1.
Oneida County, New York
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Oneida County is a county located in the state of New York, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 234,878, the name is in honor of the Oneida, an Iroquoian tribe that had this territory at the time of European encounter and has a reservation in the region. Oneida County is part of the Utica–Rome, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, when colonial counties were established by England in New York State in 1683, the territory of present Oneida County was included in a very large, mostly undeveloped Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the sections, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County included what are now 37 individual counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. During and after the Revolution, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada and they replaced the name of the then hated British governor. In 1789, the size of Montgomery County was reduced by the splitting off of Ontario County from Montgomery, in 1791, Herkimer County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery. This was much larger than the present county, however, and was reduced by a number of subsequent splits, in 1794, Herkimer County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Onondaga County. This county was larger than the current Onondaga County, including the present Cayuga, Cortland, in 1798, Oneida County was created from a part of Herkimer County. This county was larger than the current Oneida County, including the present Jefferson, Lewis, in 1805, Jefferson and Lewis counties were split off from Oneida. In 1816, parts of Oneida and Onondaga counties were taken to form the new Oswego County, in 1848, John Humphrey Noyes founded a religious and Utopian community, the Oneida Community, near Oneida. Its unconventional views on religion and relations between the sexes led to much controversy, the Oneida Silver Company was founded here to manufacture sterling silver, silverplate holloware and later stainless steel flatware. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,258 square miles. Oneida County is in the portion of New York State, east of Syracuse. Oneida Lake is on the corner of the county. Part of the Tug Hill Plateau is in the part of the county
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
5.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
6.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
7.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
10.
Area codes 315 and 680
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Area codes 315 and 680 are telephone area codes in upstate New York. They stretch from the side of Wayne County to Little Falls, north to the Canada–United States border, east to Massena. Most of its population lives in Syracuse and its suburbs, other major population centers include Utica and Watertown. One of the area codes created in 1947, it has been split once. In 1954, its portion was combined with the eastern portion of area code 716 to form area code 607. New York State regulators announced that 315 had been projected to become exhausted in the quarter of 2010. The New York State Public Service Commission at the time weighed two options, an area code, or a split into two codes. A split would have included an arrangement, splitting Oswego County. Regulators met to discuss a second code in the 315 region, because of economic conditions, the revised projected exhaustion date was March 11,2017, at which point the 680 area code was introduced, creating the first overlay in the upstate region. Cayuga, Chenango, Cortland, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Oswego, Otsego, Saint Lawrence, Seneca, Wayne, and Yates. List of New York area codes List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of New York List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,315 Area Code
11.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
12.
Seneca language
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Seneca /ˈsɛnᵻkə/ is the language of the Seneca people, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. About 10,000 Seneca live in the United States and Canada, primarily on reservations in western New York, with living in Oklahoma and near Brantford. As of 2013, a language revitalization program is underway. In 1998, the Seneca Faithkeepers School was founded as a five-day-a week school to children the Seneca language. As of summer 2012, The fewer than 50 native speakers of the Seneca Nation of Indians language would agree that it is in danger of becoming extinct. The revitalization program grant, awarded to RITs Native American Future Stewards Program, is designed to enhance usability of the Seneca language, the project will develop a user-friendly, web-based dictionary or guide to the Seneca language. As of January 2013, a Seneca language app was under development, as of Fall 2012, Seneca language learners are partnering with fluent mentors, and a newsletter, Gae, wanöhge′. Seneca Language Newsletter, is available online, in 2013, the first public sports event was held in the Seneca language, when middle school students served as announcers for a lacrosse match. Bilingual road signs, such as signs and speed limit signs, appear in the Seneca capital of Jimersontown. Prior to this, as part of the upgrade to Interstate 86, Seneca words are written with 13 letters, three of which can be umlauted, plus the colon and the acute accent mark. Seneca language is written in all-lowercase, and capital letters are only used rarely, even then only for the first letter of a word, all-caps is never used. The vowels and consonants are a, ä, e, ë, i, o, ö, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, y, and ˀ, the last of which is always in superscript form. In some transliterations, t is substituted with d, and likewise k with g, Seneca consonants include the Resonants /y/, /w/, and /n/, and the Obstruents /t/, /k/, /s/, /j/, /h/, and /ˀ/. After it is voiceless and spirantized, after it is voiceless, in free variation with a spirant allophone. After or it is voiced and optionally spirantized, in variation with a spirant allophone. Otherwise it is voiced and not spirantized, /n/ is a released apico-alveolar nasal. The obstruents can be subclassified into the oral obstruents /t/, /k/, /s/, and /dʒ/. It is voiceless and aspirated before an obstruent or an open juncture and it is voiced and released before a vowel and resonant
13.
Administrative divisions of New York (state)
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town
14.
George Clinton (vice president)
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George Clinton was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He and John C. Calhoun are the people to have served as US Vice President under two different presidents. Clinton was born in Little Britain, Province of New York and his political interests were inspired by his father, who was a farmer, surveyor, and land speculator, and served as a member of the New York colonial assembly. George Clinton was the brother of General James Clinton and the uncle of New Yorks future governor, George was tutored by a local Scottish clergyman. During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer Defiance operating in the Caribbean, before enlisting in the provincial militia and he and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel. His fathers survey of the New York frontier so impressed the governor that he was offered a position as sheriff of New York City. After the war, he read law in New York City under the attorney William Smith and he returned home and began his legal practice in 1764. He became district attorney the following year and he was a member of the New York Provincial Assembly for Ulster County from 1768 to 1776, aligned with the anti-British Livingston faction. His brother James was a member of the Provincial Convention that assembled in New York City on April 20,1775, James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. In December 1775 the New York Provincial Congress commissioned him brigadier general in the militia tasked with defending the Highlands of the Hudson River from British attack. To this end he built two forts and stretched a giant chain across the river to keep the British forces in New York City from sailing northward, on March 25,1777, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army. In June 1777, he was elected at the same time Governor and he formally resigned the Lieutenant Governors office and took the oath of office as Governor on July 30. He was re-elected five times, remaining in office until June 1795, although he had been elected governor, he retained his commission in the Continental Army and commanded forces at Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on October 6,1777. He remained in the Continental Army until it was disbanded on November 3,1783 and he was known for his hatred of Tories and used the seizure and sale of Tory estates to help keep taxes down. A supporter and friend of George Washington, he supplied food to the troops at Valley Forge, rode with Washington to the first inauguration, in 1783, Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president from 1794 to 1795. In 1783, at Dobbs Ferry, Clinton and Washington negotiated with General Sir Guy Carleton for the evacuation of the British troops from their posts in the United States. In 1787–88, Clinton publicly opposed adoption of the new United States Constitution, twentieth-century historian Herbert Storing identifies Clinton as Cato, the pseudonymous author of the Anti-Federalist essays which appeared in New York newspapers during the ratification debates. However, the authorship of the essays is disputed, Clinton withdrew his objections after the Bill of Rights was added
15.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
16.
