1.
Lille
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Lille is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near Frances border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Vieux Lille. The legend of Lydéric and Phinaert puts the foundation of the city of Lille at 640, in the 8th century, the language of Old Low Franconian was spoken here, as attested by toponymic research. Lilles Dutch name is Rijsel, which comes from ter ijsel, the French equivalent has the same meaning, Lille comes from lîle. From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders, after the destruction caused by Norman and Magyar invasion, the eastern part of the region was ruled by various local princes. The first mention of the dates from 1066, apud Insulam. At the time, it was controlled by the County of Flanders, the County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe. A notable local in this period was Évrard, who lived in the 9th century and participated in many of the days political, there was an important Battle of Lille in 1054. From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow, in 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute, it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople and she was said to be well loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000. He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land and she called her cousin, Louis VIII. He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged, in 1226 the King agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after, in 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saints Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countesss Hospital, which one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. It was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named Jeanne of Flanders Hospital in the 20th century, the Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margarets son, Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the Franco-Flemish War. The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital
2.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
3.
Model (person)
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A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
4.
Liu Wen
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Liu Wen is a Chinese fashion model represented by The Society Management and based in New York City. In 2012, The New York Times named her China’s first bona fide supermodel and she became the first Chinese model to ever appear on the front cover of American Vogue in 2017. In an April 2014 article about social rise in the fashion industry, American Vogue remarked that she had by far. Models. com dubbed her as the first ever Asian New Supermodel in July 2014, and in October of the same year, Liu became the first person in the world to showcase an Apple Watch on a magazine cover when she appeared on Vogue Chinas November 2014 issue. In April 2015, she and South Korean singer Choi Siwon participated in a Chinese spin-off of the South Korean variety show We Got Married, an only child, Liu was born into a working-class family on January 27,1988, in Yongzhou, Hunan. In her teens, her mother encouraged her to be professional, eat well, and enter the modeling contest, Liu originally planned to work as a tour guide. Liu started her career in 2005 when she entered the New Silk Road World Model Contest. She was invited to Paris in 2008 to sign with an agency, in February 2008 she appeared in four fashion-related articles for Chinese Vogue. She debuted on international runways in the month, walking for Burberry. The week after, she walked for Chanel, Jean Paul Gaultier and it also remains the record for the most shows ever walked by a model of Asian descent in a single season. She followed that up with the Spring 2010 ready-to-wear season, walking 70 shows in the four cities. This statistic made her the second most booked model for the season following French model Constance Jablonski and her record for a single season is seven including DKNY Jeans, The GAP, Barneys New York, Benetton, Alexander Wang, Converse, and cKone in Spring 2009. She has been featured as the female in major Vogue editorials for Vogue Germany, Vogue Espana, Vogue China, Vogue Italia, British Vogue. She has also featured in editorials for Numéro, GQ, V magazine, Harpers Bazaar, Pop Magazine, Allure, i-D, Interview. In 2009, Liu became the first woman of Chinese descent to walk in the Victorias Secret Fashion Show, Liu also participated in the 2010-2012 shows. Liu said that she was surprised to be chosen because most Victorias Secret models have big boobs. She returned to the Victorias Secret runway again in 2016, in April 2010, it was announced that Liu along with Constance Jablonski and Joan Smalls would help to represent the cosmetics company Estée Lauder. In March 2012, the New York Times featured Liu Wen on the cover and in the feature for their Style T Magazines Travel Issue
5.
Joan Smalls
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Joan Smalls Rodríguez is a Puerto Rican fashion model. In 2013, she ranked at #8 on Forbes magazines Worlds Highest-Paid Models list, in 2011, she became the first Latina model to represent Estée Lauder cosmetics. In January 2014, Smalls appeared on the Return of the Supermodel cover of American Elle, Joan Smalls Rodríguez was born and raised in Hatillo, Puerto Rico. Her father, Eric Smalls, is an accountant, and is West Indian from Saint Thomas, Smalls mother, Betzaida Rodríguez, is a social worker, who is Puerto Rican, and of Spanish, Taino Indian, and Indian heritage. Smalls graduated magna cum laude from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico with a Bachelors degree in psychology, upon graduation, she moved to New York City to become a model. She was signed by Elite Model Management in 2007, in 2009, she left Elite Model Management and signed with IMG Models worldwide, where she changed her focus to runway work. She was signed as a Givenchy exclusive for Riccardo Tiscis Spring/Summer Haute Couture show in January 2010 and she has appeared in shows for fashion week in New York, London, Milan, and Paris. In 2010, Smalls began modeling for Victorias Secret and has appeared in their 2011,2012,2013,2014,2015 and 2016 Victorias Secret Fashion Show. She has appeared in editorials for several editions of Vogue, Harpers Bazaar, i-D, GQ, Dazed & Confused, Elle, Industrie, Interview, American and Spanish V, Glamour. She has appeared on the cover of Pop, Glam Belleza Latina, Grazia, in September 2013, Smalls and fellow model Karlie Kloss appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair, which dubbed them The New Supers. She appeared in the 2012 and 2014 Pirelli Calendar and she also featured on the cover of American Vogues September 2014 issue. She is the first Latina signed to a campaign for the brand. Richard Ferretti, Estée Lauders global creative director stated, The word supermodel is overused and she can go from looking girl-next-door to superchic-tough-strong—and she is all of that. Smalls served as co-host of the MTV fashion series House of Style and she was featured alongside singer Bruno Mars in the June 2011 edition of Vogue. In 2006 she appeared in Ricky Martins Its Alright music video, in 2013, she appeared in Beyoncés Yoncé video. She will appear as a guest judge on the season of the reality competition RuPauls Drag Race. In September 2012, Smalls was named Model of the Year at the 9th Annual Style Awards, Supermodel Iman presented Smalls with the award. In 2013, Smalls ranked #8 on Forbes magazines Worlds Highest-Paid Models list, in September 2012, Smalls was ranked #1 on the Top 50 Models Women list by Models. com
6.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
7.
