1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
Newport, Rhode Island
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Newport is a seaside city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. The City of Newport is located approximately 37 miles southeast of Providence,21 miles south of Fall River and it is known as a New England summer resort and famous for its mansions. It was a major 18th-century port city and also contains a number of surviving buildings from the colonial era of the United States. The city is the county seat of Newport County and it was known for being the city of some of the Summer White Houses during the administrations of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy. The population was 24,027 as of 2013 and its eight founders and first officers were Nicholas Easton, William Coddington, John Clarke, John Coggeshall, William Brenton, Jeremy Clark, Thomas Hazard, and Henry Bull. They left Portsmouth, Rhode Island after a fallout with Anne Hutchinson. As part of the agreement, Coddington and his followers took control of the side of the island. They were soon joined by Nicholas Easton, who had recently expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony for holding heretical beliefs. The settlement grew to be the largest of the four settlements of Rhode Island. Many of the first colonists in Newport became Baptists, and the second Baptist congregation in Rhode Island was formed in 1640 under the leadership of John Clarke, peace did not last long in Newport, as many did not like Coddingtons autocratic style. As a result, a counter-faction was formed by 1650, led by Nicholas Easton, Newport became the most important port in colonial Rhode Island, and a public school was established in 1640. In 1658, a group of Jews were allowed to settle in Newport who were fleeing the Inquisition in Spain, the Newport congregation is now referred to as Congregation Jeshuat Israel and is the second-oldest Jewish congregation in the United States. It meets in Touro Synagogue, the oldest standing synagogue in the United States, in 1663, the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations received its Royal Charter, and Benedict Arnold was elected its first Governor at Newport. The commercial activity which raised Newport to its fame as a port was begun by a second wave of Portuguese Jews who settled there about the middle of the 18th century. They brought with them experience and connections, capital. Most prominent among those were Jacob Rodrigues Rivera who arrived in 1745, Rivera introduced into America the manufacture of sperm oil, which became one of the leading industries and made Newport rich. Newports inhabitants who were engaged in whaling developed 17 manufactories of oil and candles, Aaron Lopez fled to Newport from Lisbon in 1752 and is credited with making Newport an important center of trade. To him in a degree than to any one else was due the rapid commercial development which made Newport for a quarter of a century afterward the most formidable rival of New York
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Cemetery
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A cemetery or graveyard is a place where the remains of dead people are buried or otherwise interred. The word cemetery implies that the land is designated as a burial ground. The term graveyard is used interchangeably with cemetery, but primarily referred to a burial ground within a churchyard. The intact or cremated remains of people may be interred in a grave, commonly referred to as burial, or in a tomb, an above-ground grave, in Western cultures, funeral ceremonies are often observed in cemeteries. These ceremonies or rites of passage according to cultural practices. Modern cemeteries often include crematoria, and some previously used for both, continue as crematoria as a principal use long after the interment areas have been filled. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a cemetery as a burial-ground generally, a large public park or ground laid out expressly for the interment of the dead, and not being the ‘yard’ of any church. Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the term grave field. From about the 7th century, European burial was under the control of the Church, practices varied, but in continental Europe, bodies were usually buried in a mass grave until they had decomposed. The bones were exhumed and stored in ossuaries, either along the arcaded bounding walls of the cemetery, or within the church under floor slabs. In Europe this was accompanied with a depiction of their coat of arms. Most others were buried in graveyards again divided by social status, mourners who could afford the work of a stonemason had a headstone engraved with a name, dates of birth and death and sometimes other biographical data, and set up over the place of burial. Usually, the writing and symbols carved on the headstone. Some families hired a blacksmith and had large crosses made from various metals put on the place of burial, in many European states, burial in graveyards was eventually outlawed altogether through government legislation. Instead of graveyards, completely new places of burial were established away from populated areas and outside of old towns. Many new cemeteries became municipally owned or were run by their own corporations, in some cases, skeletons were exhumed from graveyards and moved into ossuaries or catacombs. A large action of this occurred in 18th century Paris when human remains were transferred from graveyards all over the city to the Catacombs of Paris. The bones of an estimated 6 million people are to be found there, an early example of a landscape-style cemetery is Père Lachaise in Paris
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Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
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Colonial history of the United States
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The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European settlements from the start of colonization until their incorporation into the United States. In the late 16th century, England, France, Spain, small early attempts often disappeared, such as the English Lost Colony of Roanoke. Everywhere, the rate was very high among the first arrivals. Nevertheless, successful colonies were established several decades. European settlers came from a variety of social and religious groups, few aristocrats settled permanently, but a number of adventurers, soldiers, farmers, and tradesmen arrived. They built colonies with distinctive social, religious, political, non-British colonies were taken over and most of the inhabitants were assimilated, unlike in Nova Scotia, where the British expelled the French Acadian inhabitants. There were no civil wars among the 13 colonies. The colonies developed legalized systems of slavery, based largely in the Atlantic slave trade from Africa or by way of the Caribbean, Wars were recurrent between the French and the British—the French and Indian Wars especially—and involved French support for Native American attacks on the British frontiers. By 1760, France was defeated and the British seized its colonies, on the eastern seaboard of what became the United States, the four distinct British regions were, New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Bay Colonies, and the Lower South. Some historians add a fifth region of the Frontier which was never separately organized, see timeline of Colonial America for list of historical events. Colonizers came from European kingdoms that had highly developed military, naval, governmental and these efforts were managed respectively by the Casa de Contratación and the Casa da Índia. England, France, and the Netherlands had also started colonies in both the West Indies and North America and they had the ability to build ocean-worthy ships but did not have as strong a history of colonization in foreign lands as did Portugal and Spain. However, English entrepreneurs gave their colonies a foundation of merchant-based investment that seemed to need much less government support, initially, matters concerning the colonies were dealt with primarily by the Privy Council and its committees. The Commission of Trade was set up in 1625 as the first special body convened to advise on colonial questions, mercantilism was the basic policy imposed by Britain on its colonies from the 1660s. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold, the government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy which protected the British colonies, thus, the British Navy captured New Amsterdam in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country, the prospect of religious persecution by authorities of the crown and the Church of England prompted a significant number of colonization efforts. People fleeing persecution by King Charles I were responsible for settling most of New England, anonymous Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to map the future eastern seaboard of the U. S. from New York to Florida, as documented in the Cantino planisphere of 1502
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Slavery
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A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against his or her will. Scholars also use the generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour. However – and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word – slaves may have some rights and/or protections, Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become a slave from the time of their birth, capture, while slavery was institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been outlawed in all recognized countries, the last being Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are still more slaves today than at any point in history. The most common form of the trade is now commonly referred to as human trafficking. Chattel slavery is still practiced by the Islamic State of Iraq. An older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo to strip a slain enemy, there is a dispute among historians about whether terms such as unfree labourer or enslaved person, rather than slave, should be used when describing the victims of slavery. Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel of the owner and are bought, although it dominated many societies in the past, this form of slavery has been formally abolished and is very rare today. Even when it can be said to survive, it is not upheld by the system of any internationally recognized government. Indenture, otherwise known as bonded labour or debt bondage is a form of labour under which a person pledges himself or herself against a loan. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents debt. It is the most widespread form of slavery today, debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription, Human trafficking primarily involves women and children forced into prostitution. And is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil, in 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts. A forced marriage may be regarded as a form of slavery by one or more of the involved in the marriage
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Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
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John Clarke (Baptist minister)
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Clarke was born in Westhorpe, Suffolk, England. He received an education, including a masters degree in England followed by medical training in Leiden. He arrived in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 during the Antinomian Controversy and he became a co-founder of Portsmouth and Newport, Rhode Island, and he established the second Baptist Church in America in Newport. Baptists were considered heretics and were banned from Massachusetts, but Clarke wanted to make inroads there, following his poor treatment in prison, he went to England where he published a book on the persecutions of the Baptists in Massachusetts and on his theological beliefs. The fledgling Rhode Island colony needed an agent in England, so he remained there for more than a decade handling the colonys interests, all of the other New England colonies were hostile to Rhode Island, and both Massachusetts and Connecticut had made incursions into Rhode Island territory. After the restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660, it was imperative that Rhode Island receive a charter to protect its territorial integrity. It was Clarkes role to obtain such a document, and he saw this as an opportunity to include religious freedoms never seen before in any constitutional charter and he wrote ten petitions and letters to King Charles II and negotiated for months with Connecticut over territorial boundaries. Finally, he drafted the Rhode Island Royal Charter and presented it to the king and this charter granted unprecedented freedom and religious liberty to Rhode Islanders and remained in effect for 180 years, making it the longest-lasting constitutional charter in history. Clarke returned to Rhode Island following his success at procuring a charter, he became active in civil affairs there. He left an extensive will, setting up the first educational trust in America and he was an avid proponent of the notion of soul-liberty that was included in the Rhode Island charter—and later in the United States Constitution. John Clarke was born at Westhorpe in the county of Suffolk, England and baptized there on 8 October 1609 and he was one of seven children, six of whom left England and settled in New England. No definitive record has been found concerning his life in England, other than the records of his baptism. Clarke was apparently highly educated, judging from the fact that he arrived in New England at the age of 28 qualified as both a physician and a Baptist minister, the difficulty with tracing Clarkes existence in England stems largely from his very common name. Another clue to his education comes from a catalog of students from Leiden University in Holland, the schools ledger of graduates includes, in Latin, Johannes Clarcq, Anglus,17 July 1635-273. It is apparent that Clarke earned a degree from the concordance that he wrote. Clarke arrived in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in November 1637, when he arrived, the colony was in the midst of a major theological and political crisis, usually referred to as the Antinomian Controversy. Members of the Boston Church could sense a difference in the preaching between the original pastor, John Wilson, and that of their second pastor, John Cotton. Anne Hutchinson, a theologically astute midwife who had the ear of many of the women, became outspoken during gatherings, or conventicles
9.
