1.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
2.
Mixed-use development
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Mixed-use development can take the form of a single building, a city block, or entire neighbourhoods. Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns, in the United States, the heyday of separate-use zoning was after World War II, but since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as the benefits are recognized. Walking was the way that people and goods were moved about. Most people dwelt in buildings that were places of work as well as domestic life, people lived at very high densities because the amount of space required for daily living and movement between different activities was determined by walkability and the scale of the human body. This was particularly true in cities, and the floor of buildings was often devoted to some sort of commercial or productive use. This historical mixed-used pattern of development declined during industrialisation in favor of separation of manufacturing. This period saw massive migrations of people from areas to cities drawn by work in factories. These influxes of new workers needed to be accommodated and many new urban districts arose at this time with domestic housing being their primary function, thus began a separating out of land uses that previously had occurred in the same spaces. Furthermore, many factories produced substantial pollution of various kinds, distance was required to minimize adverse impacts from noise, dirt, noxious fumes and dangerous substances. Even so, at time, most industrialized cities were of a size that allowed people to walk between the different areas of the city. These factors were important in the push for Euclidean or single-use zoning premised on the compartmentalization of land uses into like functions, in the United States, another impetus for Euclidean zoning was the birth of the skyscraper. Fear of buildings blocking out the sun led many to call for zoning regulations, Zoning regulations, first put into place in the 1916 Zoning Resolution, not only called for limits on building heights, but eventually called for separations of uses. This was largely meant to people from living next to polluted industrial areas. This separation, however, was extended to commercial uses as well and this type of zoning was widely adopted by municipal zoning codes. However, it has been the post-second World War dominance of the automobile, throughout the late 20th century, it began to become apparent to many urban planners and other professionals that mixed-use development had many benefits and should be promoted again. As American, British, Canadian and Australian cities deindustrialized, the need to separate residences from hazardous factories became less important, completely separate zoning created isolated islands of each type of development. In 1961, Jane Jacobs influential The Death and Life of Great American Cities argued that a mixture of uses is vital, Zoning laws have been revised accordingly and increasingly attempt to address these problems by using mixed-use zoning. Mixed-use guidelines often result in buildings with streetfront commercial space
3.
Midtown Atlanta
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Midtown is the second largest business district in the city of Atlanta, situated between the commercial and financial districts of Downtown to the south and Buckhead to the north. In 2011, Greater Midtown has a 2011 resident population of 41,681, a population of 81,418. The district attracts about six million visitors annually, Midtown is marked by its cultural attractions, institutions of higher education, noteworthy architecture, and urban layout. Midtown has also been an area for high-density development in the city in the first decade of the 2000s due to the districts mass transit options. The definition and meaning of Midtown has varied over time, expanding from a concept of a small neighborhood midway between Downtown and Buckhead. Boundary definitions vary by the source, in many cases, Midtown is a quasi-legal entity for zoning, law enforcement, and taxi purposes. The Midtown Alliance defines a larger, Greater Midtown area of four square miles. This includes the area within the definition, but splitting it into the sub-areas Midtown Core and Midtown Garden District. It also includes the neighborhoods of Ansley Park, Sherwood Forest, Atlantic Station, Home Park, the area has gone by other names in the past. An 1897 source refers to the area as North Atlanta, which would later be the name of city of Brookhaven. The 1897 North Atlanta encompassed most of todays Midtown, Georgia Tech, sources from the 1950s and early 1960s refer to the area as Uptown Atlanta, a moniker which would later be applied instead to Buckhead following its annexation. The southern half of Midtown between 8th Street and North Ave was originally purchased by Richard Peters in 1848 to use the pine forest there for fuel for his flour mill. Over the next 40 years, Peters slowly subdivided sections of land lots off for a gridded residential area. His son, Edward, built his home on the bounded by North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue, Ponce de Leon Avenue. The home, now called Ivy Hall, was restored by the Savannah College of Art & Design in 2008 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. After the Civil War, Peachtree between what is now 8th and 12th streets was still about a mile beyond the city limits, after the American Civil War a shantytown named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street. It was infamous for vagrancy, desperation, robberies of merchants transiting the settlement, as Atlanta grew ever further outwards from its historic center, mansions were constructed along Peachtree Street and the area around 10th was known as Blooming Hill. Cross streets were built and residential development began around 1880, Piedmont Park was established with the Piedmont Exposition of 1887, followed by the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895, lending the area new prominence
4.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
5.
