1.
Nova Scotia Highway 104
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Highway 104 in Nova Scotia, Canada, runs from Fort Lawrence at the New Brunswick border near Amherst to River Tillard near St. Peters. Except for the portion on Cape Breton Island between Port Hawkesbury and St. Peters, it is part of the Trans-Canada Highway, Highway 104 mostly supplants the former route of Trunk 4. The provincial government named the highway the Miners Memorial Highway on 8 September 2008 one month before the 50th anniversary of the Springhill Mining Disaster of 23 October 1958. KM0 to 48 From the inter-provincial border at Fort Lawrence and this section had been built in the 1960s as a Super 2 and was upgraded to a 4-lane divided freeway that opened in 1993. It has a speed limit of 110 kilometres per hour. KM48 to 93 From Thomson Station the highway runs southeast for 45 kilometres to Masstown as a 4-lane divided freeway and this segment is a tolled section known as the Cobequid Pass, which opened on 15 November 1997. It has a speed limit of 110 kilometres per hour throughout. KM93 to 180 From Masstown, the highway runs east and northeast for 87 kilometres past the towns of Truro, Westville, Stellarton and this section is a 4-lane divided freeway and has a posted speed limit of 110 kilometres per hour. KM145 to 160, section from Salt Springs to Westville Road was built as a new alignment of 4-lane divided freeway that opened in the late 1990s, prior to this new alignment opening, Highway 104 ran east on the present alignment of Trunk 4. KM160 to 167, section from Westville Road to Plymouth had been built in the 1960s as a Super 2 and was upgraded to a 4-lane divided freeway that opened in the early 1990s. KM167 to 175, section from Plymouth to Pine Tree had been built in the 1960s as a Super 2 and was upgraded to a 4-lane divided freeway that opened in fall 2011. KM175 to 180, section from Pine Tree to Sutherlands River had been built in the 1960s as an access highway and was upgraded to a 4-lane divided freeway that opened in fall 2012. KM180 to 197 From the end of the 4-lane divided freeway section at Sutherlands River and this section was built between 1964 and 1965 as a Super 2 and remains as a controlled access highway with dedicated passing lanes and has a posted speed limit of 100 kilometres per hour. KM197 to 209 From the end of the Super 2 section at Barneys River Station and this section had been built in between 1964 and 1965 as an uncontrolled access highway and remains as an uncontrolled access highway with a posted speed limit of 100 kilometres per hour. KM209 to 217 From the end of the uncontrolled access section at James River and this section was built between 1964 and 1965 as a Super 2 and remains as a controlled access highway with a posted speed limit of 100 kilometres per hour. KM217 to 228 From the end of the Super 2 section at Addington Forks and this section was built as a new alignment of 4-lane divided freeway that opened on 19 September 2012 and has a posted speed limit of 100 kilometres per hour. Prior to this new alignment opening, Highway 104 ran east on the present alignment of Trunk 4 and Post Road in the town of Antigonish and included three intersections controlled by traffic lights. KM228 to 235 A new 4-lane divided freeway section opened at South River Road, the highway runs east for 7 kilometres to Dagger Woods
2.
Nova Scotia Trunk 4
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Trunk 4 is part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotias system of Trunk Highways. The route runs from Highway 104 exit 7 at Thomson Station to Glace Bay, until the construction of the Trans-Canada Highway, Trunk 4 was a major traffic link in northern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, and is still used on Cape Breton as an alternative to Highway 105. The highway was called the Kings Highway, however, this name is no longer applied to the entire road. The only remaining section of the highway that maintains the name King is Kings Road in Sydney. Thomson Station to Glenholme The section between the terminus at Exit 7, Highway 104 in Thomson Station to Mahoneys Corner was originally built as Highway 104 in the 1960s. It was bypassed by the Cobequid Pass in 1997 and redesignated Trunk 4 at that time, the section between Mahoneys Corner and Glenholme was originally part of Trunk 4 until the 1960s when it was designated Highway 104. This section was also redesignated Trunk 4 in 1997 after the opening of the Cobequid Pass, Glenholme to Onslow The section between Glenholme and Onslow is co-designated with Trunk 2. Trunk 4 is discontinuous between Exit 14A, Highway 102 in the west and Pictou Road in Bible Hill in the east, Bible Hill to Barneys River Station Trunk 4 reappears in Bible Hill, following Pictou Road and the original Trunk 4 alignment east. In Kemptown, Trunk 4 follows an old alignment of Highway 104 for several kilometres, Trunk 4 continues east of Kemptown on its original alignment through Mount Thom to Salt Springs. From Salt Springs to Westville, the present alignment of Trunk 4 was used as Highway 104 from the 1960s until being bypassed in the 1990s, now redesignated Trunk 4, the highway designation continues into Westville on Truro Road and then Westville Road. At Sutherlands River, Trunk 4 follows a new alignment between School Rd and Highway 245 and it then continues east to Barneys River Station. Marshy Hope to South River Station Trunk 4 is discontinuous between Barneys River Station and Marshy Hope as Highway 104 uses the old Trunk 4 alignment for this section, from Marshy Hope, Trunk 4 proceeds east to Antigonish. In Antigonish, it follows Post Road, James Street, Main Street, east of Antigonish it proceeds to South River Station. Heatherton to Aulds Cove Trunk 4 is discontinuous between South River Station and Heatherton as Highway 104 mostly uses the old Trunk 4 alignment, from Heatherton, Trunk 4 proceeds east to Aulds Cove. Port Hastings to Glace Bay Trunk 4 is discontinuous between Aulds Cove and Port Hastings as Highway 104 uses the old Trunk 4 alignment. From Port Hastings, Trunk 4 proceeds east through Port Hawkesbury and St. Peters before turning northeast along the shore of Bras dOr Lake through Big Pond. It continues east to Sydney River to Sydney, in Sydney it follows Kings Road, Esplanade Road, Welton Street, and Grand Lake Road. East of Sydney it continues to Reserve Mines and Glace Bay, in Glace Bay it follows Reserve Street and Union Street and ends at the intersection of Union and Commercial Streets
3.
