1.
Community
–
A community is a small or large social unit who have something in common, such as norms, religion, values, or identity. Often - but not always - communities share a sense of place that is situated in a geographical area. Durable relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of community, people tend to define those social ties as important to their identity, practice, and roles in social institutions like family, home, work, government, society, or humanity, at large. The word community derives from the Old French comuneté, which comes from the Latin communitas community, human communities may share intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, and risks in common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness. Community studies is an academic field drawing on both sociology and anthropology and the research methods of ethnography and participant observation in the study of community. In academic settings around the world, community studies is variously a sub-discipline of anthropology or sociology and it is often interdisciplinary and geared toward practical applications rather than purely theoretical perspectives. Community studies is sometimes combined with other fields, i. e. Urban and Community Studies, Health and Community Studies, or Family, while studies of the Internet are now widespread across academic disciplines, there is a growing collaboration among these investigations. On the research side, Internet studies intersects with studies of cyberculture, human–computer interaction, Urban sociologists contest the significance of place in shaping community. The anonymity and impersonal characterizing life in modern city spaces tend to be devoid of the collective connectedness associated with the idea of community”. The philosophy of science is the study of the logic and method of the social sciences, such as sociology, anthropology. Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of variation among humans. It is in contrast to social anthropology, which perceives cultural variation as a subset of the anthropological constant, a variety of methods are involved in cultural anthropological, including participant observation, interviews, and surveys. The term civilization later gave way to definitions given by V. Gordon Childe, with forming an umbrella term. Anthropologists have argued that culture is human nature, and that all people have a capacity to classify experiences, encode classifications symbolically, since humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, people living in different places or different circumstances develop different cultures. Anthropologists have also pointed out that through culture people can adapt to their environment in non-genetic ways, much of anthropological theory has originated in an appreciation of and interest in the tension between the local and the global. Colonialism and its processes increasingly brought European thinkers into direct or indirect contact with primitive others, the umbrella term socio-cultural anthropology draws upon both cultural and social anthropology traditions. In archaeological studies of communities the term community is used in two ways, paralleling usage in other areas. The first is a definition of community as a place where people used to live
Community
–
A
community of interest gathers at
Stonehenge, England, for the summer solstice.
Community
–
To what extent do participants in joint activities experience a
sense of community?
Community
–
Lewes Bonfire Night procession commemorating 17 Protestant martyrs burnt at the stake from 1555 to 1557
Community
–
The anti-war
affinity group "Collateral Damage"
protesting the
Iraq war
2.
Volunteering
–
Volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity where an individual or group provides services for no financial gain to benefit another person, group or organization. Volunteering is also renowned for skill development and is intended to promote goodness or to improve human quality of life. Volunteering may have benefits for the volunteer as well as for the person or community served. It is also intended to make contacts for possible employment, many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others serve on a basis, such as in response to a natural disaster. The verb was first recorded in 1755 and it was derived from the noun volunteer, in C.1600, one who offers himself for military service, from the Middle French voluntaire. In the non-military sense, the word was first recorded during the 1630s, the word volunteering has more recent usage—still predominantly military—coinciding with the phrase community service. In a military context, an army is a military body whose soldiers chose to enter service. Such volunteers do not work for free and are given regular pay, during this time, America experienced the Great Awakening. People became aware of the disadvantaged and realized the cause for movement against slavery, younger people started helping the needy in their communities. In 1851, the first YMCA in the United States was started, followed seven years later by the first YWCA. During the American Civil War, women volunteered their time to sew supplies for the soldiers and the Angel of the Battlefield Clara Barton and a team of volunteers began providing aid to servicemen. Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and began mobilizing volunteers for disaster relief operations, the Salvation Army is one of the oldest and largest organizations working for disadvantaged people. Though it is a charity organization, it has organized a number of volunteering programs since its inception, prior to the 19th century, few formal charitable organizations existed to assist people in need. The Great Depression saw one of the first large-scale, nationwide efforts to coordinate volunteering for a specific need, after World War II, people shifted the focus of their altruistic passions to other areas, including helping the poor and volunteering overseas. A major development was the Peace Corps in the United States in 1960, when President Lyndon B. Johnson declared a War on Poverty in 1964, volunteer opportunities started to expand and continued into the next few decades. The process for finding volunteer work became more formalized, with more volunteer centers forming and new ways to find work appearing on the World Wide Web. According to the Corporation for National and Community Service, about 64.5 million Americans, or 26.5 percent of the adult population and this calculates at about 125–150 hours per year or 3 hours per week at a rate of $22 per hour
Volunteering
–
Ithaca influenza epidemic workers, July 1919, Queensland, Australia.
Volunteering
–
Volunteers sweep the boardwalk in
Brooklyn after the 2012
Hurricane Sandy.
Volunteering
–
John F. Kennedy greets volunteers on 28 August 1961
Volunteering
–
Laura Bush poses with
Peace Corps volunteers
3.
Service-learning
–
Service-learning is an educational approach that combines learning objectives with community service in order to provide a pragmatic, progressive learning experience while meeting societal needs. Service-learning involves students in projects to apply classroom learning for local agencies that exist to effect positive change in the community. According to Biola professor Freddy Cardoza, Service-Learning is a strategic and systematic approach used by schools, as defined by Robert Sigmon,1994, Service-LEARNING, Learning goals primary, service outcomes secondary. SERVICE-Learning, Service outcomes primary, learning goals secondary, Service learning, Service and learning goals completely separate. SERVICE-LEARNING, Service and learning goals of equal weight and each enhances the other for all participants, Service-learning, as defined by Robert Sigmon, occurs when there is a balance between learning goals and service outcomes. Community Service, Community service is similar to volunteerism, the main difference being that it is said to involve more structure. Field Education, Field education, like internships, is generally more beneficial to the student. Field education involves programs that, provide students with service opportunities that are related. In Service-learning, History, Theory, and Issues, Bruce W. ”In 1992 Maryland adopted statewide service-learning requirements for high school graduation, in the same year, the District of Columbia also adopted such requirements. A number of other States have allowed credit toward graduation for service-learning/community service, Janet Eyler, in the book Wheres the Learning in Service-Learning. Outlines the different ways student learn through service-learning, the second form is academic material that is taught through practical application and reflective instruction, so that it may be practiced outside classrooms and test-taking. Janet Eyler explains, it is the product of continuous challenge to old conceptions and reflection on new ways to organize information and use the new material. The fourth form is transformation within the students, which is about thinking about things in a new way, finally, service-learning focuses on effective citizenship and behavioral issues, and this helps the students better understand social issues relevant to their own community. According to Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles, there are benefits to the Service-Learning approach. Those serving may encounter certain social problems for the first time, beyond that, students may be transformed in the way of developing better problem solving skills to address those problems about which they now know. A Service-Learning experience may be the catalyst in the life of a student to dive into the complexities of the issues they have encountered. Service learning combines both learning and community service. In The Importance of Program Quality in Service-Learning, Eyler and Giles state and this view is expanded upon by Alexander W. Astin and Linda J. Sax
Service-learning
–
A Service Learning Project at Batam organised by MaxPac Travel for Catholic Junior College students. January 15, 2009. Tay Yong Seng.
4.
Workfare in the United Kingdom
–
In the United Kingdom, workfare refers to government workfare policies whereby individuals must undertake work in return for their benefit payments or risk losing them. Restart lasted until 1991 when it was superseded by the make work scheme Employment Action which lasted until 1993, make work schemes are not workfare as such, but are very much a composite part of welfare to work or active labour market policies aka welfare reform. This is undertaken as the condition of still being able to claim unemployment benefit, as distinct from claimants receiving that, the YOP was replaced in 1983 by the better-known Youth Training Scheme. Although workfare did exist in the 2000s under New Labour, it was not widely publicized or widely used and this became five after the DWP announced in November 2015 that it was not renewing two of its flagship schemes, Community Work Placements and Mandatory Work Activity. These developments followed years of concern and discussion by people both for and against such schemes. The Social Security Secretary at the time, Alistair Darling, described the plan as harsh, despite the report, Digby, Lord Jones, former Minister of State for Trade and Investment, said in April 2010 that Britain needs to adopt American-style workfare. The scheme was introduced in April 2014, but scrapped in November 2015, myriad contemporary workfare schemes exist, or existed until quite recently. The anti-workfare group Boycott Workfare list eight schemes involving the risk of benefit loss and that workfare participants benefit from workfare as they get references and experiences of the working world. That there is no compulsion to workfare as individuals are able to sign off, chris Grayling has attacked what he calls the Polly Toynbee left for failing to understand the modern labour market. The Trade Union Congress, a federation of unions in the United Kingdom, has stated that workfare is exploitation of the unemployed. The TUC also highlight that workfare is unfair to paid workers who find themselves in competition with unpaid workers, in these cases the TUC claims that the result would be job losses and the deterioration of pay, overtime or other conditions. Employers who opted not to use workfare workers would also find themselves competing with other firms who are effectively being subsidised, in an article in the Huffington Post, Dr Simon Duffy likened workfare to slavery. The Green Party of England and Wales has also voiced its opposition to workfare, academic analysis by the Department of Work and Pensions has cast doubt on the effectiveness of workfare policies. After surveying the international evidence available from America, Canada and Australia the report states and it can even reduce employment chances by limiting the time available for job search and by failing to provide the skills and experience valued by employers. Subsidised job schemes that pay a wage can be effective in raising employment levels than work for benefit programmes. Workfare is least effective in getting people jobs in weak labour markets where unemployment is high. Opposition to workfare has caused a number of companies to withdraw from workfare schemes, a number of organisations including Maplin, Waterstones, Sainsburys, TK Maxx and the Arcadia Group withdrew from the scheme in early 2012. Argos and Superdrug announced they were suspending their involvement pending talks with ministers, There was controversy later in February 2012 following the involvement of the Tesco supermarket chain in a government workfare scheme linked to the payment of benefits
Workfare in the United Kingdom
–
Activists demonstrating against workfare, October 19 2011.
Workfare in the United Kingdom
–
The former
Work and Pensions Minister Chris Grayling (pictured) had supported workfare policies as a means of tackling unemployment.
5.
Sweden
–
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
Sweden
–
A
Vendel-era helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities.
Sweden
–
Flag
Sweden
–
A
romantic nationalist interpretation of
Valdemar IV taking control over
Gotland. The final battle outside the walls of Visby in 1361 ended with a massacre of 1,800 defenders of the city.
Sweden
–
Stockholm in mid-17th century
6.
High school
–
A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
High school
–
Ursula Franklin Academy, a high school in
Toronto,
Ontario, Canada.
High school
–
Lists of newly admitted students – posted outside of
Linxia High School
High school
–
Elementary students of Nuchhungi English Medium School wearing their uniform in
Hnahthial,
Mizoram,
India
High school
–
An elementary student wearing the typical white and red uniform in
Indonesia
7.