Headstone
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A headstone, tombstone, or gravestone is a stele or marker, usually stone, that is placed over a grave. They are traditional for burials in the Christian, Jewish and Muslim religions, in many parts of Europe insetting a photograph of the deceased in a frame is very common. The stele, as it is called in a context, is one of the oldest forms of funerary art. Originally, a tombstone was the lid of a stone coffin, or the coffin itself. Now all three terms are used for markers placed at the head of the grave. Some graves in the 18th century also contained footstones to demarcate the end of the grave. This sometimes developed into full kerb sets that marked the perimeter of the grave. Footstones were rarely annotated with more than the initials and year of death. Many cemeteries and churchyards have removed those extra stones to ease grass cutting by machine mower, note that in some UK cemeteries the principal, and indeed only, marker is placed at the foot of the grave. Owing to soil movement and Downhill creep on gentle slopes, older headstones and footstones can often be tilted at an angle. Over time, this movement can result in the stones being sited several metres away from their original location, graves, and any related memorials are a focus for mourning and remembrance. The names of relatives are often added to a gravestone over the years, since gravestones and a plot in a cemetery or churchyard cost money, they are also a symbol of wealth or prominence in a community. Some gravestones were even commissioned and erected to their own memory by people who were living, as a testament to their wealth. In a Christian context, the wealthy often erected elaborate memorials within churches rather than having simply external gravestones. Crematoria frequently offer similar alternatives to families who do not have a grave to mark, carved or cast commemorative plaques inside the crematorium for example may serve this purpose. A cemetery may follow national codes of practice or independently prescribe the size and use of certain materials, some may limit the placing of a wooden memorial to six months after burial, after which a more permanent memorial must be placed. Others may require stones of a shape or position to facilitate grass-cutting. Headstones of granite, marble and other kinds of stone are usually created, installed, restoration is a specialized job for a monumental mason
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African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
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Hazard Stevens
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Hazard Stevens was an American military officer, mountaineer, politician and writer. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Union army during the American Civil War at the Battle of Fort Huger, Stevens and Philemon Beecher Van Trump made the first documented successful climb of Mount Rainier on August 17,1870. Stevens was born in Newport, Rhode Island on June 9,1842, in 1854, his father became the first governor of the new Washington Territory and the Stevens family moved to Olympia, Washington. Both father and son volunteered in the Union army during the Civil War, Hazard Stevens was a major and assistant adjutant general. Hazard was wounded and his father, by then a general, was killed in the Battle of Chantilly on September 1,1862. For his contribution to the capture of Fort Huger, Virginia, on April 19,1863, Stevens was mustered out of the Union Army volunteers on September 19,1865. After the war, Stevens returned to Washington to care for his mother, working initially for the Oregon Steam Navigation Company. Van Trump, who was working as the secretary to Marshall F. Moore. Both men were interested in climbing Mount Rainier and on August 17,1870 they completed the first documented ascent of the mountain, the Stevens Van Trump Historic Monument along the Skyline Trail in Mount Rainier National Park was erected to commemorate the historic first ascent of the mountain. Nearby is the Stevens Canyon and Stevens Ridge, both named after him, Stevens joined the bar in 1871, representing the Northern Pacific Railroad Company in their prosecution of lumber theft cases. In 1874, Stevens investigated British claims on the San Juan Islands at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant, in 1874, Stevens moved to Dorchester, Massachusetts near Boston. He then entered the Massachusetts state legislature as a reformer in 1885 and he successfully lobbied for the preservation of Bostons Old State House. He was unsuccessful in a run for the United States Congress, in 1887 Stevens was admitted to the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati by right of his descent from Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lyman. Stevens climbed Mount Rainier a second time in 1905 on a trip organized by The Mazamas, Stevens established the Cloverfields Dairy Farm in Olympia, Washington in 1916. Now on the National Historic Register, the farm is the site of the present Olympia High School. Later in life, Stevens wrote The Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens and he died unmarried shortly thereafter and is interred at Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island Plot, Lots 650-653. Rank and Organization, Captain and Assistant Adjutant General, U. S. Volunteers, place and Date, At Fort Huger, Va. Entered service at, Olympia, Washington Territory, born, June 9,1842, Newport, R. I
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Oliver Hazard Perry
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Oliver Hazard Perry was an American naval commander, born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. He was the son of United States Navy Captain Christopher Raymond Perry and of Sarah Wallace Alexander, during the war against Britain, Perry supervised the building of a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania. He earned the title Hero of Lake Erie for leading American forces in a naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a Congressional Gold Medal. His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the war. He is remembered for the words on his flag, Dont Give Up the Ship and his message to General William Henry Harrison which reads in part, We have met the enemy. In 1815, he successfully commanded Java in the Mediterranean during the Second Barbary War, so seminal was his career that he was lionized in the press. He has been memorialized, and many places, ships. As a boy, Perry lived in Tower Hill, Rhode Island and he was the oldest of five boys born to Christopher and Sarah Perry. Perry came from a line of accomplished naval men from both sides of his family. His mother taught Perry and his brothers to read and write and had them attend Trinity Episcopal Church regularly. Theodore Dehon, rector of the church from 1797 to 1810, had a significant influence on the young Perry and he was educated in Newport, Rhode Island. At twelve years of age, Perry sailed with his father to the West Indies aboard the USS General Greene and he was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy on April 7,1799, at the age of thirteen. The ship made its first stop in Cuba, charged with receiving American merchant ships, Perrys service aboard the General Greene continued during the Quasi-War with France. He first experienced combat on February 9,1800, off the coast of the French colony of Haiti, during the First Barbary War, he served aboard the USS Adams and later was first lieutenant of USS Nautilus. He then served under Captain John Rodgers on the USS Constitution and he was placed in charge of construction of gunboats in Newport and Westerly, Rhode Island. On January 9,1811, Revenge ran aground off Rhode Island and was lost. Seeing fairly quickly that he could not save the vessel, turned his attention to saving the crew, the subsequent court-martial exonerated Perry, placing blame on the ships pilot. In January 2011, a team of divers claimed to have discovered the remains of Revenge, following the court-martial, Perry was given a leave of absence from the Navy
13.
