1.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
2.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Hall of fame
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A hall, wall, or walk of fame is a list of individuals, achievements, or animals, usually chosen by a group of electors, to mark their fame in their field. Sometimes, the plaques may instead be posted on a wall or inscribed on a sidewalk. In other cases, the hall of fame is more figurative, the lists are maintained by an organization or community, and may be national, state, local, or private. The English-language term was popularised in the United States by the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College, in New York City and its inspiration is the Ruhmeshalle in Munich, Germany. The Walhalla memorial in Bavaria, Germany, is an earlier hall of fame, conceived in 1807. The meaning of fame has changed over the years, originally meaning renown as opposed to more common meaning of celebrity
5.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
6.
University of Notre Dame
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The University of Notre Dame du Lac is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means Our Lady of the Lake and refers to the patron saint. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the Word of Life mural. The school was founded on November 26,1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, Today, many Holy Cross priests continue to work for the university, including the president of the university. Notre Dame is a large, four-year, highly residential research university, undergraduate students are organized into four colleges, and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize, the university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the universitys 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, the university counts approximately 120,000 alumni. The universitys athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish, other ND sport teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous, started as a small all-male institution in 1842 and charter in 1844, Notre Dame reached international fame at the beginning of the 20th century. Ever since, the University has seen growth, and under the leadership of the next two presidents, Rev. Malloy and Rev. Jenkins, many infrastructure and research expansions have been completed. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26,1842 and he soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus, Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15,1844. Under the charter the school is named the University of Notre Dame du Lac. Because the university was only for male students, the female-only Saint Marys College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849, the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them
7.
Chick-fil-A
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Chick-fil-A is an American fast food restaurant chain headquartered in the Atlanta suburb of College Park, Georgia, specializing in chicken sandwiches. Founded in May 1946, it has more than 2,000 restaurants, the companys culture is influenced by its founder Truett Cathys Southern Baptist beliefs, all Chick-fil-A restaurants are closed for business on Sunday as well as Thanksgiving and Christmas. The chains origin can be traced to the Dwarf Grill, a restaurant opened by S. Truett Cathy, the chains former Chairman and CEO, in 1946. In 1961, after 15 years in the fast food business, following this discovery, he registered the name Chick-fil-A, Inc. The companys trademarked slogan, We Didnt Invent the Chicken, Just the Chicken Sandwich, refers to their flagship menu item, the first Chick-fil-A opened in 1967, in the food court of the Greenbriar Mall, in a suburb of Atlanta. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the chain expanded by opening new franchises in suburban malls food courts. The first freestanding franchise was opened April 16,1986, on North Druid Hills Road in Atlanta, Georgia, although it has expanded outward from its original geographic base, most new restaurants are located in Southern suburban areas. In October 2015, the opened a three-story 5, 000-square-foot restaurant in Manhattan that became the largest free-standing Chick-fil-A in the country at that time. As of 2016, the chain has approximately 1,950 locations and it also has 31 drive-through-only locations. Chick-fil-A also can be found at universities, hospitals, and airports through licensing agreements, since 1997, the Atlanta-based company has been the title sponsor of the Peach Bowl, an annual college football bowl game played in Atlanta on New Years Eve. Chick-fil-A also is a key sponsor of the SEC and the ACC of college athletics, the company expanded for the first time outside of the United States by opening an outlet at the Calgary International Airport in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in May 2014. This restaurant is located near the area for flights bound for the United States. However, per tradition, it is closed Sundays & Christmas Day, Chick-fil-A retains ownership of each restaurant. Chick-fil-A selects the restaurant location and builds it Chick-fil-A franchisees need only a $10,000 initial investment to become an operator, in 2010, Chick-fil-A took the industry lead in average sales per restaurant, making an average of $2.7 million per restaurant. Eat Mor Chikin is the chains most prominent advertising slogan, created by The Richards Group in 1995, the slogan is often seen in advertisements, featuring Holstein dairy cows that are often seen wearing signs that read, Eat Mor Chikin in all capital letters. Two months later, the cows were put up again, the cows replaced the chains old mascot, Doodles, an anthropomorphized chicken who still appears as the C on the logo. Chick-fil-A vigorously protects its intellectual property, sending cease and desist letters to those they think have infringed on their trademarks, a 2011 letter to Vermont artist Bo Muller-Moore who screen prints T-shirts reading, Eat More Kale demanded that he cease printing the shirts and turn over his website. The incident has drawn criticism from Vermont governor Peter Shumlin, and has created backlash against what he termed Chick-fil-As corporate bullying, on Thursday, December 11,2014, Bo Muller-Moore announced that the U. S
8.
Georgia World Congress Center
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The Georgia World Congress Center is a convention center in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Enclosing some 3.9 million ft2 in exhibition space and hosting more than a million each year. Opened in 1976, the GWCC was the first state-owned convention center established in the United States, the authority later developed the Georgia Dome and Centennial Olympic Park. The Georgia Dome was closed on March 5,2017 and is scheduled for demolition, in addition to convention and trade shows, the GWCC often coordinates with the Georgia Dome to host activities in conjunction with major events being held at the dome. Every year, the center hosts SEC Football Fanfare, a two-day fan festival for the thousands of Southeastern Conference football fans in the city for the SEC Championship Game, the center played host to a similar event in tandem with WrestleMania XXVII, WrestleMania Axxess. Family Feud started taping at Georgia World Congress Center in 2016, the GWCC is located in downtown Atlanta at 285 Andrew Young International Boulevard NW, adjacent to CNN Center and Philips Arena. Public transportation is serviced by the Dome/GWCC/Philips Arena/CNN Center MARTA station, delta Air Lines previously had a ticket office in the lobby of the complex. Though similarly named, the Georgia International Convention Center is a smaller unrelated facility located near Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the GWCC is made up of three adjacent buildings, Buildings A, B, and C. In total these buildings have twelve exhibit halls,105 meeting rooms, Building A has three exhibit halls and the Sidney Marcus auditorium seating 1,740. Building B, the largest, contains five halls and the 33,000 square-foot Thomas B. Murphy Ballroom. The newest building, Building C, has four exhibit halls, freight rail tracks run through the middle of the complex and under the parking decks. The complex incorporates pedestrian bridges to connect exhibit halls on opposite sides of the tracks, see article,2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak. Designed by Atlanta-based architects tvsdesign, the GWCC opened in 1976 with 350,000 square feet of exhibit space, additional phases opened in 1985,1992, and 2002. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, the GWCC hosted handball, fencing, judo, table tennis, weightlifting, wrestling, the International Broadcast Centre for the worldwide media was also set up inside the GWCC. On November 8,2001, President George W. Bush made a speech at the GWCC in which he exhorted the crowd of police, firefighters, and politicians, My fellow Americans, Lets roll. He would use the words again in the 2002 State of the Union address, For too long our culture has said, “If it feels good, do it. ”Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed, “Let’s roll. ”The center also hosted the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards, the first held outside of the Los Angeles area. On March 14,2008, a tornado struck Atlanta, including the downtown area, the Georgia World Congress Center was heavily damaged by the storm, including roof and water damage. In addition to rain pouring in from the holes in the roof, there was water damage from the sprinkler system
9.