Washington (state)
–
It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, Washington was named after President George Washington by an act of the United States Congress during the creation of Washington Territory in 1853. Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president, confusion over the state of Washington and the city of Washington, D. C. led to renaming proposals during the statehood process for Washington in 1889, which failed to garner support. Washington, D. C. s own statehood movement in the 21st century includes a proposal to use the name State of Washington, Douglass Commonwealth, which would conflict with the current state of Washington. To distinguish it from the capital, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington state, or, in more formal contexts. Residents of Washington and the Pacific Northwest simply refer to the state as Washington, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
Washington (state)
–
South Eastern Washington
Washington (state)
–
Flag
Washington (state)
–
The Pacific Coast of
Westport, Washington
Washington (state)
–
Cascade Pass in the
North Cascades National Park
8.
High school diploma
–
A high school diploma is a North American academic school leaving qualification awarded upon high school graduation. The high school diploma is typically studied for over the course of four years, the diploma is typically awarded by the school in accordance with the requirements of the local state or provincial government. Requirements for earning the diploma vary by jurisdiction, and there may be different requirements for different streams or levels of high school graduation, typically they include a combination of selected coursework meeting specified criteria for a particular stream and acceptable passing grades earned on the state exit examination. In British Columbia, the diploma is known as the British Columbia Certificate of Graduation, the province of BC has two distinct graduation programs, the BC Certificate of Graduation and the BC Adult Graduation Diploma. Students also have the opportunity to meet their goals through the BC School Completion Certificate. The current Dogwood requirements have been in place since July 1,2004, required courses include, among other things, language arts, social studies, mathematics, and science courses in grades 10,11, and 12. Part of the evaluation of students includes standardized provincial examinations in a number of the courses in grades 10 and 12. As part of the 80 credits for the Dogwood,16 credits must be at the Grade 12 level, in Ontario, the high school diploma is known as the Ontario Secondary School Diploma. The diploma is awarded to all students who complete the Ontario educational curriculum and those who leave school after completing 14 credits but prior to obtaining the diploma can obtain the Ontario Secondary School Certificate. Most schools individual graduation requirements far outweigh the states minimum standards, the California exit exam was suspended till 2018. This information is taken from the California department of education, drivers Education is required for all students. An additional requirement is a grade on the Prairie State Achievement Examination which is typically taken in Grade 11. Accommodations are made for students with unique needs. English Language Learner students may substitute English as a Second Language for English to meet the graduation requirements, students receiving special education services may complete modified requirements according to an Individualized Education Plan. In New York State, the high school diploma awarded is known as the Regents Diploma, two levels are offered, the standard Regents Diploma and the Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation. A passing score is 65 in each subject, the With Honors designation is added if the score in all required exams is 90 or greater. In Texas, there are three programs offered for graduation, the Minimum High School Program, the Recommended High School Program, the Recommended and Distinguished programs are the streams typically chosen by most students, and are expected of students who are college-bound. Also required for graduation is successful completion with passing grades on the Exit Level examination of the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness, multiple re-sits for the exam are available, in case of failure on a previous attempt
High school diploma
–
High school diploma awarded to the Romanian writer Mihail Sorbul
9.
Seattle Public Schools
–
Seattle Public Schools is the largest public school district in the state of Washington. The school district serves the city of Seattle. As of 2012,91 schools are operated by the district, the Board of Directors for Seattle Public Schools is an elected body representing seven geographical regions, known as Districts, within the City of Seattle. The length of the term is four years, Board meetings are generally held twice monthly. For the 2015-16 school year, board meetings were scheduled for the first and third Wednesdays of each month and its headquarters are in the John Stanford Center for Educational Excellence. When the University of Washington was founded as the Territorial University in 1861 and its first class offering was a primary school taught by Asa Mercer, and for some years it was jointly supervised by the newly formed Seattle School Board its own Board of Regents. It functioned as Seattles first public school, in 1867, the public school moved to what was then the County Building on Third Avenue between James and Jefferson, the site of todays Prefontaine Fountain. A year later, the moved to Yeslers Pavilion at present-day First. A year later the school moved again to a building located at the site of the present King County Court House. In 1870 the first permanent school building, the Central School and it originally had two classrooms, a third was built in its attic in 1881. Meanwhile, in 1873 the two-room North School opened at Third and Pine, the latter, an elegant wooden building with an imposing French mansard roof, clock tower, and tall central belfry superseded the old Central School as well as the North School. From 1884, it was known as the Central School, classes extended through 12th grade, and the first class graduated from 12th grade in 1886. However the school burned in 1888, the district had, in this period, started a number of other schools, including the even more imposing Denny School on Battery Street between 5th and 6th Avenues in Belltown, opened 1884. The finest schoolhouse on the West Coast, it was demolished in 1928 as part of the Denny Regrade project, a new brick Central School opened in 1889 at Seventh and Madison, and was repeatedly expanded with annexes and extensions. After a separate high school opened in 1902, the Central School was briefly known in 1903 as the Washington School before returning to its older name. The Central School functioned as a school until 1938. The building was damaged by the 1949 earthquake and razed in 1953. In 1919 there were 64 grammar schools, six high schools, for pupils who do not progress normally in regular classes
Seattle Public Schools
–
Six Seattle public elementary schools in 1900.
Seattle Public Schools
–
Incorporated and Unincorporated areas of Seattle
Seattle Public Schools
–
Broadway High School, incorporated into
Seattle Central Community College.
Seattle Public Schools
–
Old
Frank B. Cooper Elementary School, now Youngstown Cultural Arts Center.
10.
Palo Alto, California
–
Palo Alto is a charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States. The city shares its borders with East Palo Alto, Mountain View, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Stanford, Portola Valley and it is named after a coast redwood tree called El Palo Alto. Palo Alto was established by Leland Stanford Sr. when he founded Stanford University, following the death of his son and it has also served as an incubator to several other high-technology companies such as Google, Facebook, Logitech, Intuit, Pinterest, and PayPal. As of the 2010 census, the total resident population is 64,403. Palo Alto is one of the most expensive cities in the United States, the recorded history of Palo Alto dates back to 1769, when Gaspar de Portolá noted an Ohlone settlement. This remains an area of known Indian mounds, a plaque at Middlefield Road and Embarcadero Road commemorates the area. The city got its name from a tall coast redwood tree, named El Palo Alto, a plaque there recounts the story of the Portolà expedition, a 63-man, 200-horse expedition from San Diego to Monterey from November 7–11,1769. The group overshot Monterey in the fog and when they reached modern-day Pacifica, they ascended Sweeney Ridge, thinking the bay was too wide to cross, the group retraced their journey to Monterey, never becoming aware of the Golden Gate entrance to the Bay. Located south of the San Francisquito Creek, west of todays I-280, in 1835, Rafael Soto and family settled near the San Francisquito Creek near Newell and Middlefield, selling goods to travelers. Rafael Soto died in 1839, but his wife, Maria Antonia Mesa, was granted Rancho Rinconada del Arroyo de San Francisquito in 1841, in 1839, their daughter María Luisa Soto married John Coppinger, who was the grantee of Rancho Cañada de Raymundo. Rancho Cañada de Raymundo was West of San Francisquito Creek, and began at Alambique Creek, the border of Rancho Corte de Madera. Bear Gulch Creek flowed on his land in Portola Valley, the rancho also abutted Buelnas grant near Skyline Boulevard and Matadero Creek. Upon Coppingers death, Maria inherited it and later married a visiting boat captain, Greer owned a home on the site that is now Town & Country Village on Embarcadero and El Camino Real. Greer Avenue and Court are named for him, to the west of Rafael Soto, near El Camino and following the Creek, was Rancho San Francisquito granted in 1839 to Antonio Buelna and wife Maria Concepcion. To the south of the Sotos, the brothers Secundino and Teodoro Robles in 1849 bought Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito from José Peña, where the Joness house was, then east down Arastradero Rd. to the north property line of Alta Mesa Memorial Park and Terman Park. The property then went along the bay to the Embarcadero, a boundary in the day, then up to the Stanford University gates, up Galvez. The grant was bounded on the south by Mariano Castros Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas grant across San Antonio Road, thats the Robles Rancho, about 80% of Palo Alto and Stanford University. It was whittled down by 1863 through courts to 6,981 acres, stories say their grand hacienda was built on the former meager adobe of José Peña near Ferne off San Antonio Road, midway between Middlefield and Alma Street
Palo Alto, California
–
Palo Alto
Palo Alto, California
–
University Avenue at the Circle with train steaming toward El Palo Alto, 1894
Palo Alto, California
–
Guinda Street in Palo Alto
Palo Alto, California
–
Fog from the Pacific rolling over the Foothills
11.
Palo Alto High School
–
Palo Alto Senior High School, known locally as Paly, is a public comprehensive high school located in Palo Alto, California It was founded in 1898 and is one of the oldest high schools in the region. The schools property is adjacent to Stanford University, Paly has a rivalry with crosstown Gunn High School. 2015–161,994 students,982 Male,1004 Female The Campanile and it prints 24 broadsheet pages once every three weeks. The Campanile has been in the National Scholastic Press Association Hall of Fame since 2004, Verde is Palys school magazine publication, published five times each year and available online. Verde has won Pacemaker and Gold Crown awards for scholastic journalism, in 2006 Verde won the Best in Show at National Journalism Convention held in San Francisco. In 2008 Verde was one of four newsmagazines awarded the Pacemaker award from the National Scholastic Press Association, the Viking is Palys sports magazine publication, published six times each year and available online. Founded in 2007, The Viking was the first publication at the school level to solely cover athletics in the country. The Viking has won several Gold Crown awards for scholastic journalism, the Paly Voice, launched in the 2002–03 school year, is Palys online news source. It features searchable archives of all other Paly publications as well as online content. In the spring of 2005 the site won both the Peoples Voice and Overall Webby Award in the Student category, proof is Palys arts and entertainment magazine. It was first published second semester of the 2009–10 school year, in October 2014, a brand new Media Arts Center was unveiled at Paly. This multimillion-dollar,23,000 square foot building is filled with state-of-the-art technology catering to the needs of the multitude of student journalism groups on campus. The Madrono is the Palo Alto High School yearbook, in 2010, both the Boys and Girls Lacrosse teams won the inaugural Santa Clara Valley Athletic League Championships. The school is home to several athletic clubs, including an Ultimate Frisbee Club. Gunn High School, Palo Altos other high school Cubberley High School, Palo Altos now-defunct third high school Palo Alto High School official website
Palo Alto High School
–
Palo Alto High School
12.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
The fraternity system in North America began at the
College of William and Mary in 1750.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Members of
Phi Kappa Sigma at
Washington & Jefferson College in 1872.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
U.S. Army soldiers, presumably alumni members of
Sigma Phi Epsilon, display that fraternity's flag in Iraq in 2009.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Members of a sorority pictured in 2012. In general, sorority membership is limited to women, while fraternity membership is limited to men.
13.
