1.
Isle of Ely (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Isle of Ely was a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, centred on the Isle of Ely in Cambridgeshire. Until its abolition in 1983, it elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, the Isle had previously been represented by two members of the First and Second Protectorate Parliaments, between 1654 and 1658. The twentieth century constituency was created in 1918, the territory included in the new seat was similar to that previously constituting the Wisbech constituency. That constituency was dominated by the Fens, a district of Liberal inclined smallholders, the towns in the Wisbech division, predominantly Conservative Wisbech and the more Liberal inclined March, tended to be outvoted by the rural areas. The small city of Ely had formerly been part of the Newmarket constituency, pelling suggests Ely was Conservative because of the cathedral and its fairly substantial middle-class population. In 1918 the former Liberal MP for Wisbech, Colin Coote, was returned unopposed as a Coalition Liberal, in 1922 Coote contested the seat again, this time as a National Liberal candidate. A Labour candidate appeared for the first time, the anti-Conservative vote was badly split, so the Conservative soldier Lieutenant Colonel Norman Coates was easily elected. Coates retired and did not seek re-election in 1923, in 1923 the reunited Liberal Party nominated a member of the family of one of their richest members. Henry Mond was the son of the industrialist Alfred Mond and he was able to squeeze the Labour vote down to 12. 4%, which was sufficient for a narrow Liberal victory as part of the partys best election result after the First World War. In the 1924 general election, both the Conservative and Labour candidates increased their vote, the new MP was the Conservative, Sir Hugh Lucas-Tooth, Bt. Lucas-Tooth had a political career, not leaving the House of Commons until 1970. The Monds had joined the Conservative Party in 1926 after a disagreement with Lloyd Georges land policy, however another rich Liberal stood in this constituency in 1929, the flamboyant James de Rothschild. He retained the seat for three Parliaments, serving from 1929 to 1945, in the 1945 general election de Rothschild came third, the first time this had happened to any Liberal candidate in the constituency. It must have appeared that the days when the Isle seat was a Conservative/Liberal marginal had ended in 1945, the new Conservative MP, Harry Legge-Bourke, had a majority of 6. 1% over Labour, with the Liberal almost 10% further behind. He retained the seat until his death in 1973, with Labour in second place, the Liberal Party did not contest general elections in 1951,1955,1959,1964 and 1970. The Liberal vote in 1966 was only 11. 4%, clement Freud gained the seat for the Liberals from the Conservatives in a 1973 by-election during the height of the 1970s Liberal revival. He retained this seat until it was abolished in 1983, however, the constituency was renamed in 1983, with most of the territory incorporated into the constituency of North East Cambridgeshire. W. S. Craig British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, compiled and edited by F. W. S, craig British Parliamentary Election Results 1950–1973, compiled and edited by F. W. S
Isle of Ely (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Colin Coote
2.
Berlin
–
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
3.
Weimar Republic
–
Weimar Republic is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place, the official name of the state was still Deutsches Reich, it had remained unchanged since 1871. In English the country was known simply as Germany. A national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the Deutsches Reich was written, in its fourteen years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism, and contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War. The people of Germany blamed the Weimar Republic rather than their leaders for the countrys defeat. However, the Weimar Republic government successfully reformed the currency, unified tax policies, Weimar Germany eliminated most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles, it never completely met its disarmament requirements, and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations. Under the Locarno Treaties, Germany accepted the borders of the republic. From 1930 onwards President Hindenburg used emergency powers to back Chancellors Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen, the Great Depression, exacerbated by Brünings policy of deflation, led to a surge in unemployment. In 1933, Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor with the Nazi Party being part of a coalition government, the Nazis held two out of the remaining ten cabinet seats. Von Papen as Vice Chancellor was intended to be the éminence grise who would keep Hitler under control, within months the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act of 1933 had brought about a state of emergency, it wiped out constitutional governance and civil liberties. Hitlers seizure of power was permissive of government by decree without legislative participation and these events brought the republic to an end, as democracy collapsed, a single-party state founded the Nazi era. The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar, Germany from 6 February 1919 to 11 August 1919, but this name only became mainstream after 1933. To the right of the spectrum the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model, the Catholic Centre party, Zentrum favoured the term Deutscher Volksstaat while on the moderate left the Chancellors SPD preferred Deutsche Republik. Only during the 1930s did the term become mainstream, both within and outside Germany, after the introduction of the republic, the flag and coat of arms of Germany were officially altered to reflect the political changes. The Weimar Republic retained the Reichsadler, but without the symbols of the former Monarchy and this left the black eagle with one head, facing to the right, with open wings but closed feathers, with a red beak, tongue and claws and white highlighting. If the Reichs Eagle is shown without a frame, the charge and colors as those of the eagle of the Reichs coat of arms are to be used. The patterns kept by the Federal Ministry of the Interior are decisive for the heraldic design, the artistic design may be varied for each special purpose. The achievements and signs of movement were mostly done away with after its downfall
Weimar Republic
–
The rebellion, November 1918.
Weimar Republic
–
Flag
Weimar Republic
–
Philipp Scheidemann addresses a crowd from a window of the
Reich Chancellery, 9 November 1918.
Weimar Republic
–
Official postcard of the
National Assembly.
4.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
5.
Liberal Party (UK)
–
The Liberal Party was a liberal political party which was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century. The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and Radicals favourable to the ideals of the American, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had formed four governments under William Gladstone. Despite splitting over the issue of Irish Home Rule, the party returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory, by the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives main rival. The party went into decline and by the 1950s won no more than six seats at general elections, apart from notable by-election victories, the partys fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, at the 1987 General Election, its vote fell below 23% and the Liberal and Social Democratic parties merged in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. A splinter group reconstituted the Liberal Party in 1989 and it was formed by party members opposed to the merger who saw the Lib Dems diluting Liberal ideals. Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes, the Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, who had their origins in an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II, and the early 19th century Radicals. The Whigs were in favour of reducing the power of the Crown, although their motives in this were originally to gain more power for themselves, the more idealistic Whigs gradually came to support an expansion of democracy for its own sake. The great figures of reformist Whiggery were Charles James Fox and his disciple, after decades in opposition, the Whigs returned to power under Grey in 1830 and carried the First Reform Act in 1832. The Reform Act was the climax of Whiggism, but it brought about the Whigs demise. As early as 1839 Russell had adopted the name of Liberals, the leading Radicals were John Bright and Richard Cobden, who represented the manufacturing towns which had gained representation under the Reform Act. They favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of the Crown and the Church of England, avoidance of war and foreign alliances, for a century, free trade remained the one cause which could unite all Liberals. This allowed ministries led by Russell, Palmerston, and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen to hold office for most of the 1850s and 1860s, a leading Peelite was William Ewart Gladstone, who was a reforming Chancellor of the Exchequer in most of these governments. The formal foundation of the Liberal Party is traditionally traced to 1859 and this was brought about by Palmerstons death in 1865 and Russells retirement in 1868. After a brief Conservative government Gladstone won a victory at the 1868 election. The establishment of the party as a membership organisation came with the foundation of the National Liberal Federation in 1877. John Stuart Mill was a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868, for the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as prime minister four times, called the Grand Old Man later in life, Gladstone was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class
Liberal Party (UK)
–
A crowd waits outside
Leeds Town Hall to see them elect a Liberal Party candidate during the
1880 general elections.
Liberal Party (UK)
–
Liberal Party
Liberal Party (UK)
–
Viscount Palmerston
Liberal Party (UK)
–
William Gladstone
6.