Centennial Olympic Park
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Centennial Olympic Park is a 21-acre public park located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia owned and operated by the Georgia World Congress Center Authority. It was built by the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games as part of the improvements for the 1996 Summer Olympics. It plays host to millions of visitors a year and several events, including a popular music concert series. The park property was previously a variety of vacant lots and abandoned or run-down industrial buildings, aCOGs chief executive, Billy Payne, conceived it as both a central gathering location for visitors and spectators during the Olympics and as a lasting legacy for the city. With the park being the showcase to the world during the Olympics, ACOG decided to hold a competition to lay out. Architect EDAW, with the construction and design firm H. J. Russell & Company entry, was selected as the design for the park by ACOG. Centennial Olympic Park was constructed in two phases, phase I of construction was completed July 1996, just in time for 1996 Olympic Summer Games at a cost of US$28 million. During the Olympics, the park contained sponsor exhibits, hosted entertainment and medal presentations, phase II construction took place shortly after the Olympics were over and was completed during the following year, in 1998, at the cost of US$15 million. The celebrations in the park were marred by the July 27 bombing which killed two people and injured one hundred eleven others, security at the park and at all sporting venues was subsequently raised to include bag searches and metal detectors at all entrances. The bombing site is adjacent to the Parks Centennial Tree and it was closed shortly after the Olympics for renovations until spring 1998. On March 14,2008, the park sustained minor damage when a tornado tore through downtown Atlanta, two of the 65-foot-tall light towers were blown down. It was the first tornado to hit the area since weather record keeping began in the 1880s. It is bounded by Marietta Street to the west, Baker Street to the north and Centennial Olympic Park Drive to the east, andrew Young International Boulevard, named for the former Atlanta mayor and United Nations ambassador, runs through the southern portion of the park. Since 2008, the area around the park has been marketed, the Atlanta Streetcar will pass along the east side of the park, with a stop for the park on Centennial Olympic Drive. It forms a splash pad that was designed for children to frolic in and it consists of 251 jets that shoot 12 to 35 feet in the air, and also creates a beautiful water sculpture that is essentially the front yard of the nearby museum. There are several pieces of sculpture scattered through the park including a statue of Pierre de Coubertin, a small amphitheatre is located at the southern end of the park. The park has shows at the fountain all 365 days of the year and they play at 12,30 p. m.3,30 p. m.6,30 p. m. and 9,30 p. m. In July 2013, SkyView Atlanta, a transportable Ferris wheel, the 200-foot wheel features 42 air-conditioned cars and excellent views of the park and the surrounding area
10.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
11.
History of American football
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The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Among these important changes were the introduction of the line of scrimmage, of down-and-distance rules, the popularity of college football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 20th century. Bowl games, a football tradition, attracted a national audience for college teams. Boosted by fierce rivalries and colorful traditions, college football still holds widespread appeal in the United States, in 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed. This league changed its name to the National Football League two years later, and eventually became the league of American football. Primarily a sport of Midwestern industrial towns in the United States, American footballs explosion in popularity during the second half of the 20th century can be traced to the 1958 NFL Championship Game, a contest that has been dubbed the Greatest Game Ever Played. Forms of traditional football have been played throughout Europe and beyond since antiquity, many of these involved handling of the ball, and scrummage-like formations. Several of the oldest examples of games include the Greek game of Episkyros. Over time many countries across the world have developed their own national football-like games. By some accounts, in such events any means could be used to move the ball towards the goal. Sometimes instead of markers, the teams would attempt to kick the bladder into the balcony of the opponents church, a legend that these games in England evolved from a more ancient and bloody ritual of kicking the Danes head is unlikely to be true. These antiquated games went into decline in the 19th century when the Highway Act 1835 was passed banning the playing of football on public highways. Early games appear to have had much in common with the mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard
12.
1874 Harvard vs. McGill football game
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The 1874 Harvard vs. McGill football game was a college football game between the Harvard Crimson and the McGill Redmen played on May 15,1874. The game used three period or games and ended in a scoreless tie and it was the first rugby-style football game played in the United States. A Princeton vs. Rutgers football game was played five years earlier in 1869, on October 20,1873, representatives from Yale, Columbia, Princeton, and Rutgers met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City to codify the first set of intercollegiate football rules. Before this meeting, each school had its own set of rules and games were played using the home teams own particular code. At this meeting, a list of rules, based more on association football than on rugby football, was drawn up for football games. Harvard, which played the Boston game, a version of football that allowed carrying, refused to attend this rules conference, the McGill team traveled to Cambridge to meet Harvard. On May 13,1874, the first game, played under Boston rules, was won by Harvard with a score of 3–0, the next day, the two teams played under McGill rugby rules to a scoreless tie. The first game featured a round instead of a rugby-style oblong ball. McGill used simply a covered by leather instead of a rubber ball as did Harvard. This series of games represents an important milestone in the development of the game of American football. Harvard quickly took a liking to the game, and its use of the try which. The try would later evolve into the known as the touchdown. In late 1874, the Harvard team traveled to Montreal to play McGill in rugby, and won by three tries in front of 2,000 spectators
13.
Walter Camp
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Walter Chauncey Camp was an American football player, coach, and sports writer known as the Father of American Football. Among a long list of inventions, he created the line of scrimmage. With John Heisman, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding H. Yost and he attended Yale College, where he played and coached college football. Camps Yale teams of 1888,1891, and 1892 have been recognized as national champions, Camp was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951. Camp wrote articles and books on the gridiron and sports in general, by the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and more than 250 magazine articles. Camp was born in the city of New Britain, Connecticut, Walter Camp was of English descent. He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, entered Yale College in 1875, at Yale he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, the Linonian Society, and Skull and Bones. He attended Yale Medical School from 1880 to 1883, where his studies were interrupted first by an outbreak of typhoid fever, in 1873, he attended a meeting where representatives from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale universities created the intercollegiate football association. They created the rule that each team is only allowed 15 plays per drive and he played as a halfback at Yale from 1876 to 1882. Harvard player Nathaniel Curtis took one look at Camp, then only 156 pounds and he worked for the New Haven Clock Company beginning in 1883, working his way up to chairman of the board of directors. On June 30,1888, Camp married Alice Graham Sumner, sister of sociologist William Graham Sumner and they had two children, Walter Camp, Jr. who attended Yale as well and was elected as a member of Scroll and Key in 1912, and Janet Camp Troxell. Camp served as the football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892 before moving to Stanford University. On Christmas 1894, he and Amos Alonzo Staggs Chicago Maroons organized an early intersectional contest, Camp was on the various collegiate football rules committees that developed the American game from his time as a player at Yale until his death. English Rugby rules at the time required a player, when the ball was fairly held. College Football 1880 rules convention that the contested scrimmage be replaced with a line of scrimmage where the team with the ball started with uncontested possession and this change effectively created the evolution of the modern game of American football from its rugby football origins. This is significant as rugby union has no point value award for this action, the NCAA emerged from the national talks, but worked to Yales disadvantage relative to rival Harvard, according to Branch. By the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and his stories also appeared in major daily newspapers throughout the United States. He also selected an annual All-American team, by the age of 33, twelve years after graduating from Yale, Walter Camp had already become known as the Father of Football
14.