Alpha Phi Omega
–
Alpha Phi Omega is the largest collegiate fraternity in the United States, with chapters at over 350 campuses, an active membership of over 25,000 students, and over 400,000 alumni members. There are also 250 chapters in the Philippines, one in Australia, Alpha Phi Omega is a National co-ed service fraternity organized to provide community service, leadership development, and social opportunities for college students. Being primarily a service organization, the fraternity restricts its chapters from maintaining fraternity houses to serve as residences for their members and this also encourages members of social fraternities and sororities that have houses to join APO as well. Alpha Phi Omega was founded on December 16,1925 at Lafayette College, on the 2nd floor of Brainerd Hall, located in Easton, Pennsylvania. APO was founded by Frank Reed Horton and 13 other students who were former Boy Scouts and scouters, six advisors were also inducted, Lafayette President John H. MacCracken, Dean Donald B. The founders insisted that all those gaining membership must pledge to uphold the fraternitys three cardinal principles of Leadership, Friendship, and Service, of these important founding members, a few made extremely notable and important contributions to APO that we still recognize today. Everett Probst designed the pin and coat of arms, Thane S. Cooley suggested the hand clasp during the toast song, Alpha Phi Omega became a national fraternity on January 11,1927 with the founding of Beta chapter at University of Pittsburgh. Horton served as Supreme Grand Master from the founding of the fraternity until the 1931 convention, a total of 18 chapters were founded during this period. At the 1931 convention, H. Roe Bartle was elected as Supreme Grand Master and served through World War II, during his time as president, the number of chapters grew to 109. Early in his term, Alpha Phi Omega was formally recognized by the Boy Scouts of America, the most rapid growth of the fraternity was in the post-war years. By 1950, Alpha Phi Omega had 227 chapters in the United States, the first chapter outside the US was organized in the Philippines that year. Many Filipinos were active in the Boy Scouts, sol Levy, an APO member from University of Washington and Professional Scouter introduced the organization to Filipino Scouts. Ureta, a student at Far Eastern University in Manila, was among the audience. Inspired by Levys words, he read the publications and shared them with fellow Eagle Scouts and students on the FEU campus and he asked their opinion about Levys desire and the response was good. On March 2,1950, the Alpha Phi Omega International Service Fraternity was chartered on campus, Alpha Phi Omega grew rapidly in the Philippines. Alpha Phi Omega Inc. was the first branch of the fraternity to be chartered outside the USA, the fraternity was opened fully to women in 1976. All members are called Brothers, regardless of gender, the Fraternity views Brothers as a gender-neutral term. Several Alpha Phi Omega chapters also had started little sister groups, Zeta went coed that year with B
Alpha Phi Omega
–
Alpha Phi Omega's first female national president, Maggie Katz, addressing the delegates of the
39th biennial national convention in
Louisville,
Kentucky, immediately following her election.
Alpha Phi Omega
Alpha Phi Omega
–
Signing of the ICAPO charter at the 1994 National Convention in
Dallas/Fort Worth,
Texas.
Alpha Phi Omega
–
APO-USA National Office,
Independence,
Missouri.
14.
Sorority
–
Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
Sorority
Sorority
Sorority
Sorority
15.
Fraternity
–
A fraternity, fraternal order or fraternal organisation is an organisation, a society or a club of men associated together for various religious or secular aims. Fraternity in the Western concept developed in the Christian context, notably with the orders in the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. Members are occasionally referred to as a brother or - usually in religious context - Frater or Friar, additionally, in modern times, it sometimes connotes a secret society, especially regarding freemasonry, odd fellows and various academic and student societies. There are mixed male and female fraternities and fraternal orders, as well as female religious orders and societies. Notable modern fraternities or fraternal orders that with time have evolved to more or less permit female members, include some grand lodges operating among freemasons, there are known fraternal organizations which existed as far back as ancient Greece and in the Mithraic Mysteries of ancient Rome. Analogous institutions developed in the medieval period called confraternities, which were lay organizations allied to the Catholic Church. The development of fraternal orders was especially dynamic in the United States. There have been hundreds of organizations in the United States. This led to the period being referred to as the Golden age of fraternalism, in 1944 Arthur M. Schlesinger coined the phrase a nation of joiners to refer to the phenomenon. Alexis de Tocqueville also referred to the American reliance on private organization in the 1830s in Democracy in America, there are many attributes that fraternities may or may not have, depending on their structure and purpose. On college campuses, fraternities may be divided into groups, social, service, professional, trade unions also grew out of fraternities such as the Knights of Labor. The ability to organize freely, apart from the institutions of government, the development of fraternities in England can be traced from guilds that emerged as the forerunners of trade unions and friendly societies. These guilds were set up to protect and care for their members at a time there was no welfare state. Various secret signs and handshakes were created to serve as proof of their membership allowing them to visit guilds in distant places that are associated with the guild they belong. When Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church, he viewed the guilds as supporters of the Pope, later, Elizabeth I appropriated apprenticeships away from guilds, and by the end of her reign most guilds had been suppressed. The suppression of trade guilds removed an important form of social and financial support from ordinary men and women. In London and other cities, some Guilds survived by adapting their roles to a social support function. Eventually, these groups evolved in the early 18th century into more philosophical organizations focused on brotherly love, among guilds that became prosperous are the Freemasons, Odd Fellows and Foresters
Fraternity
–
Kraków 's Kur Fraternity during the inauguration of
Józef Piłsudski Monument in Kraków
Fraternity
–
The
German Student Corps are known for practicing their tradition of engaging in
academic fencing by rules dating back to the 1750s.
16.
Northville, Michigan
–
Northville is a city located in and divided by Oakland and Wayne counties in the U. S. state of Michigan. The area is a suburb of Metropolitan Detroit, the population was 5,970 at the 2010 census. Most of the city is in Oakland County and is surrounded by the city of Novi, the Wayne County portion is surrounded by Northville Township. Northville is served by Northville Public Schools, the city is located 21 miles northeast of Ann Arbor and 29 miles northwest of Detroit. Northville was first settled in 1825, was incorporated as a Village in 1867 and it was originally one of two communities within Plymouth Township, until Northville Township split off to form its own township in 1898. The first land patent in the Northville area was granted to Gideon Benton in 1823 where Cass Benton Park is currently located, the first settlers did not arrive, however, until 1825. Many of these first settlers were originally from New York State, some of the first settlers were Alanson Aldrich followed by Alvale Smith, who sold his property to John Miller. Miller built the first mill in Plymouth Township, which Northville was a part of for over 70 years, many employees of the mill then began to build their houses near it. Northville got its name by being north of Plymouth, in 1827, Northville was home to a post office, Gideon Benton being the postmaster. Also in 1827, a practitioner, J. F. Davis, became the first resident doctor in Northville, and a tailor, tavern, shoe shop. Many of Northvilles first settlers surnames are used as street names today and these include Rufus Thayer Jr. Joseph Yerkes, Daniel and Samuel Cady, William Dunlap, and many other settlers. The first church was constructed by Methodists in 1836, Northville continued to grow throughout the Victorian era. This is evident in the architecture around downtown where many homes are in the Queen Anne style, Northvilles Victorian heritage is celebrated every September in the Victorian Festival, which was recently rechristened the Heritage Festival. The first schoolhouse in Northville opened in 1853 and was taught by Jacob Ramsdell, Northville was incorporated as a village in 1867 from a portion of Plymouth Township. Henry Ford purchased a factory in Northville and moved machinery from plants in the area to the factory in 1919, known as the Northville Valve Plant, the plant was rebuilt in 1936, and enlarged in 1956. The plant provided valves for every Ford, Mercury, and Lincoln vehicle, except for the Lincoln Continental, the building now houses offices and a health club. In 1925, the Penninman-Allen Theater opened downtown and remained open through most of the 1950s, the theater eventually closed, but opened again in 1978 as the Marquis Theater and is now home to live childrens theater. When Northville was more rural, skiing was popular and tournaments were held often, in 1944, Northville Downs opened as the first nighttime harness racing track in Michigan
Northville, Michigan
–
East Main Street
Northville, Michigan
–
View of NE side of Main St, frame building built in 1830 by John Miller
Northville, Michigan
–
Mill Race Historical Village - Wash-Oak School and New School Church
17.
Incarceration
–
Imprisonment is the restraint of a persons liberty, for any cause whatsoever, whether by authority of the government, or by a person acting without such authority. In the latter case it is false imprisonment, people become prisoners, wherever they may be, by the mere word or touch of a duly authorized officer directed to that end. Usually, however, imprisonment is understood to imply an actual confinement in a jail or prison employed for the purpose according to the provisions of law, in English law, imprisonment is the restraint of a persons liberty. This passage was approved by Atkin and Duke LJJ in Meering v Grahame White Aviation Co and it is not imprisonment to prevent a person from proceeding along a particular way if it is possible for him to reach his intended destination by another route. Imprisonment without lawful cause is a tort called false imprisonment, Imprisonment is a type of sentence. Prison English criminal law#General power of Crown Court to impose a sentence of imprisonment on conviction on indictment, detention Life imprisonment Imprisonment for public protection
Incarceration
–
Cell block in
Baghdad Central Prison (
Abu Ghraib,
Iraq)
Incarceration
–
Criminology and
penology
Incarceration
–
A common punishment in
Early Modern Europe was to be made a
galley slave. The galley pictured here belonged to the Mediterranean fleet of
Louis XIV, c. 1694.
Incarceration
–
Women in England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to
Botany Bay, 1792.
18.
Fine (penalty)
–
A fine or mulct is money that a court of law or other authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other offence. The amount of a fine can be determined case by case, the most usual use of the term is for financial punishments for the commission of crimes, especially minor crimes, or as the settlement of a claim. A synonym, typically used in civil law actions, is mulct, one common example of a fine is money paid for violations of traffic laws. Currently in English common law, relatively small fines are used either in place of or alongside community service orders for low-level criminal offences. For instance, fraud is often punished by very large fines since fraudsters are typically banned from the position or profession they abused to commit their crimes, fines can also be used as a form of tax. Money for bail may be applied toward a fine, a day-fine is a fine that, above a minimum, is based on personal income. Some fines are small, such as for loitering, for which range from about $25 to $100. In some areas of the United States, fines for petty crimes, in section 32 of that Act, the expression fine includes a pecuniary penalty but does not include a pecuniary forfeiture or pecuniary compensation. In sections 15 to 32 and 48 of the Criminal Law Act 1977, while technically not a fine, which, under the Bill of Rights 1689, may be levied only following a conviction, it serves the same purpose of punishment. Early examples of fines include the weregild or blood money payable under Anglo-Saxon common law for causing a death, the murderer would be expected to pay a sum of money or goods dependent on the social status of the victim. See also English criminal law#General power to impose a fine on indictment, the Dutch Criminal Code doesnt contain specific amounts for fines for every violation of the law. Instead of that the Criminal Code provides six fine categories, every penalty clause of the Criminal Code contains a fine category. The categories are, These sums are only an upper limit, however, the amount of the fine must be at least €3. The sums of catogories are always 1,10,20,50,200 and 2000 times the amount of the first catogory, in addition to the fine, the convict also does have to pay an administration fee of €9. The amounts are established by the government, via a royal order, when the judge convicts an individual to a fine, the judge must also set a term of substitute imprisonment. This substitute imprisonment will be executed in the case that the fine remains unpaid, the judge may count one day imprisonment for every unpaid €25, however normally judges reckon one day for every €50 which stays unpaid. Though, the substitute imprisonment must be at least one day, once a person is irrevocable convicted to a fine, its up to the public prosecutor to collect the fine. To do so, the cjib is established, first, the cjib will send the convict the fine
Fine (penalty)
–
A warning sign in Singapore that states the fine for releasing vehicles that are immobilized with wheel clamps by Singapore Police Force officers.