Ready-to-wear
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Off-the-peg is sometimes used for items other than clothing such as handbags. Ready-to-wear has rather different connotations in the spheres of fashion and classic clothing, in the fashion industry, designers produce ready-to-wear clothing, intended to be worn without significant alteration because clothing made to standard sizes fits most people. They use standard patterns, factory equipment, and faster construction techniques to keep costs low, some fashion houses and fashion designers produce mass-produced and industrially manufactured ready-to-wear lines but others offer garments that are not unique but are produced in limited numbers. The Bread & Butter in Berlin is considered to be the worlds most important trade fair for ready-to-wear fashion, due to technological advances, military uniforms were the first ready-to-wear garments to be mass-produced during the War of 1812. Before, women would alter their previously styled clothing in order to stay up to date with fashion trends, the widespread adoption of ready-to wear clothing reflected a variety of factors including economic disparities, a desire for an independent fashion industry, and an increase in media attention. Another significant factor created by the industry was the US development of a style independent from Europe. Ready-to-wear also sparked new interests in health, beauty, and diet as manufactured clothing set specific, women of larger sizes had difficulties finding apparel in department stores, as most manufacturers maintained and sold the limited sizes across the nation. Overall ready-to-wear fashion exposed women to the newest styles and fashion trends, the ready-to-wear fashion revolution led to an expansion of the US fashion industry that made fashionable apparel accessible, cost effective, and commensurable. The construction of clothing is also held to a different standard than that of haute couture due to its industrial nature. High-end ready-to-wear lines are based upon a famous gown or other pattern that is then duplicated and advertised to raise the visibility of the designer. In high-end fashion, ready-to-wear collections are presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. Smaller lines including the Cruise and Pre-Fall collections, which add to the value of a brand, are presented separately at the fashion designers discretion. Ready-to-wear fashion weeks occur separately and earlier than those of haute couture
8.
Haute couture
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Haute couture is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. A haute couture garment is made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearers measurements. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are described as having no price tag. The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worths work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, in modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan. In either case, the term can refer to the houses or fashion designers that create exclusive. In France, the haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et dindustrie de Paris based in Paris. The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as the commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses. Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth, an affiliated school was organized in 1930 called LEcole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The school helps bring new designers to help the couture houses that are present today. Since 1975, this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise, de couture, more rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945. g. With that of prêt-à-porter in the public perception, almost every haute couture house also markets prêt-à-porter collections, which typically deliver a higher return on investment than their custom clothing. Falling revenues have forced a few houses to abandon their less profitable haute couture division. These houses are no longer considered haute couture houses by the original, legal usage of the term. Many top designer fashion houses such as Chanel use the word for some of their special collections, as well, the term haute couture has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities, such as production of fine art, music, etc. Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century, rose Bertin, the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette, can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture. Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was copied by local dressmakers. Stylish women also ordered fashion d dressed in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models, as railroads and steamships made European travel easier, it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories
9.
Shiatzy Chen
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Shiatzy Chen is a Taiwanese luxury fashion house, founded in 1978 by Wang Chen Tsai-Hsia, who is often referred to as the Chanel of Taiwan. In 2010 Forbes magazine ranked Wang as one of the 25 most influential Chinese in global fashion, Wang Chen Tsai-Hsia was born in 1951 in Changhua, Taiwan. She was not formally educated in the industry, learning her trade by working at her uncles factory, in 1978, she and her husband, Wang Yuan-hong, a businessman in the textile trade, founded the Shiatzy International Company Limited in 1978. For over 30 years Wang worked to establish her name in the local market, the Taiwan market is the companys major source of revenue. While predominantly a womenswear company, in 1987 the company added a menswear line, while not bespoke menswear, the range includes off-the-peg changpaos intended for weddings and traditional engagement parties. A popular line is their quilted, often reversible, winter jackets, available in a range of styles, fabrics, patterns. In about 2007 they expanded their catalogue with accessories and a line of available from their three flagship stores in Taipei, Shanghai and Paris. In 1990 Shiatzy Chen set up a studio in Paris to stay on top of fashion trends and this studio also serves as a training center for Taiwanese dressmakers and designers. They opened a store in Paris in 2001. The label has been listed on the London-based Financial Times pick of what is hot in 2004 and it was also deemed the most popular fashion brand in Taiwan by The Wall Street Journal Asia. In 2003 the company entered the Chinese market, opening a flagship store in Shanghai, on The Bund in October 2005. Restoration on the began in late 2001. The interior was designed by Indonesian designer Jaya Ibrahim, the company aimed to have 50 stores in mainland China by 2010 in addition to their 48 outlets in Taiwan,23 directly managed stores and 25 department store counters. In 2007 they opened a factory, measuring 6000 square meters. On October 5,2008 Shiatzy Chen debuted at Paris Fashion Week, on November 9,2009, the company became a member of the Chambre syndicale du prêt-à-porter des couturiers et des créateurs de mode. In 2010, they held an exhibition of 100 flower-themed dresses at the Taipei International Flora Exposition. In 2011 the company reported sales of about US$60 million, the Evergreen Classic – Transformation of the Qipao - Hong Kong Museum of History. Some of Shiatzy Chens qipao-inspired designs were included in this exhibition. com Shiatzy Chen/modemonline
10.
