. Since then, they have spent most of their time in the 1st Division, in the May Bumps, the Mens 1st VIII rose to Head of the River in 1941. They held the Headship until 1944, regaining it again in 1949, since then, the Mens 1st VIII has spent most of their time in the 1st Division, but, similar to the story of Lent Bumps, it has dropped into the 2nd Division on occasions. In 2015, the Mens 1st VIII finished eighth on the river in the 1st Division of May Bumps and this was the Mens 1st VIIIs highest position in May Bumps for 27 years. In 2016 the Mens 1st VIII bumped up four places, winning Blades, Clare Womens 1st VIII started 1st in the first ever womens Lent Bumps in 1976, but were unable to finish with the Headship. In Lent Bumps 2005, Clare Womens 1st VIII came very close to taking the Headship, however, the women did manage to win their first ever Lents Headship in 2006. In the first ever womens May Bumps in 1974, Clare started and retained their position of Head of the River, in 2015, Clare Womens 1st VIII finished sixth on the river in the 1st Division of May Bumps. In 2016 the Womens 1st VIII bumped up to places to finish fourth, Clare Boat Club organises an annual regatta in November for novice College crews. It is run as a side-by-side regatta for eights, with a series of races over a course of approximately 800m. In 2012, Clare Novice Mens 1st VIII not only won Clare Novice Regatta but also triumphed in Queens Ergs and this was the first time in Clare Boat Clubs history that a Mens VIII had won all three of these novice competitions in the same year
36.
May Bumps
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The May Bumps are a set of rowing races, held annually on the River Cam in Cambridge. They began in 1887 after separating from the Lent Bumps, the equivalent bumping races held at the end of February or start of March, prior to the separation there had been a single set of annual bumps dating from its inception in 1827. The races are open to all college boat clubs from the University of Cambridge, the May Bumps takes place over four days in mid-June and is run as a bumps race. The most recent in the series was the May Bumps 2016, the races are run in divisions, each containing 17 crews. The number of crews in each bottom division varies yearly depending on new entrants, each crew contains 8 rowers and one coxswain. A total of 154 crews took part in 2014, totalling around 1390 participants, there are currently 6 divisions for mens crews and 4 divisions for womens crews. The divisions represent a total race order with Division 1 at the top, the ultimate aim is to try and finish Head of the River, i. e. 1st position in division 1. At the start, signalled by a cannon, each crew is separated by a distance of about 1½ boat lengths. Once the race has begun, a crew must attempt to catch up with the crew ahead of it, a crew which bumps or is bumped must pull to the side of the river to allow all the other crews to continue racing. If a crew is able to catch and bump the boat which started 3 places in front of it, a crew which neither bumps a crew ahead nor is bumped by a crew behind before crossing the finishing post is said to have rowed over. After the race, any crew which bumps or over-bumps swaps places with the crew that it has bumped for the days racing. A crew which rows over stays in the same position, crews finishing at the top of a division also, at the bottom of the next division, as the sandwich boat, in an attempt to try to move up into the next division. The process is repeated four days, allowing crews to move up or down several places in the overall order of boats. The finishing order of one years May Bumps are then used as the order of the following years races. May Bumps were cancelled between 1915 and 1918, and in 1940 due to war, prior to 1946 1st & 3rd Trinity were two separate rowing clubs, 1st Trinity and 3rd Trinity, hence both separate and combined titles. The Womens May Bumps were rowed in coxed-fours between 1974 and 1989, changing to coxed-eights from 1990 onwards, a new start order was used for the womens 1990 races. Sixteen boats have been head of the river, prior to 1946 1st & 3rd Trinity were two separate rowing clubs, 1st Trinity and 3rd Trinity, hence both separate and combined titles. The Pegasus Cup is a Cambridge rowing prize first awarded in 2006 and it was donated by Milton Brewery and will be awarded annually to the most successful college boat club competing in the Cambridge May Bumping Races
37.
