Classified information
Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected. Access is restricted by law or regulation to particular groups of people with the necessary security clearance and need to know, and intentionally mishandling of the material can incur criminal penalties. A formal security clearance is required to view or handle classified documents or to access classified data. The clearance process requires a satisfactory background investigation. Documents and other information must be properly marked by the author with one of several (hierarchical) levels of sensitivity—e.g. restricted, confidential, secret and top secret. The choice of level is based on an impact assessment; governments have their own criteria, which include how to determine the classification of an information asset, and rules on how to protect information classified at each level. This often includes security clearances for personnel handling the information. Although "classified information" refers to the formal categorization and marking of material by level of sensitivity, it has also developed a sense synonymous with "censored" in US English. A distinction is often made between formal security classification and privacy markings such as "commercial in confidence". Classifications can be used with additional keywords that give more detailed instructions on how data should be used or protected.
Some corporations and non-government organizations also assign levels of protection to their private information, either from a desire to protect trade secrets, or because of laws and regulations governing various matters such as personal privacy, sealed legal proceedings and the timing of financial information releases.
With the passage of time much classified information can become a bit less sensitive, or becomes much less sensitive, and may be declassified and made public. Since the late twentieth century there has been freedom of information legislation in some countries, whereby the public is deemed to have the right to all information that is not considered to be damaging if released. Sometimes documents are released with information still considered confidential obscured (redacted), as in the example at right.
Contents
- 1 Government classification
- 2 Typical classification levels
- 3 International
- 4 By country
- 5 Corporate classification
- 6 Traffic Light Protocol
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Government classification[edit]
The purpose of classification is to protect information. Higher classifications protect information that might endanger national security. Classification formalises what constitutes a "state secret" and accords different levels of protection based on the expected damage the information might cause in the wrong hands.
However, classified information is frequently "leaked" to reporters by officials for political purposes. Several U.S. presidents have leaked sensitive information to get their point across to the public.[2][3]
Typical classification levels[edit]
Although the classification systems vary from country to country, most have levels corresponding to the following British definitions (from the highest level to lowest).
Top Secret (TS)[edit]
Top Secret is the highest level of classified information.[4] Information is further compartmented so that specific access using a code word after top secret is a legal way to hide collective and important information.[5] Such material would cause "exceptionally grave damage" to national security if made publicly available.[6] Prior to 1942, the United Kingdom and other members of the British Empire used Most Secret, but this was later changed to match the United States' category name of Top Secret in order to simplify Allied interoperability.
The Washington Post reports in an investigation entitled Top Secret America, that per 2010 "An estimated 854,000 people ... hold top-secret security clearances" in the United States.[7]
Secret[edit]
April 17, 1947 Atomic Energy Commission memo from Colonel O.G. Haywood, Jr. to Dr. Fidler at the Oak Ridge Laboratory in Tennessee.[8] As of 2010, Executive Order 13526 bans classification of documents simply to "conceal violations of law, inefficiency, or administrative error" or "prevent embarrassment to a person, organization, or agency".[9]
Secret material would cause "serious damage" to national security if it were publicly available.[10]
In the United States, operational "Secret" information can be marked with an additional "LIMDIS", to limit distribution.
Confidential[edit]
Confidential material would cause damage or be prejudicial to national security if publicly available.[11]
Restricted[edit]
Restricted material would cause "undesirable effects" if publicly available. Some countries do not have such a classification; in public sectors, such as commercial industries. Such a level is also known as "Private Information".
Official[edit]
Official (Equivalent to US DOD classification FOUO – For Official Use Only) material forms the generality of government business, public service delivery and commercial activity. This includes a diverse range of information, of varying sensitivities, and with differing consequences resulting from compromise or loss. OFFICIAL information must be secured against a threat model that is broadly similar to that faced by a large private company.
The OFFICIAL classification replaced the Confidential and Restricted classifications in April 2014 in the UK.[12]
Unclassified[edit]
Unclassified is technically not a classification level, but this is a feature of some classification schemes, used for government documents that do not merit a particular classification or which have been declassified. This is because the information is low-impact, and therefore does not require any special protection, such as vetting of personnel.
A plethora of pseudo-classifications exist under this category.
Clearance[edit]
Clearance is a general classification, that comprises a variety of rules controlling the level of permission required to view some classified information, and how it must be stored, transmitted, and destroyed. Additionally, access is restricted on a "need to know" basis. Simply possessing a clearance does not automatically authorize the individual to view all material classified at that level or below that level. The individual must present a legitimate "need to know" in addition to the proper level of clearance.
