1.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
2.
Midtown Atlanta
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Midtown is the second largest business district in the city of Atlanta, situated between the commercial and financial districts of Downtown to the south and Buckhead to the north. In 2011, Greater Midtown has a 2011 resident population of 41,681, a population of 81,418. The district attracts about six million visitors annually, Midtown is marked by its cultural attractions, institutions of higher education, noteworthy architecture, and urban layout. Midtown has also been an area for high-density development in the city in the first decade of the 2000s due to the districts mass transit options. The definition and meaning of Midtown has varied over time, expanding from a concept of a small neighborhood midway between Downtown and Buckhead. Boundary definitions vary by the source, in many cases, Midtown is a quasi-legal entity for zoning, law enforcement, and taxi purposes. The Midtown Alliance defines a larger, Greater Midtown area of four square miles. This includes the area within the definition, but splitting it into the sub-areas Midtown Core and Midtown Garden District. It also includes the neighborhoods of Ansley Park, Sherwood Forest, Atlantic Station, Home Park, the area has gone by other names in the past. An 1897 source refers to the area as North Atlanta, which would later be the name of city of Brookhaven. The 1897 North Atlanta encompassed most of todays Midtown, Georgia Tech, sources from the 1950s and early 1960s refer to the area as Uptown Atlanta, a moniker which would later be applied instead to Buckhead following its annexation. The southern half of Midtown between 8th Street and North Ave was originally purchased by Richard Peters in 1848 to use the pine forest there for fuel for his flour mill. Over the next 40 years, Peters slowly subdivided sections of land lots off for a gridded residential area. His son, Edward, built his home on the bounded by North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue, Ponce de Leon Avenue. The home, now called Ivy Hall, was restored by the Savannah College of Art & Design in 2008 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. After the Civil War, Peachtree between what is now 8th and 12th streets was still about a mile beyond the city limits, after the American Civil War a shantytown named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street. It was infamous for vagrancy, desperation, robberies of merchants transiting the settlement, as Atlanta grew ever further outwards from its historic center, mansions were constructed along Peachtree Street and the area around 10th was known as Blooming Hill. Cross streets were built and residential development began around 1880, Piedmont Park was established with the Piedmont Exposition of 1887, followed by the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895, lending the area new prominence
3.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
4.
Peachtree Street
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Peachtree Street is one of several major streets running through the city of Atlanta. Beginning at Five Points in downtown Atlanta, it runs North through Midtown, upon entering Buckhead, Atlanta grew on a site occupied by the Creek people, which included a major village called Standing Peachtree. There is some dispute whether the Creek settlement was called Standing Peachtree or Standing Pitch Tree. Pine trees, common to the area, were known as pitch trees due to their sap. A trail known as the Peachtree Trail stretched from northeast Georgia to Standing Pitch Tree along the Chattahoochee River, the original Peachtree Road began in 1812 at Fort Daniel located at Hog Mountain in present-day Gwinnett County and ran along the course of the trail to the Chattahoochee. Some portions of the present road trace this route, after the American Civil War a shantytown named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street in Midtown Atlanta. It was infamous for vagrancy, desperation, robberies of merchants transiting the settlement, the Peachtree name is common throughout the Atlanta area. In fact, it is often joked by natives that half of the streets in Atlanta are named Peachtree, while Peachtree alone always refers to this street, there are 71 streets in Atlanta with a variant of Peachtree in their name. Peachtree City is a golf community located south of the city. Peachtree Corners is also a suburb located north of the city. West Peachtree divides the northeast and northwest quadrants of the city and county for street addressing purposes, where the current Peachtree Street turns to Peachtree Road and briefly heads northwest, it actually crosses West Peachtree, leaving it on the east side. It is at point that the Buford-Spring Connector begins, taking the route of old I-85. The studios of WSB-TV are located on section of West Peachtree Street. Through this section north of 17th Street in Midtown, and in south of North Avenue to Peachtree Street. Between the two, it no more than a block to the east. From the Buford-Spring Connector north to Roswell Road, Peachtree Street and Peachtree Road carry U. S.19 and Georgia 9. At a five-way intersection with East/West Paces Ferry Road at the center of the original Buckhead Village, these continue north onto Roswell Road, south of the connector,9 and 19 continue on two one-way streets, West Peachtree Street northbound and Spring Street southbound. Peachtree meets Piedmont Road between Buckhead Village and Lenox Square
5.