Matthew C. Perry
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Matthew Calbraith Perry was a Commodore of the United States Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in wars, most notably in the Mexican–American War. He played a role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Perry was very concerned with the education of officers and helped develop an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the US Navy. Matthew Perry was the son of Sarah Wallace and Navy Captain Christopher R. Perry, Matthew Perry received a midshipmans warrent in the Navy in 1809, and was initially assigned to the USS Revenge, under the command of his elder brother. He continued in this capacity during the War of 1812, Perry transferred to the USS United States, commanded by the legendary Stephen Decatur, and saw little fighting in the war afterwards, since the ship was trapped in port at New London, Connecticut. Following the signing of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war, Perry served under Commodore William Bainbridge during the Second Barbary War. He then served in African waters aboard USS Cyane during its patrol off Liberia from 1819–1820, after that cruise, Perry was sent to suppress piracy and the slave trade in the West Indies. Later during this period, while in port in Russia, Perry was offered a commission in the Imperial Russian Navy, Perry commanded the USS Shark, a schooner with 12 guns, in 1821–1825. In 1763, when Britain possessed Florida, the Spanish contended that the Florida Keys were part of Cuba, in 1815 the Spanish governor in Havana deeded the island of Key West to Juan Pablo Salas of Saint Augustine. After Florida was transferred to the United States, Salas sold Key West to American businessman John W. Simonton for $2,000 in 1821. Simonton lobbied the U. S. Government to establish a base on Key West both to take advantage of its strategic location and to bring law and order to the area. On March 25,1822, Perry sailed Shark to Key West and planted the U. S. flag, Perry renamed Cayo Hueso Thompsons Island for the Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson and the harbor Port Rodgers for the president of the Board of Navy Commissioners. From 1826 to 1827 Perry acted as captain for Commodore Rodgers. Perry returned to Charleston, South Carolina for shore duty in 1828, and in 1830 took command of a sloop-of-war and he spent the years 1833–1837 as second officer of the New York Navy Yard, gaining promotion to captain at the end of this tour. He was a member of the Masons, Perry had an ardent interest and saw the need for the naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was a proponent of modernizing the Navy
14.
August Belmont
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He is the namesake of the Belmont Stakes, third jewel of the Triple Crown series of American thoroughbred horse racing. After his mothers death, when he was age seven, he lived with his uncle and he attended The Philanthropin, a Jewish school, until he began his first job as an apprentice to the Rothschild banking firm in Frankfurt am Main. The young August would sweep floors, polish furniture and run errands while studying English, arithmetic and he was promoted to confidential clerk in 1832 and later traveled to Naples, Paris and Rome. At age 24, in 1837, Schönberg/Belmont set sail for the Spanish colony of Cuba and its city of Havana. On his way to Havana, Schönberg/Belmont stopped in New York City on a layover, Belmont remained in New York to supervise the jeopardized Rothschild financial interests in America, whose New York agent had filed for bankruptcy, instead of continuing on to Havana. After he emigrated permanently to the United States, he changed his surname, Schönberg, to Belmont in an attempt to avoid anti-Semitism. In the financial/economic recession and Panic of 1837, hundreds of American businesses, including the Rothschild familys American agent in New York City, collapsed. As a result, Belmont postponed his departure for Havana indefinitely and began a new firm, August Belmont & Company, believing that he could supplant the recently bankrupt firm, the American Agency. August Belmont & Company was an instant success, and Belmont restored health to the Rothschilds U. S. interests over the five years. The company dealt with exchange transactions, commercial and private loans, as well as corporate, railroad. Belmont owned a mansion in what is presently North Babylon, New York and it is now owned by New York State and is known as Belmont Lake State Park. In 1844, Belmont was named the Consul-General of the Austrian Empire at New York City, representing the Imperial Governments affairs in the major American financial and his interest in American domestic politics continued to grow. Belmont married Caroline Slidell Perry on November 7,1849 and she was the daughter of naval officer Matthew Calbraith Perry, captain and commodore in the U. S. Navy, later famous for his expedition to open the trading ports of Japan in 1853. According to Jewish newspaper sources, he converted to Christianity at that time, Belmonts sons were Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont, Perry Belmont, and August Belmont, Jr. All of his sons involved in politics. Perry became the head of the committee on foreign affairs in Congress and he also had two daughters, Jennie and Fredericka Belmont. John Slidell, uncle of Belmonts wife, was a U. S, senator from Louisiana and later Southern secessionist who served the Confederate States government as a foreign diplomat and potential minister to Great Britain and French Emperor Napoleon III. He was controversially removed in late 1861 from the British trans-Atlantic steam packet ship Trent, off-shore from Havana, in June 1851, Belmont wrote letters to the New York Herald and the New York National-Democrat, insisting that they do justice to Buchanans run for the presidential nomination
15.
Christopher G. Champlin
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Christopher Grant Champlin was a United States Representative and Senator from Rhode Island. He was born in Newport, the oldest child and only son of the merchant ship owner Christopher Champlin and his uncle George Champlin was a member of the Rhode Island Legislature, his niece, Elizabeth Mason, married Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. After completing preparatory studies, Champlin entered Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1786, on his return, he settled in New York, where he lost a fortune speculating in the stock market. He returned to Newport and married Martha Redwood Ellery in 1793 and they had one child, a son who died young. For several years after his marriage, Champlin worked as an assistant to his father in the shipping business, in 1896, Champlin decided to run for Congress. To strengthen his chances, he swore that he had not speculated in real estate. However, it was revealed that he had lied about his southern land interests. In any case, Champlin was elected as a Federalist to the Fifth and Sixth Congresses, during this period, he took part in a duel with a South Carolina congressman, James A. Bayard. Champlin was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, Champlin served as commanding officer of the Newport Artillery Company from 1815 to 1818. He commanded the company when it responded to the 1815 New England hurricane, as a measure of their gratitude, the Newport town council made the following resolution, Voted and resolved that the thanks of the town Council be presented to Colonel C. G. Champlin was president of the Rhode Island Bank until a time before his death in Newport in 1840. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
16.
Samuel Cranston
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Samuel Cranston was a governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations during the first quarter of the 18th century. He held office from 1698 to 1727, being elected to office 30 times, the son of former Rhode Island Governor John Cranston, he was born in Newport and lived there his entire life. Going to sea as a man, he was captured by pirates. Cranston had very little political experience when he was first elected as governor of the colony upon the resignation of Walter Clarke in March 1698. The issues that he dealt with during his first three years in office were so critical, that the existence of the Rhode Island colony was at stake. One of the issues of his early tenure was that of piracy. The crown wanted piracy stopped, while colonists were sympathetic to the pirates. Another ongoing issue was the boundary between the Rhode Island and Connecticut colonies. The Narragansett country was given to both colonies by their respective charters, creating many decades of friction, during Cranstons tenure as governor, the dispute was finally ended, entirely in Rhode Islands favor. The most formidable issue facing the colony began in 1698 with the arrvial of Lord Bellomont as Governor of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Bellomont took a dislike to the governance of Rhode Island, documenting numerous irregularities in the way it operated. Bellomont wanted the Rhode Island colony to be removed from its charter and he would likely have been successful in his quest, had he not died in 1701. His first wife was Mary Hart, a granddaughter of Roger Williams, Cranston is buried in the Common Burying Ground in Newport, and shares a large marker with his father. The son of former Rhode Island Governor John Cranston, Cranston was born in Newport in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and lived there his entire life. His mother was Mary Clarke, the daughter of an early colonial President, Jeremiah Clarke, the oldest of ten children, he was educated as a youth, and became a merchant as a young adult, with his trade being that of a goldsmith. In 1684, at the age of 24, Cranston became a freeman from Newport, bicknell relates an interesting personal experience Cranston had as a young man. After he was married, he went to sea and was captured by pirates, thinking he was dead, his wife arranged to marry a Mr. Russell of Boston. Cranston managed to gain his freedom and made his way back to Newport and he found his wife before the marriage ceremony, and the event was turned into a celebration for his return, with the groom-to-be surrendering his expected bride with good grace
17.
William Ellery
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William Ellery was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Rhode Island. In 1764, the Baptists consulted with Ellery and the Congregationalist Reverend Ezra Stiles on writing a charter for the college that became Brown University. However, Ellery and Stiles attempted to control of the college to the Congregationalists. Neither Ellery nor Stiles accepted appointment to the reserved Congregationalist seats on the board of trustees, the second son of William Ellery, Sr. and Elizabeth Almy, William Ellery was born in Newport on December 2,1727. He received his education from his father, a merchant. In 1747 William Ellery graduated from Harvard College where he had excelled in Greek, Ellery returned to Newport where he worked first as a merchant, next as a customs collector, and then as Clerk of the Rhode Island General Assembly. Ellery started practicing law in 1770 at the age of 43, after Samuel Wards death in 1776, Ellery replaced Ward in the Continental Congress. Ellery was among the signers of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In terms of square inches, the size of Ellerys signature on the Declaration of Independence was second to only John Hancocks famous signature, Ellery was also a signer of the Articles of Confederation. Ellery also served as a judge of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island and he was the first customs collector of the port of Newport under the Constitution, serving there until his death. Ellery was a worshipper at the Second Congregational Church of Newport. After his death on February 15,1820 at age 92, the Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the Revolution and the William Ellery Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution makes an annual commemoration at his grave on July 4. Ellery married Ann Remington of Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1750 and she was the daughter of Judge Jonathan Remington. She died in 1764 in Cambridge and was buried there and he remarried in 1767 to Abigail Cary. Ellery Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island is named in his honor and he had 19 children and was married twice in his lifetime. He was the father-in-law of Francis Dana who married his daughter Elizabeth, William Ellery is the namesake of the town of Ellery, New York. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Ellery at Find a Grave Brown University Charter
18.