Tompkins Table
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The Tompkins Table is an annual ranking that lists the Colleges of the University of Cambridge in order of their undergraduate students performances in that years examinations. It was created in 1981 by Peter Tompkins, then an undergraduate mathematics student at Trinity College. In 2016, it was published by Varsity, the student newspaper of the University of Cambridge and it is not an official University of Cambridge table. Initially, it only included final year exams but since 1997 has covered all exams for which grades are allocated. The scores in each subject are then weighted to a common average, the result is expressed as a percentage of the total number of points available. The differences between the highest places on the table are very slight. In the last six years Trinity College lays claim to consistently having the best results, Trinity topped the table in 2016,2015,2014,2013,2012,2011 and 2009, the rankings are not officially endorsed by the University. Since Darwin College and Clare Hall admit only students, they do not feature in this undergraduate ranking. Some of the colleges, including St. Most of the fall within a 10% range of one another therefore the table should be taken lightly with regards to determining the academic standing of the colleges. Baxter tables rank colleges undergraduate students by their year and subject separately and are delivered in July or August. However, the rankings of Colleges in the Baxter Tables are sometimes referred to by Colleges in publicly available literature, however, with such small sample sizes, the amount of meaningful information which can be extracted from these tables is questionable. The corresponding ranking for Oxford colleges is the Norrington Table, Norrington Table Tompkins Table 2015 Tompkins Table 2014 Tompkins Table 2013 Tompkins Tables 2000–2007 Tompkins Table 1999 Tompkins Tables 1997,1998
38.
Kwame Anthony Appiah
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Appiah was the Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University, before moving to New York University in 2014. He currently holds an appointment at the NYU Department of Philosophy, for two years Joe Appiah was the leader of a new opposition party that was made by the countrys three opposing parties, simultaneously he was the president of the Ghana Bar Association. Between 1977 and 1978, he was Ghanas representative at the United Nations and he died in an Accra hospital in 1990. Anthony Appiah was raised in Kumasi, Ghana, and educated at Bryanston School and Clare College, Cambridge, Appiah has three sisters, Isobel, Adwoa and Abena. As a child, he spent a good deal of time in England, staying with his grandmother Isobel. His family has a political tradition, his maternal grandfather Sir Stafford was Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer under Clement Attlee. His great grandfather, Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor, was the Labour Leader of the House of Lords under Ramsay MacDonald, through Isobel, he is also descended from the British pharmacist James Crossley Eno. He lives with his husband, Henry Finder, in an apartment in Manhattan, Appiah has written about what it was like growing up gay in Ghana. Appiah taught philosophy and African-American studies at the University of Ghana, Cornell, Yale, Harvard, and Princeton Universities from 1981 to 1988. He was, until recently, a Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Philosophy at Princeton and was serving as the Bacon-Kilkenny Professor of Law at Fordham University in the fall of 2008. Appiah also served on the board of PEN American Center and was on a panel of judges for the PEN/Newmans Own First Amendment Award. He has taught at Yale, Cornell, Duke, and Harvard universities and lectured at other institutions in the US, Germany, Ghana and South Africa. Until the fall of 2009, he served as a trustee of Ashesi University College in Accra, currently, he is the professor of philosophy and law at NYU. His Cambridge dissertation explored the foundations of probabilistic semantics, in 1992, Appiah published In My Fathers House, which won the Herskovitz Prize for African Studies in English. Among his later books are Colour Conscious, The Ethics of Identity and he has been a close collaborator with Henry Louis Gates Jr. with whom he edited Africana, The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience. Appiah was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, in 2008, Appiah published Experiments in Ethics, in which he reviews the relevance of empirical research to ethical theory. In the same year, he was recognized for his contributions to racial, ethnic, as well as his academic work, Appiah has also published several works of fiction. His first novel, Avenging Angel, set at the University of Cambridge, involved a murder among the Cambridge Apostles, Appiahs second and third novels are Nobody Likes Letitia and Another Death in Venice
39.