Starwood
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Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. is an American hotel and leisure company headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut. One of the worlds largest hotel companies, it owns, operates, franchises and manages hotels, resorts, spas, residences, and vacation ownership properties under its 11 owned brands. As of 1 December 2014, Starwood Hotels and Resorts owned, managed, or franchised over 1,200 properties employing over 180,400 people, of whom approximately 26% were employed in the United States. On November 16,2015, Marriott International announced it would purchase Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide for $13.6 billion, the merger was finalized on September 23,2016 after gaining the final approval from the American authorities. After the acquisition by Marriott was approved, the Starwood Preferred Guest program announced it would provide reciprocal benefits with Marriotts guest reward program, the two programs will be merged under a single brand in the future. The Westin Hotels and Resorts brand is Starwoods largest upscale hotels and it was bought by Starwood in 1994 and is also the oldest brand within Starwood, dating back to 1930 and still continuing with it. Sheraton is Starwoods flagship brand, providing hotel and resort accommodation. It began operating in 1937 and was sold to Starwood in 1998 by ITT, also under the Sheraton brand are 7 Vacation Ownership properties. The flagship of the division was The St Regis in New York City, the majority of the CIGA hotels were folded into the ITT Sheraton Luxury Collection. Both ITT Sheraton and later Starwood kept CIGAs original logo for The Luxury Collection brand logo until 2010, after Starwood bought Sheraton, they established a separate brand identity for The Luxury Collection and expanded it. Many hotels in The Luxury Collection are smaller establishments in converted palaces or other significant buildings, launched in 1995 under the Sheraton Groups brand, this brand is a set of mid-range hotels that replaced the Sheraton Inn sub-brand of Sheraton. W Hotels is Starwoods luxury boutique hotel brand, generally marketed towards a younger crowd, for example, the lobbies of all the hotels are known as the Living Room. W Hotels attempt to include the letter W wherever possible - the swimming pool is known as Wet, the concierge is known as Whatever Whenever, the bag in every room is known as Wash. St. Regis is Starwoods main luxury brand, launched in 1999, in the 1930s, head bartender Fernand Petiot, introduced the Bloody Mary cocktail. It has a total of 137 properties operating or in the worldwide, with its first property being Le Méridien Etoile in Paris. Certain locations offer guests complimentary access to art galleries and museums through collaborations, Le Méridien has a partnership with the Italian coffee roasting company Illy, serving and promoting Illy-branded coffee and products throughout its hotels around the world. Aloft, was launched in 2005 as Aloft, a Vision of W Hotels, in a relationship with W similar to Four Points by Sheraton and its brand parent, Aloft is a mid-scale, urban-style business/boutique hotel brand. Announced in 2006, and originally known as Element by Westin, the designs include energy and water efficient features
6.
Neighborhoods in Atlanta
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The City of Atlanta is divided into 242 neighborhoods officially defined by the city. The term district in Atlanta is generally used for areas within the official neighborhoods. Downtown and Midtown Atlanta each contain a number of districts, another example is Little Five Points, which sits on the border of 3 official neighborhoods. In addition, Atlanta has various divisions such as business improvement districts, police patrol zones, and in the unique case of Buckhead. Most of Atlanta north of the I-75 / I-85 downtown connector is part of the Buckhead Community, however, East Atlanta refers to a small neighborhood which is part of the W group NPU and does not have the same connotation as the other directional descriptors. The Little Five Points district is located where Inman Park and Candler Park meet, City of Atlanta list of neighborhoods and Neighborhood planning unit|NPUs List of Atlanta Neighborhood Associations
7.