William Heffelfinger
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William Walter Pudge Heffelfinger was an American football player and coach. He is considered the first athlete to play professionally, having been paid to play in 1892. William Heffelfinger was born in 1867 in the city of Minneapolis. Williams father was Major Christopher B, Heffelfinger, his mother was Mary Ellen Totton. Both his parents were born in Pennsylvania, during Williams lifetime, the Heffelfinger family rose to prominence in Minneapolis. As a boy, William Heffelfinger was nicknamed Pudge and he played baseball and football in high school. Occasionally, during his junior and senior years of school he also played baseball, as a catcher. Heffelfinger, a three-time All-American, played for Walter Camp at Yale College in 1888,1889,1890, and 1891. On Heffelfingers first day of practice in 1888, the captain of the varsity team, Pa Corbin, spotted him on the field. His usual posture was head bowed, shoulders stopped, eyes to the ground, with no idea whatever of his marvelous power and nature-given ability to strike terror in his opponents. Knapp did everything possible by word and deed to arouse Heff so that he would give all he had in him for the good of the Yale team. Finally, at his wits end, Howard decided he would try the sight of blood to stir up Heffs dormant bellicose spirit. Heff, not knowing the nature of the gore, certainly must have been stirred, Heff found himself that day and from then on was a terror to his opponents. The 1888 Yale team was not only undefeated and untied, but unscored upon, during Heffelfingers four years playing for Yale under Camp, the team only lost two games. His teammates included, besides Pa Corbin, Alonzo Stagg, Charley Gill, Billy Rhodes, Lee “Bum” McClung and George Washington Woodruff. Heffelfinger felt that the greatest of these teams was the undefeated 1891 team he played on his senior year, Heffelfingers athletic activities at Yale were not limited to football, he lettered in three other sports, rowing, baseball and track, and won the university heavyweight boxing championship. It would be more than half a century before college graduate Heffelfinger would be recognized for being secretly paid $500 to play a game in 1892. In the 1960s a man only as Nelson Ross walked into the office of Art Rooney
15.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
16.
Medieval football
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Medieval football is a modern term sometimes used for a wide variety of localised football games which were invented and played in Europe during the Middle Ages. Alternative names include folk football, mob football and Shrovetide football and these games may be regarded as the ancestors of modern codes of football, and by comparison with later forms of football, the medieval matches were chaotic and had few rules. The Middle Ages saw a rise in popularity of games played annually at Shrovetide throughout Europe, the games played in England at this time may have arrived with the Roman occupation but there is little evidence to indicate this. Certainly the Romans played ball games, in particular Harpastum, there is also one reference to ball games being played in southern Britain prior to the Norman Conquest. In the ninth century Nenniuss Historia Britonum tells that a group of boys were playing at ball, the origin of this account is either Southern England or Wales. References to a game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule, in which the ball was propelled by hands, feet. By some accounts, in such events any means could be used to move the ball towards the goal. Sometimes instead of markers, the teams would attempt to kick the bladder into the balcony of the opponents church, a legend that these games in England evolved from a more ancient and bloody ritual of kicking the Danes head is unlikely to be true. These antiquated games went into decline in the 19th century when the Highway Act 1835 was passed banning the playing of football on public highways. Few images of medieval football survive, one engraving from the early fourteenth century at Gloucester Cathedral, England, clearly shows two young men running vigorously towards each other with a ball in mid-air between them. There is a hint that the players may be using their hands to strike the ball, a second medieval image in the British Museum, London clearly shows a group of men with a large ball on the ground. The ball clearly has a seam where leather has been sewn together and it is unclear exactly what is happening in this set of three images, although the last image appears to show a man with a broken arm. It is likely that this highlights the dangers of some medieval football games. Most of the early references to the game speak simply of ball play or playing at ball. This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked, the earliest account of ball games being played in Europe comes from the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius. The text, composed in what is now northern Wales, mentions a group of playing at ball. The earliest reference from France which provides evidence of the playing of ball games comes in 1147 and this refers to the handing over of seven balloons of greatest dimension. An early description of games that are likely to be football in England was given by William FitzStephen
17.
Old division football
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Old division football was a mob football game played from the 1820s to around 1890 by students at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. Dartmouth students published the rules of what is now called Old Division Football in 1871, every year a special match sometimes called the Usual Game of Foot Ball occurred early in the fall in which the sophomores took on the freshmen. The game was more about bragging rights, and by the nineteenth century involved little more than a mob fight over possession of the round ball. The event became known as the Usual Football Rush and then simply the Football Rush, five umpires, one from each class in the Academical, and one from the Scientific Department, shall be elected annually by the college. The senior umpire present shall settle all disputes which arise concerning the game, the ball shall be warned from the second base of the college grounds and towards the buildings. No warn shall be valid both parties are ready. Until the ball is kicked the warning party shall stand behind the ball and their opponents in front and these positions, and the warn as well, shall be changed each game. No player shall kick, trip, strike, or hold another for any cause during the game, the game shall be won when the ball is kicked past the east or west fence. Football Rules, Editorial Department, The Dartmouth 5, No, Football Rules, Editorial Department, The Dartmouth 8, No. 7,264, reprinted in Aegis 1926,486. )Old Division Football, the Indigenous Mob Soccer of Dartmouth College Good Morning Class, from NCAA FB FANS blog History of Football by HistoryofSports. net
18.
Rugby football
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Rugby is a type of football developed at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, one of many versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century. The two main types of rugby are rugby league and rugby union, although rugby league initially used rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports. Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league, the Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. These games appear to have resembled rugby football, the Roman politician Cicero describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barbers shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis, episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA. In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union, in 1892, after charges of professionalism were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union, was formed. The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, after the schism, the separate clubs were named rugby league and rugby union. Rugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions, Argentina, Australia, England, France, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby, whose headquarters are located in Dublin and it is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally. The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, there was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped. In Canada and the United States, rugby union evolved into gridiron football, during the late 1800s, the two forms of the game were very similar, but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart. Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a level by the Rugby League International Federation. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand, in Papua New Guinea it is the national sport. Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup, distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the oval ball and throwing the ball forward is not allowed, so that players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. As the sport of rugby league moved further away from its counterpart, rule changes were implemented with the aim of making a faster-paced. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle, play is continued with a play-the-ball, in league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession
19.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
20.
Canadian football
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In Canada, the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are related but have significant differences. Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s, and over time, active teams such as the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats have similar longevity. The CFL is the most popular and only major professional Canadian football league and its championship game, the Grey Cup, is one of Canadas largest sporting events, attracting a broad television audience, though it has been shrinking in recent years. In 2009, about 40% of Canadas population watched part of the game, in 2014, it was closer to 33%, great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame located in Hamilton, Ontario. Other organizations across Canada perform senior league Canadian football during the summer, the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9,1861, at University College, University of Toronto. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was Sir William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. The first written account of a game played was on October 15,1862 and it was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals,2 rouges to nothing. In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, the game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3,1869. Montreal formed a team April 8,1872, Toronto was formed on October 4,1873, and this rugby-football soon became popular at Montreals McGill University. McGill challenged Harvard University to a game, in 1874 using a game of English rugby devised by the University of McGill. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union were formed, and then the Interprovincial and Western Interprovincial Football Union, the CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, and then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become the CFL. The Burnside rules closely resembling American football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game, the rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first, the primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not. The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game was played in wider fields, initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, the move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football. Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the other country to have hosted high-level Canadian football games
21.