Toll road
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A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private roadway for which a fee is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help recoup the cost of road construction, the amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of axles, with freight trucks often charged higher rates than cars. Tolls are collected at points known as toll booths, toll houses, plazas, stations, bars, some toll collection points are unmanned and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid. To cut costs and minimize time delay many tolls today are collected by some form of automatic or electronic toll collection equipment which communicates electronically with a toll payers transponder, Toll booths are usually still required for the occasional users who do not have a transponder. The tolls are often prepaid or collected automatically from a credit card service. Some toll roads have automated toll enforcement systems that take photos of drivers who do not pay the tolls and they typically get the toll bill delivered to them in the mail. Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll, automated toll paying systems help minimize both of these. Others object to paying twice for the road, in fuel taxes. In addition to roads, toll bridges and toll tunnels are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures. Some tolls are set aside to pay for maintenance or enhancement of infrastructure, or are applied as a general fund by local governments. This is sometimes limited or prohibited by government legislation. Also road congestion pricing schemes have been implemented in a number of urban areas as a transportation demand management tool to try to reduce traffic congestion. Toll roads have existed for at least the last 2,700 years, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the Susa–Babylon highway under the regime of Ashurbanipal, aristotle and Pliny refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In India, before the 4th century BC, the Arthasastra notes the use of tolls, germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across mountain passes. A 14th-century example is Castle Loevestein in the Netherlands, which was built at a point where two rivers meet. River tolls were charged on boats sailing along the river, in 14th-century England, some of the most heavily used roads were repaired with money raised from tolls by pavage grants. Widespread toll roads sometimes restricted traffic so much, by their high tolls, tolls were used in the Holy Roman Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 20th century, road tolls were introduced in Europe to finance the construction of motorway networks and specific transport infrastructure such as bridges, Italy was the first European country to charge motorway tolls, on a 50 km motorway section near Milan in 1924
4.
Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
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Cumberland County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Mikmaq name for the area was Kwesomalegek meaning hardwood point, Cumberland County was founded on August 17,1759. When the Township of Parrsboro was divided in 1840, one part was annexed to Cumberland County, the dividing line between Cumberland and Colchester was established in 1840. In 1897, a portion of the line between the Counties of Colchester and Cumberland was fixed and defined. The county thrived in the 19th century with the development of lumbering, shipbuilding, deforestation and rural outmigration in the 20th century led to the abandonment of some communities such as Eatonville and New Yarmouth. The county has an area of 4,271.23 km2. Cumberland County is rich in natural resources with extensive forest land supporting lumber mills and it has many mineral resources, including 2 operating salt mines. Until the 1970s it also had coal mines which extracted coal from seams that run from Joggins to River Hebert and on to Athol. The northwestern edge of Cumberland County forms part of the Isthmus of Chignecto, as such, the county hosts several important transportation corridors, including Highway 104 and CN Rails Halifax-Montreal railway line. Two towns are located in Cumberland County, Amherst and Oxford. 3% from its 2011 population of 31,353. With a land area of 4,277.86 km2, with a land area of 4,255.04 km2, it had a population density of 4. 6/km2 in 2016. Royal eponyms in Canada Black Lake listings within Nova Scotia, Cumberland County official site Photographs of the Cumberland County War Memorial monument, Amherst Photographs of historic monuments in Cumberland County
5.
Colchester County
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Colchester County is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The appellation Colchester was applied in 1780 to the previously called Cobequid. The District of Colchester, which was at first part of Halifax County, was established as a county in its own right in 1835, in 1838 a distinct line of division between Cumberland County and Colchester County was established. Two years later, in 1840, the Township of Parrsboro was divided, in 1871, the boundaries between the Counties of Hants and Colchester and between the Counties of Halifax and Colchester were established. In 1880 the boundary between the Counties of Halifax and Colchester was revised, eventually in 1897 a portion of the boundary between the Counties of Colchester and Cumberland was fixed and defined. The question of the boundary between Colchester and Cumberland Counties was the subject of a Commission of Inquiry established in 1946, the report was filed in the office of the Provincial Secretary and in the office of the Department of Lands and Forests in January 1959. Certified copies of it were sent to the Registrars of Deeds for the Counties of Colchester, Cumberland, all other communities in the county are located within one of eleven electoral districts, each of which provides a representative to County Council. Additionally, a mayor is elected for the whole county, the mayor also sits on county council. 8% from its 2011 population of 50,968. With a land area of 3,628.12 km2, with a land area of 3,572.49 km2, it had a population density of 10. 1/km2 in 2016. Black Lake listings within Nova Scotia
6.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
7.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
8.
