The Cologne War was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within present-day
Destruction of Godesburg fortress during the Cologne War, 1583
Negotiating the Peace of Augsburg
Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben
Gebhard von Waldburg-Trauchburg, whose conversion to Protestantism, subsequent marriage, and refusal to resign from the See triggered the war
The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians die
Cologne War
…More broadly, the conflict set a precedent for foreign intervention in German religious and dynastic matters, which would be widely followed during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Prior to the 16th century, the Catholic Church had been the sole official Christian faith in the Holy Roman Empire. Martin Luther's initial…
The siege and capture of Bautzen by John George I, Elector of Saxony, in September 1620, contemporary engraving by Matthäus Merian the Elder
Dutch ships ramming Spanish galleys in the Battle of the Narrow Seas during the Eighty Years' War, October 1602
19th-century depiction of the Third Defenestration of Prague (1618), which marked the beginning of the Bohemian Revolt, and therefore of the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
The Battle of White Mountain, oil painting by Peter Snayers