Homosexuality in American football
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Few American football players have come out as gay. Six former National Football League players have come out publicly after they retired, there has never been anyone who has been publicly out while playing in the NFL. Michael Sam was selected by the St. Louis Rams in 2014 NFL Draft, and became the first publicly gay player drafted in the league and he became the first publicly gay player to play in the Canadian Football League in August 2015. In college football, Division III player Conner Mertens came out as bisexual in January 2014, in August 2014, Arizona State player Chip Sarafin became the first publicly out active Division I player. The macho environment that exists in football along with the hypermasculinity promoted by sportscasters make it difficult for a player to come out, heterosexuality is flaunted in NFL locker rooms with the passing of pornographic magazines and videos, and visits to strip clubs. Gay slurs are sometimes used in the locker room, former NFL player Mark Schlereth said the slurs were not necessarily gay bashing, believing they were more out of ignorance than anything else. It doesnt excuse it, its just the way it is, while Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi was known to treat his players roughly in practices and during games, he insisted on unconditional respect for gay players and front office staff. Demanding Nothing But Acceptance from players and coaches toward all people, in Washington, Lombardis assistant general manager, David Slatterly, was gay, as was PR director Joe Blair, who was described as Lombardis right-hand man. According to son Vince Lombardi, Jr, and if you do have an issue, the problem will be yours because my locker room will tolerate nothing but acceptance. Upon his arrival in Washington, Lombardi was aware of tight end Jerry Smiths sexual orientation, “Lombardi protected and loved Jerry, ” said former teammate Dave Kopay. Lombardi invited other gay players to training camp, and would hope they would prove they could earn a spot on the team. Cant be with that sweet stuff and he also opined that any gay players should wait 10 years after retiring before coming out. Culliver received backlash for his comments, culliver later apologized for his ugly comments that were not what I feel in my heart. In 2013, the NFL Rookie Symposium planned for the first time to have speakers on the issue of sexual orientation and that same year, NFL player Chris Kluwe was released by the Minnesota Vikings, which he believed was due to his being outspoken in support of same-sex marriage. He said that special teams coach Mike Priefer in 2012 made homophobic remarks and criticized the player for his views on same-sex marriage, Kluwe also alleged that head coach Leslie Frazier told him to stop speaking out on same-sex marriage. In December, former teammates on the 1993 Houston Oilers said that at least two key players on the roster were generally known by the team to be gay, and were accepted by the team. Teammate Bubba McDowell said showering with the gay teammates was “no big deal. ”Division II college football player Brian Sims came out to his team in 2000 while playing for Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, and publicly told his story in 2009. Alan Gendreau was open to his Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team from 2008 through 2011, otherwise, he could have been the first publicly out gay active player in Division I college football
22.
Comparison of American football and rugby union
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A comparison of American football and rugby union is possible because of the games shared origins, despite their dissimilarities. In the event of a tackle in rugby the player may pass the ball behind him provided he is not on the ground. If the tackled player is on the ground, the ball must be released, allowing any player to pick up the ball. In rugby union, it is against the rules to throw the ball in a forward direction, a player can attempt a forward pass if he has already received a backwards pass, provided he stays behind the line of scrimmage. That is to say that in professional American football, the majority of play in only one specialization – however. In rugby the teams are divided into eight forwards and seven backs, both groups of players partake in attacking and defensive plays and are on the pitch at the same time. Only the eight forwards take part in the set pieces, which are ways to contest ball possession when there is a minor rule infringement or the ball out of bounds. These set pieces are scrums, tests of strength, and line outs, a persons build and skill set determines which group they can play in. All forwards must be heavy and strong to scrummage well but not so heavy that they are too slow to partake in attacking plays, the backs are lighter and faster and include the expert kickers. The forwards numbered 1 to 8 are the players that need to have good all-round rugby skills as well as speed, in professional rugby there are very few players who can play equally well in a variety of positions and most will play in the same position from youth. In most club and schoolhouse American Football, the majority of play both offense and defense, only being substituted for injury. Substitutes in American football can return to the game at any stoppage in play, in rugby union, any player substituted off for any reason, except for a blood injury, is prohibited from returning to the field of play. Rugby teams may make up to seven substitutions, each team must field 15 players at the start of each match. Players who are bleeding may receive medical treatment off pitch and are replaced until they have stopped bleeding, if the bleeding has not stopped after 15 minutes of real time, the player will be permanently substituted. This can be down to officials discretion, depending at which level the sport is played, ejected players in American football can be replaced with a substitute. In rugby union there are two different punishments, a yellow card can be shown for lesser infringements, which leads to the player being off the pitch for 10 minutes whilst the team will play with one less player for that duration. Players who are red carded automatically face a hearing. Also, in a match, rugby union players can be cited for an act of foul play for which the referee did not send the player off
23.
Comparison of American football and rugby league
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A comparison of American football and rugby league football can be made because of their shared origins, resulting in similarities and shared concepts in terms of scoring and advancing the ball. Aside from Canadian football, rugby league is the sport most similar to American football, both sports involve the concept of a limited number of tackles/downs, and in both sports scoring touchdowns/tries takes a clear precedence over goal-kicking. Generally, American football games last much longer than 80-minute rugby league matches, another major difference is that only the player with possession of the ball may be interfered with in rugby league. Defending players interfering with any attacking player will incur a penalty. To advance the ball downfield, a player may kick, if the player is in front of the kicker then he is considered offside but may continue forward providing he is not within 10m from the point where the ball lands. Once a player takes the ball and moves forward 10m the off-side player may tackle the ball-carrying player. Ironically, in American footbal the try is called touchdown, which is the way a try is scored in rugby, another obvious difference is the players attire, with helmets, gloves and large amounts of padding around the body being normal for American football. Comparatively little padding is used in league, with a small fraction of players opting for light headgear as hard helmets are not allowed. But as can be seen by the methods of tackling and aggressive nature of American Football the practice of wearing padding is needed, British colonists and the British military in Canada brought football to North America. It became popular in American and Canadian universities and prep schools, at the time association football and rugby football were not as differentiated as they are now and teams would negotiate the rules before playing a game. The sports of American football and Canadian football evolved from these intercollegiate games, meanwhile, in England a schism developed in rugby football between those who favoured strict amateurism and those who felt that players should be compensated for time taken off work to play rugby. In 1895 this resulted in the formation of a sport, rugby league. American football is played on a rectangular field 120 yards long by 53 1⁄3 yards wide, near each end of the field is a goal line, they are 100 yards apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards beyond each goal line, yard lines cross the field every 5 yards, two rows of hash marks run parallel to the side lines near the middle of the field. At the back of end zone, there are two goal posts that are 18.5 feet apart. The posts are connected by a crossbar 10 feet from the ground, a rugby league field is very similar, it is 120 metres long and about half that in width, there is a line across the field every ten metres. An in-goal area extends six to twelve metres beyond each goal-line, at the goal line are a set of goal posts in the shape of the letter H, used for other forms of point scoring, drop goal, penalty goal and conversion. As four replacements in a league team, with only twelve interchanges of players allowed to be made throughout the game
24.