Crown corporations of Canada
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Canadian Crown corporations are enterprises owned by the Sovereign of Canada. Crown corporations have a long standing presence in the country and have been instrumental in the formation of the state. They can provide services required by the public that otherwise would not be viable as a private enterprise. Some Crown corporations are expected to be profitable organisations, while others are non-commercial, further, in the federal sphere, certain Crown corporations can be an agents or non-agent of the Queen in Right of Canada. One with agent status is entitled to the same prerogatives, privileges. The Crown is thus responsible for the actions of these organisations. Prior to the formation of Crown corporations as presently understood, much of what later became Canada was settled and governed by a type of entity called a chartered company. These companies were established by a charter by the Scottish, English, or French crown. They fulfilled the roles of promoting government policy abroad and making a return for shareholders. The first colonies on the island of Newfoundland were founded in this manner, Canadas most famous, and influential chartered company, was the Hudsons Bay Company, founded on May 2,1670, by royal charter of King Charles II. The HBC thus often being the point of first contact between the government and First Nations. By the late 19th century, however, the HBC lost its monopoly over Ruperts Land, the first major Canadian experience with directly state-owned enterprises came during the early growth of the railways. When four British colonies joined to create the Canadian federation in 1867, as well, the construction of the Intercolonial Railway between them was one of the terms of the new constitution. The first section of this entirely government-owned railway was completed in 1872, western Canadas early railways were all run by privately owned companies backed by government subsidies and loans. By the early century, however, many of these had become bankrupt. Provincial Crown corporations also re-emerged in the twentieth century, most notably in the selling of alcohol. Virtually all the provinces used this system at one point, the largest of these government liquor businesses, the Liquor Control Board of Ontario, was by 2008 one of the worlds largest alcohol retailers. Resource and utility companies also emerged at this time, notably Ontario Hydro in 1906, Alberta Government Telephones in 1906, provincial governments also re-entered the railway business as in Northern Alberta Railways in 1925 and what later became BC Rail in 1918
9.
Aecon
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Aecon has been named one of Canada’s Best Employers every year since 2007 and in 2013 was named a Top Employer by the Globe and Mail. The Canadian Construction Associated awarded Aecon the National Safety Award in 2012, aecon’s history can be traced back to 1877, when Scottish immigrant Adam Clark started a plumbing and gas fitting business in Hamilton, Ontario. As a group, Aecons origins go back to 1957 to Prefac Concrete of Montreal, in 2013, Aecon reorganized its operating structure into three core segments. Aecon Infrastructure is responsible for the design and construction of transportation projects, including airport terminals, highways, hydroelectric dams, subway tunnels. The Infrastructure segment represented 41% of 2012 Revenue, Aecon Energy offers a comprehensive suite of services to the energy industry, including the oil and gas, nuclear, cogeneration and renewable sectors. This segment comprises the former Industrial group including Aecon Atlantic Industrial Inc, Aecon Industrial Central Canada, and Aecon Industrial Western Canada. The Energy segment represented 35% of 2012 Revenue, the Mining segment represented 23% of 2012 Revenue. The Concessions segment represented 1% of 2012 Revenue, Aecon Infrastructure – Quebec, Aecon Materials Engineering, Karson, Lockerbie & Hole Contracting, Miwel Construction, South Rock Ltd. Aecon Energy, Aecon Atlantic Industrial Inc, Aecon Industrial – Central Canada, Aecon Industrial – Western Canada, Aecon Utilities, Aecon Utility Engineering. Bremar, QX, Tristar Aecon Mining, Lockerbie & Hole Eastern, Canonbie, Leo Alarie & Sons
10.
Londonderry, Nova Scotia
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Londonderry is an unincorporated community located in Colchester County, Nova Scotia, Canada, formerly called Acadia Mines. A bustling iron ore mining and steel making town of some 5,000 in the late 19th century, Londonderry saw the pouring of some of the first steel made in Canada, and the first Canadian installation of the Bessemer process for making steel. Mining began in 1849 and eventually three mines - East Mines, Old Mountain Mine, and West Mines - were operated, over 2 million tons of ore were produced. The iron ore seams that encouraged development, originally thought to be enormous, proved to be small, shallow, and very expensive to mine. That, coupled with poor management decisions and failed experiments with rotary type ovens as well as low world prices, spelled the demise of the iron. The fatal blow to the community came with a fire in 1920 which destroyed a large portion of the town. The mine operations were foreclosed in 1924 and the town never recovered thereafter, the once vast ruins of the former steel mill were torn down and sold as scrap during the scrap metal drives of World War II. The CN main line runs through Londonderry Station, about two kilometers east of the village of Londonderry. Lakeshores at Sutherlands Lake and Folly Lake, only a 10 to 15 minute drive away, are sought-after cottage destinations for residents of nearby Truro, Amherst, Moncton, Londonderry currently has two churches, the Londonderry Station Community Church, and St. Ambrose Catholic Church. The Acadia Mines United Church was closed in 2010, the Township of Londonderry, including the Port of Londonderry, was first settled by two groups of Scots Irish emigrants. Both arrangements made by former British army Captain Alexander McNutt, who was stationed at nearby Fort Cumberland and was originally from Ireland. org
11.
Cobequid Mountains
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The Cobequid Mountains, also sometimes referred to as the Cobequid Hills, is a Canadian mountain range located in Nova Scotia in the mainland portion of the province. Geologically, the Cobequid Mountains are considered part of the Appalachians, the range stretches from Cape Chignecto in Cumberland County in the west through to Pictou County in the east. Subsequent erosion over millions of years has resulted in the low range of mountains. The part of northern Nova Scotia which contains the Cobequid Mountains is believed to have linked with what is now northern Europe. Some mistakenly consider the Cobequid Mountains to extend into Antigonish County further east, the highest point of the Cobequid Mountains is an unnamed peak on the eastern side of the Wentworth Valley. Other high peaks include Higgins Mountain, Nuttby Mountain, Dalhousie Mountain, several escarpments associated with the Fundy Basin have been formed from fault lines, resulting in a number of waterfalls on the southern mountain slopes. Forests covering the Cobequid Mountains are mainly of hardwood species sugar maple and yellow birch on mountain slopes, steep stream and river valleys are dominated by red spruce stands. The lower slopes consist of fir, red spruce, black spruce, white spruce, paper birch, red maple. Igneous rocks yielded iron ore at Londonderry, waterfalls of the Cobequid Mountains Feature in the Natural History of Nova Scotia
12.