Peachtree Street
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Peachtree Street is one of several major streets running through the city of Atlanta. Beginning at Five Points in downtown Atlanta, it runs North through Midtown, upon entering Buckhead, Atlanta grew on a site occupied by the Creek people, which included a major village called Standing Peachtree. There is some dispute whether the Creek settlement was called Standing Peachtree or Standing Pitch Tree. Pine trees, common to the area, were known as pitch trees due to their sap. A trail known as the Peachtree Trail stretched from northeast Georgia to Standing Pitch Tree along the Chattahoochee River, the original Peachtree Road began in 1812 at Fort Daniel located at Hog Mountain in present-day Gwinnett County and ran along the course of the trail to the Chattahoochee. Some portions of the present road trace this route, after the American Civil War a shantytown named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street in Midtown Atlanta. It was infamous for vagrancy, desperation, robberies of merchants transiting the settlement, the Peachtree name is common throughout the Atlanta area. In fact, it is often joked by natives that half of the streets in Atlanta are named Peachtree, while Peachtree alone always refers to this street, there are 71 streets in Atlanta with a variant of Peachtree in their name. Peachtree City is a golf community located south of the city. Peachtree Corners is also a suburb located north of the city. West Peachtree divides the northeast and northwest quadrants of the city and county for street addressing purposes, where the current Peachtree Street turns to Peachtree Road and briefly heads northwest, it actually crosses West Peachtree, leaving it on the east side. It is at point that the Buford-Spring Connector begins, taking the route of old I-85. The studios of WSB-TV are located on section of West Peachtree Street. Through this section north of 17th Street in Midtown, and in south of North Avenue to Peachtree Street. Between the two, it no more than a block to the east. From the Buford-Spring Connector north to Roswell Road, Peachtree Street and Peachtree Road carry U. S.19 and Georgia 9. At a five-way intersection with East/West Paces Ferry Road at the center of the original Buckhead Village, these continue north onto Roswell Road, south of the connector,9 and 19 continue on two one-way streets, West Peachtree Street northbound and Spring Street southbound. Peachtree meets Piedmont Road between Buckhead Village and Lenox Square
6.
Starwood
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Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. is an American hotel and leisure company headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut. One of the worlds largest hotel companies, it owns, operates, franchises and manages hotels, resorts, spas, residences, and vacation ownership properties under its 11 owned brands. As of 1 December 2014, Starwood Hotels and Resorts owned, managed, or franchised over 1,200 properties employing over 180,400 people, of whom approximately 26% were employed in the United States. On November 16,2015, Marriott International announced it would purchase Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide for $13.6 billion, the merger was finalized on September 23,2016 after gaining the final approval from the American authorities. After the acquisition by Marriott was approved, the Starwood Preferred Guest program announced it would provide reciprocal benefits with Marriotts guest reward program, the two programs will be merged under a single brand in the future. The Westin Hotels and Resorts brand is Starwoods largest upscale hotels and it was bought by Starwood in 1994 and is also the oldest brand within Starwood, dating back to 1930 and still continuing with it. Sheraton is Starwoods flagship brand, providing hotel and resort accommodation. It began operating in 1937 and was sold to Starwood in 1998 by ITT, also under the Sheraton brand are 7 Vacation Ownership properties. The flagship of the division was The St Regis in New York City, the majority of the CIGA hotels were folded into the ITT Sheraton Luxury Collection. Both ITT Sheraton and later Starwood kept CIGAs original logo for The Luxury Collection brand logo until 2010, after Starwood bought Sheraton, they established a separate brand identity for The Luxury Collection and expanded it. Many hotels in The Luxury Collection are smaller establishments in converted palaces or other significant buildings, launched in 1995 under the Sheraton Groups brand, this brand is a set of mid-range hotels that replaced the Sheraton Inn sub-brand of Sheraton. W Hotels is Starwoods luxury boutique hotel brand, generally marketed towards a younger crowd, for example, the lobbies of all the hotels are known as the Living Room. W Hotels attempt to include the letter W wherever possible - the swimming pool is known as Wet, the concierge is known as Whatever Whenever, the bag in every room is known as Wash. St. Regis is Starwoods main luxury brand, launched in 1999, in the 1930s, head bartender Fernand Petiot, introduced the Bloody Mary cocktail. It has a total of 137 properties operating or in the worldwide, with its first property being Le Méridien Etoile in Paris. Certain locations offer guests complimentary access to art galleries and museums through collaborations, Le Méridien has a partnership with the Italian coffee roasting company Illy, serving and promoting Illy-branded coffee and products throughout its hotels around the world. Aloft, was launched in 2005 as Aloft, a Vision of W Hotels, in a relationship with W similar to Four Points by Sheraton and its brand parent, Aloft is a mid-scale, urban-style business/boutique hotel brand. Announced in 2006, and originally known as Element by Westin, the designs include energy and water efficient features
7.