Sigmund Freud
–
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology, Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938 Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis and he died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In creating psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, Freuds redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the analysis of symptom formation. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, in his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, nonetheless, Freuds work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Audens 1940 poetic tribute, by the time of Freuds death, Freud was born to Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, in modern-day Ukraine and his father, Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakobs family were Hasidic Jews, and although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition and he and Freuds mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a room, in a locksmiths house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as an omen for the boys future. In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg, Freuds half brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the inseparable playmate of his early childhood, Emanuels son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born, Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, Paula, in 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors and he loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17, in 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Clauss zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. He graduated with an MD in 1881, in 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital
Sigmund Freud
–
Freud by Max Halberstadt, 1921
Sigmund Freud
–
Freud's birthplace, a rented room in a locksmith's house,
Příbor,
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Sigmund Freud
–
Freud (aged 16) and his beloved mother,
Amalia, in 1872
Sigmund Freud
–
Freud's home at
Berggasse 19, Vienna
7.
Lucian Freud
–
Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the Merchant Navy during the Second World War. His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, but by the early 1950s his often stark, Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors, the works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies, and was known for asking for extended, born in Berlin, Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie, and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect. He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud, and elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud, the family emigrated to St Johns Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939, having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon and he also attended Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942, in 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra. Both subjects reappeared in The Painters Room on display at Freuds first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery, in the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton. In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swifts studio, in late 1952, Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in 1953. He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life, Freud was part of a group of figurative artists later named The School of London. This was more a collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately. The group was led by such as Francis Bacon and Freud. He was a tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954. Freuds early paintings, which are very small, are often associated with German Expressionism and Surrealism in depicting people, plants. These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting and he would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable
Lucian Freud
–
Lucian Freud
Lucian Freud
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Girl with a white dog, 1951–1952,
Tate Gallery. Portrait of Freud's first wife,
Kitty Garman, the daughter of
Jacob Epstein and
Kathleen Garman
Lucian Freud
–
Benefits Supervisor Sleeping, 1995, a very large portrait of "Big Sue" Tilley (see below), showing his handling of flesh tones, and a typical high viewpoint
Lucian Freud
–
After Cézanne, 1999–2000,
National Gallery of Australia
8.
The Liberal Party (UK)
–
The Liberal Party was a liberal political party which was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century. The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and Radicals favourable to the ideals of the American, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had formed four governments under William Gladstone. Despite splitting over the issue of Irish Home Rule, the party returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory, by the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives main rival. The party went into decline and by the 1950s won no more than six seats at general elections, apart from notable by-election victories, the partys fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, at the 1987 General Election, its vote fell below 23% and the Liberal and Social Democratic parties merged in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. A splinter group reconstituted the Liberal Party in 1989 and it was formed by party members opposed to the merger who saw the Lib Dems diluting Liberal ideals. Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes, the Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, who had their origins in an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II, and the early 19th century Radicals. The Whigs were in favour of reducing the power of the Crown, although their motives in this were originally to gain more power for themselves, the more idealistic Whigs gradually came to support an expansion of democracy for its own sake. The great figures of reformist Whiggery were Charles James Fox and his disciple, after decades in opposition, the Whigs returned to power under Grey in 1830 and carried the First Reform Act in 1832. The Reform Act was the climax of Whiggism, but it brought about the Whigs demise. As early as 1839 Russell had adopted the name of Liberals, the leading Radicals were John Bright and Richard Cobden, who represented the manufacturing towns which had gained representation under the Reform Act. They favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of the Crown and the Church of England, avoidance of war and foreign alliances, for a century, free trade remained the one cause which could unite all Liberals. This allowed ministries led by Russell, Palmerston, and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen to hold office for most of the 1850s and 1860s, a leading Peelite was William Ewart Gladstone, who was a reforming Chancellor of the Exchequer in most of these governments. The formal foundation of the Liberal Party is traditionally traced to 1859 and this was brought about by Palmerstons death in 1865 and Russells retirement in 1868. After a brief Conservative government Gladstone won a victory at the 1868 election. The establishment of the party as a membership organisation came with the foundation of the National Liberal Federation in 1877. John Stuart Mill was a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868, for the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as prime minister four times, called the Grand Old Man later in life, Gladstone was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class
The Liberal Party (UK)
–
A crowd waits outside
Leeds Town Hall to see them elect a Liberal Party candidate during the
1880 general elections.
The Liberal Party (UK)
–
Liberal Party
The Liberal Party (UK)
–
Viscount Palmerston
The Liberal Party (UK)
–
William Gladstone
9.
Nazi Germany
–
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
Nazi Germany
–
Hitler became Germany's head of state, with the title of
Führer und Reichskanzler, in 1934.
Nazi Germany
–
Flag
Nazi Germany
–
Joseph Goebbels,
Reich Minister of Propaganda
Nazi Germany
–
Ethnic Germans in
Saaz, Czechoslovakia, greet German soldiers with the
Nazi salute, 1938
10.
Hampstead
–
Hampstead, commonly known as Hampstead Village, is an area of London, England,4 miles northwest of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Camden, it is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath and it has some of the most expensive housing in the London area. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any area of the United Kingdom. The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the growth of Hampstead is generally traced back to the 17th century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the waters in 1700. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the 1800s due to competition with other fashionable London spas, the spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind. Much luxurious housing was created during the 1870s and 1880s, in the area that is now the ward of Frognal & Fitzjohns. Much of this remains to this day. The large Victorian Hampstead Library and Town Hall was recently converted and extended as a creative industries centre, on 14 August 1975 Hampstead entered the UK Weather Records with the Highest 155-min total rainfall at 169 mm. As of November 2008 this record remains, Hampstead became part of the County of London in 1889 and in 1899 the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead was formed. The borough town hall on Haverstock Hill, which was also the location of the Register Office, Hampstead is part of the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency, formed at the 2010 general election. It was formerly part of the Hampstead and Highgate constituency, since May 2015 the area has been represented on Camden Council by Conservative Party councillors Tom Currie, Oliver Cooper and Stephen Stark. The area has a significant tradition of educated liberal humanism, often referred to as Hampstead Liberalism, michael Idov of The New Yorker stated that the community was the citadel of the moneyed liberal intelligentsia, posh but not stuffy. As applied to an individual, the term Hampstead Liberal is not synonymous with champagne socialist, the term is also rather misleading. As of 2016, all the component wards of Hampstead elect a full slate of Conservative councillors, the bridge pictured is known locally as The Red Arches or The Viaduct, built in fruitless anticipation of residential building on the Heath in the 19th century. The largest employer in Hampstead is the Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, George Martins AIR recording studios, in converted church premises in Lyndhurst Road, is a current example, as Jim Hensons Creature Shop was before it relocated to California. It was recently restored by Notting Hill Housing Trust, notable and longstanding are La Gaffe, Gaucho Grill, Jin Kichi, Tip Top Thai, Villa Bianca and, in May 2016, Patara. Hampsteads rural feel lends itself for use on film, an example being The Killing of Sister George starring Beryl Reid
Hampstead
–
Downshire Hill
Hampstead
–
Kenwood House, Hampstead
Hampstead
–
Roadworks on Heath Street in Hampstead around 1865, in
Ford Madox Brown 's painting
Work
Hampstead
–
A current day view of location used for the Madox Brown painting
11.