Bypass (road)
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A bypass specifically designated for trucks may be called a truck route. Petrol stations, shopping centres and some businesses are often built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise. Bypass routes are often controversial, as they require the building of a road carrying heavy traffic where no road previously existed and this creates a conflict between those who support a bypass to reduce congestion in a built up area, and those who oppose the development of undeveloped land. However, those of the city may also oppose the project. World Largest Bypass Road in India All big City have 12 Bypass, the first London bypass, the present Marylebone Road between Paddington and Islington, was started in 1756. Bypasses can take years to gain planning approval and funding. Many towns and villages have been campaigning for bypasses for over 30 years e. g. Banwell in North Somerset, the protest was popularly known as the Third Battle of Newbury, a name which was also adopted by one of the main protest groups. The name was chosen in reference to the First Battle of Newbury of 1643, in the United States, bypass routes are a type of special route used on an alternative routing of a highway around a town when the main route of the highway goes through the town. The original designation of these routes were truck routes to divert truck traffic away from the town. However, many Truck routes remain where the mainline of the highway is prohibited for trucks, in a few cases, both a bypass and a business route exist, both with auxiliary signs. Bypass routes are less common than business routes, many of those that existed before the era of Interstate highways have lost their old designations. Around St. Louis, Missouri, what had been U. S. Route 50 Bypass was absorbed into a diversion of U. S. Route 50 from Interstate 44 and Interstate 64. In the Interstate Highway System in the United States, bypasses, another meaning of the term bypass route is a highway that was constructed to bypass an area that is often congested with traffic. This includes Interstate Highway beltways and U. S, highways constructed to circumvent downtown areas. Examples of these are U. S. Route 60 bypassing Williamsburg, Virginia, Route 31 bypassing metro South Bend, Indiana, and Interstate 75 bypassing Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida. These bypasses usually carry mainline routes rather than auxiliary bypass routes, the first bypass route in the United States was completed in 1958, as Alabama State Route 210 in Dothan, Alabama. The term shoofly, while common in rail terminology, can also be applied to a short temporary roadway which bypasses a construction site or other obstruction, manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices uses the term diversion. In Brazil the widest and busiest bypasses are located in the state of São Paulo and it is divided into sections and connected to major highways and while not being a toll road itself, accesses to other motorways are often placed through toll booths
13.
Mountain pass
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A mountain pass is a route through a mountain range or over a ridge. At lower elevations it may be called a hill pass, the highest vehicle-accessible pass in the world appears to be Mana Pass, located in the Himalayas on the border between India and China. Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle or col, a topographic saddle is analogous to the mathematical concept of a saddle surface, with a saddle point marking the highest point between two valleys and the lowest point along a ridge. On a topographic map, passes are characterized by lines with an hourglass shape. Passes are often found just above the source of a river, a pass may be very short, consisting of steep slopes to the top of the pass, or may be a valley many kilometres long, whose highest point might only be identifiable by surveying. Roads have long been built – and more recently railways – through passes, some high and rugged passes may have tunnels bored underneath to allow faster traffic flow throughout the year. The top of a pass is frequently the only ground in the area. If a national border follows a mountain range, a pass over the mountains is typically on the border, and there may be a control or customs station. For instance Argentina and Chile share the worlds third-longest international border,5,300 kilometres long, the border runs north-south along the Andes mountains, with a total of 42 mountain passes. On a road over a pass, it is customary to have a roadside sign giving the name of the pass. As well as offering relatively easy travel between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops with a minimum of descent. As a result, it is common for tracks to meet at a pass, passes traditionally were places for trade routes, communications, cultural exchange, military expeditions etc. A typical example is the Brenner pass in the Alps, some mountain passes above the tree line have problems with snow drift in the winter. This might be alleviated by building the road a few meters above the ground, there are many words for pass in the English-speaking world. In the United States, pass is very common in the West, the gap is common in the southern Appalachians, notch in parts of New England. Scotland has the Gaelic term bealach, while Wales has the similar bwlch, the roads at Mana Pass at 5,610 metres and Marsimik La at 5,582 metres, on and near the China-India border respectively, appear to be worlds two highest motorable passes. Media related to Mountain passes at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Electronic toll collection
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Electronic toll collection aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically. In 1959, Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose a system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area and he proposed that each car would be equipped with a transponder. In the 1960s and 1970s, free flow tolling was tested with fixed transponders at the undersides of the vehicles and readers, norway has been the worlds pioneer in the widespread implementation of this technology. ETC was first introduced in Bergen, in 1986, operating together with traditional tollbooths, in 1991, Trondheim introduced the worlds first use of completely unaided full-speed electronic tolling. Norway now has 25 toll roads operating with electronic fee collection, in 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls in the country, the Via Verde, which can also be used in parking lots and gas stations. The United States is another country with widespread use of ETC in several states, cashless tolling is when cash tolls are not collected on the roadway. Electronic toll collection becomes the primary option for payment, with payment by mail as a secondary option, open road tolling is a type of electronic toll collection without the use of toll booths. The major advantage to ORT is that users are able to drive through the plaza at highway speeds without having to slow down to pay the toll. In some urban settings, automated gates are in use in electronic-toll lanes, with 5 mph legal limits on speed, currently over 80% of Illinois 1.4 million daily drivers use an I-PASS. The system sends a notice and fine to cars that pass through without having an account or paying a toll. Unionized toll collectors can also be problematic, toll plazas are typically wider than the rest of the highway, reducing the need for them makes it possible to fit toll roads into tight corridors. Despite these limitations, however, it is important to recognize that throughput increases if delay at the gate is reduced. The greater the throughput of any toll lane, the fewer lanes required, specifically, the toll-collecting authorities have incentives to resist pressure to limit the fraction of electronic lanes in order to limit the length of manual-lane lines. In the short term, the greater the fraction of automated lanes, an example is the United States E-ZPass tag, which is accepted on toll roads, bridges and tunnels in fifteen states from Illinois to Maine. In Australia, there are a number or organisations that provide tags that can be used on toll roads and they include Roads and Maritime Services, Roam and E-Toll. A toll is debited to the account with their tag provider. A similar device in France, called Liber-T for light vehicles, sem Parar/Via-Fácil also allows users to enter and exit more than 100 parking lots. There are also other systems, such as via expressa, onda livre and auto expresso, in Pakistan, the National Database and Registration Authority is implementing an electronic toll collection system on motorways using RFID
15.