Donna Karan
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Donna Karan, also known under the alias DK, is an American fashion designer and the creator of the Donna Karan New York and DKNY clothing labels. Karan was born Donna Ivy Faske to mother Helen and father Gabby Faske in the Forest Hills neighborhood of the Borough of Queens, Karans mother had been a model and had also worked in designer Chester Weinbergs showroom. Her father was a tailor and haberdasher who died when Donna was three years old, Karan and her older sister Gail were raised by their mother in Woodmere, in the Five Towns region of Nassau County, New York. She graduated from Hewlett High School in 1966, and then went to the Parsons School of Design, after leaving college, Karan worked for Anne Klein, eventually becoming head of the Anne Klein design-team, where she remained until 1985, when she launched her Donna Karan label. Karan began her career as an assistant designer with Anne Klein in the late 1960s, as Kleins assistant, Karan was a participant in The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show on November 28,1973. When Klein herself died in 1974, Takihyo Corporation of Japan became the new owner and Karan, together with her classmate and friend Louis DellOllio. In 1984, Karan left Anne Klein and, together with her then husband Stephan Weiss and Takihyo Corporation and she showed her first womens clothing collection in 1985. Karan always insisted that she would only design clothes, like jersey dresses and opaque Lycra tights, in 1988, Karan, nicknamed The Queen Of Seventh Avenue, extended her womens Donna Karan New York line by creating a less expensive clothing line for younger women, called DKNY. Two years later, she created DKNY Jeans, a denim-inspired collection, DKNY for men was launched in 1992, one year after the Signature line for men had been presented. Karan left her CEO position in 1997, but continued as chairwoman, after 2002 Karans designer contributions became less and less. In August 2008, Karan relaunched her discontinued fragrance lines from the 1990s, in 2015, Donna Karan announced that she would be stepping down as head of her eponymous company to focus on her lifestyle brand, Urban Zen, established by Karan in 2007. Urban Zen embraces conscious consumerism, a harmony of philanthropy and commerce, Urban Zen offers artisan objects of desire globally curated from Donna’s travels, signature Karan-designed apparel, accessories, art and exclusive handmade Balinese furniture. Fashion icon and humanitarian Donna Karan believes through creativity, collaboration, connection and this conviction lies at the heart of Urban Zen and its Foundation, established in 2007. The foundation is dedicated to three initiatives, preservation of culture and bringing mind, body and spirit to healthcare and education. The Urban Zen Center in New York is the Foundation’s home, a place, the groundbreaking Urban Zen Integrative Therapy Program integrates eastern healing modalities with western science, with over 700 certified therapists working throughout the country. This initiative is close to Karan’s heart, as it was inspired by her experience with the healthcare system during her husband’s battle with lung cancer. In 2010, in the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti, Urban Zen launched Hope, Help & Relief Haiti in collaboration with leaders in music, fashion, film, finance and art. To further advance that goal, Karan collaborated with her alma mater, Parsons School of Design, in 2016, immediately following Hurricane Matthew, the Urban Zen Foundation collaborated with on the ground partners to deliver critical aid in the form of emergency kits
11.
Christian Dior SE
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Christian Dior SE, commonly known as Dior, is a French luxury goods company controlled and chaired by French businessman Bernard Arnault, who also heads LVMH – the worlds largest luxury group. Dior itself holds 42. 36% shares of and 59. 01% voting rights within LVMH, while the Christian Dior label remains largely for womens offerings, the company also operates the Dior Homme division for men and the baby Dior label for childrens wear. Products are sold throughout its portfolio of retail stores worldwide, as well as through its online store, the House of Dior was established on 16 December 1946, in a private house at 30 Avenue Montaigne Paris B. However, the current Dior corporation celebrates 1947 as the opening year, Dior was financially backed by wealthy businessman Marcel Boussac. Boussac had originally invited Dior to design for Philippe et Gaston, the new couture house became a part of a vertically integrated textile business already operated by Boussac. Its capital was at FFr 6 million and workforce at 80 employees, Diors creativity also negotiated him a good salary. On 12 February 1947, Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring–Summer 1947, the show of 90 models of his first collection on six mannequins was presented in the salons of the companys headquarters at 30 Avenue Montaigne. Originally, the two lines were named Corolle and Huit, however, the new collection went down in fashion history as the New Look after the editor-in-chief of Harpers Bazaar Carmel Snow exclaimed, Its such a New Look. At a time of post-war fabric restrictions, Dior used up to twenty yards of extravagant fabrics for his creations, as a result, Paris, which had fallen from its position as the capital of the fashion world after WWII, regained its preeminence. The New Look was welcomed in western Europe as an antidote to the austerity of wartime and de-feminizing uniforms. According to Harold Koda, The Costume Institute curator in charge, not everyone was pleased with the New Look, however. Some considered the amount of material to be wasteful, especially after years of cloth rationing, feminists in particular were outraged, feeling that the new designs with its return to corsets were restrictive and regressive, and that Diors designs took away womens independence. Fellow designer Coco Chanel remarked, “Only a man who never was intimate with a woman could design something that uncomfortable. ”Available references contradict themselves whether Christian Dior Parfums was established in 1947 or 1948. The Dior corporation itself lists the founding of Christian Dior Parfums as 1947, with the launch of its first perfume, Dior revolutionized the perfumery industry with the launch of the highly popular Miss Dior parfum, which was named after Catherine Dior. Christian Dior Ltd owned 25%, manager of Coty perfumes held 35%, pierre Cardin was made head of the Dior workshop from 1947 until 1950. In 1948, a New York City Christian Dior Parfums branch was established—this could be the cause of establishment-date issue. The modern Dior corporation also notes that a luxury ready-to-wear house is established in New York at the corner of 5th Avenue and 57th Street, in 1949, the Diorama perfume is released and by 1949, the New Look line alone made a profit FFr 12.7 million. Expansion from France began by the end of 1949 with the opening of a Christian Dior boutique in New York City, by the end of the year, Dior fashions made up 75% of Pariss fashion exports and 5% of Frances total export revenue
12.