WebMD
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WebMD is an American corporation known primarily as an online publisher of news and information pertaining to human health and well-being. It was founded in 1996 by James H. Clark and Pavan Nigam as Healthscape, later Healtheon, the name was later shortened to WebMD. In the fourth quarter of 2016, WebMD recorded an average of 179.5 million unique users per month, and 3.63 billion page views per quarter. In 2013, the Chicago Tribune reported that WebMD, has struggled with a fall in advertising revenue with pharmaceutical companies slashing marketing budgets as several blockbuster drugs go off patent. In response, WebMD began investing in changes to its site the company hopes will entice users who use its site seeking specific information, WebMD is financed by advertising, third-party contributions, and sponsors. WebMD also offers services to physicians and private clients, for example, they publish WebMD the Magazine, a patient-directed publication distributed bimonthly to 85 percent of physician waiting rooms. Medscape is a portal for physicians with 30 medical specialty areas. WebMD Health Services provides private health management programs and benefit decision-support portals to employers and these sites provide similar services to those of WebMD, MedicineNet is an online media publishing company. Medscape offers up-to-date information for physicians and other healthcare professionals, RxList offers detailed information about pharmaceutical information on generic and name-brand drugs. EMedicineHealth is a site offering similar information to that of WebMD. It was first based on the site created for physicians and healthcare professionals called eMedicine. com, WebMD WebMD Health Medscape MedicineNet RxList eMedicineHealth Boots WebMD WebMD Health Services
8.
CBS Radio
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CBS Radio is a radio broadcasting company owned by CBS Corporation. It is among the United States largest radio groups, operating 116 radio stations in 26 media markets. In 1999, Infinity became a division of Viacom, in 2005, Viacom spun CBS and Infinity Broadcasting back into a company. In 2016, CBS CEO Leslie Moonves stated that the company was exploring selling or spinning off CBS Radio. While the company announced its intent to perform a public offering. CBS Radio is one of the oldest units within CBS Corporation, however, the actual CBS Radio Network was launched in 1927, when CBS itself was known as United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records later joined in and that company was renamed the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, in September 1927, Columbia Records sold the company to William S. Paley and in 1928, Paley streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. It became a traded company twice, in 1986. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which acquired CBS, Inc. in 1995, Westinghouse acquired American Radio Systems in 1997. In 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, in August 2006, CBS Radio announced the sale of its 15 radio stations in Cincinnati, Ohio, Memphis, Tennessee, Austin, Texas, and Rochester, New York to Entercom Communications. This group deal was granted FCC approval in mid-November 2007 after it faced regulatory review and numerous challenges for over a year, several other stations, most in smaller markets, have also been sold to companies like Border Media Partners and Peak Media Corporation. On April 30,2008, CBS Radio and AOL entered a partnership and these stations were folded into the AOL Radio mobile app. On July 31,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell 50 more radio stations in 12 mid-size markets, on December 15,2008, CBS Radio and Clear Channel Communications reached an agreement to swap seven stations. The deal closed on April 1,2009, on December 20,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Denver cluster to Wilks Broadcasting for $19.5 Million, including KIMN, KWOF, and KXKL. On August 10,2009, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Portland cluster to Alpha Broadcasting for $40 Million, the stations included in the sale are KCMD, KINK, KUFO, and KUPL. On February 4,2010, all CBS Radio stations, as well as AOL Radio, music Radio have restricted all non U. S. listeners from streaming online content. CBS Radio redirects to sister property Last. fm,2011 saw the biggest AC format removal of the company dropping AC for hot adult contemporary on Washington, D. C. s WIAD in March, followed by New York Citys WWFS on October 12. On August 1, WCFS-FM Chicago removed its AC format for all-news to simulcast WBBM, by November 2011, WLTE in Minneapolis/St
9.