Comparison of American and Canadian football
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American and Canadian football are gridiron codes of football that are very similar. Both have their origins in rugby football, there are, however, some key differences. Football was introduced to North America in Canada by the British Army garrison in Montreal, in 1874, USAs Harvard University hosted Canadas McGill University to play the new game derived from rugby football in a home-and-home series. When the Canadians arrived several days early, to advantage of the trip to see Boston. During this time, the Americans were surprised to see the Canadians kick, chase, when the American asked which game the Canadians played, David replied rugby. After some negotiation, it was decided to play a game with half and half Canadian/US rules, thus, many of the similarities and differences between the Canadian and American games indeed came out of this original series where each home team set the rules. For instance, Harvard, because of a lack of campus space and their pitch was only 100 yd long by 50 yd wide with undersized endzones. Because of the field, the Harvard team opted for 11 players per side. To generate more offense, Harvard also increased the number of downs from three, as set by McGill, to four, furthermore, the Harvard players so enjoyed running with the ball, this rule was wholly adopted into all Harvard play following the two games with McGill. While the American team bested the Canadian, both countries flavours of football were changed and linked to one another. Many, perhaps most, of the differences have arisen because of rules changes in American football in the early 20th century which have not been copied by Canadian football. The major Canadian codes never abolished the onside scrimmage kick or restricted backfield motion, Canadian football was later in adopting the hand snap and the forward pass, although one would not suspect the latter from play today. Additionally, Canadian football was slower in removing restrictions on blocking, similarly, differences in scoring opened up from the late 19th century, but were erased by the 1950s. An area in which American football has been more conservative is the retention of the fair catch, in some regions along the Canada-USA border, especially western areas, some high schools from opposite sides of the border regularly play games against one another. By agreement between the bodies involved, the field of the home team is considered a legal field. In all but a few cases, the rules of the team are followed throughout the game. For individuals who played both American and Canadian football professionally, their career totals are considered to be their combined totals from their careers in both the CFL and NFL. Warren Moon, for example, was the professional football leader in passing yards after an illustrious career in both leagues
25.
Pro Football Hall of Fame
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The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football. As of 2017, there are a total of 310 members of the Hall of Fame, groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11,1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and 19,000 square feet of interior space, in April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971, the size was increased to 34,000 square feet by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion and this was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. In November 1977, work began on another project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the shop and research library. The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet, the building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000 and this expansion was completed in October 1995. The buildings size was increased to 82,307 square feet, the most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium, which shows an NFL Films production on a 20-foot by 42-foot Cinemascope screen. Through 2017, all inductees except one, played part of their professional career in the NFL. For CFL stars, there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame, only one player, the Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the leagues franchises with 32 enshrinees. Enshrinees are selected by a 46-person committee, largely made up of media members, each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee. A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise, there are also 13 at-large delegates, and one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association. Except for the PFWA representative, who is appointed to a term, all other appointments are open-ended and terminated only by death, incapacitation, retirement. To be eligible for the process, a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years. Any other contributor such as an owner or executive can be voted in at any time. Fans may nominate any player, coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email
26.
Glossary of American football
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The following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football, for a list of unique to that code. 2-4-5 defense A type of formation with two linemen, four linebackers, and five defensive backs. More common among teams with 3-4 base defenses than the 3-3-5 and this maximizes versatility for the defense against three- and four-WR offensive sets. A safety will often cover the fourth receiver, and a linebacker will cover the end or halfback. The 2-4-5 is most often used against the offense, when substituting players may be difficult. 3–3–5 defense A variation of the formation with three linemen, three linebackers, and five defensive backs. 3–4 defense A defensive formation with three linemen and four linebackers, a professional derivative in the 1970s of the earlier Oklahoma or 50 defense, which had five linemen and two linebackers. The 3-4 outside linebackers resemble stand-up ends in the older defense and it is sometimes pronounced thirty-four defense. 4–3 defense A defensive formation with four linemen and three linebackers, first used by coaches Joe Kuharich and Tom Landry. It is sometimes pronounced forty-three defense,46 defense Usually pronounced forty-six defense, a formation of the 4-3 defense featuring several dramatic shifts of personnel. The remaining safety, which is the safety, stays in the backfield. It was invented by Buddy Ryan during his tenure as defensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears and was popularized by the Bears during their Super Bowl XX championship season,50 defense or 5-2 defense A once popular college defense with five defensive linemen and two linebackers. Also known as the Oklahoma defense, it is very similar to the 3-4. In the 50 defense, the uses a nose tackle. It maximizes size along the line of scrimmage and is used in high school against teams that run the ball a lot. 53-man roster The most players a National Football League team can carry on its roster at the start of the regular season. To reach the deadline, teams can cut players, add players to their practice squad, 7-box or 7-2-2 defense A defensive formation with seven linemen, two linebackers, and two defensive backs
27.
Artificial turf
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Artificial turf is a surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are played on grass. However, it is now being used on lawns and commercial applications as well. The main reason is maintenance—artificial turf stands up to use, such as in sports. Domed, covered, and partially covered stadiums may require artificial turf because of the difficulty of getting enough sunlight to stay healthy. But artificial turf does have its downside, limited life, periodic cleaning requirements, petroleum use, toxic chemicals from infill, artificial turf first gained substantial attention in the 1960s, when it was used in the newly constructed Astrodome. The specific product used was developed by Monsanto and called AstroTurf, AstroTurf remains a registered trademark, but is no longer owned by Monsanto. The first generation systems of the 1960s have been largely replaced by the second generation. That accomplishment led Sports Illustrated to declare Chaney as the man responsible for major league baseball. Artificial turf was first installed in 1964 on a school recreation area in Rhode Island. The material came to prominence in 1966, when AstroTurf was installed in the Astrodome in Houston. The use of AstroTurf and similar surfaces became widespread in the U. S. and Canada in the early 1970s, more than 11,000 artificial turf playing fields have been installed nationally. More than 1,200 were installed in the U. S. in 2013 alone, maintaining a grass playing surface indoors, while technically possible, is prohibitively expensive. Artificial turf was first used in Major League Baseball in the Houston Astrodome in 1966, for most of the 1965 season, the Astros played on green-painted dirt and dead grass. The solution was to install a new type of grass on the field, ChemGrass. Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low, only a limited amount was available for the first home game, there was not enough for the entire outfield, but there was enough to cover the traditional grass portion of the infield. The outfield remained painted dirt until after the All-Star Break, the team was sent on an extended road trip before the break, and on 19 July 1966, the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed. The Chicago White Sox became the first team to install artificial turf in a stadium, as they used it in the infield
28.
Rutgers University
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Rutgers was chartered as Queens College on November 10,1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, for most of its existence, Rutgers was a private liberal arts college affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church. The college expanded its role in research and instruction in agriculture, engineering and it gained university status in 1924 with the introduction of graduate education and further expansion. However, Rutgers evolved into a public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956. It is one of two colonial colleges that later became public universities. Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey, the New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway, the Newark campus, the university has additional facilities elsewhere in New Jersey. Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate, through several years of effort by the Rev. Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen and Rev. The Grammar School, today the private Rutgers Preparatory School, was a part of the community until 1959. New Brunswick was chosen as the location over Hackensack because the New Brunswick Dutch had the support of the Anglican population, despite the religious nature of the early college, the first classes were held at a tavern called the Sign of the Red Lion. When the Revolutionary War broke out and taverns were suspected by the British as being hotbeds of rebel activity, in its early years, due to a lack of funds, Queens College was closed for two extended periods. Early trustees considered merging the college with the College of New Jersey, in Princeton, in 1808, after raising $12,000, the college was temporarily reopened and broke ground on a building of its own, called Old Queens, designed by architect John McComb, Jr. The colleges third president, the Rev. Ira Condict, laid the cornerstone on April 27,1809, shortly after, the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, founded in 1784, relocated from Brooklyn, New York, to New Brunswick, and shared facilities with Queens College. During those formative years, all three institutions fit into Old Queens, in 1830, the Queens College Grammar School moved across the street, and in 1856, the Seminary relocated to a seven-acre tract less than one-half miles away. According to the Board of Trustees, Colonel Rutgers was honored because he epitomized Christian values, the Rutgers Scientific School would expand over the years to grow into the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and divide into the College of Engineering and the College of Agriculture. Rutgers created the New Jersey College for Women in 1918, with the development of graduate education, and the continued expansion of the institution, the collection of schools became Rutgers University in 1924. Rutgers College continued as an arts college within the university. Rutgers was designated the State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956, shortly after, the University of Newark was merged with Rutgers in 1946, as were the College of South Jersey and South Jersey Law School, in 1950. These two institutions became Rutgers University–Newark and Rutgers University–Camden, respectively, on September 10,1970, after much debate, the Board of Governors voted to admit women into Rutgers College
29.