United States Declaration of Independence
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Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast, a committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence. The term Declaration of Independence is not used in the document itself, John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress would edit to produce the final version. The next day, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail, The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, but Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4, the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved. After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms and it was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. The source copy used for printing has been lost. Jeffersons original draft, complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, the best known version of the Declaration, a signed copy that is popularly regarded as the official document, is displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D. C. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19, the sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry. Having served its purpose in announcing independence, references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years. Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric, and his policies and this has been called one of the best-known sentences in the English language, containing the most potent and consequential words in American history. The passage came to represent a standard to which the United States should strive. Believe me, dear Sir, there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do. But, by the God that made me, I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose, and in this, I think I speak the sentiments of America. By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776, relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763. Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765, Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire. Many colonists, however, had developed a different conception of the empire, the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them. This tax dispute was part of a divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliaments authority in the colonies. In the colonies, however, the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate, after the Townshend Acts, some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all
19.
Ida Lewis
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Idawalley Zorada Lewis-Wilson was an American lighthouse keeper noted for her heroism in rescuing people from the seas. Ida Lewis was born in Newport, Rhode Island, the oldest of four children of Captain Hosea Lewis of the Revenue-Marine. Her father was transferred to the Lighthouse Service and appointed keeper of Lime Rock Light on Lime Rock in Newport in 1854, after the family had been at Lime Rock for less than four months, he had a stroke and became disabled. Since Lime Rock was almost completely surrounded by water, the way to reach the mainland was by boat. By the age of 15 Lewis had become known as the best swimmer in Newport and she rowed her younger siblings to school every weekday and fetched supplies from town as they were needed. She became very skillful at handling the heavy rowboat, responding to criticism that it was un-ladylike for women to row boats, Lewis said that None – but a donkey, would consider it un-feminine, to save lives. Lewis and her mother tended the Lime Rock Light for her father from 1857 until 1873 and her mother was then appointed keeper, although Ida continued to do the keepers work. By 1877, her mothers health was failing, leaving Ida with increased housekeeping and care-giving responsibilities and her mother eventually died of cancer in 1878. With a salary of $750 per year, Lewis was for a time the lighthouse keeper in the nation. The extra pay was given in consideration of the services of Mrs. Wilson in the saving of lives. Lewis made her first rescue in 1854, coming to the assistance of four men whose boat had capsized and her most famous rescue occurred on March 29,1869. John McLaughlin, were passing through Newport Harbor toward Fort Adams in a small boat, a snowstorm was churning the harbors waters, and the boat overturned. The two soldiers clung to it, while the boy was lost in the icy water, lewiss mother saw the two in the water and called to Ida, who was suffering from a cold. Ida ran to her boat without taking the time to put on a coat or shoes, with the help of her younger brother, she was able to haul the two men into her boat and bring them to the lighthouse. One of them gave a gold watch to Lewis. The soldiers at Fort Adams showed their appreciation by collecting $218 for her, because of her many rescues, Lewis became the best-known lighthouse keeper of her day. During her 54 years on Lime Rock, she is credited with saving 18 lives and she kept no records of her lifesaving exploits. Lewiss fame spread quickly following the 1869 rescue, as a reporter was sent from the New-York Tribune to record her deeds, articles also appeared in Harpers Weekly and, Leslies magazine, among others
20.
Henry Marchant
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Henry Marchant was American lawyer from Newport, Rhode Island and United States federal judge. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1779, born in Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts, Marchant received an A. M. from the College of Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania in 1762. He read law to enter the bar in 1767, and was in practice in Newport. Marchant was the attorney general of Rhode Island from 1771 to 1777. He returned to practice while also farming, in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. Marchant was a Delegate to the Rhode Island General Assembly from 1784 to 1790, on July 2,1790, Marchant was nominated by President George Washington to be the first judge of the newly created United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island. Marchant was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 3,1790 and he was a member of Second Congregational Church of Newport. His farm, the Henry Marchant Farm, is located in South Kingstown, Marchant died in Newport, Rhode Island and is buried in the citys Common Burial Ground. West v. Barnes, the first case appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, lovejoy, David S. Henry Marchant and the Mistress of the World. William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Henry Marchant at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
21.
Asher Robbins
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Asher Robbins was a United States Senator from Rhode Island. He moved to Newport in 1795, was appointed United States district attorney in 1812, while in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills. After his time in the Senate, Robbins was again a member of the State assembly and was postmaster of Newport from 1841 until his death in that city in 1845, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Asher Robbins at Find a Grave A Statement of Some Leading Principles and Measures Adopted by General Jackson written by Robbins, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
22.
Frances Latham
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Frances Latham, was a colonial American woman who settled in Rhode Island, and is known as the Mother of Governors. Born in Bedfordshire, England, she was the daughter of Lewis Latham and she was first married to William Dungan, with whom she had four children. Dungan died at an age, and she soon married Jeremy Clarke who brought her and her Dungan children to New England where they settled in Portsmouth. Clarke was a prominent merchant who became the President of the colony for a year, with Clarke, Frances had seven children, the oldest of whom, Walter, later became a governor of the colony. Jeremy Clarke died when all of his children were minors, after which Frances married her third husband. Frances and her last husband died at about the same time in 1677 in Newport, and Frances was buried in the Common Burying Ground there. She leaves a legacy of thousands of descendants, many of whom reached great prominence during their lives, baptized in Kempston, Bedfordshire, England on 15 February 1609/10, Frances Latham was the daughter of Lewis Latham and his wife Elizabeth. Her father, born about 1584 in Elstow, Bedfordshire, was a Sergeant Falconer under King Charles I, Frances first husband was William Dungan, who was a perfumer living in the parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields, now a part of London. Within two years she was remarried, this time to Jeremy Clarke of London, a nephew of Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland. Following turmoil in the government of the island in 1639, her husband was one of the nine signers of an agreement to form the settlement of Newport at the end of the island. He held a number of important positions in the town and colonial government, Clarke died in January 1652, with his death being recorded later in the Friends records. About a year after her husbands death, her father, Lewis Latham, also died. Frances was again a widow with young children, and within a few years she had married her third husband. Vaughan had been ordained in 1648 as a member of the First Baptist Church of Newport, others named in this request for counsel were former governor Benedict Arnold, former President Gregory Dexter, and future deputy governor James Barker. Frances died in 1677, at about the time that her husband died. In September of that year Samuel Hubbard of Newport wrote to his children in Westerly, For news, Mr. Vahan is gone to his long home and she died ye 1 week in Sept.1677, in ye 67th year of her age. Frances had 11 children by her first and second husbands, and leaves numerous descendants. Her oldest daughter, Barbara Dungan, married James Barker, who served as deputy governor of the colony and her second daughter, Frances Dungan, married Randall Holden, a signer of the Portsmouth Compact, and one of the founding settlers of the town of Warwick
23.