WVEE
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WVEE is an urban contemporary formatted radio station in Atlanta, Georgia. It is one of the stations of the Atlanta radio market by Nielsen Audio. WVEE has Atlanta as its city of license, and is owned by CBS Radio and its studio is located in Colony Square in Midtown Atlanta along with its sister stations WAOK and WZGC, The CW-owned television station WUPA is located in a separate facility in DeKalb County. It shares a tower with WPBA TV30, and in fact shares the same antenna with WSB-FM/98.5, the three radio stations transmitters are diplexed together, so that they all feed to the antenna instead of into each other. The station that became V-103 began back in the late 1940s as WAGA-FM, on 102.9 with a music radio format. It was originally co-owned by Storer Broadcasting with WAGA/590 and television station WAGA-TV channel 5, WAGA-FM became WPLO-FM when it moved to 103.3 and simulcast WPLO AM. By now owned by Plough-Shearing, the station simulcast WPLOs successful country programming, in the late 1960s Plough responded to a new FCC anti-simulcast rule by permitting Georgia State University to have unpaid students program then-new underground rock music. 5/WRAS-FM. Plough management believed the music programmed by the Georgia State students could become a commercial format if presented professionally. By 1969, WPLO-FM was billing itself as Atlantas alternative high, program directors in this alternative rock era included Ed Shane, Steve Hosford and Chris Morgan. In 1974, ratings pressures and a changing listening demographic made Plough-Shearing change the station format, keeping the same call letters, WPLO-FM flipped to country music, although programmed separately from the AM stations ongoing country format. In October 1976, WPLO-FM changed call letters and formats to urban contemporary and it briefly aired a Disco radio format in the late 1970s. The station then became one of the Atlanta radio market leaders under the leadership of program director, in the early 1980s, DKM Broadcasting Corporation purchased WVEE-FM and sister station WAOK. In March 1995, Summit sold its interests in WVEE FM and WAOK AM to Granum Communications, in March 1996, Granum Communications sold both to Infinity Broadcasting. With the gain of more competition, WVEE was one of three adult urban stations between 1998 and 2000 when WAMJ took to the air, although WVEE never called itself an urban AC station. In 2008, it reverted to the previous slogan The Peoples Station to signify its commitment to the community. From August 2013 to November 2013, they modified their slogan again by adding The ATLs Home for Hip-Hop and R&B as the primary slogan, the Peoples Station slogan was secondary during the brief aforementioned period, but reverted to its primary slogan in November 2013. In November 2016, WVEE added the slogan The ATLs #1 for Hip-Hop, WVEE is the only FM radio station in Atlanta to have the same frequency and brand name for at least 40 years. Since autumn 2006, WVEE has aired an HD Radio digital subchannel for playing urban contemporary music
10.