New Brunswick, New Jersey
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The City of New Brunswick is a city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. It is the county seat of Middlesex County, and the home of Rutgers University, the city is located on the Northeast Corridor rail line,27 miles southwest of Manhattan, on the southern bank of the Raritan River. The corporate headquarters and production facilities of several global companies are situated in the city, including Johnson & Johnson. New Brunswick is noted for its ethnic diversity, at one time, one quarter of the Hungarian population of New Jersey resided in the city and in the 1930s one out of three city residents was Hungarian. The Hungarian community continues to exist, alongside growing Asian and Hispanic communities that have developed around French Street near Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and it was first inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. The first European settlement at the site of New Brunswick was made in 1681, the settlement here was called Prigmores Swamp, then known as Inians Ferry. In 1714, the settlement was given the name New Brunswick, after the city of Braunschweig, in state of Lower Saxony, in Germany. Braunschweig was an influential and powerful city in the Hanseatic League, later in the Holy Roman Empire, and was an administrative seat for the Duchy of Hanover. Shortly after the first settlement of New Brunswick in colonial New Jersey, George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, alternatively, the city gets its name from King George II of Great Britain, the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. New Brunswick was incorporated as a town in 1736 and chartered as a city in 1784 and it was incorporated into a town in 1798 as part of the Township Act of 1798. It was occupied by the British in the winter of 1776–1777 during the Revolutionary War. The Declaration of Independence received one of its first public readings, by Col. John Neilson, in New Brunswick on July 9,1776, in the days following its promulgation by the Continental Congress. The Trustees of Queens College, founded in 1766, voted to locate the college in New Brunswick, selecting the city over Hackensack, in Bergen County. Classes began in 1771 with one instructor, one sophomore, Matthew Leydt, classes were held through the American Revolution in various taverns and boarding houses, and at a building known as College Hall on George Street, until Old Queens was erected in 1808. It remains the oldest building on the Rutgers University campus, the Queens College Grammar School was established also in 1766, and shared facilities with the College until 1830, when it located in a building across College Avenue from Old Queens. The New Brunswick Theological Seminary, founded in 1784 in New York, moved to New Brunswick in 1810, New Brunswick was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on September 1,1784. The existence of an African American community dates back to the late 18th century, the citys Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, located at 39 Morris Street, was originally established in 1825 at 25 Division Street, making it one of the oldest in New Jersey. New Brunswick began attracting a Hungarian immigrant population around the turn of the 20th century, hungarians were primarily attracted to the city by employment at Johnson & Johnson factories located in the city
30.
1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game
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The 1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game was a college football game between the College of New Jersey and the Rutgers Queensmen played on November 6,1869. The games rules were based on the London Football Associations early set of rules, part of the first season of college football ever played, the game took place on November 6,1869, at College Field in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Because the game was played at a Rutgers field, it was played under Rutgers rules. Rutgers won the game by a score of 6 runs to Princetons 4, the game was played in front of approximately 100 spectators. The teams played 10 games against each other, when a team scored one time, it counted as the end of the game, and the team with the most goals after play was completed was considered the winner. The game was played under a variation of the rules of the Football Association. As the first of the 10 games began, two players each of the teams positioned themselves near the opponents goal. This was presumably because the participants were hoping to score when the ball reached their territory on the field of play. On each team, there were eleven so-called fielders who were assigned to defend their own territorial area, there were 12 participants on each team that they named bulldogs who were the ones playing in the other teams territory. At some point early in the contest, the flying wedge play was first used as the team with the ball formed what is considered a wall-like formation and this flying wedge tactic was successful early on for Rutgers because of their perceived size disadvantage over Princeton. However, Princeton countered the tactic with a participant named J. E. Michael, Big Mike had broken up the Rutgers flying wedge play during the fourth game, and Princeton took advantage at that moment as they were able to tie the overall score at 2-2. A Rutgers player named Madison M. Ball, a veteran of the American Civil War, used his quickness. When the ball would enter Rutgers territory, Madison would get in front of it, Ball was able to successfully use that play to set up Dixon to score another goal which gave Rutgers a 4-2 games lead. Rutgers then allowed Princeton to score a goal as one of their players and it was blocked by a Rutgers player, but Princeton soon was able to take advantage to cut the lead down to 4-3. Princeton scored on their possession when they used a flying wedge play of their own led by Big Mike as they were able to march down the field to score to tie the game at 4. Rutgers captain John W. Leggett had a strategy for his team at this point and he suggested that the Rutgers team keep the ball low on the ground to counter the much taller players on Princetons team. This strategy appeared to work as Rutgers easily scored the two goals of the contest to win the first intercollegiate football game ever played 6-4. Princeton had more size which would normally be an advantage on a field with 50 total players, after the game, an eye witness named John W. Herbert said that he thought Rutgers was the smaller team, but that they had more speed than Princeton
31.
Princeton University
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Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
32.
New Jersey Attorney General
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The attorney general of New Jersey is a member of the executive cabinet of the state and oversees the Department of Law and Public Safety. The office is appointed by the Governor of New Jersey, confirmed by the New Jersey Senate, under the provisions of the New Jersey State Constitution, the Attorney General serves a concurrent four-year term to the governor. The conventional wisdom is that the Attorney General cannot be removed from office except for cause by the Governor or by way of legislative impeachment. It is fifth in the line of succession after the Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, President of the New Jersey Senate, the Attorney General cannot also serve as the Lieutenant Governor. 2006, Zulima Farber 2006–2007, Stuart Rabner 2007–2010, Anne Milgram 2010–2011, dow 2012–2013, Jeffrey S. Chiesa. Justia. com U. S
33.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
34.
Attorney General of New York
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The Attorney General of New York is the chief legal officer of the State of New York and head of the New York state governments Department of Law. The office has been in existence in some form since 1626, the current Attorney General is Eric Schneiderman. He was elected on November 2,2010 and took office on January 1,2011, the Attorney General advises the executive branch of state government and defends actions and proceedings on behalf of the state. The Attorney General acts independently of the Governor of New York, the departments regulations are compiled in title 13 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. The legal functions of the Department of Law are divided primarily into five divisions, Appeals and Opinions, State Counsel, Criminal Justice, Economic Justice. In 1693, the Attorney General earned a salary of 50 pounds, from 1777 to 1822, the Attorney General was appointed by the Council of Appointment. From 1823 to 1846, the Attorney General was elected by the New York State Legislature for a three-year term, attorneys General have been elected by the voters since 1847. Justia. com U. S
35.
Kings Mills, Ohio
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Kings Mills is an census-designated place in the southwestern corner of Deerfield Township, Warren County, Ohio, United States, on the western shore of the Little Miami River. Another town, Gainsboro, was platted on this site in 1815, Kings Mills was established in 1884 as a company town for the King Powder Company, and the Peters Cartridge Company which ceased operations in 1944. The town is in the Mason telephone exchange and is served by the Kings Mills/Kings Island post office and it is in the Kings Local School District. The Little Miami Scenic Trail, which runs from Milford to Spring Valley, Kings Island amusement park and Great Wolf Lodge indoor water park are immediately south of the community in Mason. Kings Mills was formerly the home of the College Football Hall of Fame, which moved to South Bend, Indiana in 1995
36.