Hall School (Hampstead)
–
The Hall School is an independent boys preparatory school in Belsize Park, Hampstead, London, currently teaching boys from age 4 to age 13. The school, across its three buildings, has a roll of over 450 boys, approximately 50 in each Year from Years 1-8 and 32 in Reception. Reception to Year 3 are based in the Junior School, Year 4 and 5 in the Middle School, the school operates a house system of four houses, Blue, Green, Orange and Purple. These are used throughout the school for academic, physical and musical competitions, the school is known for its pink uniform consisting for many years of a pink school blazer, cap and tie. Alumni will recognise the schoolboy terrorizing, recalled by food critic, the school originated as Belsize School, founded in 1889 by the Revd Francis John Wrottesley, who with his wife had taken fee-paying pupils at their home in nearby 18 Buckland Crescent since 1881. The Wrottesleys sold their school in 1898 to the Revd D. H. Marshall, who took over a house in 1903. In 1905 Marshall bought the Allen Olney girls school, which his wife continued at Buckland Crescent, Marshall moved the boys to Crossfield Road and renamed the school The Hall. The roll was over 100 in 1909, when he sold the school to G. H. Montauban and it prepared boys aged 5 to 13 for public schools and won many scholarships. Montauban bought Woodcote at 69 Belsize Park, at the corner of Buckland Crescent, in 1916, the school was recognized from 1919, when Montauban sold The Hall to R. T. Gladstone, retaining the junior school until 1923. In the 1920s the roll increased from 60 to 270, in 1935 ownership passed to a private company. The main building was extended in 1935 and the school in 1938. The roll fell to 45 in 1940, but under a new company rose to 170 in 1942, the junior school, evacuated in 1939, reopened in 1942 with 35 boys. The school became a charitable trust in 1952, in 1951 there were 302 boys aged 5 to 15, including 30 boarders, but boarding ceased between 1967 and 1974. In 1983 the school prepared up to 320 boys for public schools, list of people educated at The Hall School
Hall School (Hampstead)
–
The Hall School
12.
Dartington Hall
–
The Trust currently runs 16 charitable programmes, including Schumacher College and the Dartington International Summer School. In addition to developing and promoting arts and educational programmes, the Trust hosts other groups, the hall itself is a Grade I listed building. The gardens are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks, the Dartington Hall Trust is based on a 1,200 acres estate near Dartington in south Devon. The medieval hall was built between 1388 and 1400 for John Holand, Earl of Huntingdon, half-brother to Richard II, after John was beheaded, the Crown owned the estate until it was acquired in 1559 by Sir Arthur Champernowne, Vice-Admiral of the West under Elizabeth I. The Champernowne family then lived in the Hall for 366 years until 1925, the hall was mostly derelict by the time it was bought by Leonard and Dorothy Elmhirst in 1925. They commissioned architect William Weir to renovate the buildings and restored the Great Halls hammerbeam roof, in 1935, the Dartington Hall Trust, a registered charity, was set up in order to run the estate. In North Devon, the Beaford Centre, set up as a centre by the Trust in the 1960s to bring employment and culture to a rurally depressed area. Until June 2010, prior to the contentious merger with University College Falmouth. The Hall and medieval courtyard functions in part as a centre and wedding venue and provides bed and breakfast accommodation for people attending courses. The Barn Cinema and the White Hart Bar and Restaurant are used by estate dwellers, residents from the surrounding countryside, in May 2010, Sothebys sold a group of 12 paintings by Rabindranath Tagore, which had been given by Tagore to his friend Leonard Elmhirst. In Autumn 2011, The Trust proposed the sale of artworks by Ben Nicholson, Christopher Wood, Alfred Wallis and others. The sale generated some criticism from people, who voiced concerns about deaccessioning of the Trusts art assets. Dartington Hall held by the MARTIN FAMILY between the early 12th and mid 14th centuries and on the death of Lord William Martin in 1326, Dartington International Summer School is a department of The Dartington Hall Trust. The Summer School is both a festival and a music school, participants, both amateur musicians and advanced students, spend the daytime studying a variety of different musical courses, and the evenings attending concerts. In addition to instrumental and vocal masterclasses, there are courses at various levels on subjects such as composition, opera, chamber music, conducting, courses include choirs, orchestras, individual masterclasses, and non classical music such as Jazz, Salsa and Gamelan. Composition teachers have included Luciano Berio, Luigi Nono, Bruno Maderna, Harrison Birtwistle, Peter Maxwell Davies, Brian Ferneyhough, Witold Lutosławski and Elliott Carter. There is an ancient yew tree reputed to be nearly 2000 years old and rumour has it that Knights Templar are buried in the graveyard there, Dartington Hall School, founded in 1926, offered a progressive coeducational boarding life. When it started there was a minimum of formal classroom activity and the children learnt by involvement in estate activities. ”With time more academic rigour was imposed, a noted alumnus was Lord Young, a founder of Which. and the Open University
Dartington Hall
–
Dartington Hall.
Dartington Hall
–
Entrance to the Great Hall.
Dartington Hall
–
Autumn in the gardens.
Dartington Hall
13.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
14.
Royal Ulster Rifles
–
The Royal Irish Rifles was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army, first created in 1881 by the amalgamation of the 83rd Regiment of Foot and the 86th Regiment of Foot. The regiment saw service in the Second Boer War, the First World War, the Second World War and the Korean War. In 1968 the Royal Ulster Rifles was amalgamated with the regiments of the North Irish Brigade, the Royal Irish Fusiliers. The regiments history dates backs to the reign of King George III, in 1793 the British Army expanded to meet the commitments of the war with the French First Republic. As part of expansion it raised two new regiments of foot, the 83rd and the 86th. In 1881, under the Childers Reforms, the 83rd and 86th were amalgamated into a regiment, named the Royal Irish Rifles. It was the county regiment of Antrim, Down, Belfast and Louth, with its depot located at Victoria Barracks, Belfast. Militarily, the whole of Ireland was administered as a command within the United Kingdom with Command Headquarters at Parkgate Dublin. The regiment suffered serious losses at the Battle of Stormberg in December 1899 during the Second Boer War, in October 1905, a memorial was erected in the grounds of Belfast City Hall in memory of the 132 who did not return. Field Marshal Lord Grenfell unveiled the memorial while the Times reported the event, the 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 25th Brigade in the 8th Division in November 1914 for service on the Western Front. The 2nd Battalion landed at Rouen as part of the 7th Brigade in the 3rd Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front. The 6th Battalion landed at Anzac Cove as part of the 29th Brigade in the 10th Division in August 1915 but moved to Salonika in October 1915 and to Egypt for service in Palestine in September 1917. The 7th Battalion, which absorbed a company of the Royal Jersey Militia, the 8th Battalion, 9th Battalion and 10th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 107th Brigade in the 36th Division in October 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 11th Battalion, 12th Battalion and 13th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 108th Brigade in the 36th Division in October 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 14th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 109th Brigade in the 36th Division in October 1915 for service on the Western Front, the 15th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 107th Brigade in the 36th Division in October 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 16th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as pioneer battalion for the 36th Division in October 1915 for service on the Western Front, some 7,010 soldiers from the regiment were killed in action during the First World War. From 1 January 1921 the regiment became the Royal Ulster Rifles, the regiment moved to St Patricks Barracks in 1937. Two years later the London Irish formed a second battalion, when war was declared the 1st Battalion was serving in India, with the 31st Independent Brigade Group, which was trained in mountain warfare
Royal Ulster Rifles
–
Regimental Crest
Royal Ulster Rifles
–
Monument to Royal Irish Rifles in grounds of
Belfast City Hall
Royal Ulster Rifles
–
Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the
Battle of the Somme (1916) in the
Great War.
Royal Ulster Rifles
–
Men of the 16th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Rifles, the
pioneer battalion of the 36th (Ulster) Division, moving to the frontline 20 November 1917.
15.