Hamilton College (New York)
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Hamilton College is a private, nonsectarian, liberal arts college located in the village of Clinton, New York, in the Mohawk Valley region of the Eastern United States. Founded as a school in 1793, it was chartered as Hamilton College in 1812. It has been coeducational since 1978, when it merged with its sister school Kirkland College, Hamiltons student body is 52% female and 48% male, and comes from 49 U. S. states and 45 countries. Hamilton College is ranked 12th among National Liberal Arts Colleges in the 2017 U. S. News & World Report Best Colleges rankings. Hamilton began in 1793 as the Hamilton-Oneida Academy, a seminary founded by Rev. Samuel Kirkland, the seminary admitted both white and Oneida boys. Kirkland named it in honor of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who was a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy. The Academy became Hamilton College in 1812, making it the third oldest college in New York after Columbia and Union, after it expanded to a four-year college curriculum. By the end of the century, its colorful ninth President M. Woolsey Stryker distanced Hamilton from the Presbyterian Church. In 1978, the all-male Hamilton College merged with the womens Kirkland College, the merger provoked controversy, particularly since Hamilton refused to provide assistance with Kirklands debt burden. Hamilton publicly justified the merger as prompted by its desire for co-education, the merger took nearly 7 years to complete, women could still receive a Kirkland diploma instead of a Hamilton diploma until 1979. The original Hamilton campus is called the light side or north side of campus. The original side of campus was once called Stryker Campus after its former president, on the other side of College Hill Road, the original Kirkland campus is called the dark side or the south side. Since the 1970s, Hamilton has been a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference and this conference also includes Amherst, Bates, Bowdoin, Colby, Connecticut College, Middlebury, Trinity, Tufts, Wesleyan, and Williams. Rivalries with many of schools, Middlebury in particular, predate the conference. During the summer of 2006, the school completed a new science building, the art department has separate studios for each of the studio arts taught, most of which are being renovated. Hamiltons athletic facilities include an ice rink, swimming pool, several fields, a golf course, a three-story climbing wall. The Kirner-Johnson Building, or KJ, is home to Hamiltons social science departments, the Arthur Levitt Public Affairs Center, the Nesbitt-Johnson Writing Center, the building has a large, naturally-lit, two-story commons that is a popular gathering place for students to study or socialize between classes. In 2004, planning for the renovation and expansion of the Kirner-Johnson building received an Award of Merit from the American Institute of Architects, the project was completed in 2008
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Kirkland, New York
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Kirkland is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 10,315 at the 2010 census, the town is named after Samuel Kirkland, a missionary among the Oneidas. The Town of Kirkland is southwest of Utica, New York, in 1829, part of Kirkland was used to form the newer Town of Marshall. Hamilton College is in the part of the town. The first settlement occurred around 1787 near the present village of Clinton, the Town of Kirkland was established in 1827 from the Town of Paris. The land of the town belonged to the Kirkland Patent, Brothertown Patent, the Rev. Asahel Norton Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 33.9 square miles. The Oriskany Creek flows through the town, as of the census of 2000, there were 10,138 people,3,419 households, and 2,229 families residing in the town. The population density was 300.0 people per square mile, there were 3,591 housing units at an average density of 106.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 32% White,1. 20% African American,0. 07% Native American,1. 21% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 27% from other races, and 0. 90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 32% of the population,29. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 3.00. In the town, the population was out with 20. 0% under the age of 18,20. 9% from 18 to 24,21. 2% from 25 to 44,22. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $45,875, and the median income for a family was $58,958. Males had an income of $40,058 versus $27,265 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,164, about 3. 9% of families and 7. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 6% of those under age 18 and 4. 9% of those age 65 or over. Chuckery Corners – A hamlet in the part of the town on NY12
18.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
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Plymouth, Connecticut
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Plymouth is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is named after Plymouth, Devon, England, the population was 12,243 at the 2010 census. The town of Plymouth includes the villages of Terryville and Pequabuck, the community was incorporated in 1795, and became known nationally for the manufacture of clocks. The town was named after Plymouth, Massachusetts, Plymouth was originally used as a burying ground for Waterbury. History records show that it was founded by a group of people who believed they found a deposit of lead. This fabled lead mine never actually existed, the oldest home in the community is on Route 6, and dates to 1690-1700. In the 1790s, George Washington traveled through here, both to visit relatives and to away from the coastline. The Terry family participated in a deal of Plymouths history. Eli Terry became partners with Seth Thomas and Silas Hoadley to manufacture clocks in the Greystone section of town, Eli gave the factory to Hoadley and Thomas, and opened his own clock factory near Carter Road in Plymouth Center, while Thomas moved to Plymouth Hollow. Eli Terry, Jr. joined with another man who was interested in the cabinet and lock industry, in the 1880s, the Plymouth Hollow section of Plymouth decided to split off and become their own town called Thomaston, Connecticut, named after Seth Thomas. The Eagle Lock Company closed in the 1970s and later, in 1975, the rest of the buildings were torn down or had floors removed. The Main Street School was located on the green, or Baldwin Park and it was demolished in the 1930s and the new Terryville High School was constructed behind the green on North Main Street. In the mid-2000s, Prospect Street School and Main Street School were left abandoned, the Harry S. Fisher Middle School was turned into the Harry S. Fisher Elementary School and the old Terryville High School was turned into the Eli Terry Jr. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 22.3 square miles, of which 21.7 square miles is land and 0.6 square miles. The town contains the Mattatuck State Forest, the population density was 535.6 people per square mile. There were 4,646 housing units at a density of 213.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 34% White,0. 78% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 42% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 32% from other races, and 0. 97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 26% of the population,22. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Brothertown Indians
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In the 1780s after the American Revolutionary War, they migrated from New England into New York state, where they accepted land from the Iroquois Oneida Nation in Oneida County. Most of the neighboring Oneida and many of the Lenape were removed to Indian Territory in this period, seeking to regain federal recognition, the Brothertown Indians filed a documented petition in 2005. The Bureau of Indian Affairs notified the tribe in 2009 in a finding that they had not satisfied all seven criteria. Because Brothertown could not satisfy one of the seven criteria for federal acknowledgment. The Brothertown Indians are continuing to pursue federal recognition, the Brothertown Indians are one of eleven tribes residing in Wisconsin and the only one that does not have federal recognition. The tribe is estimated to have more than 4,000 members as of 2013 and they organized as a new tribe the numerous remnant peoples who had survived the disruption of disease, colonialism and warfare, including Narragansett and other Montauk. These included people of Mohegan, Pequot at Groton, Massachusetts, Pequot at Stonington, Connecticut, Narragansett, Niantic, and Tunxis tribes on New England, as allies to the Patriots, the Oneida were allowed to stay in New York on a small reservation. By the 1830s, the Brothertown Indian Nation sold its land to the state of New York, the 3200-member tribe thrives in twenty-first century America. In 1821, numerous New York tribes signed a treaty with the federal government, in 1822, another delegation acquired an additional 6,720,000 acres, which consisted of almost the entire western shore of Lake Michigan. The Brothertown Indians were to receive about 153,000 acres along the side of the Fox River near present-day Kaukauna. Some of the other included in the 1821 treaty felt they were misled by the federal government. The treaty was hotly debated for eight years, and was never ratified by the United States Senate, the federal government mediated a settlement with three treaties signed in 1831 and 1832. The Brothertown leadership led the move west so they could live in peace away from European-American influences, the Brothertown joined their neighbors, some of the Oneida tribe and the Stockbridge-Munsee, in planning the move to Wisconsin. Five groups of Brothertown people arrived in Wisconsin on ships at the port of Green Bay between 1831 and 1836, after having traveled across the Great Lakes, upon arrival, the Brothertown cleared their communal land and began farming, after building a church near Jericho. They also created a settlement called Eeyamquittoowauconnuck, which later renamed as Brothertown. Finding that their land was fertile, the government soon proposed to move the Brothertown west to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas, as authorized under the Indian Removal Act. In 1834, the Brothertown Indian Nation requested U. S. citizenship, on March 3,1839, Congress passed an act granting the Brothertown Indians U. S. citizenship, making them the first Indians to acquire it formally. Several tribal members held office in Calumet County, even after the Brothertown ceased to be a majority in that county
21.