Jeremy Clarke (governor)
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Jeremy Clarke was an early colonial settler and President of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Here he held a variety of positions until 1648 when Coddingtons election as President of the colony was disputed. He was the father of Walter Clarke, another governor of Rhode Island. Born in central Kent in southeastern England, Jeremy Clarke was the son of William Clarke and his maternal grandfather was Sir Jerome Weston, Baron of the Exchequer, and his uncle was Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland, Lord High Treasurer of England. Clarke was a merchant in London before sailing to New England, while in England he married Frances Dungan, the widow of William Dungan, and the daughter of Lewis Latham, and she and her four Dungan children accompanied Clarke to the American colonies. They first settled on Aquidneck Island, and Clarke was listed as an inhabitant there in 1638, in April 1639, while living in Portsmouth he was one of nine men who signed a compact, agreeing to establish a government just prior to settling in Newport. In Newport he held a variety of positions from 1639 to 1649, including treasurer, constable, in March 1640 he had 116 acres of land laid out for him in Newport, and the same year he was one of three appointed to lay out remaining lands in Newport. In 1642 he was lieutenant of the military in Newport. Also, Coddington was a Royalist, supporting the King, Charles I, one of the most important events of Clarkes administration was the granting of a charter to the town of Providence on 14 March 1649. Though first settled in 1636, this was the first recognition of organized government in what was called Providence Plantations in the Narragansett Bay in New England and this charter of civil incorporation gave the free inhabitants of the town full power and authority to govern and rule themselves. Civil records do not show Clarke serving in any official capacity beyond his presidency and his widow later married William Vaughan, dying early in September 1677 in the 67th year of her age. Clarke and his wife Frances had seven children together, the oldest of whom was Walter Clarke and their youngest child, Sarah, married the future colonial governor Caleb Carr as her second husband. The ancestry of Jeremy Clarke was published by Alfred Justice in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register in 1920, through his great great grandmother, Elizabeth Ferrers, Clarke descends from King Edward I of England and his wife Eleanor of Castile. List of colonial governors of Rhode Island List of early settlers of Rhode Island Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Austin, albany, New York, J. Munsells Sons. The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, New York, The American Historical Society. The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, additions and Corrections to Austins Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island. The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the United States. with a 2008 Addendum, Jeremy Clarke at Find a Grave Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders
24.
Walter Clarke (governor)
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Walter Clarke was an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and the first native-born governor of the colony. The son of colonial President Jeremy Clarke, he was a Quaker like his father and his mother was Frances Clarke, who is often called the Mother of Governors. While in his late 20s, he was elected as a deputy from Newport, during King Philips War, he was elected to his first term as governor of the colony. He served for one year in this role, dealing with the devastation of the war, and with the predatory demands of neighboring colonies on Rhode Island territory during the aftermath of the war. While voted out of office in 1677 by the War Party, he was back in office as deputy governor, serving continuously in this capacity from 1679 to 1686. Eventually, following the death of Governor Caleb Carr in 1695, always with public service in his heart, he nevertheless became deputy governor of the colony in 1700, and served in this capacity every year until his death in 1714. Clarke had a total of four wives, the second of whom was a niece of Anne Hutchinson, two of his sisters married colonial Rhode Island governors. Born in Newport on Aquidneck Island, Walter Clarke was the son of colonial President Jeremy Clarke and his father was an early Quaker settler of the colony, and he became a Quaker himself. In 1667 Clarke was elected as a Deputy to the General Assembly from Newport and he was again elected Deputy in 1670,1672, and 1673, and then was chosen as an Assistant for three years from 1673 to 1676. Eventually, the House of Deputies became the Lower House of the legislature, the Assembly met twice a year, in May and October, and also acted as the judiciary for the colony, in conjunction with the governor and deputy governor. The biggest concern of the colony during Clarkes tenure as deputy or assistant was depredation of Rhode Islands territory by the colonies, particularly Massachusetts. In 1676, during the devastation of King Philips War, Clarke was elected governor of the colony, most of the settlers on the mainland fled to Aquidneck Island where Newport and Portsmouth were located. A flotilla of sloops, or gunboats, each five or six men. The mainland settlements were destroyed, including most houses and fields for crops. Since the Rhode Island colony was about half Quaker during this timeframe, during the war the act was repealed in May 1676, but it was re-enacted six months later at the October meeting of the General Assembly. Also during this October session, a letter of remonstrance was sent to the Connecticut colony concerning claims in the Narragansett country, in May 1677 the War Party won most of the seats in the General Assembly, and Benedict Arnold was elected governor. Clarke stepped down from power for two years, but in 1679 he was elected deputy governor, and served in that role continuously until 1686, when he was once again elected governor. The death of King Charles II in 1685 brought James II to the English throne, edward Randolph was sent to America to establish a temporary government over the colonies until a permanent government could be established
25.
William Vernon
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William Vernon, of Newport, Rhode Island, was a New England trader who played a leading role in the Continental Congress maritime activities during the American Revolution. As president of the Eastern Navy Board during the Revolution, he was responsible for building and outfitting the ships of the Continental Navy, William Vernon was born in Newport in 1719 to a local silversmith, Samuel Vernon and his wife Elizabeth Fleet. Vernons family was descended from one of Rhode Islands first pioneers. William Vernon was a member of Newports Second Congregational Church, which was pastored by Ezra Stiles, William and his older brother Samuel entered into business together, eventually establishing themselves as prominent merchants in Newport. Another brother, Thomas, did not enter into trade with his other siblings, William Vernon was one of the charter members of the Artillery Company of Newport. The Vernon brothers, William and Samuel, made a name for themselves in Newport by successfully utilizing the triangle trade and their first ship, commanded by Captain John Godfrey, was ironically named the Olive Branch. The brothers also owned the Hare, a ship whose participation in the American slave trade is well documented, the Vernons are known as the first Newport merchants to sell African slaves directly to the southern colonies, instead of exclusively in the West Indies. Their ships returning from the West Indies offloaded slaves in South Carolina in exchange for barrels of rice destined for markets in New England and their first sale to the southern colonies was made in Charleston in 1755. These brothers serve as a example of the pivotal role many northern colonies played in the American slave trade. William’s success in Newport meant he was known to the British. Samuel and William were both supporters of the revolution, Samuel was even one of the ringleaders responsible for the Stamp Act Riots of 1765. Their other sibling, Thomas was a Loyalist or Tory sent into an exile in Glocester, Rhode Island. As a result of his political beliefs, William was forced to flee Newport prior to the British occupation of Newport. Vernon fled to Rehoboth, Massachusetts, hoping to protect his family and his nephew remained at the Vernon House to protect it during this time. The elegant formal style of life introduced by the French during the Revolutionary War was quickly taken up by the populace and they hung for many years at Vernon House and undoubtedly enticed other Newport residents to collect within the same parameters. After moving closer to the heart of revolutionary activity, Vernon was appointed by the Continental Congress as the president of the Eastern Naval Board on May 6,1777 and this position was effectively the precursor to the Department of the Navy. In this position, Vernon was responsible for building and outfitting the ships of the colonial Navy for the duration of the American Revolution. Vernon was extremely dedicated to his duties, on several occasions, after the Revolution, Vernon became involved in the Board of the Admiralty before returning to Newport
26.
Richard Ward (governor)
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Richard Ward was a governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, serving for one complete term from 1741 to 1742. Ward was born in Newport, Rhode Island and he was the son of Thomas Ward and Amey Billings of Newport, and grandson of John Ward who had come from Gloucester, England. In 1723 he was six pounds for attending the trial of a group of pirates who were taken prisoner by Captain Solgar. Of the 36 pirates taken into captivity,26 were sentenced to hang, in 1726, Ward was one of the four Rhode Island commissioners appointed to meet a group of Connecticut commissioners to settle the boundary line between the two colonies. Ward was the Secretary of State from 1730 to 1733, in this capacity he and Samuel Perry were appointed trustees to the Indian sachem Ninigret. In 1741 he was selected as Governor for a single term, in 1709 Ward married Mary Tillinghast, the daughter of John and Elizabeth Tillinghast, and granddaughter of Pardon Tillinghast who had come from Seven Cliffs, Sussex, England. The couple had 14 children, the ninth of whom was Samuel Ward who would become a governor of the colony. Two other children, Thomas and Henry, both served terms as Secretary of the Colony. Richard Wards older sister Mary married Sion Arnold, a grandson of Governor Benedict Arnold, Ward is buried under a brick vault in the Common Burying Ground in Newport, and his son Samuel, after first being buried in Philadelphia, was re-interred next to him. List of colonial governors of Rhode Island List of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Austin, albany, New York, J. Munsells Sons. The American Historical Company, inc. p.284, hurst, Judith A. Sayles country II, a supplement to Volume I with additional descendants of John and Mary Sayles of Providence, Rhode Island. Richard Ward at Find a Grave Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders
27.