Bernard Montgomery
–
He saw action in the First World War as a junior officer of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. At Méteren, near the Belgian border at Bailleul, he was shot through the lung by a sniper. He returned to the Western Front as a staff officer. He also took part in the Battle of Passchendaele in late 1917 before finishing the war as chief of staff of the 47th Division. During the Second World War he commanded the British Eighth Army from August 1942 in the Western Desert until the final Allied victory in Tunisia in May 1943 and this command included the Second Battle of El Alamein, a turning point in the Western Desert Campaign. He subsequently commanded the British Eighth Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily and he was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord from the initial landings until after the Battle of Normandy. He then continued in command of the 21st Army Group for the rest of the campaign in North West Europe, as such he was the principal field commander for the failed airborne attempt to bridge the Rhine at Arnhem, and the Allied Rhine crossing. On 4 May 1945 he took the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath in Northern Germany, after the war he became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine in Germany and then Chief of the Imperial General Staff. He then served as Deputy Supreme Commander of NATO in Europe until his retirement in 1958. Montgomery was born in Kennington, Surrey, in 1887, the child of nine, to an Ulster-Scots Church of Ireland minister, The Reverend Henry Montgomery. The Montgomerys, an Ascendancy gentry family, were the County Donegal branch of the Clan Montgomery and he was probably a descendant of Colonel Alexander Montgomery. Bernards mother, Maud, was the daughter of The V, rev. Frederic William Canon Farrar, the famous preacher, and was eighteen years younger than her husband. After the death of Sir Robert Montgomery, Henry inherited the Montgomery ancestral estate of New Park in Moville in Inishowen in Ulster. There was still £13,000 to pay on a mortgage, a debt in the 1880s. Despite selling off all the farms that were at Ballynally, there was enough to keep up New Park. It was a relief of some magnitude when, in 1889, Henry was made Bishop of Tasmania, then still a British colony. Bishop Montgomery considered it his duty to spend as much time as possible in the areas of Tasmania and was away for up to six months at a time. While he was away, his wife, still in her mid-twenties, gave her children constant beatings, of Bernards siblings, Sibyl died prematurely in Tasmania, and Harold, Donald and Una all emigrated
Bernard Montgomery
–
Montgomery wearing his beret with two cap badges.
Bernard Montgomery
–
Captain Bernard L. Montgomery,
DSO (on the right), with a fellow officer of
104th Brigade,
35th Division, with which he served from January 1915 until early 1917
Bernard Montgomery
–
Montgomery in a
Grant tank in North Africa, November 1942
Bernard Montgomery
–
General Montgomery with his pets, the puppies 'Hitler' (left) and 'Rommel', and a cage of canaries which also travelled with him (France; date unknown)
16.
Nuremberg Trials
–
The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, and their decisions marked a turning point between classical international law and contemporary international law. Not included were Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels, all of whom had committed suicide in the spring of 1945, reinhard Heydrich was not included, as he had been assassinated in 1942. The second set of trials of war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No.10 at the U. S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals, which included the Doctors Trial. This article primarily deals with the IMT, see Subsequent Nuremberg Trials for details on the NMT, at the beginning of 1940, the Polish government-in-exile asked the British and French governments to condemn the German invasion of their country. The British initially declined to do so, however, in April 1940, three-and-a-half years later, the stated intention to punish the Germans was much more trenchant. In order that justice may be done and this intention by the Allies to dispense justice was reiterated at the Yalta Conference and at Berlin in 1945. British War Cabinet documents, released on 2 January 2006, showed that as early as December 1944 the Cabinet had discussed their policy for the punishment of the leading Nazis if captured. In late 1943, during the Tripartite Dinner Meeting at the Tehran Conference, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt joked that perhaps 49,000 would do. Churchill was vigorously opposed to executions for political purposes, US Secretary of the Treasury, suggested a plan for the total denazification of Germany, this was known as the Morgenthau Plan. The plan advocated the forced de-industrialisation of Germany and the execution of so-called arch-criminals. Roosevelt initially supported this plan, and managed to convince Churchill to support it in a less drastic form, later, details were leaked generating widespread condemnation by the nations newspapers. Roosevelt, aware of public disapproval, abandoned the plan. The demise of the Morgenthau Plan created the need for a method of dealing with the Nazi leadership. The plan for the Trial of European War Criminals was drafted by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, following Roosevelts death in April 1945, the new president, Harry S. Truman, gave strong approval for a judicial process. After a series of negotiations between Britain, the US, Soviet Union and France, details of the trial were worked out, the trials were to commence on 20 November 1945, in the Bavarian city of Nuremberg. On 20 April 1942, representatives from the nine countries occupied by Germany met in London to draft the Inter-Allied Resolution on German War Crimes, France was also awarded a place on the tribunal. The legal basis for the jurisdiction of the court was that defined by the Instrument of Surrender of Germany. Because the court was limited to violations of the laws of war, leipzig and Luxembourg were briefly considered as the location for the trial
Nuremberg Trials
–
Nuremberg Trials. Defendants in the dock. The main target of the prosecution was
Hermann Göring (at the left edge on the first row of benches), considered to be the most important surviving official in the
Third Reich after Hitler's death.
Nuremberg Trials
–
The courthouse in Nuremberg, where the trials took place
Nuremberg Trials
–
Judges sitting in Nuremberg, from left to right:
Volchkov,
Nikitchenko,
Birkett,
Sir Geoffrey Lawrence,
Biddle,
Parker,
Donnedieu de Vabres and
Falco.
17.
Lucy Pevensie
–
Lucy Pevensie is a fictional character in C. S. Lewiss The Chronicles of Narnia series. She is the youngest of the four Pevensie children, and the first to find the Wardrobe entrance to Narnia in The Lion, the Witch, of all the Pevensie children, Lucy is the closest to Aslan. Also, of all the humans who have visited Narnia, Lucy is perhaps the one that believes in Narnia the most and she is ultimately crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant, co-ruler of Narnia along with her two brothers and her sister. Lucy is the character of the four siblings in the novels. Lucy is a character in three of the seven books, and a minor character in two others. Georgies elder sister, Rachael Henley, portrays the older Queen Lucy at the end of the first film, Georgie Henley also reprised her role in the 2010 film The Chronicles of Narnia, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, which is the third of the film series. Lucy was the most faithful of the four and never stopped believing in Narnia and she and her brothers Peter and Edmund, after dying in a train crash in England, were transported to Aslans Country with the other Narnians. As a young child in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in a house without her mother about, she is also extremely vulnerable and is looking for security, wonder. She is teased mercilessly by Edmund about Narnia, being accused of playing childish games, Lucy also never stops believing in Narnia and is full of courage because of her faith, and is thus more adventurous than her sister Susan. Lucy has a desire to help others, which is symbolized by the healing cordial that was given to her by Father Christmas for others in need. The lesson from Aslan on the battlefield in The Lion, the Witch, Lucy Pevensie was born in 1932, the fourth of four children. She grew up in London with her mother, father, eldest brother Peter, sister Susan, and brother Edmund. In 1940, the Blitz began, and Lucy and her siblings were evacuated from London for their safety, taking up a temporary residence in the country manor of an old man known as Professor Kirke. The siblings discovered that due to magic, their fifteen years in Narnia had taken up no time at all in England and they told only the professor of their adventure, and he in turn admitted that he, too, had been to Narnia. The children were slightly dismayed to be told that the wardrobe had sealed, a year later, at the age of nine, Lucy set out for her first year at a girls boarding school with Susan. While en route to school, all four children felt a tug, recognized as magic. In England again, Lucy spent her first year at boarding school, while there, she made several friends. In summer of 1942, she and Edmund were sent to stay with their Aunt, afterwards, Lucy grew up fairly normally, eventually becoming one of the self-titled Seven Friends of Narnia, those who had been to the world of Narnia by magic
Lucy Pevensie
–
Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie in the
2008 film,
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian.