Compartmented information[edit]
In addition to the general risk-based classification levels, additional compartmented constraints on access exist, such as (in the U.S.) Special Intelligence (SI), which protects intelligence sources and methods, No Foreign dissemination (NOFORN), which restricts dissemination to U.S. nationals, and Originator Controlled dissemination (ORCON), which ensures that the originator can track possessors of the information. Information in these compartments is usually marked with specific keywords in addition to the classification level.
Government information about nuclear weapons often has an additional marking to show it contains such information (CNWDI).
International[edit]
When a government agency or group shares information between an agency or group of other country’s government they will generally employ a special classification scheme that both parties have previously agreed to honour.
For example, the marking ATOMAL, is applied to U.S. RESTRICTED DATA or FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA and United Kingdom ATOMIC information that has been released to NATO. ATOMAL information is marked COSMIC TOP SECRET ATOMAL (CTSA), NATO SECRET ATOMAL (NSAT), or NATO CONFIDENTIAL ATOMAL (NCA).
NATO classifications[edit]
For example, sensitive information shared amongst NATO allies has four levels of security classification; from most to least classified:[13]
- COSMIC TOP SECRET (CTS)
- NATO SECRET (NS)
- NATO CONFIDENTIAL (NC)
- NATO RESTRICTED (NR)
A special case exists with regard to NATO UNCLASSIFIED (NU) information. Documents with this marking are NATO property (copyright) and must not be made public without NATO permission.
International organisations[edit]
- European Institutions, have four levels: EU TOP SECRET, EU SECRET, EU CONFIDENTIAL, EU RESTRICTED.[14] (Note that usually the French term is used.[citation needed])
- TRÈS SECRET UE/EU TOP SECRET: information and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could cause exceptionally grave prejudice to the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States;
- SECRET UE/EU SECRET: information and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could seriously harm the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States;
- CONFIDENTIEL UE/EU CONFIDENTIAL: information and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could harm the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States;
- RESTREINT UE/EU RESTRICTED: information and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could be disadvantageous to the interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States.
- Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation, a European defence organisation, has three levels of classification: OCCAR SECRET, OCCAR CONFIDENTIAL, and OCCAR RESTRICTED.[15]
- ECIPS, the European Centre for Information Policy and Security, has 4 levels of Security Information, COSMIC (TOP SECRET), EC-SECRET, EC-CONFIDENTIAL and EC-COMMITTEES.
By country[edit]
Most countries employ some sort of classification system for certain government information. For example, in Canada, information that the U.S. would classify SBU (Sensitive but Unclassified) is called "protected" and further subcategorised into levels A, B, and C.
Australia[edit]
On 19 July 2011, the National Security (NS) classification marking scheme and the Non-National Security (NNS) classification marking scheme in Australia was unified into one structure.
The Australian Government Security Classification system now comprises TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL and PROTECTED. A new dissemination limiting markers (DLMs) scheme was also introduced for information where disclosure may be limited or prohibited by legislation, or where it may otherwise require special handling. The DLM marking scheme comprises For Official Use Only (FOUO), Sensitive, Sensitive: Personal, Sensitive: Legal, and Sensitive: Cabinet.[16]
Documents marked Sensitive Cabinet, relating to discussions in Federal Cabinet, are treated as PROTECTED at minimum due to its higher sensitivity.
Brazil[edit]
There are three levels of document classification under Brazilian Information Access Law: ultrassecreto (top secret), secreto (secret) and reservado (restricted).
A top secret (ultrassecreto) government-issued document may be classified for a period of 25 years, which may be extended up to another 25 years. Thus, no document remains classified for more than 50 years. This is mandated by the 2011 Information Access Law (Lei de Acesso à Informação), a change from the previous rule, under which documents could have their classification time length renewed indefinitely, effectively shuttering state secrets from the public. The 2011 law applies retroactively to existing documents.
Canada[edit]
Background and hierarchy[edit]
The Government of Canada employs two main types of sensitive information designation: Classified and Protected. The access and protection of both types of information is governed by the Security of Information Act, effective December 24, 2001, replacing the Official Secrets Act 1981.[17] To access the information, a person must have the appropriate security clearance and the need to know.
In addition, the caveat "Canadian Eyes Only" is used to restrict access to Classified or Protected information only to Canadian citizens with the appropriate security clearance and need to know.[18]
Special operational information[edit]
SOI is not a classification of data per se. It is defined under the Security of Information Act, and unauthorised release of such information constitutes a higher breach of trust, with penalty of life imprisonment.