Samuel Ward (American statesman)
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Samuel Ward was an American farmer, politician, Supreme Court Justice, Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was the son of earlier Rhode Island governor Richard Ward, was well educated, after marrying, he and his wife received property in Westerly, Rhode Island from his father-in-law and, upon settling there, he took up farming. He entered politics as a young man and soon took sides in the hard-money vs. paper-money controversy, favoring hard money. His primary rival over the issue was Providence politician Stephen Hopkins. During this time of activity, Ward became a founder and trustee of Rhode Islands first college. The most contentious issue that he faced during his three years as governor involved the Stamp Act, which had passed by the British Parliament just before he took office for the second time. The Stamp Act placed a tax on all documents and newspapers. Wards final term as governor ended in 1767, after which he retired to work on his farm in Westerly, however, he was called back into service in 1774 as a delegate to the Continental Congress. War was looming with the England, and to end he devoted all of his energy. After hostilities began, Ward stated, Heaven save my country, is my first, my last and his remains were later re-interred in the Common Burying Ground in Newport. Ward was born in Newport in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1725, Samuel Wards mother Mary Tillinghast was the daughter of John Tillinghast and Isabel Sayles, and a granddaughter of Pardon Tillinghast who had come from Seven Cliffs, Sussex, England. She was also a granddaughter of John Sayles and Mary Williams, Ward was the ninth of 14 children. He grew up in a home of liberal tastes and cultivated manners and he may also have been tutored by his older brother Thomas, who had graduated from Harvard College in 1733. As a young man, Ward married Anne Ray, the daughter of a farmer on Block Island, from whom the couple received land in Westerly. He devoted much effort to improving the breeds of domestic animals, Samuel and Anna Ward had eleven children. Their second son Samuel Ward, Jr. served as a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army, a great-granddaughter was Julia Ward Howe who composed the Battle Hymn of the Republic. Wards aunt Mary Ward married Sion Arnold, a grandson of Governor Benedict Arnold, in 1937, the Town of Westerly, Rhode Island honored Governor Wards memory by dedicating its new high school to him. The road that formerly fronted the building of the current high school campus was also named Ward Avenue for his family
28.
Hugh D. Auchincloss
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Auchincloss was born at Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island. He was the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Sr. a merchant and financier and his maternal grandparents were Oliver Burr Jennings and Esther Judson Goodsell. His uncles included Edgar Stirling Auchincloss, the father of U. S, Auchincloss, and John Winthrop Auchincloss, the grandfather of Louis Auchincloss, an attorney and author. He had two sisters, Esther Judson Auchincloss and Ann Burr Auchincloss. Auchincloss graduated from Groton School in Massachusetts and then from Yale University in 1920 and he earned a law degree from Columbia University in 1924. From 1924 to 1926, Auchincloss practiced law in New York City, in 1927, he was appointed an aviation expert in the State Department. Four years later in 1931, he resigned government service to form a brokerage firm, in 1931, he bought his seat on the New York Stock Exchange for $235,000. The firm eventually had 16 offices with two in New York City and the rest spread along the East Coast, in 1970, the firm merged with Thomson & McKinnon, a brokerage house based in New York. At that time of the merger, the new firm, known as Thomson & McKinnon Auchincloss, had assets of $160 million and 58 offices, by the time of his Auchincloss death in 1976, the firm was known as Thomson & McKinnon Auchincloss Kohlmeyer. Auchincloss was married three times throughout his life and had five children and his first marriage was on June 4,1925 to Maya de Chrapovitsky, a Russian noblewoman. Before their divorce in 1932, they had one child together, Hugh Dudley Yusha Auchincloss III In 1935, he married Nina S. Gore, Nina had previously been married to Eugene Vidal, a Roosevelt appointee, and with him had Gore Vidal, the author. Before their divorce in 1941, they had two children, Nina Gore Auchincloss Thomas Gore Auchincloss, on June 21,1942, he married for the third and final time to Janet Lee Bouvier, the mother of future First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier and Caroline Lee Bouvier. They remained married until his death in 1976 and had two children together, Janet Jennings Auchincloss James Lee Auchincloss, Auchincloss was responsible for getting Jacqueline Bouvier her first job in journalism at the Washington Times-Herald. He gave her away at her wedding to future president John F. Kennedy, Auchincloss died at his home in Georgetown on November 20,1976 and was later buried at Island Cemetery in Newport. Auchincloss was a member of the University Club, the New York Yacht Club, Grolier Society and Racquet, in Washington, he was a member of the Burning Tree Club and the Metropolitan Club
29.
Janet Lee Bouvier Auchincloss Morris
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Janet Norton Lee Bouvier Auchincloss was an American socialite. Janet was born in Manhattan, New York City, the daughter of James Thomas Aloysius Lee, a lawyer and real estate developer. Her parents were both of Irish descent and her first husband was John Vernou Bouvier III. They had two daughters, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and Lee Radziwill, bouviers womanizing and drinking led to a separation in 1936, a brief reconciliation for a few months in 1937, and then a divorce in 1940. She was the mother-in-law of United States President John F. Kennedy and her second husband in 1942 was Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. an attorney and Standard Oil heir, she was his third wife. They had two children, Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd, and James Lee Auchincloss and her third marriage, after Auchinclosss death, was to childhood friend Bingham Morris in 1979. She died of complications arising from Alzheimers disease in 1989, Janet and Jackie, The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, by Jan Pottke. Obituary of James Thomas Lee, New York Times, January 4,1968
30.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
31.
Democratic National Committee
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The Democratic National Committee is the formal governing body for the United States Democratic Party. The committee coordinates strategy to support Democratic Party candidates throughout the country for local, state and it organizes the Democratic National Convention held every four years to nominate and confirm a candidate for president, and to formulate the party platform. While it provides support for party candidates, it not have direct authority over elected officials. The DNC is composed of the chairs and vice-chairs of each state Democratic Party committee and over 200 members elected by Democrats in all 50 states and its chairperson is elected by the committee. It conducts fundraising to support its activities, the DNC was established at the 1848 Democratic National Convention. The DNCs main counterpart is the Republican National Committee, the DNC is responsible for articulating and promoting the Democratic platform and coordinating party organizational activity. When the president is a Democrat, the party generally works closely with the president, there are state committees in every state, as well as local committees in most cities, wards, and towns. The chairperson of the DNC is elected by vote of members of the Democratic National Committee, primary elections, in particular, are invariably conducted by state governments according to their own laws. Outside of the process of nominating a candidate, the DNCs role in actually selecting candidates to run on the party ticket is minimal. All DNC members are superdelegates to the Democratic National Convention whose role can influence a close primary race, sitting Democratic governors and members of Congress. Distinguished party leaders, consisting of current and former presidents, vice presidents, congressional leaders, in the 2002 election cycle, the DNC and its affiliated committees raised a total of US $162,062,084, 42% of which was hard money. The largest contributor, with US $7,297,937 was the Saban Capital Group, fred Eychaner, the owner of Newsweb Corporation, gave the second highest amount of money to the DNC and its affiliates, US $5,175,000. The third largest contributor was Steve Bing of Shangri-La Entertainment, who gave US $4,758,000, in the 2006 election cycle, the DNC raised a total of US $37,939,887. The three largest contributors were investment bank Goldman Sachs, university of California and Pond North LLP. The DNC introduced a fund raising campaign, the Democracy Bonds program. There were only 31,000 Democracy Bond donors by May 2006, the program no longer is in place. In the 2016 election cycle, the DNC raised a total of US $75,945,536 as of July 21,2016, the three largest contributors were hedge fund Renaissance Technologies, Newsweb Corp and Total Wine. In July 2015, during the 2016 election cycle, the DNC, led by Debbie Wasserman-Schultz, Chair, Tom Perez, former U. S. Secretary of Labor under Barack Obama Deputy Chair, Keith Ellison, U. S. S
32.