18.
C. S. Lewis
–
Clive Staples Lewis was a British novelist, poet, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian, broadcaster, lecturer, and Christian apologist. He held academic positions at both Oxford University and Cambridge University, Lewis and fellow novelist J. R. R. Tolkien were close friends. They both served on the English faculty at Oxford University, and were active in the informal Oxford literary group known as the Inklings, according to Lewiss memoir Surprised by Joy, he was baptised in the Church of Ireland, but fell away from his faith during adolescence. Lewis returned to Anglicanism at the age of 32, owing to the influence of Tolkien and other friends and his faith profoundly affected his work, and his wartime radio broadcasts on the subject of Christianity brought him wide acclaim. In 1956, he married American writer Joy Davidman, she died of cancer four years later at the age of 45, Lewis died on 22 November 1963 from renal failure, one week before his 65th birthday. In 2013, on the 50th anniversary of his death, Lewis was honoured with a memorial in Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey, Lewiss works have been translated into more than 30 languages and have sold millions of copies. The books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia have sold the most and have been popularised on stage, TV, radio and his works entered the public domain in 2014 in countries where copyright expires 50 years after the death of the creator, such as Canada. Clive Staples Lewis was born in Belfast, Ireland, on 29 November 1898 and his father was Albert James Lewis, a solicitor whose father Richard had come to Ireland from Wales during the mid-19th century. His mother was Florence Augusta Lewis, née Hamilton, known as Flora and he had an elder brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis. When he was four, his dog Jacksie was killed by a car, at first, he would answer to no other name, but later accepted Jack, the name by which he was known to friends and family for the rest of his life. When he was seven, his family moved into Little Lea, as a boy, Lewis was fascinated with anthropomorphic animals, he fell in love with Beatrix Potters stories and often wrote and illustrated his own animal stories. He and his brother Warnie created the world of Boxen, inhabited, Lewis loved to read, his fathers house was filled with books, and he felt that finding a book to read was as easy as walking into a field and finding a new blade of grass. Lewis was schooled by tutors before being sent to the Wynyard School in Watford, Hertfordshire, in 1908. Lewiss brother had enrolled there three years previously, the school was closed not long afterwards due to a lack of pupils, the headmaster Robert Oldie Capron was soon after committed to a psychiatric hospital. Lewis then attended Campbell College in the east of Belfast about a mile from his home and he was then sent to the health-resort town of Malvern, Worcestershire, where he attended the preparatory school Cherbourg House, which Lewis calls Chartres in his autobiography. It was during this time that Lewis abandoned his childhood Christian faith and became an atheist, becoming interested in mythology, in September 1913, Lewis enrolled at Malvern College, where he remained until the following June. He found the school socially competitive, after leaving Malvern, he studied privately with William T. Kirkpatrick, his fathers old tutor and former headmaster of Lurgan College. As a teenager, Lewis was wonder-struck by the songs and legends of what he called Northernness and these legends intensified an inner longing he later called joy
C. S. Lewis
–
C.S. Lewis aged 50
C. S. Lewis
–
Little Lea, home of the Lewis family from 1905 to 1930
C. S. Lewis
–
Plaque on a park-bench in
Bangor, County Down
C. S. Lewis
–
Magdalen College, Oxford
19.
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven high fantasy novels by C. S. Lewis. It is considered a classic of literature and is the authors best-known work. The books span the history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magicians Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle. The books have profoundly influenced adult and childrens literature since World War II. Lewiss exploration of themes not usually present in literature, such as religion, as well as the books perceived treatment of issues including race. Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939, he did not finish writing the first book The Lion, the Witch, the Magicians Nephew, the penultimate book to be published, but the last to be written, was completed in 1954. Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published, the original illustrator, Pauline Baynes, created pen and ink drawings for the Narnia books that are still used in the editions published today. Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle and this picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen. Then one day, when I was about forty, I said to myself, shortly before the start of World War II, many children were evacuated to the English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany. As a result, on 2 September 1939, three girls, Margaret, Mary and Katherine, came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst. But it is most about Peter who was the youngest and they all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids, and because Father, who was in the Army, had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mothers who was an old professor who lived all by himself in the country. In It All Began With a Picture C. S. Lewis continues, but then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time, apart from that, I dont know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he was there, he pulled the story together. The manuscript for The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949, the name Narnia is based on Narni, Italy, written in Latin as Narnia. Lancelyn Green wrote, When Walter Hooper asked where he found the word Narnia, Lewis showed him Murrays Small Classical Atlas, grundy, which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham. On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy, Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound of it
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
The Chronicles of Narnia HarperCollins boxed set; books presented in order of the fictional chronology
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
A 1970 Collier-Macmillan edition paperback boxed set (cover art by
Roger Hane), where the books are presented in order of original publication
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
A map by David Bedell of the
fictional universe of the Narnian world.
The Chronicles of Narnia
–
The premiere of
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian in 2008
20.
Anglican
–
Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to the Magna Carta and before, adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. As the name suggests, the churches of the Anglican Communion are linked by bonds of tradition, affection and they are in full communion with the See of Canterbury, and thus the Archbishop of Canterbury, in his person, is a unique focus of Anglican unity. He calls the once-a-decade Lambeth Conference, chairs the meeting of primates, Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible, traditions of the apostolic Church, apostolic succession, and writings of the Church Fathers. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity, having declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Protestantism, the word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans, as an adjective, Anglican is used to describe the people, institutions and churches, as well as the liturgical traditions and theological concepts developed by the Church of England. As a noun, an Anglican is a member of a church in the Anglican Communion, the word is also used by followers of separated groups which have left the communion or have been founded separately from it, although this is sometimes considered as a misuse. The word Anglicanism came into being in the 19th century, although the term Anglican is found referring to the Church of England as far back as the 16th century, its use did not become general until the latter half of the 19th century. Elsewhere, however, the term Anglican Church came to be preferred as it distinguished these churches from others that maintain an episcopal polity, as such, it is often referred to as being a via media between these traditions. Anglicans understand the Old and New Testaments as containing all necessary for salvation and as being the rule. Reason and Tradition are seen as means to interpret Scripture. Anglicans understand the Apostles Creed as the symbol and the Nicene Creed as the sufficient statement of the Christian faith. Anglicans celebrate the sacraments, with special emphasis being given to the Eucharist, also called Holy Communion. Unique to Anglicanism is the Book of Common Prayer, the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches used for centuries and it was called common prayer originally because it was intended for use in all Church of England churches which had previously followed differing local liturgies. The term was kept when the church became international because all Anglicans used to share in its use around the world, in 1549, the first Book of Common Prayer was compiled by Thomas Cranmer, who was then Archbishop of Canterbury. The founding of Christianity in Britain is commonly attributed to Joseph of Arimathea, according to Anglican legend, Saint Alban, who was executed in 209 AD, is the first Christian martyr in the British Isles. A new culture emerged around the Irish Sea among the Celtic peoples with Celtic Christianity at its core, what resulted was a form of Christianity distinct from Rome in many traditions and practices
Anglican
–
Jesus depicted in a stained glass window in
Rochester Cathedral, Kent.
Anglican
–
Shrine of Saint Alban at the
Anglican Cathedral and Abbey Church of St Alban
Anglican
–
Richard Hooker (1554–1600), one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity.
Anglican
–
William Laud.
21.