Gucci
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Gucci is an Italian luxury brand of fashion and leather goods, part of the Gucci Group, which is owned by the French holding company Kering. Gucci was founded by Guccio Gucci in Florence in 1921, Gucci is also the biggest-selling Italian brand. Gucci operates about 278 directly operated stores worldwide as of September 2009, in the year 2013, the brand was valued at US$12.1 billion, with sales of US$4.7 billion. In the Forbes Worlds Most Valuable Brands list, Gucci is ranked the 38th most valuable brand, as of January 2015, the creative director is Alessandro Michele. With beginnings at the end of the 19th century, the Gucci company became one of the world’s most successful manufacturers of leather goods, clothing. As an immigrant hotel worker in Paris and later London, young Guccio Gucci was impressed with the luggage he saw urbane guests bring with them. Before leaving, he visited the manufacturer, H. J. Cave & Sons, upon returning to his birthplace of Florence, a city distinguished for high-quality materials and skilled artisans, he established a shop in 1920 that sold fine leather goods with classic styling. Although Gucci organized his workrooms for industrial methods of production, he maintained traditional aspects of fabrication, initially, Gucci employed skilled workers in basic Florentine leather crafts, attentive to finishing. With expansion, machine stitching was a method that supported construction. Together with three of his sons, Aldo Gucci, Vasco Gucci, and Rodolfo Gucci, Gucci expanded the company to include stores in Milan and Rome as well as additional shops in Florence. Guccis stores featured such finely crafted leather accessories as handbags, shoes, the company made handbags of cotton canvas rather than leather during World War II as a result of material shortages. The canvas, however, was distinguished by a signature double-G symbol combined with prominent red, after the war, the Gucci crest, which showed a shield and armored knight surrounded by a ribbon inscribed with the family name, became synonymous with the city of Florence. Aldo and Rodolfo Gucci further expanded the horizons in 1953 by establishing offices in New York City. Film stars and jet-set travelers to Italy during the 1950s and 1960s brought their glamour to Florence, movie stars posed in Guccis clothing, accessories, and footwear for lifestyle magazines around the world, contributing to the company’s growing reputation. Guccis distinctive lines made its products among the most frequently copied in the world in the early 2000s, pigskin, calf, and imported exotic animal skins were subjected to various methods of fabrication. Waterproof canvas and satin were used for evening bags, bamboo was first used to make handbag handles by a process of heating and molding in 1947, and purses made with a shoulder strap and snaffle-bit decoration were introduced in 1960. In 1964 Gucci’s lush butterfly pattern was custom-created for silk foulards, the original Gucci loafer was updated by a distinctive snaffle-bit ornament in 1966, while the Rolls-Royce luggage set was introduced in 1970. Watches, jewelry, ties, and eyewear were then added to the product lines
13.
Burberry
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Burberry Group, Inc. is a British luxury fashion house headquartered in London, England. Its main fashion house focuses on and distributes ready-to-wear outerwear, fashion accessories, fragrances, sunglasses, the first shop opened up in the Haymarket, London, in 1891. Burberry was an independent family controlled company until 1955, when it was reincorporated, the fashion house has dressed notable actors, world leaders, musicians, and athletes. Its distinctive check pattern has one of its most widely copied trademarks. Burberry is most famous for its trench coat, Burberry has branded stores and franchises around the world and sells through concessions in third-party stores. Christopher Bailey has been the CEO and Chief Creative Officer since 2014, the company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. In 2015, Burberry ranked 73rd in Interbrands Best Global Brands report, ahead of Ralph Lauren, Burberry has more than 500 stores in over 50 countries. Burberry was founded in 1856 when 21-year-old Thomas Burberry, a drapers apprentice, opened his own store in Basingstoke, Hampshire. By 1870, the business had established itself by focusing on the development of outdoors attire, in 1879, Burberry introduced in his brand the gabardine, a hardwearing, water-resistant yet breathable fabric, in which the yarn is waterproofed before weaving. Burberry was the name, but then the company soon switched to using the name Burberrys. In 1999, it reverted to its old name, Burberry, the name Burberrys of London is still visible on many older Burberry products. In 1891, Burberry opened a shop in the Haymarket, London, in 1901, the Burberry Equestrian Knight Logo was developed containing the Latin word Prorsum, meaning forwards, and later registered it as a trademark in 1909. In 1911 they became the outfitters for Roald Amundsen, the first man to reach the South Pole, and Ernest Shackleton, a Burberry gabardine jacket was worn by George Mallory on his attempt on Mount Everest in 1924. Adapted to meet the needs of military personnel, the coat was born during the First World War. After the war, the coat became popular with civilians. The iconic Burberry check has been in use since at least the 1920s, Burberry also specially designed aviation garments. In 1937, A. E. Clouston and Betty Kirby-Green broke the record for the fastest return flight from London to Cape Town in The Burberry plane – which was sponsored by the brand. Burberry was an independent family controlled company until 1955, when it was taken over by Great Universal Stores, stars of the modern world began wearing the Burberrys brand
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Yves Saint Laurent (brand)
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Yves Saint Laurent YSL is a French luxury fashion house founded by Yves Saint Laurent and his partner, Pierre Bergé. Saint Laurent Paris revived its haute couture collection in 2015 under creative director Hedi Slimane, the new collection, Yves Saint Laurent Couture or Saint Laurent Paris 24, Rue de L’Université is the French houses first couture collection ever since the retirement of its legendary founder in 2002. Founded in 1961 it has considered one of the worlds most prominent fashion houses and known for its modern and iconic pieces. Today Saint Laurent Paris markets a range of womens and mens ready-to-wear products, leather goods, shoes. Yves Saint Laurent Beauté also has a presence in the luxury beauty market. Competitors to Yves Saint Laurent include, among many, the houses of Chanel, Burberry, Dior, Gucci, Louis Vuitton. The eponymous brand was founded by designer Yves Saint Laurent and his partner, Pierre Bergé in 1961, some of his most memorable collections include the Pop Art, Ballet Russes, Picasso, and Chinese ones. He also started mainstreaming the idea of wearing silhouettes from the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s and he was the first, in 1966, to popularize ready-to-wear in an attempt to democratize fashion, with Rive Gauche and a boutique of the same name. Ambassador to the couturier during the late 1970s and early 1980s was London socialite millionairess Diane Vandelli, making the brand more popular among the European jet-set. The brand continued to expand in the 1980s and early 1990s with fragrances for men and women, having launched its cosmetic line in 1978. However, by 1992 the companys profits were declining and the share price had fallen. In 1993, the Saint Laurent fashion house was sold to the pharmaceuticals company Sanofi, in the 1998–1999 seasons, Alber Elbaz, formerly of Lanvin, designed three ready-to-wear collections. Pierre Bergé appointed Hedi Slimane as collections and art director in 1997, Hedi Slimane decided to leave the house two years later, and became head of couture menswear at Dior Homme. In 1999, Gucci bought the YSL brand and asked Tom Ford to design the collection while Saint Laurent would design the haute couture collection. In 2002, dogged by years of health, drug abuse, depression, alcoholism. Reflecting on his career and impact on the industry, Saint Laurent was heavily quoted around the world for stating, Chanel freed women. Saint Laurent also stated, I created the contemporary womans wardrobe, the prêt-à-porter line was produced under the direction of Stefano Pilati after Tom Ford left in 2004. His style was decidedly more French than the overtly sexy image that Tom Ford propagated
15.