Cape Breton-Richmond
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Richmond is a former provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed between 1933-2013. It elected one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, in its last configuration, the electoral district included Richmond County in its entirety. The electoral district was abolished following the 2012 electoral boundary review and was replaced by the new electoral district of Cape Breton-Richmond. The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly, Riding Profile
16.
Reform Party of Canada
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The Reform Party of Canada was a right-wing populist federal political party in Canada that existed from 1987 to 2000. Reform was founded as a Western Canada-based protest movement and eventually became a populist conservative party and it was initially motivated by the perceived need for democratic reforms and by profound Western Canadian discontent with the Progressive Conservative federal government of Brian Mulroney. Led by its founder Preston Manning, Reform rapidly gained momentum in western Canada, in opposition, the party advocated for spending restraint and democratic reform. In the leadup to the 1997 election, the party attempted to make a national breakthrough, however, a Liberal victory and disappointment with the lack of Eastern seats led many members to question the future direction of a party. The party was succeeded by the Canadian Alliance in 2000. With the collapse of the 1984-1993 PC electoral coalition composed of westerners, rural Ontarians and Quebec nationalists and it first entered Parliament in 1989 when Deborah Grey won a by-election in an Edmonton-area riding. The party achieved major breakthrough in the 1993 federal election, when it went from holding 1 seat to 52 and its platform and policies emphasized the rights and responsibilities of the individual, Senate and other democratic reforms, and smaller more fiscally responsible government. However, the party came under persistent partisan attack of being extremist and intolerant due to a number of statements by Reform MPs which were considered to be racist, homophobic, and sexist. In the 1997 election, the Reform Party made only minor gains, the party still failed to present a true challenge to the Liberal government, since its agenda was seen as too extreme for the liking of central and eastern Canada. Reform actually won a seat in Ontario in 1993, but lost it in 1997, demand for unity by the right encouraged Manning to promote a new movement, the United Alternative, to create a small-c conservative alternative to the Liberals. Manning blamed conservative vote splitting for keeping the Liberals in power, Mannings efforts created a strong debate in the Reform party, and he would even write a letter to the effect that he didnt want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead the new party. Manning won a review with over 75% support quelling his opposition. The new partys platform was a mixture of the PC and Reform platforms, however, it was largely seen as merely a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Former Reform members dominated the new party, and the Reform caucus in the Commons essentially became the Alliance caucus, former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney called the party Reform in pantyhose, and some opponents referred to the party as the Reform Alliance to enforce this perception. However, the CCRAP nickname was used by its opponents. Grey, the deputy leader of Reform, was chosen as the new interim leader. The federal Progressive Conservatives under Joe Clark refused to participate in these talks, subsequently, at the new partys first leadership convention, Manning was defeated in favour of the younger, more charismatic Stockwell Day, longtime treasurer of Alberta. One Progressive Conservative senator, Gerry St. Germain, joined the new party in October 2000, in the fall of 2000, the Liberals called a snap election that caught the Alliance off-guard
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Nova Scotia Highway 101
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Highway 101 is an east-west highway in Nova Scotia that runs from Bedford to Yarmouth. The highway follows a 310 km route along the southern coast of the Bay of Fundy through the Annapolis Valley, between its western terminus at Yarmouth to Weymouth, the highway is 2-lane controlled access. Between Weymouth and Digby, the highway reverts to a 2-lane local road, from Digby to Grand Pre, the highway is 2-lane controlled access. From the Gasperaux River crossing near Grand Pre to 3 km west of Exit 6 the highway is a 4-lane expressway, heading east the highway is 2-lane controlled access until Exit 5. From Three Mile Plains to its terminus at Bedford, the highway is a 4-lane expressway. Some of the 2-lane controlled access sections of the highway are 3 or 4 lanes, one section of the 4-lane expressway near Hantsport is a short 5-lane section for about 2 km due to previous road configuration for a passing lane due to a steep hill. The provincial government named the highway the Harvest Highway on 7 December 2008 to recognize the important contributions of farmers in Nova Scotia, the highway was built largely to replace the Dominion Atlantic Railway service in the communities along its route. As a result, the highway serves as a B-Train route for the area
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Nova Scotia Highway 102