Celebrity chef
–
A celebrity chef is a kitchen chef who has become famous and well known. Today celebrity chefs often become celebrities by presenting cookery advice and demonstrations via mass media, several chefs have been credited with being the first celebrity chef, among them historically Bartolomeo Scappi and Marie-Antoine Carême. In the modern era since the advent of several chefs have been attributed the title of the first celebrity chef, including Julia Child in the United States. Sales of certain foodstuffs can also be enhanced, such as when Delia Smith caused the sale of white eggs across the UK to increase by 10% in what has since been termed the Delia effect, in South Korea, a celebrity chef is referred to as a Cheftainer. The earliest chef to be credited with being a celebrity was the 16th-century Italian and he was the personal chef to Pope Pius V, and is credited with writing one of the first modern recipe books, Opera. The 19th-century French chef Marie-Antoine Carême has also since been referred to as a celebrity of his era, the first chef to achieve widespread fame and celebrity status was Alexis Soyer. Born in France, Soyer became the most celebrated cook in early Victorian England, in 1837, he became chef de cuisine at the Reform Club in London, where he designed the kitchens with Charles Barry. His exceptional cooking skills were combined with an excellent eye to marketing and his image was even successfully used as a trademark to market a range of bottled sauces produced by Crosse & Blackwell. Soyer also invented many popular new recipes and foods - he produced and marketed a drink made of a variety of fruits mixed with aerated water. His special dish at the Club, Soyers Lamb Cutlets Reform, is still on the Club menu today, at the Reform Club, he instituted many innovations including cooking with gas, refrigerators cooled by cold water, and ovens with adjustable temperatures. His kitchens were so famous that they were opened for conducted tours, when Queen Victoria was crowned on 28 June 1838, he prepared a breakfast for 2,000 people at the Club. He was also known for his philanthropy. During the Great Irish Famine in April 1847, he implemented a network of soup kitchens to feed the poor and his famine soup was served to thousands of the poor for free. Soyer wrote a number of bestselling books about cooking, one of them selling over a quarter of a million copies. His 1854 book A Shilling Cookery for the People was a book for ordinary people who could not afford elaborate kitchen utensils or large amounts of exotic ingredients. Other works included The Gastronomic Regenerator, The modern Housewife or ménagère, the earliest television celebrity chef in the UK was Fanny Cradock. She appeared on British television for two decades, from the 1950s through the 1970s. Her television career came to an end when she appeared as a judge on reality television show The Big Time in 1976 and she appeared to pretend to retch as contestant Gwen Troake described her menu for former Prime Minister Edward Heath
Celebrity chef
–
Wolfgang Puck, Los Angeles, California, USA, on September 15, 2012
Celebrity chef
–
Alexis Soyer 's image was used to market a range of sauces, produced by the
Crosse & Blackwell company.
Celebrity chef
–
Soyer's sauce.
Celebrity chef
–
Jamie Oliver 's campaign on the
quality of school dinners changed the government standards in the UK
22.
Dorchester Hotel
–
The Dorchester is a five-star luxury hotel on Park Lane and Deanery Street, London, to the east of Hyde Park. It is one of the worlds most prestigious and expensive hotels, the Dorchester opened on 18 April 1931, and still retains its 1930s furnishings and ambiance despite being modernised. Throughout its history the hotel has been associated with the rich. During the 1930s it became known as a haunt of numerous writers and artists such as poet Cecil Day-Lewis, novelist Somerset Maugham, and it held prestigious literary gatherings, notably the Foyles Literary Luncheons, an event the hotel still hosts today. Queen Elizabeth II attended the Dorchester when she was a princess on the day prior to the announcement of her engagement to the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 10 July 1947. The hotel has become particularly popular with film actors, models and rock stars. The hotel became a Grade II Listed Building in January 1981 and it belongs to the Dorchester Collection, which in turn is owned by the Brunei Investment Agency, an arm of the Ministry of Finance of Brunei. In the 1950s, theatrical designer Oliver Messel made a number of changes to the interior of the hotel. He designed the lavish apartments on the 7th and 8th floors, between 1988 and 1990, the hotel was completely renovated by Bob Lush of the Richmond Design Group at a cost of US $100 million. Today The Dorchester has five restaurants, The Grill, Alain Ducasse, The Spatisserie, The Promenade, Alain Ducasses restaurant is one of the UKs four 3-Michelin-starred restaurants. Afternoon tea, a tradition which has taken place at the hotel since its opening in 1931, is served every day of the week at five in the afternoon in The Promenade and the Spatisserie. Harry Craddock, one of the worlds most famous barmen of the 1930s, a well-lit plane tree stands at the edge of the hotel in the front garden, and was named one of the Great Trees of London by the London Tree Forum and Countryside Commission in 1997. The site was part of the Manor of Hyde, which was given to William the Conqueror by Geoffrey de Mandeville. Joseph Damer acquired it in the 18th century and a building was constructed in 1751. It was named Dorchester House in 1792 after Damer became the Earl of Dorchester, following the death of Hertford, it was converted into a mansion by Captain Robert Stayner Holford. The background to the development of the Dorchester Hotel is complicated, the two companies purchased Hertford House in 1929 and quickly demolished it. The British Broadcasting Corporation had also shown an interest in purchasing it and had almost done so prior to the McAlpine acquisition, james Maude Richards, hired by Williams, served as an architectural assistant within the all-engineer staff. Some 40,000 tonnes of earth were excavated to make room for the hotels extensive basement which is one-third of the size of the hotel above the surface
Dorchester Hotel
Dorchester Hotel
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General information
Dorchester Hotel
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The exterior.
Dorchester Hotel
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Somerset Maugham
23.
Sloane Square
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The area forms a boundary between the two largest aristocratic estates in London, the Grosvenor Estate and the Cadogan. The square was known as Hans Town, laid out in 1771 to a plan of by Henry Holland Snr. Both the square and Hans Town were named after Sir Hans Sloane, the square lies at the east end of Kings Road and at the south end of the more conventionally smart Sloane Street linking to Knightsbridge. In the early 1980s, it lent its name to the Sloane Rangers, on the northern side of the square is the Sloane Square Hotel. The square has two notable buildings, the building was carefully restored 2003-2007 with internal upgrading in line with the original designs by John McAslan and Partners. This included making the three storey atrium full-height, Peter Jones now operates as part of the employee-owned John Lewis chain. The other is the Royal Court Theatre first opened in 1888 which was important for avant-garde theatre in the 1960s and 1970s when the home of the English Stage Company. 100m from the Square in Sloane Terrace, the former Christian Science Church was built in 1907 and it is now one of Londons leading classical music venues. In 2005 revised landscaping of the square was proposed, involving a change to the layout to make it more pedestrian friendly. One option was to create a central crossroads and two spaces in front of Peter Jones and the Royal Court. The pedestrian area leading to Pavilion Road now houses the flagship stores of many brands including Brora. This option was put out to consultation, and the results in April 2007 showed that over 65% of respondents preferred a renovation of the existing square, since then, independent proposals have been put forward for the square. A short walk down Kings Road from the Square is the National Army Museum, holy Trinity Sloane Street, the Church of England parish church of 1890 is sometimes known as the Cathedral of the Arts & Crafts Movement on account of its fine fittings. These include a set of windows by Sir Edward Burne-Jones. Sloane Square Underground station is at the eastern corner of the square. The River Westbourne is carried over the station platforms in plain view. The Venus Fountain in the centre of the square was constructed in 1953, in 2006, David Lammy put forward a proposal to have the fountain grade II listed, which was successful. This square is mentioned by Morrissey in his song Hairdresser on Fire, in the Doctor Who film Daleks – Invasion Earth,2150 A. D. the Dalek spaceship lands in Sloane Square amidst the ruins of 22nd century London
Sloane Square
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Fountain in Sloane Square.
Sloane Square
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Christmas lights in Sloane Square.
Sloane Square
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Bird's Eye Picture of Sloane Square in 1909
24.