David Attenborough
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Sir David Frederick Attenborough OM CH CVO CBE FRS FRSB FLS FZS FSA is an English veteran broadcaster and naturalist. He is also a senior manager at the BBC, having served as controller of BBC Two. He is the person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in each of black and white, colour, HD. Attenborough is widely considered a treasure in Britain, although he himself does not like the term. In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide poll for the BBC and he is the younger brother of director, producer and actor Richard Attenborough, and older brother of motor executive John Attenborough. Attenborough was born in Isleworth, West London, but grew up in College House on the campus of the University College, Leicester and he is the middle of three sons, and the only surviving child among them. During World War II, through a British charitable programme known as Kindertransport, Attenborough spent his childhood collecting fossils, stones and other natural specimens. He received encouragement in this pursuit at age seven, when a young Jacquetta Hawkes admired his museum, the source, which wasnt revealed at the time, was a pond less than 5 metres from the department. A few years later, one of his sisters gave him a piece of amber filled with prehistoric creatures, some 50 years later. In 1936 David and his brother Richard attended a lecture by Grey Owl at De Montfort Hall, Leicester, and were influenced by his advocacy of conservation. The idea that mankind was endangering nature by recklessly despoiling and plundering its riches was unheard of at the time, in 1999, Richard directed a biopic of Belaney entitled Grey Owl. In 1947 he was called up for service in the Royal Navy. In 1950 Attenborough married Jane Elizabeth Ebsworth Oriel, she died in 1997, the couple had two children, Robert and Susan. Robert is a lecturer in bioanthropology for the School of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra. Susan is a primary school headmistress. After leaving the Navy, Attenborough took a position editing childrens science textbooks for a publishing company and he soon became disillusioned with the work and in 1950 applied for a job as a radio talk producer with the BBC. Although he was rejected for this job, his CV later attracted the interest of Mary Adams, Attenborough, like most Britons at that time, did not own a television, and he had seen only one programme in his life. However, he accepted Adams offer of a training course
40.
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
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In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America, born into an aristocratic family and educated at Eton and Cambridge, Cornwallis joined the army in 1757, seeing action in the Seven Years War. Upon his fathers death in 1762 he became Earl Cornwallis and entered the House of Lords, from 1766 until 1805 he was Colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot. He next saw action in 1776 in the American War of Independence. Active in the forces of many campaigns, in 1780 he inflicted an embarrassing defeat on the American army at the Battle of Camden. He also commanded British forces in the March 1781 Pyrrhic victory at Guilford Court House, Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown in October 1781 after an extended campaign through the Southern states, marked by disagreements between him and his superior, General Sir Henry Clinton. Despite this defeat, Cornwallis retained the confidence of successive British governments, knighted in 1786, he was in that year appointed to be Governor-General and commander-in-chief in India. From 1789 to 1792 he led British and Company forces in the Third Anglo-Mysore War to defeat the Mysorean ruler Tipu Sultan, returning to Britain in 1794, Cornwallis was given the post of Master-General of the Ordnance. Following his Irish service, Cornwallis was the chief British signatory to the 1802 Treaty of Amiens and was reappointed to India in 1805 and he died in India not long after his arrival. Cornwallis was born in Grosvenor Square in London, though his familys estates were in Kent and he was the eldest son of Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend and his uncle, Frederick, was Archbishop of Canterbury. Fredericks twin brother, Edward, was an officer, colonial governor. His brother William became an Admiral in the Royal Navy and his other brother, James, eventually inherited the earldom from Cornwalliss son, Charles. The family was established at Brome Hall, near Eye, Suffolk, in the 14th century, Frederick Cornwallis, created a Baronet in 1627, fought for King Charles I, and followed King Charles II into exile. He was made Baron Cornwallis, of Eye in the County of Suffolk, in 1661, Cornwallis was educated at Eton College and Clare College, Cambridge. While at Eton, he received an injury to his eye by an accidental blow while playing hockey, from Shute Barrington and he obtained his first commission as Ensign in the 1st Foot Guards, on 8 December 1757. He then sought and gained permission to engage in studies abroad. After travelling on the continent with a Prussian officer, Captain de Roguin, upon completion of his studies in Turin in 1758, he traveled to Geneva, where he learned that British troops were to be sent to the Continent in the Seven Years War
41.