19.
Documentation
–
Documentation is a set of documents provided on paper, or online, or on digital or analog media, such as audio tape or CDs. Examples are user guides, white papers, on-line help, quick-reference guides and it is becoming less common to see paper documentation. Documentation is distributed via websites, software products, and other on-line applications, professionals educated in this field are termed documentalists. This field changed its name to information science in 1968, but some uses of the term documentation still exists, while associated ISO standards are not easily available publicly, a guide from other sources for this topic may serve the purpose. David Berger has provided several principles of document writing, regarding the terms used, procedure numbering and even lengths of sentences, etc. In general, these may involve document drafting, formatting, submitting, reviewing, approving, distributing, reposting and tracking and it could also involve creating content from scratch. Documentation should be easy to read and understand, if its too long and too wordy, it may be misunderstood or ignored. Clear, Short, Familiar words should be used to a maximum of 15 words to a sentence, only gender hyper neutral word should be used and cultural biases should be avoided. Procedures should be numbered when they are to be performed, Technical writers and corporate communicators are professionals whose field and work is documentation. Ideally, technical writers have a background in both the matter and also in writing and managing content. Corporate communications includes other types of documentation that is required for most companies. Marketing Communications, MarCom writers endeavor to convey the companys value proposition through a variety of print, electronic and this area of corporate writing is often engaged in responding to proposals. Technical Communication, Technical writers document a companys product or service, Technical publication include user guides, installation an configuration manuals, and troubleshooting/repair/replace procedures. Legal Writing, This type of documentation is often prepared by attorneys or paralegals who could be in practice or retained as corporate council. Compliance documentation, This type of documentation codifies Standard Operating Procedures, for any regulatory compliance needs, as for safety approval, taxation, financing, technical approval, there are many types of software and applications used to create documentation. SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION FOLDER A common type of software document written by software engineers in the industry is the SDF. The document can be a page, MS word document or other environment. They should contain a section, an interface section to detail the communication interface of the software
Documentation
–
The multi-volume user guide to a 1975 programming language called
CB UNIX
20.
Litter
–
Litter consists of waste products that have been disposed improperly, without consent, at an inappropriate location. Litter can also be used as a verb and it is a human impact on the environment and remains a serious environmental issue in many countries. Litter can exist in the environment for long periods of time before degrading, litter can affect quality of life. Cigarette butts are the most littered item in the world, with 4.5 trillion discarded annually, estimates on the required time for cigarette butts to break down vary. They range from five years to 400 years for complete degradation, population levels, traffic density and proximity to waste disposal sites are factors known to correlate with higher litter rates. Illegally dumped hazardous waste may be a result of the costs of dropping materials at designated sites, lack of access to nearby facilities that accept hazardous waste may deter use. Additionally, ignorance of the laws that regulate the disposal of hazardous waste may cause improper disposal. According to a study by the Dutch organization VROM, 80% of people claim that everybody leaves a piece of paper, tin or something, on the street behind. Young people from 12 to 24 years cause more litter than the average person, however, a 2010 survey of littering in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States, placed litterers aged 55 and over at less than 5%. The same observational study estimated that 78% of litterers are male, in 1999, research by Keep America Beautiful found that 75% of Americans admitted to littering the last five years, yet 99% of the same individuals admitted that they enjoyed a clean environment. Negligent or lenient law enforcement contributes to littering behavior, other causes are inconvenience, entitlement and economic conditions. A survey of dumping in Pennsylvania found that the largest number of illegal dumps were in townships without municipal trash hauling, the same report also cites unavailability of curbside trash and recycling service, shortage of enforcement, and habit as possible causes. The presence of litter invites more littering, the two-stage process model of littering behavior describes the different ways in which people litter. The model was proposed by Chris Sibley and James Liu and differentiates between two types of littering, active and passive, the theory has implications for understanding the different types of litter reduction interventions that will most effectively reduce littering in a given environment. The theory states that, all things being equal, passive littering will be resistant to change because of two psychological processes,1. Diffusion of responsibility that increases as the latency between when an individual places litter in the environment and when they vacate the territory, and 2. Forgetting, which is more likely to occur at longer delays between when an individual places litter in the environment and when they vacate the territory. About 18 percent of litter, usually traveling through stormwater systems, ends up in streams, rivers
Litter
–
Littering in
Stockholm,
Sweden
Litter
–
Platform of
Strathfield station in Sydney, Australia. Rubbish accumulated over months, perhaps years due to unsustained periods of frequent cleaning
Litter
–
A small river's valley in India shows extensive littering of plastic and paper. Human waste, illustrated by the urinating man, increase fecal coliform and other bacteria levels in the water.
Litter
–
These tires were discarded on the Middle Branch of Baltimore Harbor in this photo from 1973. Tire dumping is still a concern today and could benefit from
tire recycling.
21.
Lawyer
–
A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts
Lawyer
–
Dr Alberico Gentili (1552-1608), one of the best known lawyers.
Lawyer
–
A French lawyer
Lawyer
–
Law Faculty of
Comenius University in
Bratislava (Slovakia).
Lawyer
–
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is a famous example of a lawyer who became a politician.
22.
United Way of America
–
The main areas include education, income, and health. United Way in America has been the largest non-profit organisation by donations from the public, the organization has roots in Denver, Colorado, where in 1887 church leaders began the Charity Organization Society, which coordinated services and fundraising for 22 agencies. The first Community Chest was founded in 1913 in Cleveland, Ohio, the number of Community Chest organizations increased from 39 to 353 between 1919 and 1929, and surpassed 1,000 by 1948. Laidlaw merged the Community Chest and other Detroit charities to form the United Foundation, walter Laidlaws work with the United Foundation became the model for united funds nationally and eventually the United Way organisation. In 1928, a Community Chest organization was established in Cape Town, by 1974, there were enough United Way organizations internationally to demand the kind of support provided by the national organization, United Way of America and United Way International was born. Its staff spoke eight languages, with a Board of Directors from more than seven countries, amundsen, Chief Administrative Officer, served as interim president during a yearlong search. By 1963, and after several changes, the term United Way was adopted. Laidlaw fell ill, William Aramony became CEO of the governing body known as the United Community Funds and Council of America. It moved from New York City to Alexandria, Virginia in 1971, after Aramonys departure in 1992, Kenneth W. Dam was named interim CEO until Elaine Chao was selected as UWAs second president. Betty Stanley Beene took over in 1997 and stayed until 2001, in 2014, Brian Gallagher received $1.54 million in compensation while the organization experienced its largest worldwide loss in revenue, volunteers and donors in many years. In May 2009, United Way of America and United Way International were integrated as one global entity, all of this is done in collaboration with diverse partners. Since 2008, the United Way of America has teamed up with the United Way of Southeastern Michigan, United Way also helps to promote other community service projects through their Alternative Spring Break Programs, such as the 10,000 Hours Show. The concert is organized by a campus and their local United Way. The programs mission is to raise awareness across the nation that young people can make a difference by joining their efforts to meet their communities needs. The goal in part is helping develop the next generation of active community leaders, the 10,000 Hours Show was founded in the fall of 2002 by undergraduates at the University of Iowa. Ben Folds performed the first show in the fall of 2003, since then, there have been a number of other successful shows. Because of the conditions in each community, the issues United Ways address are determined locally. Kobe Bryant has hosted the walk for several consecutive years, nearly 50,000 walkers have participated and raised over $4 million to help fight homelessness and successfully placed 14,000 people in permanent housing who previously were on the streets
United Way of America
–
United Way Worldwide logo
23.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
24.
Europe
–
Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
Europe
–
Reconstruction of
Herodotus ' world map
Europe
Europe
–
A medieval
T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of
Noah — Asia to Sem (
Shem), Europe to Iafeth (
Japheth), and Africa to Cham (
Ham)
Europe
–
Early modern depiction of
Europa regina ('Queen Europe') and the mythical
Europa of the 8th century BC.
25.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
–
Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
26.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
27.
Home Office
–
The Home Office is a ministerial department of the Her Majestys Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for immigration, security and law and order. As such it is responsible for the police, fire and rescue services, visas and immigration and it is also in charge of government policy on security-related issues such as drugs, counter-terrorism and ID cards. It was formerly responsible for Her Majestys Prison Service and the National Probation Service, the Cabinet minister responsible for the department is the Home Secretary. The Home Office continues to be known, especially in official papers, the Home Office is headed by the Home Secretary, a Cabinet minister supported by the departments senior civil servant, the Permanent Secretary. The plan said the department will,1, simplify national institutional structures and establish a National Crime Agency to strengthen the fight against organised crime 3. Create a more integrated criminal justice system Help the police and other public services work together across the criminal justice system 4, secure our borders and reduce immigration Deliver an improved migration system that commands public confidence and serves our economic interests. Limit non-EU economic migrants, and introduce new measures to reduce inflow and minimise abuse of all migration routes, process asylum applications more quickly, and end the detention of children for immigration purposes 5. Protect peoples freedoms and civil liberties Reverse state interference to ensure there is not disproportionate intrusion into people‟s lives 6, protect our citizens from terrorism Keep people safe through the Government‟s approach to counter-terrorism 7. Build a fairer and more equal society Help create a fair, on 27 March 1782, the Home Office was formed by renaming the existing Southern Department, with all existing staff transferring. On the same day, the Northern Department was renamed the Foreign Office, to match the new names, there was a transferring of responsibilities between the two Departments of State. All domestic responsibilities were moved to the Home Office, and all foreign matters became the concern of the Foreign Office, most subsequently created domestic departments have been formed by splitting responsibilities away from the Home Office. On 7 April 2012, hacktivist group Anonymous temporarily took down the UK Home Office website, the group took responsibility for the attack, which was part of ongoing Anonymous activity in protest against the deportation of hackers as part of Operation TrialAtHome. One Anonymous source claimed in their tweet it was launched in retaliation for draconian surveillance proposals. On 18 July 2012, the Public and Commercial Services Union announced that thousands of Home Office employees would go on strike over jobs, pay and other issues. However, the PCSU called off the strike before it was planned it claimed the department had, subsequent to the threat of actions, announced 1,100 new border jobs. From 1978 to 2004, the Home Office was located at 50 Queen Annes Gate, many functions, however, were devolved to offices in other parts of London and the country, notably the headquarters of the Immigration and Nationality Directorate in Croydon. g. Wales Under the Welsh devolution settlement, specific areas are transferred to the National Assembly for Wales rather than reserved to Westminster
Home Office
–
2 Marsham Street, the headquarters of the Home Office
Home Office
–
The former Home Office building at
50 Queen Anne's Gate,
London
Home Office
–
Lunar House in
Croydon, which holds the headquarters of the Home Office UK Border Agency
28.