WZGC
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WZGC FM is an Atlanta FM radio station broadcasting a sports talk radio format. WZGC is owned by CBS Radio, along with WVEE FM103.3 and it shares studios with the other two sister stations at Colony Square in Midtown Atlanta and has a transmitter in unincorporated DeKalb County west of Emory University. WZGC HD2 carried an Americana format branded as Dave Roots, the station was one of the most rigid Atlanta FM radio stations in terms of name and callsign. Prior to 1972, it was the first full-time FM Atlanta classical music station and it changed to WZGC in 1972, when it began as an album-oriented rock station. It switched to Top 40 in March 1973 as Z-93, then to an urban format during the summer of 1987, the name change to Dave FM and format switch to adult album alternative came on July 22,2004, following a stunt featuring all-Dave Matthews Band music. Dave FMs first song was Orange Crush by R. E. M, throughout its run as Dave, the station maintained decent ratings, though it was never an overall winner. However, in the summer of 2011, the station began dropping in the ratings, due to this, CBS announced in July 2012 that the station would flip to sports-talk in October. Around 12,20 AM on September 30, Dave FM ended regular programming with Little Lion Man by Mumford & Sons, the station ran on automation until the flip on October 24 at 2 PM. The final song on Dave was Thank You Friends by Big Star, the format would return to the market the following March 28 on WRDA FM105.7, whose playlist is a cross between Dave and the former 99X. Elvis Duran – hosted with sidekick Hot Henrietta during the late 80s, later started Elvis Duran and the Morning Show, which was heard in Atlanta on WWPW until February 11,2014
11.
WAOK
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WAOK, News & Talk 1380, is an urban talk radio station that serves the Atlanta, Georgia market. WAOK is Georgias fifth-oldest continuously licensed AM broadcast station, WAOK went on the air on March 15,1954, adopting a Rhythm and Blues and urban contemporary gospel music format. The studios were moved from 201 Henry Grady Building to a new facility at 70 Houston Street NE, WAOK was acquired by The Atlanta OK Broadcasting Company in January 1956. The recording was unsolicited, but after Sears had listened to what hed recorded, the final song in the concert was the premiere of Whatd I Say. WAOK turned it into a hit even though there was no released version, due to popular demand, Atlantic Records decided to release the live album and to send Charles to the studio immediately to remake Whatd I Say. By 1957, the station was in operation 24 hours a day with a rhythm, the studios were moved again in 1959 to 110 Edgewood Road, NE, Atlanta, and the stations licensee name was changed to the WAOK Broadcasting Company. It was changed again in 1962 to The Atlanta OK Broadcasting Company, studios were moved to new quarters at 75 Piedmont Road, Atlanta. The Federal Communications Commission granted approval for the sale of the station on April 1,1974 to Broadcast Enterprise Network, ragan Augustus Henry, a Philadelphia attorney headed the new organization as President and 53% owner. He founded BENI in 1974 as a Black-owned business venture, BENI took control of the station May 14,1974. In late May 1982, studios and offices were relocated to 401 West Peachtree Street, WAOK was sold by the Atlanta OK Broadcasting Company on July 9,1985 to the DKM Broadcasting Corporation. DKM sold Atlantas WPLO to buy WAOK on May 17,1985, in the summer of 1985, WAOK revamped its programming format - it now aired an Urban Adult Contemporary music format while gospel programs were now heard from 5,00 a. m. until noon. Studios were then moved to 120 Ralph McGill Blvd, also included in the sale was Atlantas WVEE-FM, WAOKs sister FM station. WAOK was now a full-time gospel station, in March 1995, Summit sold its interests in WAOK to Granum Communications, Inc. Also included in the sale was sister station, WVEE-FM, on March 15,1996, Granum Communications sold WVEE-FM and WAOK-AM to Infinity Broadcasting. On December 26,2001, WAOK changed formats from contemporary gospel to News & Talk. Tony Brown was named Program Director of the New WAOK—The Voice of the Community, WAOK simulcasts in digital HD Radio on sister station WVEEs HD-3 subchannel. It is classified as a Class-B AM broadcasting facility by the FCC
12.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
13.