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Highway 102 is a north-south highway in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia that runs from Halifax to Onslow, immediately north of the town of Truro. It is the busiest highway in Atlantic Canada, in 2000, the section of Highway 102 between Fall River and Truro was redesignated as Veterans Memorial Highway. Between Fall River and Halifax it is known as Bicentennial Drive or the Bicentennial Highway, the numerical designation for both sections is 102. The highway follows a 102-kilometre route through the part of the province linking Highway 103, Highway 101, and Highway 118 to Highway 104. This three-lane northbound section is not a result of high traffic volumes, rather. Previously, the section from Fall River to near Enfield was a three-lane undivided section, when the highway was twinned, the three lanes were left in place for northbound traffic. Portions of Highway 102 south of the Halifax International Airport pass through several microclimates and are notorious for frequent variations in visibility due to fog caused by elevation changes. The highway parallels the route of its predecessor, Trunk 2, initially, some sections were controlled access two-lane, as well as four-lane. The route has changed somewhat, particularly during the mid-1970s when the last part to be constructed resulted in the bypass of Shubenacadie. The initial speed limit on the highway was 100 km/h until 1997, South of Highway 118 and north of Millbrook, the highway retains its original 100 km/h speed limit. From the 1970s to the early 1990s, Highway 102 was actively patrolled by the RCMP using aerial surveillance for speed limit violations, the aerial surveillance program was restarted in 2005. This portion of the highway was officially named Bicentennial Drive, but it has known as the Bicentennial Highway, often shortened to Bi-Hi. The proposed Highway 113 would create a new interchange between Larry Uteck Boulevard and Hammonds Plains Road, Highway 113 is intended to be a connector from Highway 102 to Highway 103, serving as a bypass to the heavily traveled Hammonds Plains Road. Highway 113 is not yet budgeted and in some opposition has been mounted due to the route proposed. Interchange for Larry Uteck Boulevard A new interchange at Larry Uteck Boulevard was opened in 2010 between Exits 2 and 3 and it has since been connected on the west side of the interchange to Kearney Lake Road. This is the first major interchange to be built on Highway 102 since the mid-1990s and is intended to serve the growing community of Bedford South. The interchange is based on the traditional diamond layout but uses instead of signalized intersections at the ramps for increased safety and capacity. As part of project, Larry Uteck Boulevard was extended to the new interchange
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Nova Scotia Highway 103
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Highway 103 is an east-west highway in Nova Scotia that runs from Halifax to Yarmouth. The highway follows a route of 294 km along the provinces South Shore region fronting the Atlantic coast, the route parallels its predecessor, local Trunk 3. The highway varies from 2-lane controlled access to 2-lane local secondary roads on the section between Yarmouth and Hebbville, east of Hebbville to Upper Tantallon, the highway is 2-lane controlled access, with the exception of a short 4-lane divided freeway near Chester. From Upper Tantallon, to the interchange with Highway 102 in Halifax, in 2013, Highway 103 was redesignated as the Fishermens Memorial Highway. In November 2006, construction was completed that twinned 15 kilometers of highway between Exit 3 and Exit 5, in 2009, it was considered Nova Scotias deadliest highway and was ranked the second most dangerous highway in Canada by the Canadian Automobile Association. In 2009 alone, ten died in automobile accidents on the highway, according to the Nova Scotia Department of Transportation. Between 2008 and 2012, there were 22 fatalities on the highway, on May 27,2007, six people were killed when a car collided with two motorcycles near Blockhouse. It has been considered one of the worst motor vehicle accidents in Nova Scotias history, on June 8,2008, three people were killed in a head-on collision near Tantallon. On December 14,2008, two people were killed and four were injured in a collision near Hubbards. On February 17,2009, one person was killed in a collision near Hubbards. On May 30,2011, one person was killed in a vehicle accident near Pubnico. On June 21,2011, one person was killed in a collision with a tractor trailer carrying 41,000 litres of fuel. On September 4,2011, one person was killed in a vehicle accident near Tantallon. On October 1,2011, two people were killed and one was left in critical condition due to a collision that occurred between Exits 7 and 8. On July 21,2012, one person was killed in an accident that occurred between Exit 5 and Exit 6. On November 12,2012, one person was killed near Liverpool when his car collided head-on with a five-tonne truck, on December 9,2012, a 17-year-old male was killed near Clyde River when the vehicle he was in rolled over and he was ejected. On June 2,2013, a 40-year-old male was killed near Lunenburg when his car collided with an 18-wheeler, two other people were taken to hospital with serious injuries. On October 27,2014, one person was killed when a car collided head-on with a truck near Oakhill
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Nova Scotia Highway 105
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Highway 105 in Nova Scotia represents the Cape Breton Island leg of the Trans-Canada Highway. It runs from the Port Hastings Rotary just east of the Canso Causeway in Port Hastings to the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal in North Sydney, the highway travels northeast from Port Hastings along the base of a group of mountains known as The Big Ridge to Whycocomagh. It then follows the shore of Bras dOr Lake, bypassing Baddeck on a short Super two controlled access segment. Still running in a general northeast direction, at St. Anns the highway begins ascending the west slope of Kellys Mountain on the Cape Dauphin Peninsula. The road crosses Boularderie Island using another short Super two controlled access segment and then runs southeast as an access road through the villages of Bras dOr. Highway 105 regains controlled access for the final 3 km to its terminus at the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal in North Sydney where travellers can continue to Newfoundland. With some minor exceptions noted above, the highway is two lanes and uncontrolled access, in addition, there are two intersections controlled by traffic lights in Florence. The Cabot Trail, which is used to describe a different road, is signed along a portion of Highway 105 between Nyanza and St. Anns so that the signed route forms a loop. The 105 name was applied in 1970, trunk 5 was a provincial trunk road in Victoria County and the Cape Breton Regional Municipality between Boularderie East and Millville Boularderie on Boularderie Island in Nova Scotia. The route, known as Millville Highway, was the highway before Nova Scotia Highway 105 opened. It originally extended from Sydney River to Port Hawkesbury and it is now commonly known as Old Route 5