Howard League for Penal Reform
–
The Howard League for Penal Reform is a London-based registered charity in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest penal reform organisation in the world, named after John Howard, founded in 1866 as the Howard Association, a merger with the Penal Reform League in 1921 created the Howard League for Penal Reform which is for prisoners. The Howard Leagues Chief Executive is Frances Crook, who began as Director in 1986, over its 140-year history, the Howard League has had a significant impact on the development of criminal justice policy. It led the creation of other agencies and organisations, including the Prisoners Advice Service. It also successfully campaigned for the introduction of the compensation scheme. The Howard League has mounted recent high-profile campaigns on children in prison, women prisoners, suicide and self-harm, community sentences, prison education, and young offenders. The Howard League is an organisation and draws its members from all parts of society - from MPs, QCs, peers and academics, to students, prisoners. The students take on a range of activities, including organising events. A law department was set up in 2002 following the victory the organisation achieved in the Children Act case. The team has evolved and now has a criminal defence contract with the Legal Services Commission, the team provides the only dedicated legal service to young people in custody in England and Wales. The Howard League for Penal Reforms legal team acts on behalf of people under the age of 21 in custody. The work of The Howard League for Penal Reforms legal department has provided access to justice for many people in custody. U R Boss is a project provides an enhanced legal service shaped by and for young people in custody. Funded by the Big Lottery for 5 years, U R Boss provides a programme of participation opportunities. U R Boss is a led by young people for young people that is part of the Howard League for Penal Reform. It’s a project for any people and young adults aged 10 to 24 years old that are or have been involved in the criminal justice system. U R Boss is a project that supports people in the criminal justice system to secure their legal rights and to have an impact in policy, practice. The Howard League for Penal Reform campaigns to encourage the use of community sentences over prison and they also assert that Community sentences allow the opportunity to get to the root of someones offending, for example through drug, alcohol and health services
Howard League for Penal Reform
–
Howard League for Penal Reform
29.
International Baccalaureate
–
The International Baccalaureate, formerly known as the International Baccalaureate Organization, is an international educational foundation headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and founded in 1968. To teach these programmes, schools need to be authorised by IB, the organizations name and logo were changed in 2007 to reflect a reorganisation. Consequently, IB may now refer to the organisation itself, any of the four programmes, when Marie-Thérèse Maurette wrote Educational Techniques for peace. In 1948, she created the framework for what would become the IB Diploma Programme. The IB headquarters were established in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1968 for the development. The IB Middle Years Programme was first offered in 1994, within five years,51 countries had MYP schools. A revised MYP programme was introduced in September 2014, the IB Career-related Programme was first offered in 2012. Alec Peterson was IBs first director general, followed by Gérard Renaud, Roger Peel, Derek Blackman, George Walker, Jeffrey Beard and Dr. Siva Kumari. As the IBs mission in action, the learner profile describes the aspirations of a global community that shares the values underlying the IBs educational philosophy. The IB learner profile describes the attributes and outcomes of education for international-mindedness, IB learners strive to be, Inquirers Knowledgeable Thinkers Communicators Principled Risk-takers Balanced Reflective All four programmes use the IB learner profile. The IB maintains its Foundation Office in Geneva, Switzerland, the Assessment Centre is located in Cardiff, Wales and the curriculum centre moved in 2011 to The Hague, Netherlands. Three Global Centres have been opened, Bethesda, Maryland in the United States, Singapore, in 2003, the IB established the IB Fund, incorporated in the United States, for the purpose of enhancing fundraising and keeping funds raised separate from operational funds. In 2004, the IB approved a plan to ensure that programmes and services are of the highest quality. In 2010 and 2015 the strategic plans were updated after substantial consultation, the vision for the next 5 years was to more consciously establish the IB as a leader in international education and the Board outlined a vision and four strategic goals with key strategic objective. The IB governance is composed of an IB Board of Governors, the structure of its different committees are based on respect, representation and collaboration. The Board of Governors can comprise between 15 and 25 members, members are elected by the Board on the recommendation of the governance committee, and from nominations presented from the Heads Council, Regional Councils and the Board. To encourage diversity of gender, culture and geography, there are only three ex officio positions, Director General, the chair of the Examining Board and the chair of the Heads Council. The IBDP was also featured in the summer 2002 edition of American Educator, in the USA, in 2006, as part of the American Competitiveness Initiative, President George W
International Baccalaureate
–
International Baccalaureate logo
30.
Florence Nightingale
–
Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. She came to prominence while serving as a manager of nurses trained by her during the Crimean War and she gave nursing a highly favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of The Lady with the Lamp making rounds of wounded soldiers at night. Some recent commentators have asserted Nightingales achievements in the Crimean War were exaggerated by the media at the time, nevertheless, critics agree on the decisive importance of her follow-up achievements in professionalising nursing roles for women. In 1860, Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her school at St Thomas Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, now part of Kings College London, Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime, much of her work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were written in simple English so that they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills and she also helped popularise the graphical presentation of statistical data. Much of her writing, including her work on religion. Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia, in Florence, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florences older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly named after her place of birth, Parthenope. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the homes at Embley, Hampshire and Lea Hurst. Her parents were William Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore, williams mother Mary née Evans was the niece of Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William inherited his estate at Lea Hurst, and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fannys father was the abolitionist and Unitarian William Smith, in 1838, her father took the family on a tour in Europe where he was introduced to the English-born Parisian hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded. She recorded that Clarkey was a hostess who did not care for her appearance. Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and eccentric and she had no respect for upper-class British women and she said that if given the choice between being a woman or a galley slave, then she would choose the freedom of the galleys. She generally rejected female company and spent her time with male intellectuals, however, Clarkey made an exception in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to close friends for 40 years despite their 27-year age difference. Clarke demonstrated that women could be equals to men, an idea that Florence had not obtained from her mother, in her youth she was respectful of her familys opposition to her working as a nurse, only announcing her decision to enter the field in 1844
Florence Nightingale
–
Florence Nightingale
OM RRC
Florence Nightingale
–
Embley Park, now a school, was one of the family homes of
William Nightingale.
Florence Nightingale
–
Young Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale
–
Nightingale circa 1854
31.
Red Cross
–
The movements parts are, The International Committee of the Red Cross is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland, by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. Its 25-member committee has a unique authority under international law to protect the life. The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions, on an international level, the Federation leads and organizes, in close cooperation with the National Societies, relief assistance missions responding to large-scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1963, the Federation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC. National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in every country in the world. Currently 190 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as members of the Federation. Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of humanitarian law. In many countries, they are linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services. When he arrived in the town of Solferino on the evening of June 24, he toured the field of the Battle of Solferino. In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were wounded on the field. Jean-Henri Dunant was shocked by the aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers. He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment. He succeeded in organizing an overwhelming level of assistance by motivating the local villagers to aid without discrimination. Back in his home in Geneva, he decided to write a book entitled A Memory of Solferino which he published using his own money in 1862. He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe, in addition, he called for the development of international treaties to guarantee the protection of neutral medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield. In 1863, Gustave Moynier, a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, received a copy of Dunants book, eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded. In October 1863, the conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva
Red Cross
–
The
Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the movement derives its name.
Red Cross
–
Jean-Henri Dunant, author of "A Memory of Solferino"
Red Cross
–
Original document of the
First Geneva Convention, 1864
Red Cross
–
After the
Battle of Gravelotte during the
Franco–Prussian War in 1870
32.
Christianity
–
Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
Christianity
–
An
Eastern Christian icon depicting
Emperor Constantine and the Fathers of the
First Council of Nicaea (325) as holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381
Christianity
–
Various
depictions of Jesus
Christianity
–
Crucifixion, representing the death of
Jesus on the
Cross, painting by
Diego Velázquez, 17th century
33.
Biola University
–
Biola University is a private, Evangelical Christian university located approximately 16 miles from downtown Los Angeles, in La Mirada, California. Founded in 1908, the university has over 40 major academic fields of study in six schools, Biola University was founded in 1908 as the Bible Institute Of Los Angeles by Lyman Stewart, president of the Union Oil Company of California, Thomas C. Horton, a Presbyterian minister and Christian author, and Augustus B, in 1912, the school appointed R. A. Torrey as dean, and in 1913 began construction on a new building at the corner of Sixth and Hope St. The Institute offered a diploma after completion of a two-year curriculum and this model was based largely on the Moody Bible Institute. Beginning in the 1920s, attempts were made to broaden the curriculum, Biola re-located to La Mirada, California in 1959. In 1915 Torrey announced plans to organize an independent church that would meet in Biolas auditorium called the Church of the Open Door and this decision proved controversial with local Presbyterian and Baptist clergy. In 1917, the Institute published a version of The Fundamentals, A Testimony To The Truth, edited by Torrey and others, with funds donated by Lyman Stewart. Lyman Stewart died on September 28,1923, and ten months later, the school appointed Joseph Irvine as President, and on April 3,1925, appointed John Murdoch MacInnis as the schools second dean. MacInnis was a Presbyterian minister who had only been an instructor at the school for two years. MacInnis served as dean until his resignation on December 31,1928. His administration was turbulent and suffered from leadership conflicts and religious controversy, in 1927, Biola published a book by MacInnis entitled Peter the Fisherman Philosopher. This book became the focus of a national controversy, in which MacInnis was accused by Fundamentalists of advocating liberal theological positions contrary to Biolas standards. Eventually MacInnis was forced to resign effective December 31,1928, in 1929 Charles E. Fuller a businessman and evangelist and graduate of Biola, was drafted as vice president to find a new dean and a president. Elbert McCreery and William P. White, both associated with Moody Bible Institute, were chosen to fill these posts, during the Great Depression, the Institute suffered serious financial difficulties. In 1932, Louis T. Talbot, pastor of the Church of the Open Door, assumed the presidency, during the next two decades, Talbot led a shift away from missions, instead concentrating on academic programs. Biola added a School of Intercultural Studies in 1983, a School of Business in 1993, Biola University is officially non-denominational, but the most represented denominations at the university are Baptist and Evangelical Free. Biola is well known for its conservative evangelical doctrine, while other evangelical schools identify as either moderate or liberal. The vast majority of students and faculty identify themselves as evangelical, Biola holds to the key doctrine of Biblical inerrancy, the idea that the original writings of the Bible were without error with regard to both theological and non-theological matters
Biola University
–
Biola's former Los Angeles building: under construction (top) and complete in 1916 (bottom). It was demolished in 1988, after damage in
a 1987 earthquake.
Biola University
–
Biola University
Biola University
–
"The Word", mural by
Kent Twitchell.
Biola University
–
Lecture hall at Biola University in La Mirada, California
34.