Downtown Atlanta
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Downtown Atlanta is the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Downtown measures approximately four miles, and had 26,700 residents as of 2010. Similar to other business districts in the U. S. Downtown has recently undergone a transformation that included the construction of new condos and lofts, renovation of historic buildings, Downtown is bound by North Avenue to the north, Boulevard to the east, Interstate 20 to the south, and Northside Drive to the west. This definition of Downtown Atlanta includes central areas like Five Points, the Atlanta Downtown Improvement District organization, though, defines a much smaller downtown area measuring just one and two tenths square miles. This area only includes the central business district neighborhoods of Fairlie-Poplar, Five Points, the Hotel District, Centennial Hill. The history of downtown began in 1826 with Wilson Lumpkin and Hamilton Fulton surveying a possible route between Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Milledgeville, Georgias capital at the time. In 1833, Lumpkin, who had become governor, requested that the state legislature charter three railroad lines. By 1836, the state-financed Western and Atlantic Railroad, linking the middle of Georgia to the states north and west, was founded by the legislature. As a result, the town named Terminus was founded in 1837, Terminus received a name change in 1842 when the towns 30 inhabitants voted to change the towns name to Marthasville, in honor of Governor Lumpkins daughter. By 1845, John Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad, the first suggestion was Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. In 1847, Atlanta was incorporated, with the town limits extending in a radius from the mile marker at the railroad depot. By the outbreak of the Civil War, Atlanta was a railroad hub and manufacturing center. In 1864, General William T. Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground during his March to the Sea, Atlantas first resurgence began during Reconstruction. In 1868, Georgias state capital was moved to the city from Milledgeville, by the 1920s, a downtown business sector ringed by residential districts had emerged. Professional sports came to Atlanta in 1965 with the construction of Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, the National Football League awarded the city the Falcons expansion team in 1966. The Hawks arrived in 1968, even though Omni Coliseum, the basketball arena. Atlantas three major sports team continue to play their home games downtown in updated facilities, Turner Field, the Georgia Dome
8.
Castleberry Hill
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Castleberry Hill is a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia, adjacent to and southwest of the Downtown Atlanta. It is a recognized historic district since 1985 and became a City of Atlanta Landmark District in 2006. Since 2000, the area has experienced an influx of residents, the area, which is made up predominantly of Walker, Nelson and Peters Streets is home to a growing number of small art galleries, restaurants, coffee shops, and loft residences. Other notable area eateries include No Mas, cantina, a spacious Mexican-themed restaurant, bar and fine home furnishings establishment, often used as a point of reference. Castleberry Hill residents gather at local watering holes, such as Elliott Street Pub, the area in the city limits of Atlanta known today as Castleberry Hill was originally part of the renegade Snake Nation community that functioned during the 1850s. According to an article from Atlanta Magazine, Castleberry Hill was, by the century, a red-light district filled with prostitutes, gambling. By the time the Civil War began, however, this area was in the process of industrialization, items such as terra cotta and other building materials were produced then in Atlanta factories. Additionally, Castleberry Hill then contained cotton warehousing and grocers, one of those grocers was Daniel Castleberry, for whom the area was named. Daniel Castleberry, however, is believed to have been a businessman in the area as a result of his winning the land in 1821 in a Georgia land lottery. By the early 1990s, the area had fallen on hard times, serving as the backdrop for films such as Freejack. Loft conversions began in the 1980s, and by 1992, there were 120 lofts with 150 residents, the 1996 Olympics saw another influx of development. Atlanta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
9.