Oriskany Creek
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Oriskany Creek is a 33-mile-long river in New York, United States. It rises in Madison County and flows northeastward, primarily through Oneida County, Oriskany Creek is a tributary of the Mohawk River and therefore part of the Hudson River watershed. Oriskany Creek is wide and shallow, affording passage to only canoes, the creek is known for its brown trout, which are caught from the shore or by wading. The Oneida village of Oriska was located near the mouth of the creek, during the American Revolutionary War, part of the Battle of Oriskany was fought in a swampy, steep ravine, near the mouth of the river. When settlers arrived, the became the power source of many mills along its course. The creek was an important source of water for the former Chenango Canal, list of rivers in New York
22.
Presbyterian polity
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Presbyterian polity is a method of church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of presbyters, or elders. Each local church is governed by a body of elected elders usually called the session or consistory, though other terms, such as church board, may apply. Responsibility for conduct of services is reserved to an ordained minister or pastor known as a teaching elder, or a minister of the word. Presbyterian polity was developed as a rejection of governance by hierarchies of single bishops, in contrast to the other two forms, authority in the presbyterian polity flows both from the top down and from the bottom up. This theory of governance developed in Geneva under John Calvin and was introduced to Scotland by John Knox after his period of exile in Geneva and it is strongly associated with French, Dutch, Swiss and Scottish Reformation movements, and the Reformed and Presbyterian churches. St. Jerome In Epistle Titus, vol, decreed throughout the world that one chosen from among the presbyters should be placed over the others. This observation was made by Chrysostom in Homilia i, in Phil. I,1 and Theodoret in Interpret ad, Presbyterianism was first described in detail by Martin Bucer of Strasbourg, who believed that the early Christian church implemented presbyterian polity. The first modern implementation was by the Geneva church under the leadership of John Calvin in 1541, Presbyterian polity is constructed on specific assumptions about the form of the government intended by the Bible, Bishop and elder are synonymous terms. Episcopos means literally overseer and describes the function of the elder, rather than the maturity of the officer, a bishop holds the highest office of the church. In addition to these ministers, there are also others … with gifts for government … commonly call elders or ruling elders. Pastoral care, church discipline, leadership and legislation are committed to the care of ruling assemblies of presbyters among whom the ministers, all Christian people together are the priesthood, on behalf of whom the elders are called to serve by the consent of the congregation. Presbyterianism uses a method of church government. Thus, the presbyters and elders govern together as a group, the elders together exercise oversight over the local congregation, with superior groups of elders gathered on a regional basis exercising wider oversight. Presbyterians typically have viewed this method of government as approximating that of the New Testament, however, sometimes it is admitted that episcopacy was a form of government that was used very early in the church for practical reasons. Presbyterianism is also distinct from congregationalism, in that individual congregations are not independent, moreover, the ordained ministry possesses a distinct responsibility for preaching and sacraments. Thus, these are ruled by only at the level of the congregations. Reformed Baptist churches are organized to be governed by elders, on the congregationalist model, there are two types of elder, the teaching elder and the ruling elder
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Samuel Kirkland
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Samuel Kirkland was a Presbyterian minister and missionary among the Oneida and Tuscarora peoples of present-day central New York State. Kirkland graduated from Princeton in 1765, in 1793 he founded the Hamilton-Oneida Academy as a boys school in central New York. A student of the Iroquoian languages, Kirkland lived for years with the Iroquois tribes. He helped negotiate the land purchases that New York State made from the Iroquois after the American Revolutionary War, Samuel Kirkland was born on December 1,1741, in Norwich, Connecticut. He was educated in schools and at Princeton, where he graduated in 1765. He was soon ordained as a Presbyterian minister and wanted to work with Native Americans, Kirkland began his missionary work as a protégé of Reverend Eleazar Wheelock in Connecticut at his Moors Indian Charity School. The two parted company in 1770, but Kirkland had met Joseph Brant at the school, a Mohawk who became a war leader against the rebels during the American Revolutionary War. Kirkland moved to central New York, where he became a missionary to the Iroquois, especially the Oneida and he acted as an adviser and ambassador to the Iroquois during the American Revolutionary War. At a time four of the Six Nations allied with the British, he helped persuade the Oneida. Warfare in the Mohawk Valley caused widespread destruction in both the frontier settlements and many Iroquois villages, as one side and another conducted retaliatory attacks. After the war, Kirkland maintained good relations with the Iroquois, in 1790 he was visited by the Italian explorer Paolo Andreani who reported on his observations of Kirkland and the Oneida people. Andreani noted that Kirkland had collected basic word lists of over 200 languages and he also saw how Kirkland conducted Sunday services with translated psalms. The participants were teased by other members of the tribe but the congregation was sincere and they abstained from hunting, Kirkland helped negotiate treaties and keep peace between the Iroquois tribes, who were relocated to smaller reservations, and whites. In addition, the wave of migration from New England brought many Yankees eager to acquire land, and they encroached on the Iroquois both before and after land purchases by the state. Kirkland played a key role in organizing purchases of lands from the Oneida on behalf of New York state, in the process securing large parcels of the Oneida land for himself and his friends. Kirklands assistant James Dean was present at every land cession from the Oneida to the state of New York between 1785 and 1818 and he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790. Long interested in education, in 1793 Kirkland founded the Hamilton-Oneida Academy as a school in central New York to meet demand from the many new European-American settlements. It was a time of the development of schools throughout the state
24.