Alexander McQueen
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Lee Alexander McQueen, CBE was a British fashion designer and couturier. He is known for having worked as designer at Givenchy from 1996 to 2001. His achievements in fashion earned him four British Designer of the Year awards, McQueen committed suicide in 2010 at the age of forty. Born on 17 March 1969 in Lewisham, London, to Scottish taxi driver Ronald and social science teacher Joyce and he reportedly grew up in a council flat, but, in fact, the McQueens moved to a terraced house in Stratford in his first year. He attended Carpenters Road Primary School, started making dresses for his three sisters at an age, and announced his intention to become a fashion designer. While serving his apprenticeship, McQueen attended the Rosetta Art Centre led by Yvonne Humble, the skills he learned as an apprentice on Savile Row helped earn him a reputation in the fashion world as an expert in creating an impeccably tailored look. While on Savile Row, McQueens clients included Mikhail Gorbachev and Prince Charles, at the age of 20, he spent a period of time working for Koji Tatsuno before travelling to Milan, Italy and working for Romeo Gigli. McQueen returned to London and applied to Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and it was during this period that McQueen relocated to Hoxton, which housed other new designers, including Hussein Chalayan and Pauric Sweeney. He promptly asked her to him for his third collection, The Birds at Kings Cross. Katy England continued to work with McQueen thereafter, greatly influencing his work – his second opinion, McQueen designed the wardrobe for David Bowies tours in 1996-1997, as well as the Union Jack coat worn by Bowie on the cover of his 1997 album Earthling. Icelandic singer Björk sought McQueens work for the cover of her album Homogenic in 1997, McQueen also directed the music video for her song Alarm Call from the same album and later contributed the iconic topless dress to her video for Pagan Poetry. McQueen also collaborated with dancer Sylvie Guillem, director Robert Lepage and choreographer Russell Maliphant, designing wardrobe for theater show Eonnagata, McQueens early runway collections developed his reputation for controversy and shock tactics, with trousers aptly named bumsters and a collection titled Highland Rape. In 2004, journalist Caroline Evans also wrote of McQueens theatrical staging of cruelty, in 032c magazine, referring to his dark, McQueens bumsters spawned a trend in low rise jeans, on their debut they attracted many comments and debate. Michael Oliveira-Salac, the director of Blow PR and a friend of McQueens said, McQueen also became known for using skulls in his designs. A scarf bearing the motif became a celebrity must-have and was copied around the world, McQueen has been credited with bringing drama and extravagance to the catwalk. He used new technology and innovation to add a different twist to his shows, the silhouettes that he created have been credited for adding a sense of fantasy and rebellion to fashion. McQueen became one of the first designers to use Indian models in London, the president of LVMH, Bernard Arnault, caused a stir when he appointed McQueen head designer at Givenchy in 1996, succeeding John Galliano. Upon arrival at Givenchy, McQueen insulted the founder by calling him irrelevant and his first couture collection with Givenchy was unsuccessful, with even McQueen telling Vogue in October 1997 that the collection was crap
16.
Balmain (fashion house)
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Balmain is a French fashion house that was founded by Pierre Balmain in 1946. In 2016 Mayhoola for Investments, an investment fund backed by the emir of Qatar, Balmain was born in 1914 in France. His father owned a business and his mother and sister owned a fashion boutique where he often worked after his father’s death in 1921. He attended the École des Beaux-Arts in 1933-1934 with intent to study architecture, after working for atelier Robert Piquet as a freelance artist and spending time with Edward Molyneux, he left school to work for Molyneux. In the late 1930s, he served in the French air force, after peace was declared, he worked at Lucien Lelong and opened his own fashion house under his name. He released his first collection in 1945 and his first fragrance in 1949, after Balmains death in 1982, the house was led by Erik Mortensen, described by Vogue as Pierre Balmains right hand. Mortensen had joined the house to work as Balmain’s assistant in 1951, after succeeding Balmain, Mortensen worked to maintain the brand aesthetic in the ever-living world of couture while still maintaining the progressive spirit of creativity in the fashion industry. He won two Golden Thimble awards, one for his Autumn/Winter collection of 83/84 and one for the Autumn/Winter collection of 87/88 and he left the house in 1990. After his departure, designer Hervé Pierre took over until 1992 working as director of ready-to-wear, possibly the most influential designer to take over at Balmain was Oscar de la Renta, who led the house between 1993 and 2002. Already a fashion veteran before joining Balmain, De la Renta brought a famous face to the brand Balmain and he lived in New York City most of his life, although he was born in the Dominican Republic and became a naturalized United States citizen in 1971. He fit into the Balmain design aesthetic, with an eye for detail and he, like Balmain, preferred modest and simple design rather than extremely ornamental and flashy styles. After Oscar de la Renta’s departure Christophe Decarnin joined the house in 2005, contrary to all the designers before him, Decarnin insisted on bringing the brand into the 21st century. He favored insanely expensive prices and flashy pieces that sharply contrasted with the reputation for its classic. He was considered a designer, and the brand became more about his star status than about its clothes. In April 2011 Balmain announced that Decarnin was to be replaced by Olivier Rousteing, Rousteing had joined the company in 2009, after attending a prestigious French fashion school and working under Roberto Cavalli. While he liked Decarnin’s aesthetic, he wanted to orient the label towards the finer aspects of French couture, at the time of his appointment, Rousteing was a relatively unknown designer, and has brought a much-needed fresh take on the brand’s aesthetic that remains to this day. He was credited with adding an Asian influence to the clothing, in 2015 H&M announced a collaboration with Balmain, making Balmain the 11th guest-designer collaboration. In April 2016, Balmain opened its New York flagship store in Soho, as of 2012, 50% of the companys total income is from license royalties
17.