Sabine Baring-Gould
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Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould of Lew Trenchard in Devon, England, was an Anglican priest, hagiographer, antiquarian, novelist and eclectic scholar. His bibliography consists of more than 1240 publications, though this list continues to grow and his family home, the manor house of Lew Trenchard, near Okehampton, Devon, has been preserved as he had it rebuilt and is now a hotel. He is remembered particularly as a writer of hymns, the best-known being Onward, Christian Soldiers and he also translated the carol Gabriels Message from the Basque language to English. Sabine Baring-Gould was born in the parish of St Sidwell, Exeter on 28 January 1834, because the family spent much of his childhood travelling round Europe, most of his education was by private tutors. He only spent about two years in formal schooling, first at Kings College School in London and then, for a few months, here his time was ended by a bronchial disease of the kind that was to plague him throughout his long life. His father considered his ill-health as a reason for another European tour. In 1852 he was admitted to Cambridge University, earning the degrees of Bachelor of Arts in 1857, in September 1853 he informed Nathaniel Woodard of his desire to be ordained. He taught for ten days at one of Woodards boys boarding schools in Sussex, Lancing College, but then moved to another, Hurstpierpoint College. He took Holy Orders in 1864, and became the curate at Horbury Bridge and it was while acting as a curate that he met Grace Taylor, the daughter of a mill hand, then aged fourteen. In the next few years they fell in love and his vicar, John Sharp, arranged for Grace to live for two years with relatives in York to learn middle-class manners. Baring-Gould, meanwhile, relocated to become curate at Dalton. He and Grace were married in 1868 at Wakefield and their marriage lasted until her death 48 years later, and the couple had 15 children, all but one of whom lived to adulthood. When he buried his wife in 1916 he had carved on her tombstone the Latin motto Dimidium Animae Meae, Baring-Gould became the rector of East Mersea in Essex in 1871 and spent ten years there. In 1872 his father died and he inherited the 3, 000-acre family estates of Lew Trenchard in Devon, when the living became vacant in 1881, he was able to appoint himself to it, becoming parson as well as squire. He did a deal of work restoring St Peters Church, Lew Trenchard. He regarded his principal achievement to be the collection of songs that he made with the help of the ordinary people of Devon. His first book of songs, Songs and Ballads of the West, was published in four parts between 1889 and 1891, the musical editor for this collection was Henry Fleetwood Sheppard, though some of the songs included were noted by Baring-Goulds other collaborator Frederick Bussell. Baring-Gould and Sheppard produced a collection named A Garland of Country Songs during 1895
42.
Henry Louis Gates Jr.
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It combines the work of expert researchers in genealogy, history, and genetics historic research to tell guests about their ancestors lives and histories. Gates was born in Keyser, West Virginia, to Henry Louis Gates, Sr. and he grew up in neighboring Piedmont. His father worked in a mill and moonlighted as a janitor, while his mother cleaned houses. He has learned through research that his family is descended in part from the Yoruba people of west Africa. He also has European ancestry, and is connected to the distinctive multiracial West Virginia community of the Chestnut Ridge people and he is also of part Irish descent. At the age of 14 Gates was injured playing football, fracturing the ball and socket joint of his hip. The injury was misdiagnosed by a physician, who told Gates mother that his problem was psychosomatic, when the physical damage finally healed, his right leg was two inches shorter than his left. Because of the injury, Gates now uses a cane to help him walk, Gates graduated from Piedmont High School in 1968 and attended Potomac State College of West Virginia University. He completed his BA degree in history at Yale University, summa cum laude and they had two daughters together before they divorced. After a month at Yale Law School, Gates withdrew from the program, in October 1975 he was hired by Charles T. Davis as a secretary in the Afro-American Studies department at Yale. In July 1976, Gates was promoted to the post of Lecturer in Afro-American Studies with the understanding that he would be promoted to assistant professor upon completion of his doctoral dissertation. Jointly appointed to assistant professorships in English and Afro-American Studies in 1979, in 1984, Gates was recruited by Cornell University with an offer of tenure, Gates asked Yale if they would match Cornells offer, but they declined. Gates moved to Cornell in 1985, where he taught until 1989, following a two-year stay at Duke University, he was recruited to Harvard University in 1991. At Harvard, Gates teaches undergraduate and graduate courses as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor, a chair he was appointed to in 2006. Additionally, he is the Director of the Hutchins Center for African & African American Research, as a black intellectual and public figure, Gates has been an outspoken critic of the Eurocentric literary canon. In his major work, The Signifying Monkey, a 1989 American Book Award winner. The work extended application of the concept of signifyin to analysis of African-American works, signifyin refers to the significance of words that is based on context, and is accessible only to those who share the cultural values of a given speech community. It is rooted African-American literary criticism in the African-American vernacular tradition, while Gates has stressed the need for greater recognition of black literature and black culture, he does not advocate a separatist black canon
43.