Missionary
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A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development. The word mission originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin missionem, meaning act of sending or mittere, meaning to send. The word was used in light of its usage, in the Latin translation of the Bible. The term is most commonly used for Christian missions, but can be used for any creed or ideology, a Christian missionary can be defined as one who is to witness across cultures. The Lausanne Congress of 1974, defined the term, related to Christian mission as, Missionaries can be found in many countries around the world. Jesus instructed the apostles to make disciples of all nations and this verse is referred to by Christian missionaries as the Great Commission and inspires missionary work. The New Testament-era missionary outreach of the Christian church from the time of St Paul expanded throughout the Roman Empire and beyond to Persia, in 596, Pope Gregory the Great sent the Gregorian Mission into England. In their turn, Christians from Ireland and from Britain became prominent in converting the inhabitants of central Europe, about the same time, missionaries such as Francis Xavier as well as other Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominicans started moving into Asia and the Far East. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa and these are some of the most well-known missions in history. While some missions accompanied imperialism and oppression, others were relatively peaceful, contemporary Christian missionaries argue that working for justice forms a constitutive part of preaching the Gospel, and observe the principles of inculturation in their missionary work. Over time, the Vatican gradually established a church structure in the mission areas, often starting with special jurisdictions known as apostolic prefectures. The two 9th-century saints Cyril and Methodius had extensive success in central Europe. The Byzantines expanded their work in Ukraine after a mass baptism in Kiev in 988. The Serbian Orthodox Church had its origins in the conversion by Byzantine missionaries of the Serb tribes when they arrived in the Balkans in the 7th century, Orthodox missionaries also worked successfully among the Estonians from the 10th to the 12th centuries, founding the Estonian Orthodox Church. The Russian St. Nicholas of Japan took Eastern Orthodoxy to Japan in the 19th century, the Russian Orthodox Church also sent missionaries to Alaska beginning in the 18th century, including Saint Herman of Alaska, to minister to the Native Americans. Quaker publishers of truth visited Boston and other mid-17th century colonies, the Danish government began the first organized Protestant mission work through its College of Missions, established in 1714. This funded and directed Lutheran missionaries such as Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg in Tranquebar, India and he also got to know a slave from the Danish colony in the West Indies. Within thirty years, Moravian missionaries had become active on every continent, and they are famous for their selfless work, living as slaves among the slaves and together with the Native Americans, the Delaware and Cherokee Indian tribes
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Oneida people
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The Oneida are a Native American tribe and First Nations band. They are one of the five founding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area of upstate New York, the Iroquois call themselves Haudenosaunee in reference to their communal lifestyle and the construction style of their dwellings. Originally the Oneida inhabited the area later became central New York, particularly around Oneida Lake. The name Oneida is derived from the English pronunciation of Onyotaa, ka, Onyotaa, ka means People of the Standing Stone. This identity is based on an ancient legend, the Oneida people were being pursued on foot by an enemy tribe. As their enemies chased the Oneida into a clearing within the woodlands, the enemy could not find them, and so it was said that the Oneida had shapeshifted into the stones that stood in the clearing. As a result, they known as the People of the Standing Stone. Older legends have the Oneida people identifying as the Big Tree People, not much is written about this. Iroquoian elders would have to be consulted on the history of this identification. The association may correspond to Iroquoian concepts of the Great Tree of Peace, individuals born into the Oneida Nation are identified according to their spirit name, or what may be called an Indian name, their clan, and their family unit within a clan. The people have a kinship system, and children are considered to be born into the mothers clan, through which descent. Each gender, clan, and family unit within a clan has particular duties and responsibilities in the tribe, clan identities go back to the Creation Story of the Onyotaa, ka peoples. The people identify with three clans, the Wolf, Turtle or Bear clans, children take their social status from their mothers clan. Because of this, her eldest brother is a significant figure for the children and he supervises the boys passage into adulthood as men. During the early 17th century, the Oneidas occupied and maintained roughly 6 million acres of land in what is modern day central New York State, on September 4,1784, the governor of New York, George Clinton, requested from the Oneidas the borders of their land. The Oneidas replied with their easterly borders, at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1786, the Oneidas eastern border was formally established with Sir William Johnson. The Oneida, along with the five tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy. This policy allowed the Confederacy increased leverage against both sides in the war, because they could threaten to join one side or the other in the event of any provocation, the preponderance of the Mohawks, Senecas, Cayugas, and Onondagas sided with the Loyalists and British
26.
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, nominees for The Secretary of the Treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the U. S. National Security Council. The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender, the Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund. Most of the Departments law enforcement agencies such as the U. S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of the Treasury salary is $205,700 annually,2 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from August 17,1988, to September 15,1988. 4 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Kenneth W. Dam served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from December 31,2002,5 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from June 30,2006, to July 9,2006. 7 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Neal Wolin served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from January 25,2013, as of April 2017, there are eleven living former Secretaries of the Treasury, the oldest being George P. Shultz. The most recent Secretary of the Treasury to die was Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Department of the Treasury
27.
Alexander Hamilton
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Alexander Hamilton was an American statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration. He took the lead in the funding of the debts by the Federal government, as well as the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs. His vision included a central government led by a vigorous executive branch. This was challenged by Virginia agrarians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison who formed a rival party and they favored strong states based in rural America and protected by state militias as opposed to a strong national army and navy. They denounced Hamilton as too friendly toward Britain and toward monarchy in general, Hamilton was born out of wedlock in Charlestown, to a married mother of British and French Huguenot ancestry and a Scottish father. His father, James A. Hamilton, was the son of laird Alexander Hamilton of Grange. Orphaned as a child by his mothers death and his fathers abandonment, Hamilton was taken in by an older cousin and he was recognized for his intelligence and talent, and sponsored by a group of wealthy local men to travel to New York City to pursue his education. Hamilton attended Kings College, choosing to stay in the Thirteen Colonies to seek his fortune, discontinuing his studies before graduating when the college closed its doors during British occupation of the city, Hamilton played a major role in the American Revolutionary War. At the start of the war in 1775, he joined a militia company, in early 1776, he raised a provincial artillery company, to which he was appointed captain. He soon became the aide to General Washington, the American forces commander-in-chief. Hamilton was dispatched by Washington on numerous missions to convey plans to his generals, after the war, Hamilton was elected as a representative to the Congress of the Confederation from New York. He resigned to practice law, and founded the Bank of New York, Hamilton was among those dissatisfied with the weak national government. He led the Annapolis Convention, which successfully influenced Congress to issue a call for the Philadelphia Convention in order to create a new constitution, Hamilton became the leading cabinet member in the new government under President Washington. These programs were funded primarily by a tariff on imports, to overcome localism, Hamilton mobilized a nationwide network of friends of the government, especially bankers and businessmen, which became the Federalist Party. A major issue in the emergence of the American two-party system was the Jay Treaty and it established friendly trade relations with Britain, to the chagrin of France and the supporters of the French Revolution. Hamilton played a role in the Federalist party, which dominated national. In 1795, he returned to the practice of law in New York and he tried to control the policies of President Adams
28.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
29.