Non-governmental
–
A non-governmental organization is a not-for-profit organization that is independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by donations but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers, NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have charitable status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes, others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. The number of NGOs worldwide is estimated to be 3.7 million, India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centres in India. China is estimated to have approximately 440,000 officially registered NGOs, NGOs are difficult to define, and the term NGO is not always used consistently. In some countries the term NGO is applied to an organization that in another country would be called an NPO, there are many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common focus is on orientation and level of operation, an NGOs orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, an NGOs level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional, national, or international. The term non-governmental organization was first coined in 1945, when the United Nations was created, later the term became used more widely. One characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit status means they are not hindered by short-term financial objectives. Accordingly, they are able to devote themselves to issues which occur across longer time horizons, such as change, malaria prevention. Public surveys reveal that NGOs often enjoy a degree of public trust. NGO/GRO types can be understood by their orientation and level of how they operate, charitable orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little participation by the beneficiaries. It includes NGOs with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor people, in the classical community development project, participation begins with the need definition and continues into the planning and implementation stages. There is maximum involvement of the beneficiaries with NGOs acting as facilitators, community-based organizations arise out of peoples own initiatives. They can be responsible for raising the consciousness of the poor, helping them to understand their rights in accessing needed services. City-wide organizations include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or educational groups, national NGOs include national organizations such as the YMCAs/YWCAs, professional associations and similar groups. Some have state and city branches and assist local NGOs and they can be responsible for funding local NGOs, institutions and projects and implementing projects
Non-governmental
–
Valdis Dombrovskis, then
Prime Minister of Latvia, meeting an NGO representative
35.
Salvation Army
–
The Salvation Army is a Christian Protestant church and international charitable organisation structured in a quasi-military fashion. The organisation reports a membership of over 1.5 million, consisting of soldiers, officers. Its founders Catherine and William Booth sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute and it is present in 127 countries, running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless and disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries. The theology of the Salvation Army is derived from that of Methodism although it is distinctive in institution, the Armys doctrine is typical of evangelical Protestant denominations. The Armys purposes are the advancement of the Christian religion, of education, the relief of poverty, and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole. The Army was founded in 1865 in London by one-time Methodist circuit-preacher William Booth as the East London Christian Mission, in 1878 Booth reorganised the mission, becoming its first General and introducing the military structure which has been retained to the present day. The current world leader of The Salvation Army is General André Cox, the Salvation Army was founded in Londons East End in 1865 by one-time Methodist Reform Church minister William Booth and his wife Catherine as the East London Christian Mission. The name The Salvation Army developed from an incident on 19 and 20 May, William Booth was dictating a letter to his secretary George Scott Railton and said, We are a volunteer army. Bramwell Booth heard his father and said, Volunteer, Im no volunteer, Im a regular. Railton was instructed to cross out the volunteer and substitute the word salvation. The Salvation Army was modelled after the military, with its own flag and its own hymns, often with words set to popular, Booth and the other soldiers in Gods Army would wear the Armys own uniform, for meetings and ministry work. He became the General and his ministers were given appropriate ranks as officers. When William Booth became known as the General, Catherine is known as the Mother of The Salvation Army, William preached to the poor, and Catherine spoke to the wealthy, gaining financial support for their work. She also acted as a minister, which was unusual at the time. William Booth described the approach, The three ‘Ss’ best expressed the way in which the Army administered to the down and outs, first, soup, second, soap. In 1880, the Salvation Army started its work in three countries, Australia, Ireland, and the United States. When the first official officers arrived in Australia and the United States, they found groups of Salvationists already waiting for them and started working with each other. The Booths did not include the use of sacraments in the Armys form of worship, other beliefs are that its members should completely refrain from drinking alcohol, smoking, taking illegal drugs and gambling
Salvation Army
–
The Salvation Army founders,
Catherine and
William Booth
Salvation Army
–
The Salvation Army
Salvation Army
–
Women's dormitories operated by The Salvation Army, Washington, D.C. c. 1920
Salvation Army
–
George Scott Railton - first
Commissioner of the Salvation Army
36.
Habitat for Humanity
–
Habitat for Humanity International, generally referred to as Habitat for Humanity or simply Habitat, is an international, non-governmental, and nonprofit organization, which was founded in 1976. Habitat has been devoted to building simple, decent, and affordable housing, a self-described Christian housing ministry, the international operational headquarters are located in Americus, Georgia, United States, with the administrative headquarters located in Atlanta. There are five area offices located around the world, United States and Canada, Africa and the Middle East, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America, community-level Habitat offices act in partnership with and on behalf of Habitat for Humanity International. In the United States, these offices are called Habitat affiliates, outside the United States. Each affiliate and national office is a run, nonprofit organization. The mission statement of Habitat for Humanity is Seeking to put God’s love into action, Habitat for Humanity brings people together to build homes, communities, homes are built using volunteer labor and Habitat makes no profit on the sales. In some locations outside the United States, Habitat for Humanity charges interest to protect against inflation and this policy has been in place since 1986. Habitat has helped more than 4 million people construct, rehabilitate or preserve more than 800,000 homes since its founding in 1976, Habitat for Humanity traces its origins to the time Millard Fuller spent at Koinonia Farm in 1965. Every affiliate follows a policy of family selection. Neither race nor religion is a factor in choosing the families who receive Habitat houses, the applicants are required to sign release forms authorizing Habitat for Humanity to perform this background check. This ensures that Habitats risk is reasonable when selling a home, there are typically a First and a Second Mortgage. The Second Mortgage is put in place to protect any equity that is left that is not captured in the first mortgage, the homeowners pay down the first mortgage, and after a stated period of time of living in the same home, the Second Mortgage is forgiven. However, The Right of First Refusal stays in force until the mortgage is paid in full and this sweat equity acts as the down payment on the home. Every hour spent earning this sweat equity must be approved and signed off on by an official Habitat for Humanity representative, sweat equity has no monetary value and cannot be refunded. Once construction on the home is finished and the equity is completed in full. With monthly payments that do not exceed 30% of the monthly income. Mortgage payments from homeowners are deposited into a locally administered Fund for Humanity, in an effort to discourage predatory lenders from targeting Habitat homeowner families, mortgage agreements require the Habitat for Humanity affiliate the right of first refusal. Until the mortgage is paid in full, a Habitat home has no equity, should a homeowner family decide to sell their home during the period of their mortgage, the affiliate will buy it back at market value
Habitat for Humanity
–
A 2007 construction site in the United States.
Habitat for Humanity
–
At Habitat's Global Village and Discovery Center in Americus, Georgia, visitors can experience the devastating nature of poverty housing and see life-size Habitat houses from around the world.
37.
Franklin Graham
–
William Franklin Graham III is an American Christian evangelist and missionary. He is president and CEO of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and of Samaritans Purse and he became a committed Christian in 1974 and was ordained in 1982. William Franklin Graham III was born in Asheville, North Carolina on July 14,1952 to evangelist Billy Graham and he is the fourth of their five children. As a teenager, Graham attended The Stony Brook School, a Christian private school on Long Island, New York, in 1971, he attended LeTourneau College in Longview, Texas, and was expelled from the school for keeping a female classmate out past curfew. In 1974, he graduated from Montreat-Anderson College, now Montreat College, with an A. S. in 1974, the 22-year-old had a conversion experience, fully committing himself to Jesus Christ in a hotel room while on a trip to Jerusalem. He was ordained in 1982 by the Grace Community Church in Tempe and he married Jane Austin Cunningham of Smithfield, North Carolina, in 1974. They have four children, William Franklin Graham IV, born in 1975, Roy Austin Graham, Edward Bell Graham, Lynch is now married to former National Football League safety Corey Lynch. Graham and his wife have eleven grandchildren, as a young man, Graham was actively mentored by two senior members of the Billy Graham Team, Roy Gustafson and John Wesley White. These men worked alongside Billy Graham and had a desire to positively affect the life and ministry of the eldest son of their longtime friend, Graham began conducting events for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association in 1989 and became the CEO in 2000 and its president in 2002. Each year, he conducts at least five Graham Festivals around the world as an evangelist associated with the BGEA, since 1989, he has preached to more than three million people in 126 evangelistic events. On January 23,1990, Graham was a guest on 100 Huntley Street, Graham spoke at the 1999 Columbine High School memorial, and he also gave the opening prayer at the 2001 inauguration of George W. Bush. Shortly after identifying himself as having become a Christian in 1974, Graham joined Bob Pierce, founder of Samaritans Purse and it was during this trip that Graham decided to focus on world relief. In 1979, after the death of Pierce, he became the president of Samaritans Purse, Samaritans Purse reported gross receipts of $414,031,085 during the 2010 federal tax year. According to 2014 data, Graham is the highest paid Samaritans Purse employee at $622,252 annually, the evangelistic association reported 2013 revenues as $106.5 million and 2014 as $112,893,788. Further criticism came on April 18,2003, when he preached at a Good Friday service at the Pentagon, Graham has made controversial remarks against Islam saying True Islam cannot be practiced in this country, Graham told CNNs Campbell Brown in December 2009. You cannot murder your children if you think theyve committed adultery or something like that and he still attended the National Day of Prayer meeting at the Pentagon, but outside in the parking lot with about a dozen people. In the August 30,2010 issue of Time magazine, Does America Hate Islam, Graham reportedly said that Islam is a religion of hatred. Building the cultural center near Ground Zero, he says, means Muslims will claim now that the World Trade Center property, on Iraq, Graham says he is, poised and ready to send representatives of the charity he runs to Iraq as soon as possible
Franklin Graham
–
On the left, with his father
Billy Graham
Franklin Graham
–
Graham preaching in
Knoxville, Tennessee.
Franklin Graham
–
Warsaw (June 14, 2014)
38.