Balenciaga
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Balenciaga is a French luxury fashion house founded by Cristóbal Balenciaga, a Spanish designer, born in the Basque Country, Spain. He had a reputation as a couturier of uncompromising standards and was referred to as the master of us all by Christian Dior and his bubble skirts and odd, feminine, yet ultra-modern shapes were trademarks of the house. The House of Balenciaga is now owned by the French multinational company Kering, Cristóbal Balenciaga opened his first boutique in San Sebastián, Spain in 1919, which expanded to include branches in Madrid and Barcelona. The Spanish royal family and the aristocracy wore his designs, but when the Spanish Civil War forced him to close his stores, Balenciaga opened his Paris couture house on Avenue George V in August 1937, and his first runway show featured designs heavily influenced by the Spanish Renaissance. Balenciagas success in Paris was nearly immediate, within two years, the French press lauded him as a revolutionary, and his designs were highly sought-after. Carmel Snow, the editor of Harpers Bazaar was a champion of his designs. Customers risked their safety to travel to Europe during World War II to see Balenciagas clothing, during this period, he was noted for his square coat, with sleeves cut in a single piece with the yoke, and for his designs with black lace over bright pink fabric. However, it was not until the years that the full scale of the inventiveness of this highly original designer became evident. His lines became more linear and sleek, diverging from the hourglass shape popularized by Christian Diors New Look, the fluidity of his silhouettes enabled him to manipulate the relationship between his clothing and womens bodies. In 1951, he transformed the silhouette, broadening the shoulders. In 1955, he designed the dress, which later developed into the chemise dress of 1958. Other contributions in the era included the spherical balloon jacket, the high-waisted baby doll dress, the cocoon coat, the balloon skirt. In 1959, his work culminated in the Empire line, with high-waisted dresses and his manipulation of the waist, in particular, contributed to what is considered to be his most important contribution to the world of fashion, a new silhouette for women. In the 1960s, Balenciaga was an innovator in his use of fabrics, he tended toward heavy fabrics, intricate embroidery and his trademarks included collars that stood away from the collarbone to give a swanlike appearance and shortened bracelet sleeves. In 1960, he designed the dress for Queen Fabiola of Belgium made of ivory duchess satin trimmed with white mink at the collar. Jackie Kennedy famously upset John F. Kennedy for buying Balenciagas expensive creations while he was President because he feared that the American public might think the purchases too lavish and her haute couture bills were eventually discreetly paid by her father-in-law, Joseph Kennedy. By keeping the press unaware of the design of his garments until the day before they were shipped to stores, he hoped to curtail ongoing piracy and copying of his designs. The press resisted, finding it impossible to get his work into their print deadlines
18.
Zac Posen
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Zachary E. Zac Posen is an American fashion designer. Posen was born and raised to a Jewish family in New York City and he is the son of Susan, a corporate lawyer, and Stephen Posen, an artist. His interest in fashion design started early, and as a child he would steal yarmulkes from his grandparents synagogue to make dresses for dolls. He attended Saint Anns School, a school in Brooklyn. As a teen, he won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award. At age 16 he enrolled in the program at Parsons The New School for Design. He graduated from Saint Anns in 1999, for three years, Posen was mentored by curator Richard Martin at The Costume Institute of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. At age 18, he was accepted into the degree program at Londons Central Saint Martins College of Art. In 2000, Posen received a prominent career opportunity after a dress he made for Naomi Campbell changed hands several times among several fashion insiders and he is famously well-connected and has called Stella Schnabel his muse. Through Interview magazine Editor-in-Chief Ingrid Sischy, Posen met his future publicist and event producer Ed Filipowski of KCD, upon returning to New York in 2001, Posen set up an atelier in his parents living room, while they gave him a USD$15 allowance. In October of the year, he was chosen to present a capsule collection as part of GenArts Fresh Faces in Fashion New York 2001. He received a grant for $20,000, following the success of this presentation, Posen established his design studio in Tribeca. His awards include the Council of Fashion Designers of Americas 2004 Swarovskis Perry Ellis Award for Womenswear, Posen has become a favorite of Natalie Portman, Rihanna, Amanda Seyfried, Kate Winslet, Claire Danes, Cameron Diaz, Jennifer Lopez, Mischa Barton, Beyoncé Knowles and others. In 2004, high-end urban fashion brand Sean John made an investment deal with Posen, ashley Olsen interned with Posen in 2005 while a student at The Gallatin School of Individualized Study, an undergraduate college within New York University. In April 2008, Posens capsule collection created in collaboration with Target, a preview of the collection was shown during Marchs LOreal Melbourne Fashion Festival. At the 2012 Academy Awards, Glenn Close wore a Posen gown on the red carpet, on December 18,2012, Posen was announced as an official judge of Project Runway Season 11 on Lifetime Television. In February 2014, Posen partnered with another major retailer, Davids Bridal, to create Truly Zac Posen, the line was Posens first official bridal collection. Also in 2014, he was named Creative Director for Brooks Brothers, tapped to modernize their signature womens clothing, in 2014, he introduced a more casual Pre-Fall 2015 Trunk Show collection
19.