Belmont Stakes
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The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held every June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. It is a 1. 5-mile-long horse race, open to three-year-old Thoroughbreds, colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds, fillies carry 121 pounds. The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile, the attendance at the Belmont Stakes is among the American thoroughbred racing top attended events. The 2004 Belmont Stakes drew an audience of 21.9 million viewers. The 149th Running of the Belmont Stakes will take place on Saturday, the first Belmont Stakes was held at Jerome Park Racetrack in The Bronx, built in 1866 by stock market speculator Leonard Jerome and financed by August Belmont, Sr. for whom the race was named. The first race in 1867 saw the filly Ruthless win, while the year was won by General Duke. The race continued to be held at Jerome Park until 1890, the 1895 race was almost not held because of new laws that banned bookmaking in New York, it was eventually rescheduled for November 2. When anti-gambling legislation was passed in New York State, Belmont Racetrack was closed, the first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton, in 1919, before the series was recognized as such. In 1920, the Belmont was won by the great Man o War, starting in 1926, the winner of the Belmont Stakes has been presented with August Belmont Trophy. The owner may keep the trophy for one year, and also receives a miniature for permanent use. The term Triple Crown was first used when Gallant Fox won the three races in 1930, but the term did not enter widespread use until 1935 when his son Omaha repeated the feat, Sir Barton was then honored retroactively. Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes, prior to 1931, the Preakness was run before the Derby eleven times. On May 12,1917 and again on May 13,1922, the Preakness, on eleven occasions, the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes. The date of each event is now set by the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes is currently held two weeks later, and the Belmont Stakes is held three weeks after the Preakness. The earliest possible date for the Derby is May 1, and the latest is May 7, the earliest possible date for the Belmont is thus June 5, and the latest is June 11. In 1937, War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown winner after winning the Belmont in a new record time of 2,28 3/5. In the 1940s, four Triple Crown winners followed, Whirlaway in 1941, Count Fleet in 1943, Assault in 1946, Count Fleet won the race by a then-record margin of twenty-five lengths. He also set a record of 2,28 1/5
33.
August Belmont Jr.
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August Belmont Jr. was an American financier, the builder of New Yorks Belmont Park racetrack, and a major owner/breeder of thoroughbred racehorses. He was chairman of the board of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad and he also served as a director of the National Park Bank. He was born in New York City on February 18,1853 to Caroline Slidell Perry and his maternal grandfather was Commodore Matthew C. Marks School and was an 1875 graduate of Harvard University, at Harvard on the track team he introduced spiked track shoes to the United States. He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon at Harvard, Belmont was also a member of the Porcellian Club. After graduation he worked at the Belmont banking house, August Belmont & Co, at the death of his father in 1890 he became the head of the company. Belmont founded the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in 1902 to help finance the construction of and he served as president, and, in 1907, chairman of the company. Belmont holds the distinction of owning the only purpose built private subway car. Named Mineola, it was used by Belmont to give tours of the IRT, following the United States entry into World War I, Belmont, at age 64, volunteered to assist the war effort and was sent to France by the United States Army. He received a commission as major in the United States Army Air Service on November 9,1917 in France and he was assigned to the supply department of the American Expeditionary Force and conducted negotiations with the government of Spain to procure supplies for the AEF. He was on detached service to the United States from February 16 to October 23,1918 and he returned to the United States on December 21 and was discharged from the Army on January 6,1919. He was one of the oldest officers to serve in the U. S. Army during the First World War, during the war, his son, Morgan Belmont, served as a lieutenant at the Aviation Instruction Center at Foggia, Italy. Another son, Raymond Belmont, served as an Infantry officer with the 78th Division in France and participated in Saint-Mihiel, August Belmont was instrumental in making the Cape Cod Canal a reality. The grand opening of the Cape Cod Canal took place on July 29,1914, Belmonts canal was expensive for mariners, costing as much as $16.00 for a trip by schooner, a considerable sum in those days. The narrow 140-foot width and shallow 25-foot depth of the canal made navigation difficult, as a result, tolls did not live up to expectations and the Cape Cod Canal became a losing proposition. As a result, the Canal was purchased by the U. S. Government on March 30,1928, like his father, Belmont was an avid thoroughbred racing fan. According to his TIME magazine obituary, Belmont is credited with having saved thoroughbred racing when it was at its lowest ebb in the East, Belmont served as the first president of The Jockey Club and was chairman of the New York State Racing Commission. In 1895 he was one of the nine founding members of the National Steeplechase Association, Belmont inherited Nursery Stud, a Thoroughbred breeding operation established in 1867 by his father at his 1, 100-acre Babylon, New York estate
34.
Interborough Rapid Transit Company
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The IRT was purchased by the City in June 1940. The former IRT lines are now the A Division or IRT Division of the Subway, the first IRT subway ran between City Hall and 145th Street at Broadway, opening on October 27,1904. It opened following more than twenty years of debate on the merits of subways versus the existing elevated rail system. Founded on May 6,1902, by August Belmont, Jr. the IRTs mission was to operate New York Citys initial underground rapid transit system after Belmonts, mcDonalds Rapid Transit Construction Company was awarded the rights to build the railway line in 1900, outbidding Andrew Onderdonk. On April 1,1903, over a year before its first subway line opened, the Manhattan EL was the operator of four elevated railways in Manhattan with an extension into the Bronx. The IRT coordinated some services between what became its subway and elevated divisions, but all the lines of the former Manhattan EL have since been dismantled. In 1913, as a result of expansion in the city. The IRT ceased to function as a privately held company on June 12,1940, today, the IRT lines are operated as the A Division of the subway. The remaining lines are underground in Manhattan, except for a stretch across Harlem at 125th Street. Its Brooklyn lines are underground with a single elevated extension that reaches up to New Lots Avenue, the Flushing Line, its sole line in Queens, is entirely elevated except for a short portion approaching its East River tunnel and its terminal at Flushing–Main Street. The Flushing Line has had no connection to the rest of the IRT since 1942. It is connected to the BMT and the rest of the system via the BMT Astoria Line on the level of the Queensboro Plaza station. The Flushing Line became the responsibility of IRT, the Astoria Line had its platforms shaved back for exclusive BMT operation
35.
Cape Cod Canal
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The Cape Cod Canal is an artificial waterway in the state of Massachusetts connecting Cape Cod Bay in the north to Buzzards Bay in the south. Part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the approximately 7 mile long canal traverses the narrow neck of land joining Cape Cod to the states mainland. Most of its length follows tidal rivers widened to 480 feet and deepened to 32 feet at low water. Most of the canal is located in Bourne, Massachusetts, Scusset Beach State Reservation lies near the canals north entrance, the Massachusetts Maritime Academy near its south. A swift running current changes direction every six hours and can reach 5.2 miles per hour during the ebb tide. The waterway is maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and has no toll fees and it is spanned by the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge and two highway bridges—the Bourne and the Sagamore. Traffic lights at either end govern the approach of vessels over 65 feet, although being an artificial waterway, the canal is occasionally used by whales and dolphins including critically endangered North Atlantic right whales and can cause closure of the canal. William Bradford established the trading post of Aptuxcet in 1627 at the portage between the rivers, trade with the Native Americans of Narragansett Bay and the Dutch of New Netherland prospered and was a major factor enabling the Pilgrims to pay off their indebtedness. In 1697 the General Court of Massachusetts considered the first formal proposal to build the canal, but apparently took no action. In 1717, a canal called Jeremiahs Gutter was created in Orleans, spanning a narrower portion of the Cape some distance to the East, more energetic planning with surveys took place repeatedly in 1776,1791,1803,1818, 1824–1830, and 1860. None of these came to fruition. The first attempts at building a canal did not take place until the late 19th century. The engineers finally decided which route through the hillsides to take by connecting and widening the Manomet and Scusset Rivers, there were many problems that the engineers of the canal encountered. One was mammoth boulders left by the retreat of Ice Age glaciers, divers were hired to blow them up, but the effort slowed dredging. Another problem was cold winter storms, which forced the engineers to stop dredging altogether, nevertheless, the canal opened, on a limited basis, on July 29,1914, and it was completed in 1916. The privately owned toll canal had a width of one hundred feet, a maximum depth of 25 feet. Due to the channel and navigation difficulty, several accidents occurred which limited traffic. As a result, despite shortening the route from New York City to Boston by 62 miles
36.