Union College
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Union College is a private, non-denominational liberal arts college located in Schenectady, New York, United States. Founded in 1795, it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents, in the 19th century, it became the Mother of Fraternities, as three of the earliest such organizations were established there. After 175 years as a traditional institution, Union College began enrolling women in 1970. The college offers an arts curriculum across some 21 academic departments, as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors. Approximately 25% of students major in the sciences, 10% in psychology, 11% in engineering, 10% in biology, 9% in history. By the time they graduate, about 60% of Union students will have engaged in some form of study or study abroad. Places of higher learning were few in the days of the Americas. Officially chartered in 1795, Union can trace its beginnings to 1779, by 1799, another 16 surviving colleges had been chartered or founded in the United States, to bring the total to 25 at the end of the 18th century. But, in the years between the American Revolution and Civil War, the foundations of 182 permanent colleges were laid in the United States. Hundreds more were born but proved short-lived, largely because of financial limitations, of the 182 colleges and universities founded in those years, well over a hundred appeared outside the original thirteen colonies. Union College, like many of these, was founded in what was nearly a wilderness, in the town of Schenectady, New York on the Mohawk River, at the time, the town had fewer than 4,000 residents. The cities of Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo did not yet exist, and western New York was very sparsely settled, Unions charter was 16 years in the making. Even before the Revolution had ended, a new rising democratic tide was overtaking the colonists, the old ways, and in particular the old purposes and structure of higher education, were being pushed aside. Practical education for the new man of commerce and politics was the new desire, not just classical education for the professions, every hamlet and rude settlement aspired to become an Athens of the West, and Schenectady was no exception. The Mohawk and Hudson River regions were for the most part dominated by the Dutch in those years, Queens College, while intended in part to provide a classical education, had also been founded specifically to train ministers in the Dutch Reformed Church. This has been said by some to be the first expression in America of a demand for higher education. This petition, along with a one in 1782, failed in its purpose. In the meantime, the Dutch Church continued to show an interest in establishing an academy or college under its control in Schenectady
30.
Paris, New York
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Paris is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The town is in the southeast part of the county and is south of Utica, the population was 4,411 at the 2010 census. The town was named after a benefactor, Colonel Isaac Paris. The town was formed in 1792 from part of the town of Whitestown, in 1795, part of Paris was used to found the town of Sherburne. The St. Pauls Church and Cemetery at Paris Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.5 square miles. The east town line is the border of Herkimer County, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,609 people,1,714 households, and 1,273 families. The population density was 146.6 people per square mile, there were 1,806 housing units at an average density of 57.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 31% White,0. 35% African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 20% from other races, and 0. 85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 54% of the population,22. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the family size was 3.15. In the town, the population was out with 27. 3% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $41,571, and the median income for a family was $50,379. Males had an income of $35,867 versus $26,315 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,446, about 6. 0% of families and 7. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 7% of those under age 18 and 3. 6% of those age 65 or over. Cassville – A hamlet west of Richfield Junction and it was named after Lewis Cass after it was founded in 1803. Clayville – A village in the southeast part of the town, greens Crossing – A hamlet east of Paris Station
31.
Elihu Root
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Elihu Root was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the Secretary of War under two presidents, including President Theodore Roosevelt. He moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington, D. C. and private-sector legal practice in New York City. For that reason, he is considered to be the prototype of the 20th century political wise man, advising presidents on a range of foreign. He was elected by the legislature as a U. S. Senator from New York and served one term, 1909–1915, Root was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912. Root was a lawyer, whose clients included major corporations. Root served as president or chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, as Secretary of War under McKinley and Roosevelt, Root designed American policies for the new colonial possessions, especially the Philippines and Cuba. His role in suppressing a Filipino revolt angered anti-imperialist activists at home and he was a strong advocate of what became the Panama Canal, and he championed the Open Door to expand world trade with China. He restructured the National Guard into a reserve, and created the Army War College for the advanced study of military doctrine. In the United States Senate, Root was part of the conservative Republican support network for President William Howard Taft and he played a central role at the Republican National Convention in 1912 in getting Taft renominated. By 1916–17, he was a proponent of preparedness, with the expectation the United States would enter World War I. President Woodrow Wilson sent him to Russia in 1917 in an effort to establish an alliance with the new revolutionary government that had replaced the czar. Root supported Wilsons vision of the League of Nations, but with reservations along the proposed by Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. Elihu Root was born in Clinton, New York, to Oren Root and Nancy Whitney Buttrick and his father was professor of mathematics at Hamilton College. After studying at schools, including Williston Seminary, where he was a classmate of G. Stanley Hall. Despite his parents encouragement to become a Presbyterian minister, Root went to New York City to attend New York University School of Law and his brother Oren then became a minister and followed in their fathers footsteps as Mathematics professor at Hamilton. After admission to the New York bar, Root went into practice as a lawyer. While mainly focusing on law, Root was a junior defense counsel for William Boss Tweed during his corruption trial
32.