William Booth
–
William Booth was a British Methodist preacher who founded The Salvation Army and became its first General. In 2002, Booth was named among the 100 Greatest Britons in a BBC poll, William Booth was born in Sneinton, Nottingham, the second son of five children born to Samuel Booth and his second wife, Mary Moss. Booths father was relatively wealthy by the standards of the time, but during Williams childhood, in 1842, Samuel Booth, who could no longer afford his sons school fees, apprenticed the 13-year-old William Booth to a pawnbroker. Samuel Booth died on 23 September 1842, two years into his apprenticeship Booth was converted to Methodism. He then read extensively and trained himself in writing and in speech, Booth was encouraged to be an evangelist primarily through his best friend, Will Sansom. When his apprenticeship ended in 1848, Booth was unemployed and spent a year looking in vain for work, in 1849, Booth reluctantly left his family and moved to London, where he again found work with a pawnbroker. In 1851, Booth joined the Reformers, and on 10 April 1852, his 23rd birthday, he left pawnbroking, just over a month after he started full-time preaching, on 15 May 1852, William Booth became formally engaged to Catherine Mumford. Interested in the Congregationalist approach, Booth consulted David Thomas at Stockwell about the ministry, through Thomas, he met John Campbell and then James William Massie. The recommendation was training under Rev. John Frost, but Booth disliked Frosts school, in November 1853, he was invited to become the Reformers minister at Spalding, in Lincolnshire. He married Catherine Mumford on 16 July 1855 at Stockwell Green Congregational Church in London, soon he was barred from campaigning in Methodist congregations, so he became an independent evangelist. He taught that this belief would manifest itself in a life of love for God, in 1865 Booth was in the East End of London, preaching to crowds of people in the streets. Outside the Blind Beggar public house some missioners heard him speak, the tent was set up on an old Quaker burial ground on Mile End Waste in Whitechapel. The first of these meetings was held on 2 July 1865, to the poor and destitute of Londons East End, Booth brought the good news of Jesus Christ and his love for all. The Christian Revival Society was later renamed The Christian Mission, evening meetings were held in an old warehouse where urchins threw stones and fireworks through the window. Outposts were eventually established and in time attracted converts, yet the results were discouraging, the Christian Mission was just one of about 500 charitable and religious groups trying to help the poor and needy in Londons East End. The name The Salvation Army developed from an incident in May 1878, William Booth was dictating a letter to his secretary George Scott Railton and said, We are a volunteer army. Bramwell Booth heard his father and said, Volunteer, Im no volunteer, Railton was instructed to cross out the word volunteer and substitute the word salvation. The Salvation Army was modelled after the military, with its own flag and its own music, often with Christian words to popular, Booth and the other soldiers in Gods Army would wear the Armys own uniform, putting on the armour, for meetings and ministry work
William Booth
–
General William Booth Founder of the Salvation Army
William Booth
–
William Booth in about 1862
William Booth
–
Manifesto of The Christian Mission as a "Volunteer Army" (1878)
William Booth
–
The Christian Mission becomes The Salvation Army (May 1878)
39.
Catherine Booth
–
Catherine Booth was co-founder of The Salvation Army, along with her husband William Booth. Because of her influence in the formation of The Salvation Army she was known as the Mother of The Salvation Army and she was born as Catherine Mumford in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, England, in 1829 to Methodist parents, John Mumford and Sarah Milward. Her father was a lay preacher and carriage maker. Her family later moved to Boston, Lincolnshire, and later lived in Brixton, London, from an early age, Catherine was a serious and sensitive girl. She had a strong Christian upbringing and was said to have read the Bible through eight times before the age of 12, during Catherine’s adolescence a spinal curvature led to years of enforced idleness. She kept herself busy, however, and was concerned about the problems of alcoholism. Even as a girl she had served as secretary of a Juvenile Temperance Society writing articles for a temperance magazine. Catherine was a member of the local Band of Hope and a supporter of the national Temperance Society, when Catherine refused to condemn Methodist Reformers in 1850, the Wesleyans expelled her. For the Reformers she led a girls’ Sunday school class in Clapham, at the home of Edward Rabbits, in 1851, she met William Booth, who also had been expelled by the Wesleyans for reform sympathies. William was reciting a poem, “The Grog-seller’s Dream, ” which appealed to Catherine. They soon fell in love and became engaged, during their three-year engagement, Catherine constantly wrote letters of encouragement to William as he performed the tiring work of a preacher. They were married on 16 June 1855 at Stockwell Green Congregational Church in London and their wedding was very simple, as they wanted to use their time and money for his ministry. Even on their honeymoon, William was asked to speak at meetings, two of their offspring, Bramwell and Evangeline, later became Generals of The Salvation Army. Catherine began to be active in the work of the church at Brighouse. Though she was nervous, she enjoyed working with young people. During this period she discovered a model, American Wesleyan revivalist Phoebe Palmer, female Ministry was a short, powerful apology for women’s rights to preach the gospel. The pamphlet identifies three major principles on which her convictions rested, first, Catherine saw that women are neither naturally nor morally inferior to men. Second, she believed there was no reason to deny them a public ministry
Catherine Booth
–
Catherine Booth
Catherine Booth
–
Catherine and William Booth
Catherine Booth
–
Statue of Catherine Booth in the Mile End Road, London, close to the site of the first Salvation Army meeting. The statue was donated by the women of the Salvation Army in the United States of America in 2015 to mark the Army's 150th anniversary.
40.
Methodist
–
Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade
Methodist
–
Wesley's Chapel in
London, with a statue of
John Wesley in the foreground.
Methodist
–
John Wesley
Methodist
–
Charles Wesley
Methodist
–
George Whitefield
41.
De Tocqueville
–
Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, Viscount de Tocqueville was a French diplomat, political scientist, and historian. He was best known for his works Democracy in America and The Old Regime, in both he analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocquevilles travels in the United States and is considered an early work of sociology. Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy and he retired from political life after Louis Napoléon Bonapartes 2 December 1851 coup, and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution. He argued the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state which had begun under King Louis XIV, the failure of the Revolution came from the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals. Tocqueville was a liberal who advocated parliamentary government, but he was skeptical of the extremes of democracy. Alexis de Tocqueville came from an old Norman aristocratic family with ancestors who participated in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, after an exile in England, they returned to France during the reign of Napoleon. Under the Bourbon Restoration, his became an noble peer. Tocqueville attended the Lycée Fabert in Metz, Tocqueville, who despised the July Monarchy, began his political career in 1839. From 1839 to 1851, he served as deputy of the Manche department, in parliament, he defended abolitionist views and upheld free trade, while supporting the colonisation of Algeria carried on by Louis-Philippes regime. Tocqueville was also elected general counsellor of the Manche in 1842, in 1831, he obtained from the July Monarchy a mission to examine prisons and penitentiaries in America, and proceeded there with his lifelong friend Gustave de Beaumont. While Tocqueville did visit some prisons, he traveled widely in America and he returned within nine months, and published a report, but the real result of his tour was De la démocratie en Amerique, which appeared in 1835. Beaumont also wrote an account of their travels in Jacksonian America, apart from America, Tocqueville also made an observational tour of England, producing Memoir on Pauperism. In 1841 and 1846, he traveled to Algeria and he went as far as openly advocating racial segregation between the European colonists and the Arabs through the implementation of two different legislative systems. In 1835, Tocqueville made a journey through Ireland and his observations provide one of the best pictures of how Ireland stood before the Great Famine. The observations chronicle the growing Catholic middle-class and the conditions in which most Catholic tenant farmers lived. Tocqueville made clear both his libertarian sympathies and his affinity for his Irish co-religionists and he defended bicameralism and the election of the President of the Republic by universal suffrage. As the countryside was thought to be more conservative than the population of Paris
De Tocqueville
–
Alexis de Tocqueville
De Tocqueville
–
The Fabert School in
Metz, where Tocqueville was fellow student between 1817 and 1823
De Tocqueville
–
Caricature by
Honoré Daumier, 1849.
De Tocqueville
–
Tocqueville at the 1851 "Commission de la révision de la Constitution à l'Assemblée nationale".
42.
Abraham Kuyper
–
Abraham Kuijper, generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch journalist, statesman and neo-Calvinist theologian. He founded the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, a newspaper, the Free University of Amsterdam, and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1901 and 1905. He vigorously denounced modernism in theology as a fad that would pass away, in politics, he dominated the Anti-Revolutionary Party from its founding in 1879 to his death in 1920. Abraham Kuijper was born on 29 October 1837 in Maassluis in the Netherlands and his father Jan Frederik Kuyper served as a minister for the Dutch Reformed Church in Hoogmade, Maassluis, Middelburg and Leiden. Kuijper was home-schooled by his father, the boy received no formal primary education, but received secondary education at the Gymnasium of Leiden. In 1855, he graduated from the Gymnasium and began to study literature, philosophy and he received his propaedeuse in literature in 1857, summa cum laude, and in philosophy in 1858, also summa cum laude. He also took classes in Arabic, Armenian and physics, in comparing the views of John Calvin and Jan Łaski, Kuyper showed a clear sympathy for the more liberal Łaski. During his studies Kuyper was a member of the tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. In May 1862, he was declared eligible for the ministry and 1863 he accepted a call to minister for the Dutch Reformed Church for the town of Beesd. In the same year he married Johanna Hendrika Schaay and they would have five sons and three daughters. In 1864 he began corresponding with the anti-revolutionary MP Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, around 1866, he began to sympathise with the orthodox tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. He was inspired by the robust reformed faith of Pietje Balthus, a woman in her early 30s. He began to oppose the centralization in the church, the role of the King and began to plead for the separation of church, in 1867, Kuyper was asked to become minister for the parish in Utrecht and he left Beesd. In 1870 he was asked to come to Amsterdam, in 1871 he began to write for the De Heraut. In 1872, he founded his own paper, De Standaard and this paper would lay the foundation for the network of Reformed organisation, which Kuyper would found. In 1886, Kuyper led an exodus from the Dutch Reformed Church and he grieved the loss of Reformed distinctives within this State Church, which no longer required office bearers to agree to the Reformed standards which had once been foundational. Kuyper and the consistory of Amsterdam insisted that both ministers and church members subscribe to the Reformed confessions and this was appealed to Classis, and Kuyper, along with about 80 members of the Amsterdam consistory, were suspended in Dec.1885. This was appealed to the synod, which upheld the ruling in a 1 July 1886 ruling
Abraham Kuyper
–
Abraham Kuyper
Abraham Kuyper
–
Signature
43.
Civil service
–
A civil servant or public servant is a person so employed in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the service varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown employees are referred to as civil servants whereas county or city employees are not, many consider the study of service to be a part of the field of public administration. Workers in non-departmental public bodies may also be classed as servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms. Collectively a states civil servants form its service or public service. An international civil servant or international staff member is an employee who is employed by an intergovernmental organization. These international civil servants do not resort under any national legislation but are governed by internal staff regulations, All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such as, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO. Specific referral can be made to the International Civil Service Commission of the United Nations and its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common system, while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service. The origin of the modern civil service can be traced back to Imperial examination founded in Imperial China. The Imperial exam based on merit was designed to select the best administrative officials for the states bureaucracy and this system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree. In the areas of administration, especially the military, appointments were based solely on merit, after the fall of the Han Dynasty, the Chinese bureaucracy regressed into a semi-merit system known as the Nine-rank system. This system was reversed during the short-lived Sui Dynasty, which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through written examinations, the first civil service examination system was established by Emperor Wen of Sui. The examination tested the candidates memorization of the Nine Classics of Confucianism and his ability to compose poetry using fixed and traditional forms, the system was finally abolished by the Qing government in 1905 as part of the New Policies reform package. The Chinese system was admired by European commentators from the 16th century onward. In the 18th century, in response to changes and the growth of the British Empire, the bureaucracy of institutions such as the Office of Works. Each had its own system, but in general, staff were appointed through patronage or outright purchase, by the 19th century, it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short. The origins of the British civil service are better known, during the eighteenth century a number of Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination system, some of them going so far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806, in that year, the Honourable East India Company established a college, the East India Company College, near London to train and examine administrators of the Companys territories in India
Civil service
–
Imperial Civil Service Examination hall with 7500 cells in
Guangdong, 1873.