Perry Belmont
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Perry Belmont was an American politician and diplomat. Belmont was born on December 28,1851 in New York City and his maternal grandfather was Commodore Matthew C. His brothers were Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont and August Belmont, Jr and he was admitted to the bar that same year. Belmont practiced law in New York City for five years, partnered with him in the law firm, Vinton, Belmont & Frelinghuysen, were his cousin, the writer Arthur Dudley Vinton, and George Frelinghuysen, future president of the Ballantine Brewing Company. He and his brother, August Belmont, Jr. were also founding members of The Jockey Club, elected as a Democrat to the 47th Congress and reelected to the next three Congresses, Belmont served as U. S. Representative for the first district of New York from March 4,1881 until his resignation on December 1,1888. During his first term, he was a member of the committee on foreign affairs, noted for his cross-examination of James G. Blaine, the cross-examination concerned Blaines relations with a syndicate of American capitalists interested in the development of certain guano deposits in Peru. An attempt was made to show that Blaines efforts toward mediation between Chile and Peru were from interested motives, Belmont served from 1885 to 1887 as chairman of the committee on foreign affairs. In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Belmont served for six weeks in the Army as an Inspector General of the First Division, Second Army Corps, United States Volunteers and he was appointed United States Minister to Spain that same year. In 1899, after 17 years of marriage, Jessie Ann Robbins divorced Henry T. Sloane to marry Perry Belmont, the marriage occurred only five hours after the divorce was decreed and, at the time, was considered scandalous. When the Consolidated National Bank of New York was organized on July 1,1902, brewster, George Crocker, and Mortimer H. Wagar. In 1906, Belmont became permanent president of the National Publicity Bill Organization, during the First World War, despite being 65 years old, Belmont was commissioned as a captain in the U. S. Army Quartermaster Corps on May 5,1917. He was assigned to the Remount Division in Washington, D. C. and was discharged on May 21,1920, through his mother he was a descendant of Captain Christopher Raymond Perry who had served as a privateer during the American Revolution. By virtue of his descent from Captain Perry, Belmont was a member of the Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the Revolution, in 1929 he was elected an honorary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati. He was also a member of the Veteran Corps of Artillery, Belmont died in Newport, Rhode Island on May 25,1947. He is interred along with his parents and his brother August Belmont and his former home in Washington, D. C. became the International Temple for the Order of the Eastern Star. Works by or about Perry Belmont at Internet Archive United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Homans, James E. ed. Belmont, Perry, New York, The Press Association Compilers, Inc
37.
Oliver H.P. Belmont
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Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont was an American socialite and United States Representative from New York. Belmont was a member of the firm of August Belmont. He became publisher of the Verdict, a weekly paper, Belmont was born on November 12,1858 in New York City, New York. Olivers father was August Belmont, a Hessian Jew who came to the United States in 1837 as an agent for the Rothschilds, and accumulated enormous personal wealth. His mother, Caroline Slidell, was the daughter of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry and his maternal great-uncle and namesake was Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the victor of the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813. Belmont attended St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire and he entered the United States Naval Academy on June 10,1880. He was commissioned as a midshipman and served until June 1,1881, Belmont was a member of the banking firm of August Belmont and Co. He became publisher of the Verdict, a weekly paper and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1902. Oliver received an inheritance when his father died in 1890. Oliver was a bachelor at the time of his fathers death, richard Morris Hunt was the architect for Olivers Newport mansion, Belcourt. Belmont designed Belcourt as he pleased, Hunt was hesitant with the design of Belcourt, but he concentrated on his guiding principle that it was his clients money he was spending. The entire first floor was composed of a multitude of stables for Belmonts prized horses, the monumental Gothic rooms with their huge stained-glass windows were emblazoned with the Belmont coat of arms. Belmont was a member of the Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the Revolution in 1896. He was eligible for membership in the Society by right of his descent from Captain Christopher Raymond Perry who has served as a privateer in the American Revolution, in 1882, without his parents consent, Oliver proposed marriage to debutante Sara Swan Whiting, a popular and beautiful socialite. His parents, August and Caroline Belmont, objected to the engagement, thinking Oliver was not mature enough for marriage because of his gambling and playboy lifestyle. As a result, he was sent to Bremen, Germany, to learn the trade from the Rothschild family. Oliver became dissipated and developed a penchant for absinthe, when Mrs. Belmont realized his decline, she agreed to the marriage. Oliver Belmont married Sara Swan Whiting in Newport, Rhode Island, on December 27,1882, at her family home, the newlyweds traveled to Paris for their honeymoon, where they were joined several weeks later by Saras mother and two older sisters
38.
Henry Brewerton
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Henry Brewerton was born in New York City, New York. He lost his parents at an early age, but, under the guardianship of Daniel D. Tompkins, entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. He graduated on July 1,1819 5th in a class of 29 cadets and was commissioned a 2nd lieutenant the same day and he was not yet 18 years old at the time of his commencement. After a brief tour at Rouses Point helping to survey and establish the 45th parallel along the border between the United States and Canada, Brewerton taught engineering at the academy and he was promoted to 1st lieutenant on January 1,1825 and to captain on September 21,1836. He later worked as an engineer on seacoast defenses and on the construction of the National Road in Ohio and he returned to West Point as superintendent of the military academy in 1845. Replaced in 1852 by Robert E. Lee, Brewerton was promoted to major of engineers on August 23,1856 after almost 19 years in the rank of captain. At the outset of the conflict in April 1861, Brewerton was on an tour of Western Europe, Greece, Palestine. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, on August 6,1861, Brewerton was thereafter superintending engineer of the fortifications and improvements of Baltimore Harbor, Fort Monroe and he was promoted to colonel on April 22,1864 and was breveted as a brigadier general at the wars close. Brewerton retired on March 7,1867 after more than 47 years active service and he spent his last years in Delaware. Brewerton is buried at the Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island and his son George Douglas Brewerton was a noted painter, poet, and journalist. 21 website at the Wayback Machine
39.
United States Military Academy
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It sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River,50 miles north of New York City. It is one of the four U. S. military service academies, the entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campuss Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray, the campus is a popular tourist destination complete with a large visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army. Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington, puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands. Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets. Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, the academy bases a cadets leadership experience as a development of all three pillars of performance, academics, physical, and military. Most graduates are commissioned as lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries, since 1959, cadets have also been eligible to cross-commission, or request a commission in one of the other armed services, provided that they meet that services eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of cadets do this. The academys traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and it was the first American college to have an accredited civil-engineering program and the first to have class rings, and its technical curriculum was a model for later engineering schools. West Points student body has a rank structure and lexicon. All cadets reside on campus and dine together en masse on weekdays for breakfast, the academy fields fifteen mens and nine womens National Collegiate Athletic Association sports teams. Cadets compete in one sport every fall, winter, and spring season at the intramural, club and its football team was a national power in the early and mid-20th century, winning three national championships. The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778, between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses. While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, after Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton. With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance, Cadets underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794. In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president, Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy and he selected Jonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent
40.
Melville Bull
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Born in Newport, Rhode Island, Bull attended Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, and graduated from Harvard University in 1877. He was then involved in farming in the vicinity of Newport and he served as member of the State house of representatives from 1883 to 1885 and as a state senator from 1885 to 1892. He served as member of the Republican State central committee and served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1888 and he also served as Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island from 1892 to 1894 under Governor D. Russell Brown. Bull was a member of the Rhode Island Society of Colonial Wars in 1897. Bull was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth and to the three succeeding Congresses and he served as chairman of the Committee on Accounts. He was a candidate for reelection in 1902 to the Fifty-eighth Congress. He lived in Middletown, Rhode Island until his death on July 5,1909 and was interred in Island Cemetery, Newport, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
41.
George Henry Calvert
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George Henry Calvert was an American editor, essayist, dramatist, poet, and biographer. He was the Chair of Moral Philosophy at the newly established College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Baltimore, Calvert was born January 2,1803 in Baltimore, Maryland. His mother, Rosalie Eugenia Stier, was the daughter of a wealthy Belgian aristocrat, Baron Henri Joseph Stier and his father, George Calvert, was the son of Benedict Swingate Calvert – a natural son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore – and his wife Elizabeth Calvert. George Calvert was the Calverts eldest son and he grew up in Maryland, graduated from Harvard College in 1823, and studied in Germany where in March 1825 he met the poet Goethe. Returning to Baltimore, he edited the Baltimore American, in 1840 he made another trip to Europe, meeting William Wordsworth. In 1843 Calvert moved to Newport, Rhode Island, on May 11,1829 George Calvert married Elizabeth Steuart. His father was opposed to the match on the grounds that Elizabeth, however a compromise was eventually reached and, after a suitable delay, the couple were married at the Steuart house in West Baltimore, Maryland Square. George and Elizabeth had no children, in 1830 George Calvert was appointed the Chair of Moral Philosophy at the newly established College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Baltimore. In 1853, George Calvert was elected Mayor of Newport, Rhode Island, an Historical Drama, New York, Lee and Shepard,1876 He translated and published in 1845 a portion of the correspondence between Goethe and Schiller. Ripley, George, Dana, Charles A. eds, Calvert Family Tree Works by George Henry Calvert at Project Gutenberg Works by or about George Henry Calvert at Internet Archive George Henry Calvert at Find a Grave