Peachtree Center
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Peachtree Center is a district located in Downtown Atlanta, Georgia. Most of the structures that make up the district were designed by Atlanta architect John C, a defining feature of the Peachtree Center is a network of enclosed pedestrian sky bridges suspended above the street-level, which have garnered criticism for discouraging pedestrian street life. The district is served by the Peachtree Center MARTA station, providing access to rapid transit, Peachtree Center is notable for its uniform embodiment of the modern architectural style popular at the time. Yet the defining feature of Peachtree Center is its insular orientation, thus, as intown Atlanta began its post-1990 resurgence, Peachtree Center was increasingly criticized as an area that epitomized contemporary Atlantas generic urbanity and sense of placelessness. Other critics claim that Peachtree Center is disorienting, killed downtown street-life, the U. S. Census Bureau has its Atlanta Regional Census Center in Suite 1000 in the Marquis Two Tower. The Consulate-General of Argentina is located in Suite 2101 in the Marquis One Tower, the Consulate-General of Germany is located in Suite 901 of the Marquis Two Tower. The Consulate-General of South Korea is located in Suite 500 in the International Tower, embarcadero Center Peachtree Center official website
10.
SoNo, Atlanta
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SoNo is a sub-district of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, just south of Midtown. SoNo refers to the area of Downtown bounded by North Avenue on the north, Central Park Place on the east and the Downtown Connector on the west and south. SoNo is home to attractions, including Emory University Hospital Midtown, the Atlanta Civic Center, Shakespeare Tavern and the Bank of America Plaza. It also is home to the historic Baltimore Block and Rufus M. Rose House, soNos centerpiece Renaissance and Central Parks were also the site of Atlantas annual Music Midtown festival, before moving to Piedmont Park. The controversial Peachtree-Pine Shelter is located in SoNo, public transportation is provided by MARTA with buses and with the north-south rail line serving the Civic Center station. These gradually were replaced by buildings, large churches, apartment buildings and boarding houses. With suburbanization in the century, the area went into a period of decline. When given its name and new image by T, the area from Piedmont east to Central Park had a different history — this developed as the Buttermilk Bottom slum area, which was razed in the 1960s. Most of the land remained empty, the Convention Center, now the Boisfeuillet Jones Atlanta Civic Center. FInally, in the new, mostly mixed-income projects were built on the land
11.
South Downtown
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South Downtown is a historic neighborhood of Downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. South Downtown is primarily home to city, county, state, and federal governmental offices, the result are a myriad buildings from the 1950s and earlier that retain their historic structural integrity. South Downtown is located north of I-20, east of Castleberry Hill, south of Five Points, underground Atlanta is the primary shopping and entertainment center near South Downtown and it, along with the railroad gulch, separates the district from Five Points and the Hotel District. South Downtown was once a shopping district. Whitehall Street, renamed Peachtree Street Southwest, was the shopping street of Atlanta from the 1850s until the mid-20th century. A source from 1854 reported that the street was being built up stores of brick. The City of Atlanta historians refer to the area as the Heart of Atlanta commercial district, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a cluster of department stores was located in the area. In the 1870s, the Big Five were Richs, Chamberlain, Boyton, ryans, Keeleys, and Doughertys, later, the J. M. High Company would join their leagues, by the 1930s, Richs would come to dominate the South Downtown shopping district. In 1949, Whitehall was filled with five and dime stores, such as McCrorys, S. H. Kress, Woolworths, as late as 1968 the northern end of Whitehall was still called a bustling retail corridor. And landmark Millers Rexall Drugs continues its trade in hoodoo and homeopathic remedies at Broad and Mitchell streets, the building were originally hotels built to serve the needs of passengers from Terminal Station, opened in 1905 and demolished in 1971. The buildings are the most intact row of early 20th century commercial structures in the city in Atlantas original business district, South Downtown is home to the governmental facilities of the City of Atlanta, Fulton County, and the State of Georgia. South Downtown is also home to government offices. This concentration of governmental facilities influenced the decision to market the area as Government Walk. A list of the most well known government buildings in district are. Federal Building Sam Nunn Atlanta Federal Center Richard B, MARTA provides public transportation to the district through the Garnett Transit Station, located on Peachtree Street, and Georgia State Station, located on Piedmont Avenue. Many commuters from the suburbs who work in Downtown travel on South Downtowns streets when heading to work. Many streets in this district are one-way, similar to the districts that make up Downtown