Sonia Rykiel
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Sonia Rykiel was a French fashion designer and writer. She created the Poor Boy Sweater, which was featured on the cover of French Elle magazine and her knitwear designs and new fashion techniques led her to be dubbed the Queen of Knits. The Sonia Rykiel label was founded in 1968 upon the opening of her first store, making clothing, Rykiel was also a writer and her first book was published in 1979. In 2012, Rykiel revealed that she was suffering from Parkinsons and she died from complications of the disease on 25 August 2016. Sonia Flis was born to Jewish parents in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 25 May 1930 and her mother was Russian, and her father was a Romanian watchmaker. She was the eldest of five sisters, in 1948, at the age of 17, she was employed to dress the window displays in a Parisian textile store, the Grande Maison de Blanc. In 1953, Sonia married Sam Rykiel, owner of Laura, the couple had two children, Nathalie and Jean-Philippe Rykiel. Rykiel often wore her clothes from her own label and stuck to wearing green, brown, navy. Of her style, Rykiel said, I hate wasting time getting dressed, I like to put something on and just think, Yes. When Im tired I like to dress very simply – perhaps a black crêpe jacket, Rykiel was also known for her distinctive hairstyle – red hair cut into a bob with a heavy fringe. The practical and modern style led to orders from her friends, Rykiel started selling the sweaters from her husbands store and the Poor Boy Sweater made the cover of French Elle magazine, bringing Rykiel fame. Actress Audrey Hepburn bought 14 sweaters in every colour, Rykiels husband helped her to create the Sonia Rykiel Company in 1965. In 1968, Rykiel opened her first boutique store on the Left Bank and she was the first designer to put seams on the outside of a garment, leave hems unfinished and use slogans on her sweaters. She has also credited with popularisation of wearing black. In 1972, Rykiel was dubbed Queen of Knits by Womens Wear Daily and she was also known as Coco Rykiel, a comparison to Coco Chanel. In 1977, she became the first designer to create a line of clothes for mail order firm 3 Suisses, the following year, she launched her first fragrance called Septième sens. Rykiel contributed to the decoration for the Hôtel de Crillon. Rykiel designed and created the costumes for the French musical comedy Les Dix Commandements, Nathalie Rykiel was appointed president of Sonia Rykiel in 2007
20.
Elie Saab
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Elie Saab is a Lebanese fashion designer. His main workshop is in Lebanon, with workshops in Milan. His first atelier in the early 1980s specialized in couture, using expensive fabrics, lace, detailed embroidery, pearls, crystals. In 1997 Saab was the first non-Italian designer to become a member of the Italian Camera Nazionale della Moda, Elie Saab appeared as a judge on Project Runway, Middle East in 2016. As of March 2017, his collections are available in Paris, London. Elie Saab is the eldest son of a merchant who raised five children in Damour. Born to Maronite Catholic parents in Beirut, Saab is self-trained, by age eight his attention had turned to fashion. With his sister serving as a model, he would cut out of newspaper. In 1981 Saab moved to Paris to study fashion, and later returned to Beirut to open his fashion label, in 1982, when he was 18 years old, he worked with a team of 15 employees. At first his atelier specialized in couture, making wedding dresses and gowns using expensive fabrics, lace, detailed embroidery, pearls, crystals. In Beirut his reputation grew from dressing women in his neighborhood, in 1997 Saab was the first non-Italian designer to become a member of the Italian Camera Nazionale della Moda, and in 1997 he showed his first collection outside Lebanon in Rome. In 1998 he started his line in Milan, as well as an accessories line. In 1999, one of his dresses thickly embroidered with emeralds and diamonds was reportedly sold for $2.4 million, Saab became more well-known in the United States after he became the first Lebanese designer to dress an Oscar winner, Halle Berry, in 2002. In May 2003, the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture invited him to become a member, the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture inducted him as a membre correspondant in 2006. His first ready-to-wear collection in Paris was the Spring-Summer 2006 collection, Saab, Tina Knowles, House of Deréon, Giorgio Armani, Versace, and Herve Leger served as the designers for the outfits of the 2007 The Beyoncé Experience tour. In 2010, Saab dressed 102 celebrities for events overall, up from 40 in 2009, the figure for 2011, up until March, was 88. In 2011, Madame Tussauds unveiled a wax statue of Kate Winslet draped in the Elie Saab dress she wore at 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards, in 2011, Elie Saab launched his first fragrance Le Parfum. In 2012, he worked with the American University of Beirut, as of 2013, the brand had boutiques located in Beirut, Dubai, Doha, Paris, London, Geneva, Hong Kong, Moscow, New York City, and Mexico, with 100 retail outlets total
21.
Victoria's Secret Fashion Show
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The Victorias Secret Fashion Show is an annual show sponsored by and featuring Victorias Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victorias Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings, the show features some of the worlds leading fashion models such as current Victorias Secret Angels Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Behati Prinsloo, Candice Swanepoel, and Lily Aldridge. American network television broadcasts the show during prime time, the first few shows in the 1990s were held in the days preceding Valentines Day to promote the brand for this holiday. They were not aired on national television, in 1999 and 2000 the show was webcast. Beginning in 2001, the shows were moved ahead of the Christmas holiday season, also in 2001, the show made its network television broadcast on ABC, though in all subsequent years, it has been broadcast on CBS. The show has held at a variety of locations in different cities including Miami, Los Angeles, Cannes, Paris. The first four shows were held at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, the show is a lavish event with elaborate costumed lingerie, varying music by leading entertainers, and set design according to the different themes running within the show. The show attracts hundreds of celebrities and entertainers, with special performers, each year, twenty to forty of the worlds top fashion models are selected to perform in the fashion show. In a typical year, this includes about a dozen women under contract to the company, known as Victorias Secret Angels. The giant angel wings worn by the models, as well as wings of various forms and sizes such as butterfly, peacock. The first fashion show extravaganza, introduced by Stephanie Seymour, was held at the Plaza Hotel in New York City in August 1996, the show also featured Beverly Peele and Frederique van der Wal. She actually did ring the bell at the NYSE as part of the publicity campaign. The subsequent three annual shows were held at the Plaza. The show, which was aired by Broadcast. com, featured Tyra Banks, Laetitia Casta, Heidi Klum, Karen Mulder, Daniela Pestova, Inés Rivero, and Seymour.5 million. In 2001, the show, which was hosted by Rupert Everett, returned to the New York City, the show has continued to be broadcast on network television every year since. From 2002 through 2005, it was held at the Lexington Avenue Armory in New York City, the 2006 and 2007 shows were held at the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles. On November 13,2007, the Victorias Secret Angels were honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame right outside the Kodak Theatre, the other models, who also appeared in that years fashion show, were in attendance that day. The 2008 show coincided with the grand re-opening of the Fontainebleau Miami Beach hotel, in 2006, Victorias Secret sub-brand PINK made its debut on the runway
22.