Kings Island
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Kings Island is a 364-acre amusement park located 24 miles northeast of Cincinnati in Mason, Ohio. After more than $275 million in investments, the park features over 80 rides, shows and attractions including fourteen roller coasters. Throughout its history, Kings Island has appeared in sitcoms and has received widespread recognition for its record-breaking attractions. One of the parks most well-known attractions, The Racer, is credited with reviving worldwide interest in roller coasters during the 1970s. Others, such as The Beast and Banshee, have set world records including some of which are still standing. The park has suffered through times of negative publicity, particularly surrounding the early demise of roller coasters The Bat. Kings Island is divided into themed sections. The seasonal amusement park is open from spring through Labor Day in September. In 2015, Kings Island was the second-most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States behind Cedar Point and it was third overall for seasonal attendance in North America, which was led by Canadas Wonderland. Kings Island has won Amusement Todays Golden Ticket Award for having the Best Kids Area in the world for fifteen consecutive years, although occasional flooding was common at the successful park, the flood in 1964 was the fourth highest on record and caused considerable damage. Faced with already-limited space for expansion and parking, the event triggered discussions within the organization about relocating the park, leading the way was Gary Wachs, son of Coney Island president Ralph Wachs, who with friends and family owned a majority of stock. He decided it was time to relocate the park to stay competitive, after years of research and traveling abroad, he presented ideas for a new theme park to the companys board of directors. Some board members opposed relocating, including significant stockholder Charles Sawyer, the announcement highlighted the need for change and gave Wachs proposal credibility within the organization. Gary met with the president of Taft Broadcasting Company, an interested in promoting its recently acquired Hanna-Barbera division. After receiving support, Fess Parkers efforts to secure financing fell apart along with his plans to build a theme park. In July 1969, Taft Broadcasting Company purchased Coney Island for $6.5 million and soon after purchased 1,600 acres in Warren County, Ohio, Kings Island still owns 773 acres of that purchase. The site is located between I-71 and the Little Miami River in what was then a part of Deerfield Township, construction began on June 15,1970. Later that year, a public contest was held to name the new park, Kings Island emerged the most popular for its recognition of the Kings Mills area as well as its predecessor Coney Island
37.
South Bend, Indiana
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South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total of 101,168 residents, its Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 318,586 and it is the fourth-largest city in Indiana, serving as the economic and cultural hub of Northern Indiana. The highly ranked University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame, the area was originally settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bends economy through the mid-20th century, River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations. The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it had a population of 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, remaining large corporations include Crowe Horwath, Honeywell, and AM General. Recently, the city population has started to grow for the first time in fifty years. The old Studebaker plant and surrounding area, now called Ignition Park, is being redeveloped as a center to attract new industry. The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans, one of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the region, utilizing the rich food, the Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was so popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee River and this route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders. The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area, in 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived, representing the American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend, alexis Coquillard, another agent of the AFC, established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station. In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Josephs, by 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office, Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana. The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, in 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents. Soon after, design began on what would become the town of South Bend, the town was formally established in 1835 and rapidly grew
38.
Dallas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
39.
T. Boone Pickens
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Thomas Boone Pickens, Jr. known as T. Boone Pickens, is an American business magnate and financier. Pickens chairs the hedge fund BP Capital Management and he was a well-known takeover operator and corporate raider during the 1980s. As of November,2016, Pickens has a net worth of $500 million, Pickens was born in Holdenville, Oklahoma, the son of Grace and Thomas Boone Pickens. His father worked as an oil and mineral landman, during World War II, his mother ran the local Office of Price Administration, rationing gasoline and other goods in three counties. Pickens was the first child born via Caesarean section in the history of Holdenville hospital, at age 12, Pickens delivered newspapers. He quickly expanded his paper route from 28 papers to 156, Pickens later cited his boyhood job as an early introduction to expanding quickly by acquisition, a business practice he favored later in life. When the oil boom in Oklahoma ended in the late 1930s, Pickens family moved to Amarillo, Pickens attended Texas A&M on a basketball scholarship, but he lost the scholarship and transferred to Oklahoma A&M, where he majored in geology. He is a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity and he graduated from Oklahoma State with a degree in geology in 1951. Following his graduation, Pickens was employed by Phillips Petroleum and he worked for Phillips until 1954. In 1956, following his period as a wildcatter, he founded the company that would later become Mesa Petroleum, by 1981, Mesa had grown into one of the largest independent oil companies in the world. Pickens led Mesas first major acquisition, a takeover of the Hugoton Production Company and he then shifted his focus to acquiring other oil and gas companies by making solicited and unsolicited buyout bids and other merger and acquisition activity. Pickens corporate acquisitions made him a celebrity during the 1980s, an era of vigorous and his most publicized deals included attempted buyouts of Cities Service, Gulf Oil, Phillips Petroleum, and Unocal. It was during this period that Pickens led Mesas successful acquisitions of Pioneer Petroleum and these as well as other deals placed Pickens at the center of controversy during the 1980s. His celebrity rose so quickly after the Gulf Oil takeover bid that Time magazine put Pickens on the cover for the March 1985 issue and he briefly considered running for president in the 1988 elections. During this period, he was characterized as a corporate raider and greenmailer. His later takeover targets included Newmont Mining, a New York-based firm, Diamond Shamrock and he was also involved in the creation of the United Shareholders Association, which from 1986–1993 attempted to influence the governance of several large companies. After nearly two years of hearing and debate, in July 1998 the Securities and Exchange Commission voted 4–1 to approve a one-share, one-vote rule. On the local level, Pickens chaired the Board of Regents of West Texas State University in Canyon and he was also active in the Republican Party in Potter County
40.
Georgia Aquarium
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The Georgia Aquarium is a public aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. It is the largest aquarium in the Western Hemisphere, housing thousands of animals and representing several species, all of which reside in 10 million US gallons of marine. It was the largest aquarium in the world from its opening in 2005 until 2012, the Aquariums notable specimens include whale sharks, beluga whales, bottlenose dolphins, and manta rays. In November 2001, Bernard Marcus announced his vision of presenting Atlanta with an aquarium that would encourage both education and economic growth, after visiting 56 aquariums in 13 countries with his wife, Billi, he donated $250 million toward what was to become Georgia Aquarium. Corporate contributions totaling an additional $40 million allowed the aquarium to open debt-free and its blue metal-and-glass exterior is meant to evoke a giant ark breaking through a wave. The world’s largest when it opened in November 2005, the aquarium encompasses 550,000 square feet of covered space, its exhibits hold 8,000,000 US gallons of fresh and salt water. After 27 months of construction the aquarium opened on November 21,2005, the aquarium is part of the Smithsonian Affiliations program. The Georgia Aquarium contains tens of thousands of fish and other sea creatures, representing several hundred species. The aquarium is the only institution outside of Asia that houses whale sharks and their importation from Taiwan had never been attempted previously. They were taken from Taiwans annual fishing kill quota, under which they would have been eaten had they not been purchased by the aquarium. The aquariums most famous specimens were four young whale sharks from Taiwan named Ralph, Norton, Alice, Ralph and Norton died in 2007 but that same year the aquarium received two more whale sharks just before a ban on capture of that species took effect. The aquarium has also been home to as many as five 11-foot beluga whales at once. Males Nico and Gasper, acquired from an amusement park in Mexico, were joined by three females on breeding loan from the New York Aquarium, Marina, Natasha and Natashas daughter, Maris. After Gasper and Marina died in 2007, the belugas were transferred to SeaWorld San Antonio, in 2010, Maris and a new male, Beethoven, were returned to the Georgia Aquarium while Natasha remains with a potential mate in San Antonio. Two young belugas, Grayson and Qinu, also from San Antonio, were added in November 2010, before transferring to the Shedd Aquarium in 2014, Beethoven fathered calves with Maris in 2012 and 2015. Maris died of a defect in 2015. In 2016, Grayson was sent to Shedd Aquarium while SeaWorld Orlandos Aurek and Maple, a second manta ray, Tallulah, was added in September 2009, joined in 2010 by female named Billi, and in 2012 by a male. The animals range in size from 10–13 ft wingspans, the aquariums animals are displayed in five galleries, Tropical Diver, Ocean Voyager, Cold Water Quest, River Scout, and Dolphin Tales
41.