SOIs include:
- military operations in respect of a potential, imminent or present armed conflict
- the identity of confidential source of information, intelligence or assistance to the Government of Canada
- tools used for information gathering or intelligence
- the object of a covert investigation, or a covert collection of information or intelligence
- the identity of any person who is under covert surveillance
- encryption and cryptographic systems
- information or intelligence to, or received from, a foreign entity or terrorist group
Classified information[edit]
Classified information can be designated Top Secret, Secret or Confidential. These classifications are only used on matters of national interest.
- Top Secret: applies when compromise might reasonably cause exceptionally grave injury to the national interest. The possible impact must be great, immediate and irreparable.
- Secret: applies when compromise might reasonably cause serious injury to the national interest.
- Confidential: disclosure might reasonably cause injury to the national interest.
Protected information[edit]
Protected information is not classified. It pertains to any sensitive information that does not relate to national security and cannot be disclosed under the access and privacy legislation because of the potential injury to particular public or private interests.[19][20]
- Protected C (Extremely Sensitive protected information): designates extremely sensitive information, which if compromised, could reasonably be expected to cause extremely grave injury outside the national interest. Examples include bankruptcy, identities of informants in criminal investigations, etc.
- Protected B (Particularly Sensitive protected information): designates information that could cause severe injury or damage to the people or group involved if it was released. Examples include medical records, annual personnel performance reviews, income tax returns, etc.
- Protected A (Low-Sensitive protected information): designates low sensitivity information that should not be disclosed to the public without authorization and could reasonably be expected to cause injury or embarrassment outside the national interest. Example of Protected A information include employee identification number, pay deposit banking information, etc.
Federal Cabinet (Queen's Privy Council for Canada) papers are either protected (e.g., overhead slides prepared to make presentations to Cabinet) or classified (e.g., draft legislation, certain memos).[21]
People's Republic of China[edit]
The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (which is not operative in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau) makes it a crime to release a state secret. Regulation and enforcement is carried out by the National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets.
Under the 1989 "Law on Guarding State Secrets,"[22] state secrets are defined as those that concern:
- Major policy decisions on state affairs
- The building of national defence and in the activities of the armed forces
- Diplomatic activities and in activities related to foreign countries and those to be maintained as commitments to foreign countries
- National economic and social development
- Science and technology
- Activities for preserving state security and the investigation of criminal offences
- Any other matters classified as "state secrets" by the national State Secrets Bureau[23]
Secrets can be classified into three categories:
- Top secret (绝密): defined as "vital state secrets whose disclosure would cause extremely serious harm to state security and national interests"
- Highly secret (机密): defined as "important state secrets whose disclosure would cause serious harm to state security and national interests"
- Secret (秘密): defined as "ordinary state secrets whose disclosure would cause harm to state security and national interests"[23]
France[edit]
In France, classified information is defined by article 413-9 of the Penal Code.[24] The three levels of military classification are
- Très Secret Défense (Very Secret Defence): Information deemed extremely harmful to national defense,[citation needed] and relative to governmental priorities in national defense. No service or organisation can elaborate, process, stock, transfer, display or destroy information or protected supports classified at this level without authorization from the Prime Minister or the national secretary for National Defence. Partial or exhaustive reproduction is strictly forbidden.
- Secret Défense (Secret Defence): Information deemed very harmful to national defense. Such information cannot be reproduced without authorisation from the emitting authority, except in exceptional emergencies.
- Confidentiel Défense (Confidential Defence): Information deemed potentially harmful to national defense, or that could lead to uncovering some information classified at a higher level of security.
Less sensitive information is "protected". The levels are
- Confidentiel personnels Officiers ("Confidential officers")
- Confidentiel personnels Sous-Officiers ("Confidential non-commissioned officers")
- Diffusion restreinte ("restricted information")
- Diffusion restreinte administrateur ("administrative restricted information")
- Non Protégé (unprotected)
A further caveat, "spécial France" (reserved France) restricts the document to French citizens (in its entirety or by extracts). This is not a classification level.
Declassification of documents can be done by the Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale (CCSDN), an independent authority. Transfer of classified information is done with double envelopes, the outer layer being plastified and numbered, and the inner in strong paper. Reception of the document involves examination of the physical integrity of the container and registration of the document. In foreign countries, the document must be transferred through specialised military mail or diplomatic bag. Transport is done by an authorised convoyer or habilitated person for mail under 20 kg. The letter must bear a seal mentioning "PAR VALISE ACCOMPAGNEE-SACOCHE". Once a year, ministers have an inventory of classified information and supports by competent authorities.