Bloodhound
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The Bloodhound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting deer, wild boar, and since the Middle Ages for tracking people. Believed to be descended from hounds once kept at the Abbey of Saint-Hubert, Belgium and this breed is famed for its ability to discern human scent over great distances, even days later. Bloodhounds weigh from 36 to 72 kg. They are 58 to 69 cm tall at the withers, according to the AKC standard for the breed, larger dogs are preferred by conformation judges. Acceptable colors for bloodhounds are black, liver, tan, Bloodhounds possess an unusually large skeletal structure with most of their weight concentrated in their bones, which are very thick for their length. The coat typical for a scenthound is hard and composed of fur alone and this breed is gentle, and is tireless when following a scent. Because of its strong tracking instinct, it can be willful and somewhat difficult to obedience train, Bloodhounds have an affectionate and even-tempered nature with humans, making excellent family pets. However, like any pet, they require supervision when around small children, up to at least the seventeenth century bloodhounds were of all colours, but in modern times the colour range has become more restricted. The colours are listed as black and tan, liver and tan. White is not uncommon on the chest, and sometimes appears on the feet, genetically, the main types are determined by the action of two genes, found in many species. One produces an alternation between black and brown, if a hound inherits the black allele from either parent, it has a black nose, eye rims and paw-pads, and if it has a saddle, it is black. The other allele suppresses black pigment and is recessive, so it must be inherited from both parents and it produces liver noses, eye rims, paw-pads, and saddles. The second gene determines coat pattern and it can produce animals with no saddle, ones with saddle-marking, or ones largely covered with darker pigment, except for tan lips, eyebrows, forechest and lower legs. These last are sometimes referred to as ‘blanket’ or ‘full-coat’ types, however, more modern study attributes the variation to 3 different alleles of the Agouti gene. Ay produces the non saddle-marked red hound, As produces saddle-marking, of these Ay is dominant, and at is recessive to the others. The interaction of these variants of the two produces the six basic types shown below. It is likely that a third gene determines whether or not there is a melanistic mask, em, the allele for a mask, is dominant over E, the allele for no mask. Compared to other purebred dogs, Bloodhounds suffer a high rate of gastrointestinal ailments. The breed also suffers a high incidence of eye, skin
Bloodhound
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Male Bloodhound
Bloodhound
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Black and tan, 'blanket' or full-coat type
Bloodhound
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Liver and tan, 'blanket' or full-coat type
Bloodhound
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Black and tan saddle type
25.
Grimble
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Grimble is a childrens book by Clement Freud, published by Collins in 1968. A sequel, Grimble at Christmas was published years later. The book was illustrated by Frank Francis, in the 1970s, the two titles were published in a compendium volume by Puffin Books, with drawings by Quentin Blake. Grimble at Christmas has been reissued by Cape for Christmas 2008, Grimble is also the name of a fictitious town in Northern England, which appears in two stories of the Rumpole series by John Mortimer, Rumpole and the Show Folk and The Return of Rumpole. What would you do if, you did not have a fixed birthday and your parents usually communicated with you by notes. You came home from school on Monday to find that your parents had gone, without warning, Grimble is a boy of about 10 who has parents that can be described as eccentric. Each day he visits a new address, though on occasion his host is out. The book is an account of his life alone for five days. J. K. Rowling, Neil Gaiman and Lauren Child have cited the work as being a book of theirs. Grimble plays the role of a security guard in the Telltale Games game The Wolf Among Us
Grimble
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Cover of the 1968 Edition
26.
Knight Bachelor
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The appointment of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. It is the most basic and lowest rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch, Knights Bachelor are the most ancient sort of British knight, but Knights Bachelor rank below knights of the various orders. There is no counterpart to Knight Bachelor. The lowest knightly honour that can be conferred upon a woman is Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire – which, also, foreigners are not created Knights Bachelor, instead they are generally made honorary KBEs. It is generally awarded for service, amongst its recipients are all male judges of Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England. Sir Patrick Stewart, and Sir Tom Jones are Officers of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, like other knights, Knights Bachelor are styled Sir. Since they are not knights of any order of chivalry, there is no post-nominal associated with the award. This style is adopted by Knights Bachelor who are also peers, baronets or knights of the various statutory orders, such as Sir William Boulton, Bt, Kt, or The Lord Olivier. Until 1926 Knights Bachelor had no insignia which they could wear, the Knights Bachelor badge may be worn on all such occasions upon the left side of the coat or outer garment of those upon whom the degree of Knight Bachelor has been conferred. In 1974, Queen Elizabeth II issued a warrant authorising the wearing on appropriate occasions of a neck badge, slightly smaller in size. In 1988 a new certificate of authentication, a knights only personal documentation, was designed by the College of Arms. The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor was founded for the maintenance and consolidation of the Dignity of Knights Bachelor in 1908, the Society keeps records of all Knights Bachelor, in their interest
Knight Bachelor
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Knight Bachelor
27.
East Anglia
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East Anglia is a geographical area in the East of England. The area included has varied but the legally defined NUTS2 statistical unit, comprises the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, the name derives from the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Angles, a tribe that originated in Angeln, northern Germany. Definitions of what constitutes East Anglia vary, the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of East Anglia, established in the 6th century, originally consisted of the modern counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and expanded west into at least part of Cambridgeshire. The modern NUTS2 statistical unit of East Anglia comprises Norfolk, Suffolk and those three counties have formed the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia since 1976, and were the subject of a possible government devolution package in 2016. Essex has sometimes included in definitions of East Anglia, including by the London Society of East Anglians. However, the Kingdom of Essex to the south, was an element of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon England and did not identify as Angles. The county of Essex by itself forms a NUTS2 statistical unit in the East of England region, other definitions of the area have been used or proposed over the years. For example, the Redcliffe-Maud Report in 1969, which followed the Royal Commission on the Reform of Local Government, the proposed East Anglia province would have included northern Essex, southern Lincolnshire and a small part of Northamptonshire as well as Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. The kingdom of East Anglia initially consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk, but upon the marriage of the East Anglian princess Etheldreda, the kingdom was formed about the year 520 by the merging of the North and the South Folk and was one of the seven Anglo-Saxon heptarchy kingdoms. However, this did not last and over the forty years East Anglia was defeated by the Mercians twice. Finally, in 794, Offa of Mercia had king Æthelberht killed, although independence was temporarily restored by rebellion in 825, on the 20 November 869 the Danes killed King Edmund and captured the kingdom. By 917, after a succession of Danish defeats, East Anglia was incorporated into the Kingdom of England by Edward the Elder, afterwards becoming an earldom. Despite some engineering work in the form of sea barriers constructed by the Roman Empire, much of East Anglia remained marshland and bogs until the 17th century. In the 1630s thousands of Puritan families from East Anglia settled in the American region of New England, East Anglia was ideally suited to airfield construction as it comprises large areas of open, level terrain and is close to mainland Europe. The reduced flight time to mainland Europe therefore reduced the load required and enabled a larger bomb load to be carried. Building the airfields was a civil engineering project and by the end of the war there was one approximately every 8 miles. Many of these airfields can still be today, particularly from aerial photographs, and a few remain is use today. Pillboxes, which were erected in 1940 to help defend the nation against invasion, can also be found throughout the area at strategic points
East Anglia
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Norwich, with an urban population of 210,000, is the principal city in East Anglia
East Anglia
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Flag of East Anglia
East Anglia
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Port of Felixstowe - Landguard Terminal in the foreground with Trinity Terminal in the background
East Anglia
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Three crowns emblem at Saxmundham's parish church.
28.