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Nova Scotia Highway 106
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Highway 106 is a 19 km 2-lane limited-access highway located within Pictou County, in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The provincial government named the highway the Jubilee Highway on December 21,2012 in honour of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth IIs Diamond Jubilee, Highway 106 begins at a trumpet interchange with Highway 104. The route bypasses to the west side of New Glasgow by running along the centre of Abercrombie Point and it crosses Pictou Harbour to the town of Pictou using the Harvey A. Veniot Causeway, which opened in 1968. A traffic circle at the west end of Pictou, known as the Pictou Rotary, connects Highway 106 with the centre of town as well as Trunk 6, the route is a super two expressway except for a short section of at-grade two lane highway near the northern terminus. The route ends in Caribou at the Northumberland Ferries terminal to Prince Edward Island, the entire route is in Pictou County
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Nova Scotia Highway 107
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It is 31 kilometres long, and is mostly two lanes and controlled access. The highways western end is at the Dartmouth intersection of Akerley Boulevard, from there it turns northeast to Highway 118, then southeast on Forest Hills Parkway Extension to Westphal. From there it runs along with Trunk 7 through the Sunset Acres, near Preston 107 breaks apart from 7 again, as it continues to the east bypassing Preston, Lake Echo, Porters Lake and Head of Chezzetcook before ending at Trunk 7 near Musquodoboit Harbour. This extension is known as the Burnside Expressway. Construction is expected to place within the next few years. This extension would allow commuters from Halifax/Burnside heading to Sackville to bypass the Bedford Bypass and Windmill Road and instead go up to Burnside Drive, Lake Echo Webcam on Highway 107
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Nova Scotia Highway 118
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Highway 118, in Nova Scotia, is a short suburban freeway connecting Victoria Road via Woodland Ave. in Dartmouth with Highway 102 at Fall River,14 kilometres to the north. The highway crosses the Historic Shubenacadie Canal and it also runs along the western shore of Lake Micmac and the western edge of Shubie Park and is known as Lakeview Drive. Running parallel to the highway from the Waverley Road to exit 14 is a portion of the Halifax Lateral of the Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline, the highway serves both as a A-Train and B-Train route between the Burnside Industrial Park and Highway 102. The highway has the only section in Atlantic Canada. It is located at the new exit 12 Dartmouth Crossing interchange, the south end of provincial maintenance is at the Highway 111 interchange. In the early 1970s, it was decided that a new highway was required to directly link Highway 102 with Dartmouth, in 1972, the then Department of Highways expropriated a portion of land for the construction of Highway 118. The highway was completed in the late 1970s, the entire route is located in Halifax Regional Municipality
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Nova Scotia Trunk 1
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Trunk 1 is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is located in the part of the province and connects Bedford with Yarmouth via the Annapolis Valley. It was known for year as the Post Road. The route runs parallel to, and in places has been replaced by. Trunk 1 often forms the street in communities that Highway 101 bypasses. The highway is 323 km in length and hosts the Evangeline Trail scenic travelway for its entire length, just east of Windsor, between Garlands Crossing and Currys Corner, Trunk 1 and Trunk 14 are duplexed for about 2 km. In the Halifax Regional Municipality, Trunk 1 starts in Bedford at the intersection of Rocky Lake Drive and it is known as Sackville Drive and is the main street through the community of Lower Sackville. The road continues northwest through Middle Sackville, Upper Sackville, and Mount Uniacke to Windsor, Trunk 1 follows the west bank of the river through Hantsport. At Avonport, Trunk 1 turns west through the Annapolis Valley, following the bank of the Cornwallis River through Wolfville, New Minas. Bypassing the town of Berwick to the south, Trunk 1 meets the Annapolis River at Aylesford, the road crosses the Annapolis River at Annapolis Royal, and runs along the southern coast of the Annapolis Basin through Upper Clements and the former site of CFB Cornwallis. Trunk 1 joins up with Highway 101 at Deep Brook to cross the Bear River, then splits apart to loop through the village of Smiths Cove, across from the town of Digby. Trunk 1 joins up at the end of this loop. A new controlled-access segment of Highway 101 is proposed for this area, Trunk 1 is the oldest major road in the province of Nova Scotia. It began as a trail connecting Acadian communities but was expanded by the British as link between the garrison of Annapolis Royal and the capital of Halifax. It was upgraded to a road and became known in the 19th century as the Great Western Road connecting Halifax to its westward hinterland and it became known as the post road in the Annapolis Valley because of its use for mail delivery and stage coach service. The name the post road persists in some circles but today it is commonly nicknamed the old number one in contrast to the newer Highway 101. Old Windsor Highway and Rural Route 4 are also previous designations, a section of the road from its stage coach era was bypassed by later 19th century construction and been preserved at the Uniacke Estate Museum Park in Mount Uniacke, Nova Scotia. Eastern End 44°44′1. 3″N 63°39′20. 6″W Western End 43°49′59″N 66°7′12. 3″W History of Kings County, eaton Rambles, Joseph Howe List of Nova Scotia provincial highways