Once their usage period is expired, documents are transferred to archives, where they are either destroyed (by incineration, crushing, or overvoltage), or stored.
In case of unauthorized release of classified information, competent authorities are the Ministry of Interior, the Haut fonctionnaire de défense et de sécurité ("high civil servant for defence and security") of the relevant ministry, and the General secretary for National Defence. Violation of such secrets is an offence punishable with 7 years of imprisonment and a 100,000 Euro fine; if the offence is committed by imprudence or negligence, the penalties are 3 years of imprisonment and a 45,000 Euro fine.
Hong Kong[edit]
The Security Bureau is responsible for developing policies in regards to the protection and handling of confidential government information. In general, the system used in Hong Kong is very similar to the UK system, developed from the Colonial Hong Kong era.
Four classifications exists in Hong Kong, from highest to lowest in sensitivity:[25]
- Top Secret (絕對機密)
- Secret (高度機密)
- Confidential (機密)
- Temporary Confidential (臨時保密)
- Restricted (限閱文件/內部文件)
- Restricted (staff) (限閱文件(人事))
- Restricted (tender) (限閱文件 (投標))
- Restricted (administration) (限閱文件 (行政))
Restricted documents are not classified per se, but only those who have a need to know will have access to such information, in accordance with the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance.[26]
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand uses the Restricted classification, which is lower than Confidential. People may be given access to Restricted information on the strength of an authorisation by their Head of Department, without being subjected to the background vetting associated with Confidential, Secret and Top Secret clearances. New Zealand's security classifications and the national-harm requirements associated with their use are roughly similar to those of the United States.
In addition to national security classifications there are two additional security classifications, In Confidence and Sensitive, which are used to protect information of a policy and privacy nature. There are also a number of information markings used within ministries and departments of the government, to indicate, for example, that information should not be released outside the originating ministry.
Because of strict privacy requirements around personal information, personnel files are controlled in all parts of the public and private sectors. Information relating to the security vetting of an individual is usually classified at the In Confidence level.
Romania[edit]
In Romania, classified information is referred to as "state secrets" (secrete de stat) and is defined by the Penal Code as "documents and data that manifestly appear to have this status or have been declared or qualified as such by decision of Government".[27] There are three levels of classification—Secret, Top Secret, and Top Secret of Particular Importance.[28] The levels are set by the Romanian Intelligence Service and must be aligned with NATO regulations—in case of conflicting regulations, the latter are applied with priority. Dissemination of classified information to foreign agents or powers is punishable by up to life imprisonment, if such dissemination threatens Romania's national security.[29]
Russia[edit]
In the Russian Federation, a state secret (Государственная тайна) is information protected by the state on its military, foreign policy, economic, intelligence, counterintelligence, operational and investigative and other activities, dissemination of which could harm state security.
Sweden[edit]
The Swedish classification has been updated due to increased NATO/PfP cooperation. All classified defence documents will now have both a Swedish classification (Kvalificerat hemlig or Hemlig), and an English classification (Top Secret, Secret, Confidential, or Restricted).[citation needed] The term skyddad identitet, "protected identity", is used in the case of protection of a threatened person, basically implying "secret identity", accessible only to certain members of the police force and explicitly authorised officials.
United Kingdom[edit]
Until 2013, the United Kingdom used five levels of classification—from lowest to highest, they were: PROTECT, RESTRICTED, CONFIDENTIAL, SECRET and TOP SECRET (formerly MOST SECRET). The Cabinet Office provides guidance on how to protect information, including the security clearances required for personnel. Staff may be required to sign to confirm their understanding and acceptance of the Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989, although the Act applies regardless of signature. PROTECT is not in itself a security protective marking level (such as RESTRICTED or greater), but is used to indicate information which should not be disclosed because, for instance, the document contains tax, national insurance, or other personal information.
Government documents without a classification may be marked as UNCLASSIFIED or NOT PROTECTIVELY MARKED.[30]
This system was replaced by the Government Security Classifications Policy, which has a simpler model: TOP SECRET, SECRET, and OFFICIAL from April 2014.[12] OFFICIAL SENSITIVE is a security marking which may be followed by one of three authorised descriptors: COMMERCIAL, LOCSEN (location sensitive) or PERSONAL. SECRET and TOP SECRET may include a caveat such as UK EYES ONLY.