Bristol-Myers Squibb
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Bristol-Myers Squibb, often referred to as BMS, is an American pharmaceutical company, headquartered in New York City. Its mission is to discover, develop and deliver innovative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases, the Squibb corporation was founded in 1858 by Edward Robinson Squibb in Brooklyn, New York. Mentions of the Materia Medica, Squibb products, and Edward Squibbs opinion on the utility, in 1887, Hamilton College graduates William McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers purchased the Clinton Pharmaceutical company of Clinton, New York. In 1898, they decided to rename it Bristol, Myers, following Myers death in 1899, Bristol changed the name to the Bristol-Myers Corporation. The first nationally recognized product was Sal Hepatica, a mineral salt in 1903. Its second national success was Ipana toothpaste, from 1901 through the 1960s, Bristol-Myers and Squibb were merged to form Bristol-Myers Squibb in 1989. The company was involved in a scandal in 2002 that resulted in a significant restatement of revenues from 1999 to 2001. The restatement was the result of a booking of sales related to channel stuffing as the practice of offering excess inventory to customers to create higher sales numbers. The company has settled with the United States Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission. As part of a Deferred Prosecution Agreement, the company was placed under the oversight of an appointed by the U. S. Attorney in New Jersey. The investigation centered on the distribution of Plavix and charges of collusion, on September 12,2006, the monitor, former Federal Judge Frederick B. Lacey, urged the company to remove then CEO Peter Dolan over the Plavix dispute, later that day, BMS announced that Dolan would indeed step down. The Deferred Prosecution Agreement expired in June 2007 and the Department of Justice did not take any legal action against the company for matters covered by the DPA. Under CEO Jim Cornelius, who was CEO following Dolan until May 2010, all involved in the channel-stuffing. As another cost-cutting measure Bristol-Myers also reduced subsidies for health-care to retirees, in August, BMS acquired the biotechnology firm Medarex as part of the companys String of Pearls strategy of alliances, partnerships and acquisitions. In November, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced that it was splitting off Mead Johnson Nutrition by offering BMY shareholders the opportunity to exchange their stock for shares in Mead Johnson, according to Bristol-Myers Squibb, this move was expected to further sharpen the companys focus on biopharmaceuticals. BMS is a Fortune 500 Company, newsweeks 2009 Green Ranking recognized Bristol-Myers Squibb as 8th among 500 of the largest United States corporations. Also, BMS was included in the 2009 Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index of leading sustainability-driven companies, in October 2010, the company acquired ZymoGenetics, securing an existing product as well as pipeline assets in hepatitis C, cancer and other therapeutic areas
33.
Syracuse, New York
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Syracuse is a city in, and the county seat of, Onondaga County, New York, in the United States. It is the largest U. S. city with the name Syracuse, and is the fifth most populous city in the state of New York following New York City, Buffalo, Rochester, and Yonkers. At the 2010 census, the city population was 145,170 and it is the economic and educational hub of Central New York, a region with over a million inhabitants. Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites, with a convention complex. Syracuse was named after the original Greek city Syracuse, a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily. The city has functioned as a crossroads over the last two centuries, first between the Erie Canal and its branch canals, then of the railway network. Today, Syracuse is located at the intersection of Interstates 81 and 90, Syracuse is home to Syracuse University, a major research university, as well as Le Moyne College, a nationally recognized liberal arts college. In 2010, Forbes rated Syracuse 4th in the top 10 places in the U. S. to raise a family, the Syracuse area was first seen by Europeans when French missionaries came to the area in the 1600s. Marie de Gannentaha, on the northeast shore of Onondaga Lake, Jesuit missionaries visiting the Syracuse region in the mid 1600s reported salty brine springs around the southern end of Salt Lake, known today as Onondaga Lake. It is the north flowing brine from Tully that is the source of salt for the salty springs found along the shoreline of Onondaga lake, the rapid development of this industry in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the nicknaming of Syracuse as The Salt City. In 1847, the city was named after Syracuse, Sicily. In 1861, he developed the process for the manufacture of soda ash from brine wells dug in the southern end of Tully valley. The process was an improvement over the earlier Leblanc process, the Syracuse Solvay plant was the incubator for a large chemical industry complex owned by Allied Signal in Syracuse, the result of which made Onondaga Lake the most polluted in the nation. The salt industry declined after the Civil War, but a new manufacturing industry arose in its place, the Geneva Medical College was founded in 1834. It is now known as Upstate Medical University, one of four medical colleges in the State University of New York system. The first New York State Fair was held in Syracuse in 1841, world War II sparked significant industrial expansion in the area, specialty steel, fasteners, custom machining. After the war, two of the Big Three automobile manufacturers had major operations in the area, Syracuse was headquarters for Carrier Corporation, and Crouse-Hinds manufactured traffic signals in Syracuse. General Electric had its television manufacturing plant at Electronics Parkway in Syracuse
34.
Clara Barton
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Clarissa Clara Harlowe Barton was a pioneering nurse who founded the American Red Cross. She was a nurse in the American Civil War, a teacher. Barton is noteworthy for doing work at a time when relatively few women worked outside the home. She had a relationship with John J. Elwell and received three proposals throughout her lifetime, but never married, Clara Barton was born on December 25,1821 in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Bartons father was Captain Stephen Barton, a member of the militia and a selectman who inspired his daughter with patriotism. Bartons mother was Sarah Stone Barton, when she was three years old, Clara Barton was sent to school with her brother Stephen, where she excelled in reading and spelling. At school, she became friends with Nancy Fitts, she is the only known friend Clara Barton had as a child due to her extreme timidity. When Clara was 10, she assigned herself the task of nursing her brother David back to health after he fell from the roof of a barn and received a severe injury. Clara learned how to distribute the medication to her brother. She continued to care for David long after doctors had given up and her parents tried to help cure her shyness by sending her to Col. Stones High School, but their strategy turned out to be a disaster. Clara became more timid and depressed and would not eat and she was brought back home to regain her health. Upon her return, her family relocated to help a family member, a cousin of Claras had died and left his wife with four children. The house that the Barton family was to live in needed to be painted and repaired, Clara was persistent in offering assistance, much to the gratitude of her family. After the work was done, Clara was at a loss because she had nothing else to help with and she began to play with her male cousins and, to their surprise, she was good at keeping up with such activities as horseback riding. It was not until after she had injured herself that Claras mother began to question her playing with the boys, Claras mother decided she should focus on more feminine skills. She invited one of Claras female cousins over to develop her femininity. From her cousin, she gained proper social skills as well, to assist Clara with overcoming her shyness, her parents persuaded her to become a schoolteacher. She achieved her first teachers certificate in 1839, at only 17 years old and this profession interested Barton greatly and helped motivate her, she ended up conducting an effective redistricting campaign that allowed the children of workers to receive an education
35.