World of Coca-Cola
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The World of Coca-Cola is a museum, located in Atlanta, Georgia, showcasing the history of The Coca-Cola Company. The 20-acre complex opened to the public on May 24,2007, relocating from and replacing the original exhibit, there are various similar World of Coca-Cola stores in locations such as Las Vegas and Disney Springs. The original World of Coca-Cola was located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia at 55 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, the museum opened in 1990, and would remain open until 2007. The original World of Coca-Cola saw around nine million visitors during its years of operation, the museum was located in a three-story pavilion and its entrance had a huge neon Coca-Cola sign. This sign was built by Metals Manufacturing in West Valley, Utah, the tour featured the Spectacular Fountain, where visitors were allowed to sample various Coke products. At the Tastes of the States area in the room, guests were able to try 22 different soft drink brands. The Tastes of the World exhibit was located in the International Lounge, there was also a gift shop. The Atlanta museum was relocated to 121 Baker Street in Atlanta, the 92, 000-square-foot building was constructed at a cost of $97 million and opened in 2007. It is located in Atlanta, Georgia at Pemberton Place, the 20-acre complex is located across Baker Street from Centennial Olympic Park that is home to the Georgia Aquarium and the Center for Civil & Human Rights. It opened to the public on May 24,2007, relocating from, the museum features exhibits about the secret formula of Coca-Cola and allows visitors to taste 60 different flavors from around the world. It also houses a fully functional bottling line that produces commemorative 8-ounce bottles of Coca-Cola for visitors to keep as souvenirs, there are other World of Coca-Cola locations beyond Atlanta as well. Club Cool, formerly Ice Station Cool, is located in Walt Disney World Epcot park, the facade was themed to resemble a polar expedition with props such as a snowmobile. Like other Coca-Cola exhibits it included an area where guests could taste Coca-Cola beverages from around the world, in 2016 the World of Coca-Cola opened in Disney Springs, which was modeled like the Atlanta attraction. It features a sampling of Coca-Cola products from around the world, World of Coca-Cola Las Vegas, built in 1997, was located in the Showcase Mall on the Las Vegas Strip. It closed in 2000, but the Everything Coca-Cola store remains open, World of Coca-Cola Tokyo was located on the 6th floor of Mediage in Daiba. It closed on January 15,2007, there is also a Coca-Cola Museum in Taoyuan City, Taiwan as of 2007
42.
CNN Center
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The CNN Center is the world headquarters of CNN. The main newsrooms and studios for several of CNNs news channels are located in the building, the facilitys commercial office space is occupied entirely by CNN and its parent company, Turner Broadcasting System, a subsidiary of Time Warner. The CNN Center is located in Downtown Atlanta, Georgia, adjacent to Centennial Olympic Park, the CNN Center opened in 1976 as the Omni Complex, which was a development by Cousins Properties. The Omni Coliseum, an NBA and NHL arena directly connected to the Omni Complex, opened 3 years earlier, the Omni Complex largely sat vacant until CNN moved its headquarters there in 1987 from its Midtown Atlanta site. The facility originally offered office space to various tenants, as well as consulates over the years. The main floor featured an ice skating rink, as well as a small number of restaurants. More famously, Sid and Marty Krofft built an amusement park called The World of Sid and Marty Krofft. The park was the first indoor theme park and opened in 1976, the complex also featured a multi-screen movie theater. For years, the theater offered showings of Gone with the Wind, the theater was replaced during renovations to put in a new newsroom for CNNs website operations. The ice skating rink was filled in and a map of the world replaced it. When CNN networks moved to the CNN Center on July 13,1987 and their sister channel started live programming at 6.00 p. m. ET of that day. On May 11,1997, the Omni Coliseum closed and its replacement, the Philips Arena, broke ground on June 5,1997. The Omni Coliseum was imploded on July 26,1997 and it was believed that the CNN Center was damaged after the implosion. The Philips Arena opened on September 18,1999, the Omni Coliseums scoreboard is still in use, and is currently the scoreboard at the Philips Arena. On April 4th,2007, Arthur Mann, an employee at the Omni Hotel, shot, the building was evacuated shortly after the first shots were heard. Mann was shot by police and both were taken to a nearby hospital, Riddles later died of her injuries. An autopsy showed that Riddles was shot three times by Mann, the cause of the shooting is unknown. On March 14,2008, a EF-2 tornado passed through downtown Atlanta, damaging the CNN Center and leaving water, the ceiling of the atrium was also damaged, causing water to pour in and partially flood the food court
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National Center for Civil and Human Rights
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The Center for Civil and Human Rights is a museum dedicated to the achievements of both the civil rights movement in the United States and the broader worldwide human rights movement. Located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, the museum opened to the public on June 23,2014. The group met again in 2005, at which point Franklin signed onto the project, however, due to the Great Recession, fundraising was slower than expected. The change was motivated by the threat of losing $28.5 million from a tax allocation district fund if construction was not started by June 2012. Groundbreaking finally took place on June 27,2012 in a ceremony attended by dignitaries, including current Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed and former mayors Franklin. The museum currently contains three permanent exhibitions, which the visitor can experience in about 75 minutes. Voice to the Voiceless, The Morehouse College Martin Luther King, Jr. Collection contains personal effects that belonged to Dr. Martin Luther King, the collection was obtained in 2006 when Dr. Kings estate decided to sell a number of his letters and papers at auction. Before the auction took place, however, Mayor Franklin launched a bid to purchase them for $32 million, with Morehouse College owning the collection, the exhibit tells Dr. Designed by George C. Wolfe, the Tony Award-winning playwright, the gallery is broken up into sections, each marked by a significant event in the civil rights movement. A number of the exhibits are interactive, including a recreation of a lunch counter sit-in complete with headphones that simulate the taunts and threats leveled at activists, spark of Conviction, The Global Human Rights Movement, unlike the other exhibits, is non-linear in design. The Center was developed by a group of award-winning designers. Freelon is best known for leading the team of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington. His work has been published in professional journals and he was named Designer of the Year in 2008 by Contract magazine. HOK is the largest U. S. -based architecture-engineering firm, in a more thorough review of the Center in June 2014, Edward Rothstein of the Times called the facility imposing. Rothstein praised the design of the civil rights exhibit as finely executed, central Atlanta Progress Working Group Report City of Atlanta Official website