United States[edit]
The U.S. classification system is currently established under Executive Order 13526 and has three levels of classification—Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret. The U.S. had a Restricted level during World War II but no longer does. U.S. regulations state that information received from other countries at the Restricted level should be handled as Confidential. A variety of markings are used for material that is not classified, but whose distribution is limited administratively or by other laws, e.g., For Official Use Only (FOUO), or Sensitive but Unclassified (SBU). The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 provides for the protection of information related to the design of nuclear weapons. The term "Restricted Data" is used to denote certain nuclear technology. Information about the storage, use or handling of nuclear material or weapons is marked "Formerly Restricted Data". These designations are used in addition to level markings (Confidential, Secret and Top Secret). Information protected by the Atomic Energy Act is protected by law and information classified under the Executive Order is protected by Executive privilege.
The U.S. government insists it is "not appropriate" for a court to question whether any document is legally classified.[31] In the 1973 trial of Daniel Ellsberg for releasing the Pentagon Papers, the judge did not allow any testimony from Ellsberg, claiming it was "irrelevant", because the assigned classification could not be challenged. The charges against Ellsberg were ultimately dismissed after it was revealed that the government had broken the law in secretly breaking into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist and in tapping his telephone without a warrant. Ellsberg insists that the legal situation in the U.S. today is worse than it was in 1973, and Edward Snowden could not get a fair trial.[32] The State Secrets Protection Act of 2008 might have given judges the authority to review such questions in camera, but the bill was not passed.[31]
Table of equivalent classification markings in various countries[edit]
| (State) | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | Restricted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Teper Sekret | Sekret | Konfidencial | I Kufizuar |
| Argentina | Estrictamente Secreto y Confidencial | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Australia | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | Protected |
| Austria | Streng Geheim | Geheim | Vertraulich | Eingeschränkt |
| Belgium | Zeer Geheim / Très Secret | Geheim / Secret | Vertrouwelijk / Confidentiel | Beperkte Verspreiding / Diffusion restreinte |
| Bolivia | Supersecreto or Muy Secreto |
Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Strogo povjerljivo | Tajno | Konfidencialno | Restriktivno |
| Brazil | Ultrassecreto | Secreto | no equivalent (formerly Confidencial) | Reservado |
| Bulgaria | Строго секретно | Секретно | Поверително | За служебно ползване |
| Cambodia | Sam Ngat Bamphot | Sam Ngat Roeung | Art Kambang | Ham Kom Psay |
| Canada | Top Secret/Très secret | Secret/Secret | Confidential/Confidentiel | Protected A, B or C / Protégé A, B ou C |
| Chile | Secreto | Secreto | Reservado | Reservado |
| China, People's Republic of | Juémì (绝密) | Jīmì (机密) | Mìmì (秘密) | Nèibù (内部) |
| Colombia | Ultrasecreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reserva del sumario |
| Costa Rica | Alto Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | |
| Croatia | Vrlo tajno | Tajno | Povjerljivo | Ograničeno |
| Czech Republic | Přísně tajné | Tajné | Důvěrné | Vyhrazené |
| Denmark | Yderst Hemmeligt | Hemmeligt | Fortroligt | Til Tjenestebrug Foreign Service: |
| Ecuador | Secretisimo | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Egypt | Sirriy lil-Ġāyah سري للغاية |
Sirriy Ǧiddan سري جداً |
Khāṣ خاص |
Maḥzūr محظور |
| El Salvador | Ultra Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Estonia | Täiesti salajane | Salajane | Konfidentsiaalne | Piiratud |
| Ethiopia | Yemiaz Birtou Mistir | Mistir | Kilkil | |
| European Union (EU) | TRES SECRET UE / EU TOP SECRET | SECRET UE / EU SECRET | CONFIDENTIEL UE / EU CONFIDENTIAL | RESTREINT UE / EU RESTRICTED |