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Nova Scotia Trunk 2
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Trunk 2 is part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotias system of Trunk Highways. The route runs from Halifax to Fort Lawrence on the New Brunswick border, until the 1960s, Trunk 2 was the Halifax areas most important highway link to other provinces, and was part of a longer Highway 2 which ended in Windsor, Ontario. The controlled access Highways 102 and 104 now carry most arterial traffic in the area and this highway forms part of the Glooscap Trail signed tourist route. Trunk 2 begins at intersection of Lady Hammond Road and Windsor Street on the Halifax Peninsula in the Halifax Regional Municipality, the route heads north, following the Bedford Highway, which runs along the western shore of the Bedford Basin, to the former town of Bedford. At the north end of Bedford, Trunk 2 takes the Rocky Lake Drive northeast to Waverley where it turns north along the eastern shore of Lake Thomas. It passes through Fall River and continues along the shore of Fletchers Lake as it passes through Fletchers Lake. It enters Hants County at Enfield where it crosses to the west bank of the Shubenacadie River, in Truro, Trunk 2 follows Willow Street and then Prince Street West, then Juniper Street and Robie Street to the interchange with Highway 102 in Lower Truro. At the town of Parrsboro, Trunk 2 turns north through the Cobequid Hills to Newville Lake before turning northeast to reach the Southampton River, the section of Trunk 2 between Springhill and Little Forks was once Trunk 26 prior to 1938. Trunk 26 then turns left on Little Forks Rd and ends in Athol, at this time, Trunk 2 took a more westerly route, running through Athol and Nappan. This old alignment of Trunk 2 is currently Collector Highway 302, before the 1960s, Trunk 4 was co-signed with Trunk 2 from Amherst to Springhill
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Nova Scotia Trunk 3
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Nova Scotia Trunk 3 is an east-west trunk highway in Nova Scotia. The route runs from Halifax to Yarmouth, along the South Shore, Trunk 3s status as an important regional highway link has been superseded by the parallel Highway 103. The eastern terminus of Trunk 3 on provincial maps is at the Armdale Roundabout in Halifax, travelling inbound from the traffic circle along Quinpool Road, Trunk 3 continues to be marked with 3 INBOUND signs until just before Quinpool Roads intersection with Connaught Avenue. The sign 3 ENDS marks the eastern terminus of the route. Traveling outbound from the traffic circle Trunk 3 proceeds west using the name St. Margarets Bay Road and passes through Timberlea, the road follows the coast of St. Margarets Bay, passing through Hubbards. It crosses the isthmus of the Aspotogan Peninsula to reach Chester, west of Chester, Trunk 3 follows the shore of Mahone Bay to reach the town of the same name. The highway then turns southeast to the town of Lunenburg, enters the town following Maple Street, Falkland Street and Victoria Road, leaving Bridgewater to the southwest, Trunk 3 intersects Highway 103 at exit 14. Trunk 3 is no longer signed in some portions between Bridgewater and Barrington, as Highway 103 assumed some of its route in the 1970s. Trunk 3 re-appears as the street and approaches to some towns that Highway 103 has bypassed, including the Liverpool, Lockeport. At Barrington, Trunk 3 departs the 103, the highway closely follows the coast of the Barrington Passage and the Gulf of Maine to reach the Pubnico area, then continuing north along the coast to Argyle. The highway turns west through Tusket to reach its end at Yarmouth where it meets the Highway 101 and Trunk 1
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Nova Scotia Trunk 6
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Trunk 6 is part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotias system of trunk highways. The route runs from Highway 104 exit 3 at Amherst to the rotary at Pictou and it is part of the Sunrise Trail, a designated tourist route. For most of its length Trunk 6 is a two lane highway with a limit of 80 kilometres per hour. In communities, villages or towns the speed limit may drop to as low as 50 kilometres per hour, from Amherst, Trunk 6 goes in an easterly direction to the village of Port Philip, where it meets the Northumberland Strait. The route then follows the shoreline through Pugwash, Wallace. Until the construction of Highway 106 in the late 1960s, Trunk 6 continued south to New Glasgow on the Alma Road and Trunk 4. Amherst East Amherst Shinimicas Bridge Port Howe Port Philip Pugwash Wallace Tatamagouche River John Toney River Pictou List of Nova Scotia provincial highways Mile by Mile Guide Map of Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia Trunk 7
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Nova Scotia Trunk 7 is part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotias system of Trunk Highways. The route runs from Bedford to Antigonish, along the Eastern Shore, part of Trunk 7 is known as the Marine Drive. Through Downtown Dartmouth, it is known as Alderney Drive, which turns into Prince Albert Road past Sullivans Pond as it runs along the shore of Lake Banook. At Grahams Grove Park, Trunk 7 continues through the Micmac Parclo, on to Main Street, past Highway 111 and to the community of Westphal, bypassing most of Cole Harbour to the south. Just outside Dartmouth, three head towards the provinces Eastern Shore, Route 207 leads out of Cole Harbour. Near Preston, Route 107, a 100-series highway & bypass route, there are two junctions in Sheet Harbour. Route 224, which leads through the Musquodoboit Valley to Middle Musquodoboit and Truro, Trunk 7 continues along the coast, passing through Port Dufferin and Moser River. In Ecum Secum, Trunk 7 crosses into Guysborough County, in Sherbrooke, Trunk 7 crosses the St. Marys River and turns north, away from the ocean. The route follows the east bank of the valley, passing through Melrose. In Lochaber, Trunk 7 crosses into Antigonish County
Hwy 104 / Trunk 4 near Thomson Station.png)