American Red Cross
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The American Red Cross, also known as the American National Red Cross, is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education in the United States. It is the designated US affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross, the group was issued a corporate charter by the United States Congress under Title 36 of the United States Code, Section 3001. It is governed by volunteers and supported by community donations, income from health and safety training and products, the group is headquartered in Washington, D. C. In 2016, the Board Chair was Bonnie McElveen-Hunter and the President, ARC was established in Washington, D. C. on May 21,1881, by Clara Barton. Barton organized a meeting on May 12 of that year at the home of Senator Omar D. Conger, fifteen people were present at this first meeting, including Barton, Conger and Representative William Lawrence. The first local chapter was established in 1881 at the English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Dansville at Dansville, jane Delano founded the American Red Cross Nursing Service on January 20,1910. Clara Barton founded the American chapter after learning of the Red Cross in Geneva, in 1869, she went to Europe and became involved in the work of the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War. She determined to bring the organization to America, Barton became President of the American branch of the society, known as the American National Red Cross in May 1881 in Washington. The first chapters opened in upstate New York, where she had connections, ultimately, John D. Rockefeller, Lars Kovala and three others donated money to help create a national headquarters near the White House. Barton led one of the groups first major efforts, a response to the September 4–6,1881 Great Fire of 1881 in the Thumb region of Michigan. Over 5,000 people were left homeless, the next major disaster was the Johnstown Flood, which occurred on May 31,1889. Over 2,209 people died and thousands more were injured in or near Johnstown, Barton was unable to build up a staff she trusted and her fundraising was lackluster. She was forced out in 1904, professional social work experts took control and made the group a model of Progressive Era scientific reform. New leader Mabel Thorp Boardman constantly consulted with government officials, military officers. William Howard Taft was especially influential and they imposed an ethos of managerialism, transforming the agency from Bartons cult of personality to an organizational humanitarianism ready for expansion. ARC is a network of more than 650 chapters and 36 blood service regions. S. military service personnel. ARC is the largest supplier of blood and blood products to more than 3,000 hospitals and assists victims of international disasters, in 2006 the organization had over $6 billion in total revenues. Revenue from blood and blood products alone were over $2 billion, in 2007, U. S. legislation clarified the role for the Board of Governors and that of the senior management in the wake of difficulties following Hurricane Katrina
36.
Frederick Bee
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Frederick Alonzo Bee was an early opponent of Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States. Bee Street in Sausalito was named after him, Bee was appointed as Consul by the Chinese government after he effectively represented the interests of the Chinese community in front of a Congressional committee and settled disputes in Chinatown. Bee acted in a capacity to represent the interests of Chinese immigrants. October,2015 Sierra Heritage magazine featured Frederick Bee in a 4-page article written by Lj Bottjer, Bee was one of nine children born in Clinton, Oneida County, New York to John Bee and Mary Bee on September 9,1825. Frederick Bee’s parents had emigrated from Northumberland, England, bees wife, Catherine Maxwell, was born on March 7,1828 in Ballston Spa, NY, and died on August 18,1889 in San Francisco, CA. Bee and his wife had two sons. Frank M. Bee was born on August 11,1851 in New York, willie Howard Bee was born on December 20,1853 in Placerville, California, and died on November 10,1855 in Placerville. In late 1855, Bee had a mining operation employing 20 Chinese workers on Ledge Bar. Bee received 2,767 votes as an American Party candidate to be a member of the Assembly for El Dorado County in the election of 1856, in May,1858, the Placerville and Humboldt Telegraph Company was formed with Bee as one of the incorporators. The mission of the Company was to build a telegraph from Placerville, CA to Carson Valley, Nevada Territory to Salt Lake City, in September,1858 the Placerville and Humboldt Telegraph Company incorporated and elected Bee as president. George Chorpenning and his brother were the largest shareholders, Albert W. Bee, Sr. Catherine Bee, and Frederick Bee were also shareholders. On November 30,1858, Bee wrote to William M. Gwin to encourage a government subsidy to complete the telegraph to Salt Lake City, legislative Assembly of Utah Territory approved the incorporation of Placerville, Humboldt and Salt Lake Telegraph Company on January 21,1859. Bee announced the completion of the telegraph line in San Francisco in August,1859. Theodore Judah, William M. Gwin, Albert W. Bee, george Chorpening, Manuel M. Noah and Frederick Bee were sojourning in Washington, D. C. in March,1860. At 10 pm on October 26,1861 this message from San Francisco was received by Cyrus W. Field in New York, in November,1861 Albert W. Bee, Sr. resigned from Pacific Telegraph Company. Albert W. Bee, Sr. died in November,1863 in Austin, Albert Bee was engaged in silver mining in Reese River Valley. The first Westbound Pony Express trip left St. Joseph on April 3,1860 and arrived ten days later in San Francisco, California, the Pony Express ended on October 24,1861. In 1865, Bee testified in front of the Committee on Railroads and he indicated he was involved in railroad construction. Bee advertised for laborers to build the San Francisco and Humboldt Railroad in Sausalito, the Sausalito Land and Ferry Company sold lots in Sausalito in June,1868
37.
Susan Bennett
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Susan Bennett is an American voice-over artist. She is best known for being the female American voice of Apples Siri since the service was introduced on the iPhone 4S on October 4,2011, Bennett was born in Clinton, New York, and attended high school at Clinton Central School. In 1967, she enrolled in Pembroke College, but graduated in 1971 from Brown University after the two schools merged, while at Brown, Bennett concentrated her studies in the classics and intended to become a teacher. She acted in Sock and Buskin theatrical productions, was a member of a jazz band and she performed in other groups as well, including one at the Berklee School of Music. Bennetts career began in 1974 when she was recorded as the voice of First National Bank of Atlantas Tillie the All-Time Teller. She has recorded messages for the address system in all Delta Air Lines terminals worldwide, as well as voicing e-learning software and GPS navigation software. In June 2005, the software company ScanSoft was looking for someone to be the voice for a project involving speech construction. ScanSoft inquired with GM Voices and selected Bennett, who happened to be present when the scheduled voice-over artist was absent and she worked in a home recording booth for the entire month of July 2005, more than four hours each day, reading phrases and sentences. The recordings were then concatenated into the words, sentences. Bennett only became aware she was the voice of Siri when a friend contacted her through email in October 2011, despite Apple not having acknowledged or confirmed its use of Bennett, audio-forensics experts hired by CNN expressed 100 percent certainty that Bennett is the voice of Siri. While at Brown University, Bennett met her husband, Curt Bennett, Bennett now lives in Atlanta, Georgia and has a son Cameron and a pet tabby cat named Boo. The closing scene of the episode depicted a dream sequence in which Raj meets the real-life Siri, around October 4,2013, she appeared on CNN New Day explaining how she got picked to play the part of Siri. In the March 13,2015 episode of Adult Swims The Jack and Triumph Show, titled Siri, Bennett appeared as herself, in July 2016 Bennett appeared on comedian Anthony Andersons ABC game show To Tell the Truth, and was revealed as the true voice of Siri. Pat Fleet Official website Susan Bennett at the Internet Movie Database Laura Sydell, hey Siri, What Did You Say
38.
Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville
39.