| European Union (Western) (WEU) | FOCAL TOP SECRET | WEU SECRET | WEU CONFIDENTIAL | WEU RESTRICTED |
| Euratom | EURA TOP SECRET | EURA SECRET | EURA CONFIDENTIAL | EURA RESTRICTED |
| Finland | Erittäin salainen (ST I) | Salainen (ST II) | Luottamuksellinen (ST III) | Käyttö rajoitettu (ST IV) |
| France | Très secret défense | Secret défense | Confidentiel défense | Diffusion restreinte |
| Germany | Streng Geheim | Geheim | VS-Vertraulich | VS-Nur für den Dienstgebrauch |
| Greece | Άκρως Απόρρητον | Απόρρητον | Εμπιστευτικόν | Περιορισμένης Χρήσης |
| Guatemala | Alto Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Haiti | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | Reserve |
| Honduras | Super Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Hong Kong | Top Secret, 高度機密 | Secret, 機密 | Confidential, 保密 | Restricted, 內部文件/限閱文件 |
| Hungary | Szigorúan Titkos | Titkos | Bizalmas | Korlátozott Terjesztésű |
| India (Hindi) | परम गुप्त (Param Gupt) | गुप्त (Gupt) | गोपनीय (Gopniya) | प्रतिबंधित/सीमित (Pratibandhit/seemit) |
| India (English) | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | Restricted |
| Indonesia | Sangat Rahasia | Rahasia | Rahasia Dinas | Terbatas |
| Iran | Bekoli-Serri بکلی سری | Serri سری | Kheili-Mahramaneh خیلی محرمانه | Mahramaneh محرمانه |
| Iraq | Sirriy lil-Ġāyah سري للغاية |
Sirriy سري |
Khāṣ خاص |
Maḥdūd محدود |
| Iceland | Algert Leyndarmál | Leyndarmál | Trúnaðarmál | Þjónustuskjal |
| Ireland (Irish language) | An-sicreideach | Sicreideach | Runda | Srianta |
| Israel | Sodi Beyoter סודי ביותר |
Sodi סודי |
Shamur שמור |
Mugbal מוגבל |
| Italy | Segretissimo | Segreto | Riservatissimo | Riservato |
| Japan | Kimitsu, 機密 | Gokuhi, 極秘 | Hi, 秘 | Toriatsukaichuui, 取り扱い注意 |
| Jordan | Maktūm Ǧiddan مكتوم جداً |
Maktūm مكتوم |
Sirriy سري |
Maḥdūd محدود |
| Korea, South | I(Il)-geup Bimil, 1급비밀 | II(I)-geup Bimil, 2급비밀 | III(Sam)-geup Bimil, 3급비밀 | Daeoebi, 대외비 |
| Laos | Lup Sood Gnod | Kuam Lup | Kuam Lap | Chum Kut Kon Arn |
| Latvia | Sevišķi slepeni | Slepeni | Konfidenciāli | Dienesta vajadzībām |
| Lebanon | Tres Secret | Secret | Confidentiel | |
| Lithuania | Visiškai Slaptai | Slaptai | Konfidencialiai | Riboto Naudojimo |
| Malaysia | Rahsia Besar | Rahsia | Sulit | Terhad |
| Mexico | Ultra Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Restringido |
| Montenegro | Strogo Tajno | Tajno | Povjerljivo | Interno |
| Netherlands[33] | STG. Zeer Geheim | STG. Geheim | STG. Confidentieel | Departementaal Vertrouwelijk |
| New Zealand | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | Restricted |
| Nicaragua | Alto Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Norway | STRENGT HEMMELIG | HEMMELIG | KONFIDENSIELT | BEGRENSET |
| Pakistan (Urdu) | Intahai Khufia انتہائی خفیہ |
Khufia خفیہ |
Sigh-e-Raz صیخہ راز |
Barai Mahdud Taqsim محدود تقسیم |
| Pakistan (English) | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | Restricted |
| Paraguay | Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Peru | Estrictamente Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Philippines (English) | Top Secret
Matinding Lihim |
Secret
Mahigpit na Lihim |
Confidential
Lihim |
Restricted
Ipinagbabawal |
| Poland | Ściśle tajne | Tajne | Poufne | Zastrzeżone |
| Portugal | Muito Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Romania | Strict Secret de Importanță Deosebită | Strict Secret | Secret | Secret de serviciu |
| Russia | Особой важности (вариант: Совершенно Секретно (Sovershenno Sekretno)) |
Совершенно секретно (вариант: Секретно (Sekretno)) |
Секретно (вариант: Не подлежит оглашению (Конфиденциально) (Ne podlezhit oglasheniyu (Konfidentsial'no)) |
Для Служебного Пользования (ДСП) (Dlya Sluzhebnogo Pol'zovaniya) |
| Saudi Arabia | Saudi Top Secret | Saudi Very Secret | Saudi Secret | Saudi Restricted |
| Serbia | Latin: Državna tajna Cyrillic: Државна тајна |
Latin: Strogo poverljivo Cyrillic: Строго поверљиво |
Latin: Poverljivo Cyrillic: Поверљиво |
Latin: Interno Cyrillic: Интерно |
| Singapore | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | Restricted |
