The Confederate Oath of Association was an oath of allegiance made by Irish Confederate Catholics during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
Irish Confederates pledged allegiance to Charles I of Ireland.
Tudor conquest of Ireland
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Ireland was conquered by the Tudor monarchs of England in the 16th century. The Anglo-Normans had conquered swathes of Ireland in the late 12th century, bringing it under English rule. In the 14th cen
Irish chieftain (left) receives a priest's blessing before departing to fight the English (right), who are shown in full armour and armed with muskets.
Irish Gaels in a painting from the 16th century
Irish Gaels, c. 1529
16th century Irish warriors, Gallowglass (left) and Kern (right). Drawing by Albrecht Dürer, 1521.