Ladbrokes
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Ladbrokes Coral Group plc /ˈlædbrʊks/ is a British-based betting and gambling company. It is based in Stratford, London, from 14 May 1999 to 23 February 2006, when it owned the Hilton hotel brand outside the United States, it was known as Hilton Group plc. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a member of the FTSE250 Index, in July 2015, Ladbrokes reached an agreement to merge with its rival, Gala Coral Group. Under the terms, Ladbrokes chief executive Jim Mullen became CEO of the new company, the company was founded by Mr. Schwind and Pennington in 1886 as commission agents for horses trained at Ladbroke Hall in Warwickshire. The name Ladbrokes was adopted in 1902 when one Arthur Bendir joined the partnership, Ladbrokes first London offices were situated in the vicinity of the Strand, later moving to Hanover Square in 1906 and, in 1913, the firm graduated to Six Old Burlington Street, Mayfair. Unusually for the times, Ladbrokes principal long-time representative on British racecourses was a woman, Mrs. Helen Vernet. Having joined the firm at behest of Arthur Bendir in 1919, she was made a partner in 1928 and remained with the firm shortly before her death in 1956. As a result, in 1956 the Company was acquired by Mark Stein and his then 28-year-old nephew, in 1961, the government legalised betting shops under the Betting and Gaming Act. As managing director, Stein used profits from the areas of the business to establish a chain of betting shops. On the last Saturday of 1963, football results cost the company over £1 million, in 1966, Cyril Stein became chairman of Ladbrokes and the following year floated the company on the London Stock Exchange at an initial valuation of £1 million. Under his chairmanship the company acquired Texas Homecare in 1986, and in 1995 sold it to J Sainsbury plc, in 1989, Ladbrokes also acquired Vernons Football Pools. In 1993, at the age of 65, Cyril Stein retired as chairman – at which time Ladbrokes was valued at near £2 billion on the London Stock Exchange, in 1999, the company acquired the Stakis Hotels chain and rebranded itself as Hilton Group plc. The Company once again came under fire from the ASA in January 2009 due to complaints received relating to an advertising campaign, in November 2009, the Company announced it would close its call centre at Aintree with the loss of 263 jobs. The last day of call centre operations at Aintree was at the end of March 2010, in January 2012, the Ladbrokes affiliate program introduced a new commission model based on the number of new customers sent every month, valid as from 1 February 2012. On 5 September 2013, Ladbrokes launched in Australia, on 30 September 2013, Ladbrokes issued a warning that full year profits from its e-gaming division would be much lower than originally expected. Profits from the division were originally forecast to be £27.5 million for the year and its woes relating to income uncertainty continued and in August 2014, Ladbrokes announced a pre-tax profits drop of 49. 7% during the first half of 2014. On 3 December 2014, Ladbrokes announced that it was to look for a replacement for CEO Richard Glynn who was to leave at the end of his five-year term. In June 2015, Ladbrokes said they were in talks with the board of Gala Coral Group over a possible merger, the deal was negotiated in July 2015
Ladbrokes
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A branch in
Bramley,
Leeds.
29.
James Callaghan
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As Prime Minister, he had some successes, but was chiefly remembered for the Winter of Discontent in 1978–79. During a very cold winter, his battle with trade unions led to strikes that seriously inconvenienced the public. On 18 November 1967, the government devalued the pound sterling and he sent the British Army to support the police in Northern Ireland, after a request from the Northern Ireland Government. After Labour lost the 1970 election, Callaghan played a key role in the Shadow Cabinet, when Prime Minister Harold Wilson resigned in 1976, Callaghan defeated five other candidates to be elected as his replacement. This was followed by a defeat in the general election. Callaghan was born at 38 Funtington Road, Copnor, Portsmouth, England and he was named after his father, also James Callaghan, who was a Royal Navy Chief Petty Officer. He had a sister, Dorothy Gertrude Callaghan. He attended Portsmouth Northern Secondary School and he gained the Senior Oxford Certificate in 1929, but could not afford entrance to university and instead sat the civil service Entrance Exam. At the age of 17, Callaghan left to work as a clerk for the Inland Revenue, while at the Inland Revenue offices in Kent, in 1931, he joined the Maidstone branch of the Labour Party. In 1934, he was transferred to Inland Revenue offices in London, laski encouraged him to stand for Parliament, although later on he requested Callaghan several times to study and lecture at the LSE. Callaghan joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve as an Ordinary Seaman in World War II from 1942 where he served in the East Indies Fleet and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in April 1944. While training for his promotion, his examination revealed that he was suffering from tuberculosis so he was admitted to the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar in Gosport near Portsmouth. After he recovered, he was discharged and assigned to duties with the Admiralty in Whitehall and he was assigned to the Japanese section and wrote a service manual for the Royal Navy The Enemy Japan. Callaghan would become the last British prime minister to be an armed forces veteran, whilst on leave, Callaghan was selected as a Parliamentary candidate for Cardiff South. He narrowly won the party ballot with twelve votes against the next highest candidate George Thomas with eleven. During 1945 he was assigned to the East Indies Fleet and served on HMS Queen Elizabeth in the Indian Ocean, after VE Day, along with other prospective candidates he returned to the United Kingdom to stand in the general election. Labour won a victory on 26 July 1945 bringing Clement Attlee to power. Callaghan won his Cardiff South seat in the 1945 UK general election and he defeated the sitting Conservative incumbent candidate, Sir Arthur Evans, by 17,489 votes to 11,545
James Callaghan
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The Right Honourable The Lord Callaghan of Cardiff
KG PC
James Callaghan
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Callaghan meets with US President
Jimmy Carter, 1978.
James Callaghan
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James Callaghan, Jimmy Carter and West-German Chancellor
Helmut Schmidt during the 1977 economic summit (at
10 Downing Street)
James Callaghan
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Premiership
30.
Freedom of information
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This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not only the content, but also the means of expression. Freedom of information refers to the right to privacy in the content of the Internet. As with the right to freedom of expression, the right to privacy is a human right. Lastly, freedom of information can include opposition to patents, opposition to copyrights or opposition to intellectual property in general, the international and United States Pirate Party have established political platforms based largely on freedom of information issues. In June 2006 nearly 70 countries had freedom of information legislations applying to information held by government bodies, in 19 of these countries the freedom of information legislation also applied to private bodies. This has led a number of countries to enact freedom of information legislation in the past 10 years. In recent years, private bodies have started to perform functions which were carried out by public bodies. As of 2006,70 countries had freedom of information legislation for public bodies. Such legislation was pending in a further 50 countries, in the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Finland, Trinidad and Tobago, Slovakia, Poland and Iceland private bodies that receive public funding are subject to freedom of information legislation. Freedom of information legislation in Estonia, France and UK covers private bodies in certain sectors, in South Africa the access provisions of the Promotion of Access to Information Act have been used by individuals to establish why their loan application has been denied. Access to information became regarded as a basic right, and preventive disclosure, i. e. the disclosure of information on threats to human lives, health and safety. Secretive decision making by directors and corporate scandal led to freedom of information legislation to be published for the benefits of investors. Such legislation was first adopted in Britain in the early 20th century, disclosure regimes for the benefit of investors regained attention at the beginning of the 21st century as a number of corporate scandals were linked to accounting fraud and company director secrecy. Freedom of information refers to the protection of the right to freedom of expression with regard to the Internet. Freedom of information may also concern censorship in an information technology context, i. e. the ability to access Web content, communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organisation. It is central to the Information Society, everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits the Information Society offers. The digital rights group Hacktivismo, founded in 1999, argues that access to information is a human right. The Declaration recalls the duty of states to the ICCPR to protect the right to freedom of expression with regard to the internet
Freedom of information
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Free Speech flag, from the
HD DVD AACS case.