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
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The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the only major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is the publication of Cox Enterprises. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, the staff was combined in 1982. Separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ended in 2001, the AJC has its headquarters in the Atlanta suburb of Dunwoody, Georgia. It is also co-owned with television flagship WSB-TV and six radio stations, subsequent to the staff consolidation of 1982, the afternoon Journal maintained a conservative editorial stance, while the editorials and op-eds in the morning Constitution were center-left. When the editions combined in 2001, the editorial page staffs also merged, the editorials and op-eds have attempted to strike a more balanced tone. Most of the editorial stances have been closer to those of the old Constitution center-left viewpoint. The Atlanta Journal was established in 1883, founder E. F. Hoge sold the paper to Atlanta lawyer Hoke Smith in 1887. After the Journal supported Presidential candidate Grover Cleveland in the 1892 election, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Margaret Mitchell worked for the Journal from 1922 to 1926. In 1922, the Journal founded the Souths first radio station, the radio station and the newspaper were sold in 1939 to James Middleton Cox, founder of what would become Cox Enterprises. The Journal carried the motto Covers Dixie like the Dew, the Constitution, as it was originally known, was first published on June 16,1868. Its name changed to The Atlanta Constitution in October 1869 and it was such a force that by 1871 it had killed off the Daily Intelligencer, the only Atlanta paper to survive the American Civil War. In August 1875 its name changed to The Atlanta Daily Constitution for two weeks, then to The Constitution again for about a year, in 1876 Captain Evan Howell purchased a controlling interest from E. Y. Clarke Sr. and became its editor-in-chief. That same year, Joel Chandler Harris began writing for the paper and he soon invented the character of Uncle Remus, a black storyteller, as a way of recounting stories from African-American culture. In October 1876 the newspaper became The Daily Constitution, before settling on the name The Atlanta Constitution in September 1881, during the 1880s, editor Henry W. Grady was a spokesman for the New South, and encouraged industrial development. The Constitution started the radio station, WGM AM710, having received its Federal Radio Commission broadcast license in March 1922. It is now succeeded by WGST AM640, though its original facility is now WGKA AM920, the station folded after just over a year, and was donated to the Georgia School of Technology. Ralph McGill, editor for the Constitution in the 1940s, was one of the few southern newspaper editors to support the American Civil Rights Movement, in 1946, reporter David Snell wrote that Japan had developed its own atomic bomb prior to Hiroshima and Nagasaki
14.
American City Business Journals
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American City Business Journals is an American newspaper chain based in Charlotte, North Carolina, owned by Advance Publications. It also controls the Street & Smiths Sports Group, which publishes motorsports periodicals, including SportsBusiness Journal, Sports Business Daily, five sports annuals, the company is the United States leading publisher of NASCAR magazines, which includes NASCAR Illustrated and Scenedaily. com. American City also publishes specialty publications, which include a business newspaper, a law journal. In 2009, ACBJ took over management of Portfolio. com, mike Russell founded American City Business Journals. The President and CEO of American City is Whitney Shaw, Shaw was previously senior vice president of ACBJ and president of its sports-publishing division. He succeeds his father, Ray Shaw, who was chairman, Ray Shaw, the companys chairman from 1989 until his 2009 death, bought a controlling interest along with a partner in 1989, selling to Advance Publications in 1995. It was Russell who suggested Shaw buy the company rather than just a few journals. Under Ray Shaws leadership, the company moved from Kansas City, Missouri, to Charlotte, North Carolina, and greatly increased the number of its publications. The site contains local news from around the nation, updated throughout the day. The Business Journals sites have more than four million visitors each month. The Business Journals Forty Under 40 is an annual list compiled and published by the Business Journal newspapers since 1992, the purpose is to list the 40 most successful entrepreneurs under the age of 40. The 40 are usually nominated from within individual areas in range of the local business journals publication, American City Business Journals corporate website The Business Journals The Business Journals mobile Street & Smiths SportsBusiness Journal Hemmings Motor News
15.