| Somalia | Sir Muhiim ah | Sir Gooniya | Xog Qarsoon | Qarsoon |
| Slovak Republic | Prísne tajné | Tajné | Dôverné | Vyhradené |
| Slovenia | Strogo tajno | Tajno | Zaupno | Interno |
| Spain | Secreto | Reservado | Confidencial | Difusión Limitada |
| Sri Lanka | අති රහස්ය | රහස්ය | රහසිගත | සීමාන්විත |
| Sweden | Kvalificerat Hemlig (KH); Hemlig/Top Secret (H/TS) | Hemlig (H); Hemlig/Secret H/S) | Hemlig/Confidential (H/C) | Hemlig/Restricted (H/R) |
| Switzerland | GEHEIM / SECRET | VERTRAULICH / CONFIDENTIEL | INTERN / INTERNE | |
| Taiwan (Republic of China)[34] | Top Secret (絕對機密) | Secret (極機密) | Confidential (機密) | no direct equivalent |
| Tanzania (Swahili) | SIRI KUU | SIRI | STIRI | IMEZUILIWA |
| Thailand | Lap thi sut (ลับที่สุด) | Lap mak (ลับมาก) | Lap (ลับ) | Pok pit (ปกปิด) |
| Turkey | Çok Gizli | Gizli | Özel | Hizmete Özel |
| South Africa (English) | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | Restricted |
| South Africa (Afrikaans) | Uiters Geheim | Geheim | Vertroulik | Beperk |
| Ukraine | Цілком таємно | Таємно | Конфіденційно | Для службового користування |
| United Kingdom | TOP SECRET | SECRET | OFFICIAL-SENSITIVE (formerly CONFIDENTIAL) | OFFICIAL (formerly RESTRICTED) |
| United States | Top Secret | Secret | Confidential | no direct equivalent |
| Uruguay | Ultra Secreto | Secreto | Confidencial | Reservado |
| Vietnam | Tuyệt Mật | Tối Mật | Mật | Phổ Biến Hạn Chế |
Original source: NISPOM Appendix B[35] ¹ In addition, Finland uses label Salassa pidettävä, "to be kept secret" for information that is not classified but must not be revealed on some other basis than national security. (E.g. privacy, trade secrets etc.)
Corporate classification[edit]
Private corporations often require written confidentiality agreements and conduct background checks on candidates for sensitive positions.[36] In the U.S. the Employee Polygraph Protection Act prohibits private employers from requiring lie detector tests, but there are a few exceptions. Policies dictating methods for marking and safeguarding company-sensitive information (e.g. "IBM Confidential") are common and some companies have more than one level. Such information is protected under trade secret laws. New product development teams are often sequestered and forbidden to share information about their efforts with un-cleared fellow employees, the original Apple Macintosh project being a famous example. Other activities, such as mergers and financial report preparation generally involve similar restrictions. However, corporate security generally lacks the elaborate hierarchical clearance and sensitivity structures and the harsh criminal sanctions that give government classification systems their particular tone.
Traffic Light Protocol[edit]
The Traffic Light Protocol[37][38] was developed by the Group of Eight countries to enable the sharing of sensitive information between government agencies and corporations. This protocol has now been accepted as a model for trusted information exchange by over 30 other countries. The protocol provides for four "information sharing levels" for the handling of sensitive information.
See also[edit]
- Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (U.S.)
- Espionage
- Espionage Act of 1917 (U.S.)
- Eyes only
- Government Security Classifications Policy (UK)
- Illegal number
- Information security
- Official Secrets Act (UK, India, Ireland, Malaysia, New Zealand)
- Security of Information Act (Canada)
- State Secrets Privilege (US)
- Wassenaar Arrangement
- WikiLeaks
- UKUSA Agreement
- Five Eyes
- Golden Shield Project
References[edit]
- ^ "United States Cryptologic History: Attack on a Sigint Collector, the U.S.S. Liberty" (PDF). NSA.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
- ^ Turner, Stansfield (2005). Burn Before Reading: Presidents, CIA Directors and Secret Intelligence. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 9780786867820.
- ^ Goldsmith, Jack (29 September 2010). "Classified Information in Woodward's 'Obama's Wars'". Lawfare. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2. ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). New York [u.a.]: Random House. 2004. ISBN 0375425993.