Civil service
–
Emperor Wen of Sui (r. 581–604), who established the first
civil service examination system in China; a painting by the
chancellor and artist
Yan Liben (600–673).
Civil service
–
Charles Trevelyan, an architect of
Her Majesty's Civil Service, established in 1855 on his recommendations.
44.
Community practice
–
In the UK the term is often used for community work or Health visitors. Community Practice social workers typically have a Masters in Social Work, due to community works applied nature, theory is not always considered necessary or even utilized. Despite this, there are number of models of community practice that guide the practitioner toward social action. These theoretical models have evolved from proto-models utilized in the Progressive Era to the present day and it should also be noted that a third social work practice category is sometimes referenced called mezzo practice. Mezzo practice can be defined by its combination of micro and macro aspects with the focus of interventions being smaller groups or systems. Whereas macro practice often focuses on policy or systematic changes, some researchers and practitioners consider mezzo practice to focus more on change at the community or neighborhood level. Because there is often an overlap between macro and mezzo, some argue mezzo practice to be a sub-category within macro social work. Although it makes up a portion of social work practice. Traditionally social work practice is located within office or agency settings, however, community practice may also utilize alternative spaces. Nontraditional settings are public spaces, often part of the industry where community members gather socially. These spaces must be rooted in the heritage of the community. The spaces should also be unique to the community and already heavily utilized for gathering, the primary role of nontraditional spaces is not to provide social work services, though they can be utilized for such services. These spaces are venues for outreach, where social services use existing gathering spaces to bring services to the community to provide additional resources to more individuals. The goal of using existing gathering spaces as a venue for work is to build on the existing structures of a community. Communities offer numerous characteristics that can be built upon for services, furthermore, by organizing around an existing collective identity or shared experience there is a building block for group cohesion and may increase effectiveness of organizing. Effectively navigating entry into these spaces may take time and diligence on behalf of the organizer, once in these spaces, it is important to honor and build upon existing leadership. Nontraditional settings provide cultural access as well as access to multiple generations and these spaces are often seen as a bridge point where multiple generations gather and where cultural values and traditions are learned or passed on. In many instances these spaces are inclusive of non-English speaking members of the community, macro-social workers and those engaging in community practice methods may encounter a number of limitations that will make their work in the community more challenging
Community practice
–
Concepts
45.
Economic growth
–
Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in gross domestic product, or real GDP. Growth is usually calculated in real terms – i. e. inflation-adjusted terms – to eliminate the effect of inflation on the price of goods produced. Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting, since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product, it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure. The rate of economic growth refers to the annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time. Implicitly, this rate is the trend in the average level of GDP over the period. An increase in economic growth caused by efficient use of inputs is referred to as intensive growth. GDP growth caused only by increases in the amount of available for use is called extensive growth. The economic growth rate is calculated from data on GDP estimated by countries´statistical agencies, the rate of growth of GDP/capita is calculated from data on GDP and people for the initial and final periods included in the analysis. The rate of change of GDP/population is the sum of the rates of change of four variables plus their cross products. Increases in labor productivity have historically been the most important source of real per capita economic growth, increases in productivity lower the real cost of goods. Over the 20th century the price of many goods fell by over 90%. Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to the accumulation of human and physical capital, the rapid economic growth that occurred during the Industrial Revolution was remarkable because it was in excess of population growth, providing an escape from the Malthusian trap. Countries that industrialized eventually saw their population growth slow down, a known as the demographic transition. Increases in productivity are the factor responsible for per capita economic growth – this has been especially evident since the mid-19th century. Most of the growth in the 20th century was due to increased output per unit of labor, materials, energy. The balance of the growth in output has come from using more inputs, both of these changes increase output. The increased output included more of the goods produced previously and new goods
Economic growth
–
Productivity lowered the cost of most items in terms of work time required to purchase. Real food prices fell due to improvements in transportation and trade,
mechanized agriculture,
fertilizers, scientific farming and the
Green Revolution.
Economic growth
–
GDP real growth rates, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in selected countries.
Economic growth
–
Forest in
Indonesia being cut for
palm oil plantation.
46.
List of volunteer awards
–
This is a list of awards issued by organisations and governmental bodies honoring the contributions of volunteers. CNN Heroes are annual recognitions by CNN to honor individuals who make contributions to help others. UNV Online Volunteering Award, presented annually, since 2000, to teams of volunteers for their contributions towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals through the Internet. A jury made up of experts in volunteerism and development cooperation as well as United Nations Volunteers representatives selects the winners. The Award presents an opportunity for both, online volunteers and organizations, to bring their online volunteering experiences and good practices to the attention of a global audience. In the run up to International Volunteer Day, anyone can vote for their favourite winners on the online volunteering service website, the team that gets the most votes is announced as the public’s favourite on 5 December. Volunteering Australia is an award sponsored by National Australia Bank and presented annually since 1997, the NSW Volunteer of the Year Awards honor volunteers in New South Wales and were first presented in 2007. The Northern Territory Volunteer of the Year Awards honor volunteers in the Northern Territory and were first presented in 2011, the Queensland Young Volunteer Awards are Queensland-based awards recognizing contributions of volunteers from 12 to 25 years of age. The AAVA Volunteer Manager Award of Excellence was created by the Australasian Association of Volunteer Administrators in order to recognize outstanding contributions to volunteer management. The Governor Generals Caring Canadian Award is awarded annually by the Governor General of Canada to Canadian individuals or groups who have given help or care on a volunteer basis. The Prime Minister’s Volunteer Awards program consists of 17 awards in total,2 at the level and 15 at the regional level. Since 2010, the awards highlight best practices in community leadership, the goal of the awards is to inspire Canadians from all walks of life to find new ways of making a difference in their communities. The Flare Volunteer Award is sponsored by the Flare Magazine and is presented to six Canadian women aged 18. The Canadian Business & Community Partnership Awards of the Imagine Canada charity are dedicated to Canadian companies that hold successful partnerships with, the Department of Human Resources and Skills Development of the Canadian government created the annual Thérèse Casgrain Volunteer Award to honor two volunteers for their exceptional work. With the award, feminist and politician Thérèse Casgrain was being memorized until the retirement of the award in 2010. Each year, gold award, silver award and bronze award are awarded to committed individual or group to encourage volunteerism, iVolunteer Awards is an annual award by iVolunteer, India to honor the contribution of volunteers and organisations who engage them. The Awards celebrate, reward and promote volunteering, with the aim of inspiring people to volunteer. The award aims to recognise the doers from the NGOs and Corporate, Volunteer Hero, Arun Kumar, is currently working as a consultant with Cognizant Technology Solutions, Chennai
List of volunteer awards
–
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a
worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the
talk page. (October 2010)
47.
USA Weekend
–
USA Weekend is a defunct American weekend newspaper magazine that was owned by the Gannett Company. The publication was incorporated as Family Weekly, a supplement started in 1953, the Gannett Company purchased the supplement from CBS, Inc. on February 21,1985. When the sale was finalized later that spring, the publication adopted the USA Weekend name, most of the newspapers that Gannett owned carried USA Weekend within their Sunday editions as their default magazine supplement. USA Weekend focused its articles on issues, entertainment personalities and pop culture, health, food reviews and recipes. In addition to Parade, USA Weekend also competed alongside some Sunday magazines published for individual newspapers in select U. S. cities such as The New York Times Magazine. The magazine provided Newspaper In Education classroom guides to partner newspapers, as a result of the discontinuance of USA Weekend, Parade became the only weekend newspaper magazine that continues to be published in the United States. Roberts Cokie Roberts Tavis Smiley USA Weekends Make A Difference Day is a community service event that was created by the magazine in 1992. At the 2013 event,14 community groups were awarded $10,000 to donate to their local charities
USA Weekend
–
An Issue of USA Weekend. The top blank bar features a reproduction of the carrying newspaper's
masthead.
48.
Mandela Day
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Nelson Mandela International Day is an annual international day in honour of Nelson Mandela, celebrated each year on 18 July, Mandelas birthday. The day was declared by the United Nations in November 2009. However, other groups began celebrating Mandela Day on 18 July 2009, on 27 April 2009, the 46664 concerts and the Nelson Mandela Foundation invited the global community to join them in support of an official Mandela Day. Mandela Day is not meant as a holiday, but as a day to honour the legacy of Nelson Mandela, South Africas former President. Mandela Day is a call to action that celebrates the idea that each individual has the power to transform the world. The Mandela Day campaign message is, Nelson Mandela has fought for justice for 67 years. We’re asking you to start with 67 minutes, in November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly formally declared 18 July to be Nelson Mandela International Day
Mandela Day
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MONUSCO staff cleaning a section of Goma General Hospital in the DRC on Mandela Day 2012
Mandela Day
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Life
49.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
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Martin Luther King Jr. Day is an American federal holiday marking the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, the holiday is similar to holidays set under the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. King was the spokesman for nonviolent activism in the Civil Rights Movement. The campaign for a holiday in Kings honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, at first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000, the idea of Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a holiday was promoted by labor unions in contract negotiations. Senator Edward Brooke introduced a bill in Congress to make Kings birthday a national holiday, the bill first came to a vote in the U. S. House of Representatives in 1979. However, it fell five short of the number needed for passage. Only two other figures have national holidays in the U. S. honoring them, George Washington, soon after, the King Center turned to support from the corporate community and the general public. The success of this strategy was cemented when musician Stevie Wonder released the single Happy Birthday to popularize the campaign in 1980 and hosted the Rally for Peace Press Conference in 1981. Six million signatures were collected for a petition to Congress to pass the law, senators Jesse Helms and John Porter East led opposition to the holiday and questioned whether King was important enough to receive such an honor. Helms criticized Kings opposition to the Vietnam War and accused him of espousing action-oriented Marxism, Helms led a filibuster against the bill and on October 3,1983, submitted a 300-page document to the Senate alleging that King had associations with communists. New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan declared the document a packet of filth, threw it on the Senate floor, President Ronald Reagan originally opposed the holiday, citing cost concerns. But on November 2,1983, Reagan signed a bill, proposed by Representative Katie Hall of Indiana, the bill had passed the House of Representatives by a count of 338 to 90, a veto-proof margin. The holiday was observed for the first time on January 20,1986, the bill also established the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday Commission to oversee observance of the holiday, and Coretta Scott King, in 2000, Utah became the last state to have a holiday named after King when Human Rights Day was officially changed to Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Later that year, Mecham proclaimed the third Sunday in January to be Martin Luther King Jr. /Civil Rights Day in Arizona, in 1990, Arizona voters were given the opportunity to vote on giving state employees a paid MLK holiday. That same year, the National Football League threatened to move Super Bowl XXVII, both measures failed to pass, with only 49% of voters approving Prop 302, the more popular of the two options, although some who voted no on 302 voted yes on Prop 301
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
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Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
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Sign from 1969 promoting a holiday to honor the anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
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In honor of the Martin Luther King Day of Service, President
Barack Obama serves lunch in the dining room at
So Others Might Eat, a soup kitchen in Washington, January 18, 2010.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
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A Martin Luther King Day march in Oregon.