Neighborhoods in Atlanta
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The City of Atlanta is divided into 242 neighborhoods officially defined by the city. The term district in Atlanta is generally used for areas within the official neighborhoods. Downtown and Midtown Atlanta each contain a number of districts, another example is Little Five Points, which sits on the border of 3 official neighborhoods. In addition, Atlanta has various divisions such as business improvement districts, police patrol zones, and in the unique case of Buckhead. Most of Atlanta north of the I-75 / I-85 downtown connector is part of the Buckhead Community, however, East Atlanta refers to a small neighborhood which is part of the W group NPU and does not have the same connotation as the other directional descriptors. The Little Five Points district is located where Inman Park and Candler Park meet, City of Atlanta list of neighborhoods and Neighborhood planning unit|NPUs List of Atlanta Neighborhood Associations
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Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
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Downtown Atlanta
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Downtown Atlanta is the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Downtown measures approximately four miles, and had 26,700 residents as of 2010. Similar to other business districts in the U. S. Downtown has recently undergone a transformation that included the construction of new condos and lofts, renovation of historic buildings, Downtown is bound by North Avenue to the north, Boulevard to the east, Interstate 20 to the south, and Northside Drive to the west. This definition of Downtown Atlanta includes central areas like Five Points, the Atlanta Downtown Improvement District organization, though, defines a much smaller downtown area measuring just one and two tenths square miles. This area only includes the central business district neighborhoods of Fairlie-Poplar, Five Points, the Hotel District, Centennial Hill. The history of downtown began in 1826 with Wilson Lumpkin and Hamilton Fulton surveying a possible route between Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Milledgeville, Georgias capital at the time. In 1833, Lumpkin, who had become governor, requested that the state legislature charter three railroad lines. By 1836, the state-financed Western and Atlantic Railroad, linking the middle of Georgia to the states north and west, was founded by the legislature. As a result, the town named Terminus was founded in 1837, Terminus received a name change in 1842 when the towns 30 inhabitants voted to change the towns name to Marthasville, in honor of Governor Lumpkins daughter. By 1845, John Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad, the first suggestion was Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. In 1847, Atlanta was incorporated, with the town limits extending in a radius from the mile marker at the railroad depot. By the outbreak of the Civil War, Atlanta was a railroad hub and manufacturing center. In 1864, General William T. Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground during his March to the Sea, Atlantas first resurgence began during Reconstruction. In 1868, Georgias state capital was moved to the city from Milledgeville, by the 1920s, a downtown business sector ringed by residential districts had emerged. Professional sports came to Atlanta in 1965 with the construction of Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, the National Football League awarded the city the Falcons expansion team in 1966. The Hawks arrived in 1968, even though Omni Coliseum, the basketball arena. Atlantas three major sports team continue to play their home games downtown in updated facilities, Turner Field, the Georgia Dome
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Castleberry Hill
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Castleberry Hill is a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia, adjacent to and southwest of the Downtown Atlanta. It is a recognized historic district since 1985 and became a City of Atlanta Landmark District in 2006. Since 2000, the area has experienced an influx of residents, the area, which is made up predominantly of Walker, Nelson and Peters Streets is home to a growing number of small art galleries, restaurants, coffee shops, and loft residences. Other notable area eateries include No Mas, cantina, a spacious Mexican-themed restaurant, bar and fine home furnishings establishment, often used as a point of reference. Castleberry Hill residents gather at local watering holes, such as Elliott Street Pub, the area in the city limits of Atlanta known today as Castleberry Hill was originally part of the renegade Snake Nation community that functioned during the 1850s. According to an article from Atlanta Magazine, Castleberry Hill was, by the century, a red-light district filled with prostitutes, gambling. By the time the Civil War began, however, this area was in the process of industrialization, items such as terra cotta and other building materials were produced then in Atlanta factories. Additionally, Castleberry Hill then contained cotton warehousing and grocers, one of those grocers was Daniel Castleberry, for whom the area was named. Daniel Castleberry, however, is believed to have been a businessman in the area as a result of his winning the land in 1821 in a Georgia land lottery. By the early 1990s, the area had fallen on hard times, serving as the backdrop for films such as Freejack. Loft conversions began in the 1980s, and by 1992, there were 120 lofts with 150 residents, the 1996 Olympics saw another influx of development. Atlanta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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Centennial Hill
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Centennial Hill is district at the northern edge of Downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The name was coined by Hines Interests and applied only to their planned development in the area. Although the development was never started and the later sold. Due in part to the Georgia Aquarium and to renewed interest in city living and this includes Allen Plaza, an eight-block mixed-use development that flanks Ivan Allen, Jr. Boulevard and encompasses several side streets. The center of the neighborhood is considered to be the intersection of Ivan Allen Boulevard, the boundaries of the neighborhood are generally acknowledged to be North Avenue to the north, Baker Street to the south, Luckie Street to the west and the Downtown Connector to the east. About half of that consists of the Centennial Place residential community, which in 1996 replaced Techwood Homes. Previous to the 1930s the area was a slum called Tanyard Bottom or Tech Flats, Centennial Hills, Condos near downtowns new attractions, Kellyl Watton, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, November 19,2004