- ^ Defense Technical Information Center (April 1997). "DoD Guide to Marking Classified Documents" (PDF). dtic.mil.
- ^ Federation of American Scientists (June 8, 2013). "Chapter 7. CLASSIFICATION LEVELS". fas.org.
- ^ Priest, Dana; Arkin, William (19 July 2010). "A hidden world, growing beyond control". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ Atomic Energy Commission's Declassification Review of Reports on Human Experiments and the Public Relations and Legal Liability Consequences Archived 2013-06-06 at the Wayback Machine., presented as evidence during the 1994 ACHRE hearings.
- ^ Section 1.7 (1) and (2).
- ^ United States Coast Guard. "E-PME Enlisted PROFESSIONAL MILITARY EDUCATION Reporting Unsecured and Securing Classified Material 4.G.03" (PDF). uscg.mil.[permanent dead link]
- ^ George Washington University. "ATTACHMENT 2 AR 320-5, CLASSIFICATION OFC. Army Regulations (1936)". gwu.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-07-13. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
- ^ a b Government Security Classifications April 2014. HMG Cabinet Office. October 2013.
- ^ Internet, JSK. "OCHRONA INFORMACJI NIEJAWNYCH MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH W SFERZE CYWILNEJ I WOJSKOWEJ - Ochrona informacji niejawnych międzynarodowych w sferze cywilnej i wojskowej - BIP - Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego". www.bip.abw.gov.pl.
- ^ "Decision of 23 September 2013 on the security rules for protecting EU classified information". Official Journal of the European Union. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ "306652_CM6554" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
- ^ Information security management guidelines (PDF), Attorney-General’s Department, 18 July 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2013, retrieved 14 July 2013
- ^ Security of Information Act, Archived January 16, 2008, at Archive-It
- ^ "Industrial Security Services - Frequently Asked Questions". Public Works and Government Services Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
- ^ "ARCHIVED - Non-Insured Health Benefits Program: Privacy Code, 2005 (Appendix II)". Health Canada, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch. 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ Security Policy - Manager's Handbook Archived June 1, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Archived - Access to Information Guidelines - Confidences of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, "Law on Guarding State Secrets" (中华人民共和国保守国家秘密法), promulgated 1988 and effective 1989.
- ^ a b Translation per Human Rights in China, State Secrets: China's Legal Labyrinth, (2007).
- ^ "Code pénal - Article 413-9". Legifrance. 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ [1] Archived December 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ LCQ3: Equal Opportunities Commission Archived December 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Penal Code of Romania, art. 150". Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ "Law no. 182/2002 on protection of classified information". Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ "Penal Code of Romania, art. 157". Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ "Understanding the Security Policy Framework & frequently asked questions". Cabinet Office. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ a b Aftergood, Steven (August 27, 2014). "Gov't Resists Court Review of State Secrets". Secrecy News. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
- ^ Ellsberg, Daniel (30 May 2014). "Daniel Ellsberg: Snowden would not get a fair trial – and Kerry is wrong". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
- ^ "Wet- en regelgeving - Besluit voorschrift informatiebeveiliging rijksdienst – bijzondere informatie - BWBR0016435" (in Dutch). Wetten.overheid.nl. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
- ^ "The Classified National Security Information Protection Act". 2003-02-06. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Employment Background Checks: A Jobseeker's Guide | Privacy Rights Clearinghouse". Privacyrights.org. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ "Development of Policies for Protection of Critical Information Infrastructures" (PDF). Cecd.ord. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
- ^ "'Re: OpenSSH security advisory: cbc.adv' - MARC". Marc.info. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
External links[edit]
- US "NISPOM" manual, explaining rules on classified information among other things - full title is "National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual".
- Marking Classified National Security Information ISOO booklet PDF
- Defence Vetting Agency. Carries out national security checks in the UK.
- Los Alamos table of equivalent US and UK classifications
- The Black Vault - a database of more than a half million declassified pages on many different topics, all acquired through the FOIA
- The National Security Archive - a collection of declassified documents acquired through the FOIA
- Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds. Terrorism: essential primary sources. Thomson Gale, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4144-0621-3 Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms LC Control Number: 2005024002.
- Peter Galison, Removing Knowledge in Critical Inquiry n°31 (Autumn 2004)
- Parliament of Serbia, Law on confidentiality of data. (in Serbian)
- Parliament of Montenegro, Law on confidentiality of data. (in Serbian)