Tim Hunt
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Sir Richard Timothy Hunt, FRS, FMedSci, FRSE is a British biochemist and molecular physiologist. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Paul Nurse, in particular, Hunt discovered what he called cyclin, a protein in fertilised sea urchin eggs which cyclically aggregates and is depleted during cell division cycles. Hunt was born on 19 February 1943 in Neston, Cheshire, to Richard William Hunt, a lecturer in palaeography in Liverpool, in 1945, Richard became Keeper of the Western Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library, and the family relocated to Oxford. At the age of eight, Hunt was accepted into the Dragon School, in 1961, he was accepted into Clare College, Cambridge to study Natural Sciences, graduating in 1964 and immediately beginning work in the university Department of Biochemistry under Asher Korner. There, he worked with such as Louis Reichardt and Tony Hunter. His PhD was supervised by Asher Korner and focused on haemoglobin synthesis in intact rabbit reticulocytes, following his PhD, Hunt returned to New York to work with London, in collaboration with Nechama Kosower, her husband Edward Kosower, and Ellie Ehrenfeld. While there, they discovered that tiny amounts of glutathione inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocytes, after returning to Cambridge, he again began work with Tony Hunter and Richard Jackson, who had discovered the RNA strand used to start haemoglobin synthesis. After 3–4 years, the team discovered at least two chemicals acting as inhibitors. It was there at Woods Hole in the Summer of 1982 using the sea urchin egg as his model organism, Hunt was a keen cyclist and named the protein based on his observation of the cyclical changes in its levels. Cyclins are proteins that play a key role in regulating the cell-division cycle, Hunt found that cyclins begin to be synthesised after the eggs are fertilised and increase in levels during interphase, until they drop very quickly in the middle of mitosis in each cell division. He also found that cyclins are present in cells, where they also regulate the cell cycle. The cyclin mechanism of cell division is fundamental to all living organisms, Hunt had his own laboratory at the Clare Hall Laboratories until the end of 2010, and remains an Emeritus Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute. He is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and he also sits on the Selection Committee for Life Science and Medicine, which chooses winners of the Shaw Prize. With Ruderman and Rosenthal, he demonstrated selective translational control of mRNA in early clam embryos and this led to Hunts discovery of cyclin as a protein which is selectively destroyed in mitosis. He subsequently cloned and sequenced cyclin cDNA from sea urchins and frogs and he has also shown that cyclin is a subunit of the mitosis-promoting factor which regulates entry into mitosis. His discovery and characterization of cyclin are major contributions to our knowledge of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells, Hunt was elected a fellow of the UKs Academy of Medical Sciences in 1998, and a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1999. In 2001, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Leland Hartwell and Paul Nurse for their discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases. The three laureates are cited for their discoveries of key regulators of the cycle, while Hunt in particular is awarded for his discovery of cyclins, proteins that regulate the CDK function
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