Flick Colby
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Colby transitioned to become the full-time dance choreographer for the Top of the Pops dance troupes Pans People, Ruby Flipper, Legs & Co. and Zoo, from 1972 until 1983. Born in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, her father was Thomas E. Colby, as a child, Colby lived in Clinton and later in Massachusetts. Educated at a school in New Hampshire and Abbot Academy, she began attending ballet and other classes in Boston. Colby was a member in December 1966 of Pans People. After a few changes of line up, by December 1967 the troupe comprised Dee Dee Wilde, Babs Lord, Louise Clarke, Andrea Rutherford and their earliest BBC television appearance was in 1968 on The Bobbie Gentry Show, broadcast initially on BBC2 and repeated later on BBC1. Other BBC series followed, including Happening For Lulu in 1969 as well as The Price of Fame starring Georgie Fame and they first appeared on Top of the Pops in April 1968, and became a regular weekly feature in January 1970. They also appeared on several other BBC programmes including The Two Ronnies and she also choreographed the rock musical Catch My Soul, and co-wrote an instructional book, Lets Go Dancing. She owned and operated a shop, Paddywacks. She was survived by a brother and a sister, Flick Colby, Her Story in Words and Pictures Flick Colby at the Internet Movie Database
40.
United Airlines Flight 93
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United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four Al-Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers, all 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured. The hijackers stormed the aircrafts cockpit approximately 46 minutes after takeoff. C, although the specific target is not known, it is believed that the hijackers intended to crash the plane into the White House or the Capitol Building. Many of the passengers then attempted to control of the aircraft from the hijackers. C. A few people witnessed the impact from the ground, and news agencies began reporting the event within an hour, a temporary memorial was built near the crash site soon after the attacks. The hijacking of Flight 93 was led by Ziad Jarrah, a member of al-Qaeda, Jarrah was born in Lebanon to a wealthy family and had a secular upbringing. He intended to become a pilot and moved to Germany in 1996, a year later, he moved to Hamburg and began studying aeronautical engineering at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences. While living in Hamburg, Jarrah became a devout Muslim and associated with the radical Hamburg cell, in November 1999, Jarrah left Hamburg for Afghanistan, where he spent three months. While there, he met with al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in January 2000, Jarrah returned to Hamburg at the end of January and in February obtained a new passport containing no stamped records of his travels by reporting his passport as stolen. In May, Jarrah received a visa from the U. S. Embassy in Berlin, there, he began taking flying lessons as well as training in hand-to-hand combat. Jarrah maintained contact with his girlfriend in Germany and with his family in Lebanon in the preceding the attacks. This close contact upset Mohamed Atta, the leader of the plot. Four muscle hijackers were trained to storm the cockpit and overpower the crew, the first, Ahmed al-Nami, arrived in Miami, Florida, on May 28,2001, on a six-month tourist visa with United Airlines Flight 175 hijackers Hamza al-Ghamdi and Mohand al-Shehri. The second Flight 93 hijacker, Ahmed al-Haznawi, arrived in Miami on June 8 with Flight 11 hijacker Wail al-Shehri, the third Flight 93 muscle hijacker, Saeed al-Ghamdi, arrived in Orlando, Florida, on June 27 with Flight 175 hijacker Fayez Banihammad. On August 3,2001, an intended fifth hijacker, Mohammed al-Qahtani and he was sent back to Dubai, and subsequently returned to Saudi Arabia. Ziad Jarrah and Saeed al-Ghamdis passports were recovered from the Flight 93 crash site, jarrahs family asserted that he had been an innocent passenger on board the flight. The aircraft involved in the hijacking was a Boeing 757–222, registration N591UA, the seven crew members were Captain Jason Dahl, First Officer LeRoy Homer Jr. and flight attendants Lorraine Bay, Sandra Bradshaw, Wanda Green, CeeCee Lyles and Deborah Welsh. The four hijackers checked in for the flight between 07,03 and 07,39 Eastern Time, at 07,03, Ghamdi checked in without any luggage while Nami checked in two bags
41.
Ulysses S. Grant III
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Ulysses Simpson Grant III was a United States Army officer and planner. He was the son of Frederick Dent Grant, and the grandson of General of the Army, Grant was born in Chicago, as a grandson of famous American Civil Wars General Ulysses S. Grant and educated in Austria, where his father was an American diplomat. He attended Columbia University until 1898 when he received an appointment to West Point and he graduated sixth in his class in 1903. After his graduation from West Point, Grant was assigned to the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army and he also served in the General Staff Corps from 1917 to 1920 and again from 1936 to 1940. In 1904 Grant served as an aide to President Theodore Roosevelt, Grant met his future wife while he was at the White House. In 1907, Grant married Edith Root, the daughter of Elihu Root and they had three daughters, Edith, Clara Frances, and Julia. During World War I, Grant was promoted to major, from 1918–19, Major Grant served on the staff of General Tasker H. Bliss, the United States representative at the Supreme War Council at Versailles. Grant was the secretary of the American section, in 1918, he assisted in the treaty negotiations with Germany regarding the treatment of prisoners of war. In 1919, Grant served on President Woodrow Wilsons commission to negotiate peace in Paris, after the war, Grant returned to the United States and was the district engineer of the 2nd Engineer District in San Francisco. While in California, Grant also served on the California Debris Commission, on August 28,1923, Grant made his first visit to the Sierra Nevada. The superintendent of General Grant National Park invited Grant to see the park named after Grants grandfather, Grant visited the General Grant Grove and the General Grant tree, a Giant Sequoia. By 1923, Grant went to Washington, D. C. and was the officer of the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission. In 1925, he was director of the newly created Office of Public Buildings, by 1927 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and was appointed as a co-director of the bicentennial celebration of the birth of George Washington. As the director of the parks in Washington, Grant also supervised the United States Park Police, Grant expanded the police, instituted plain-clothes patrols, and modernized the force with the addition of motorcycles and automobiles. Later, in 1928, Grant ordered the police to crack down on late-night petters in the parks, in 1934, he graduated from the Army War College. He commanded the 1st Engineer Regiment at Fort DuPont, Delaware and he was a full colonel by this time. While in New York, Grant, his wife, and her siblings and their spouses were present at the bedside of his father-in-law, Elihu Root, in 1940, Grant was division engineer for the Great Lakes Engineer Division, headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. He was promoted to brigadier general, from 1941 to mid 1942, he commanded the Engineer Replacement Training Center at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri
42.
George Hastings (American politician)
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Hastings was born in Clinton, New York and attended the public schools. He graduated in law in 1826 from Hamilton College in Clinton, in 1830 he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Mount Morris, Livingston County, New York. Hastings married Mary H. Seymour in 1832 and in 1847 and he served as a district attorney from 1839 to 1848. Hastings was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress, Hastings was elected judge of the county court of Livingston County and served from November 1855 until his death in Mount Morris, New York on August 29,1866. He was interred in the city cemetery, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. George Hastings at Find a Grave This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