Alberta Ferretti
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Alberta Ferretti is an Italian fashion designer and dressmaker. She designs for Alberta Ferretti, and designed for Philosophy di Alberta Ferretti until 2014 and her showroom is in Milan, Italy but her studio is in the village of Cattolica, near Rimini, Italy. In 1968, Alberta Ferretti opened her first boutique, called Jolly and she designed a first collection in 1973 and co-founded Aeffe S. p. A in 1976. She began showing seasonal collections on the runways of Milan in 1981 and she launched Ferretti Jeans Philosophy in 1989, renamed Philosophy di Alberta Ferretti in 1994. In 1994 she renovated a 13th-century castle into the Palazzo Viviani hotel in Montegridolfo, in October 1993 Ferretti presented clothes reminiscent of The Great Gatsby for the Milan ready-to-wear shows. One of her designs was a long and trim gingham dress, a flapper showed a beige crocheted dress styled just above the knee. Her renditions of the toga for the production were diverse and they were simple gowns, some of them short, others long and draped. Ferretti extended her the breadth of her company outside of Italy beginning with the acquisition of a building at 30 West 56th Street in New York City. She started Aeffe U. S. A. which produced and distributed clothing by Moschino, Rifat Ozbek, Jean Paul Gaultier, Aeffe is owned by Ferretti and her brother, Massimo. The locale also became the hub for marketing her own collections, by 1998 she opened in-store boutiques for selling her signature and Philosophy di Alberta Ferretti lines at Bergdorf Goodman. Next she obtained her initial American freestanding store in SoHo and this business, near Prince Street, is exclusively for her Philosophy collection. It is a lower priced edition of Ferrettis signature line, intended for younger women, in contrast to most designers, she started boutiques for her secondary lines prior to opening a flagship store for her signature collection. Ferrettis West Broadway building is located next door to a Rizzoli bookstore and it is a Federal style architecture townhouse built in the late 19th century. It was renovated with a glass front and skylights, so that the interior was filled with natural light. The store was designed by Manhattan architect David Ling and it is a pristinely white 1, 000-square-foot shop. Ferretti signed a deal with Procter & Gamble for a fragrance line in 2000. Ferretti is known for her designs featuring twisting, tucking, and her style employs a subtle layered look, sometimes showing a hint of hand-beaded gauze which extends slightly beneath the hem of a wool dress. The erotic qualities of the chiffon and jersey fashions she introduced for her spring 2008 fashion collection is evident in the look of her dresses, many of them are cut high in the front and draped low in the back
23.
Dolce & Gabbana
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Dolce & Gabbana is a luxury Italian fashion house founded in 1985 in Legnano by Italian designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana. The two met in Milan in 1980 and designed for the fashion house. In 1982 they established a designer consulting studio, in time it grew to become Dolce & Gabbana and they presented their first womens collection in 1985 in Milan, where a year later their store would open its doors. In 1988, they launched their line, and in 1989 they began designing underwear. Dolce & Gabbana started to export their products to Japan and other countries like the U. S. where they founded their own showroom in 1990, in 1992, the same year they presented their mens collection, they also launched their first perfume Dolce & Gabbana. They won the Woolmark award in 1991, and the prize most feminine flavor of the year in 1993, towards the end of the 1990s their sales were around 500 million dollars and in 2003 their revenue reached $633 million. By 2005, their turnover was €600 million, Domenico Dolce began his career in the fashion industry after dropping out of a three-year course in fashion design at Marangoni Institute, believing that he knew everything the school had to teach. His dream was to work for Giorgio Armani so one day, inside the door, there was a long white carpet leading to the receptionists desk. Dolce was not sure if he should walk on it with his shoes on, I am such a cretino, he says. He decided that he would look ridiculous appearing at the front desk without shoes, so he approached by sidling along the wall and he handed the book to the receptionist and to this day, Dolce does not know if Armani ever saw the sketches. Dolce found a job as an assistant to a designer named Giorgio Correggiari, One night at a club, he met a young man named Stefano Gabbana. Dolce was impressed with Gabbanas good looks and outgoing personality and Gabbana was happy to hear Dolces advice on how to approach Correggiari for a job. Correggiari ended up hiring Gabbana to work on sportswear, and Dolce taught him how to sketch and the basics of tailoring, Dolce, We always filed two different invoices for the freelance work we did, even when we were working for the same client. Gabbana, Our accountant said, Why not just do one invoice for both of you, put Dolce and Gabbana at the top. So the brand was born, the brainchild of a Milanese bookkeeper, the first collection from the design duo was shown in October 1985 alongside five other up-and-coming Italian labels as part of Milan Fashion Week. The two did not have money to hire models or provide accessories for them, so they sought help from their friends. The models simply wore their personal items to complement the clothing and they used a bed sheet that Dolce had brought from home as their stage curtain. The pair labeled their first collection Real Women, due in part to the use of local women on the runway
24.
Calvin Klein
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Calvin Klein Inc. is an American fashion house founded by the fashion designer Calvin Klein. The company is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and is owned by PVH. In 1968, Klein founded Calvin Klein Limited, a shop in the York Hotel in New York City. The first Calvin Klein collection was a line of youthful, understated coats, in September 1969, Klein appeared on the cover of Vogue magazine. By 1971, Klein had added sportswear, classic blazers, in 1973, he received his first Coty American Fashion Critics Award for his 74-piece womenswear collection - the youngest recipient at that time. Klein won the award again in 1974 and 1975, by 1977, annual revenues had increased to $30 million, and Klein had licenses for scarves, shoes, belts, furs, sunglasses, and sheets. Klein and Schwartz were making $4 million each, after the company signed licenses for cosmetics, jeans, and menswear, Kleins annual retail volume was estimated at $100 million. In 1978, Klein claimed sales of 200,000 pairs of his famous jeans the first week they were on the market, by 1981, Fortune figured Kleins annual income at $8.5 million a year. In the mid-1970s, he had created a designer-jeans craze by putting his name on the back pocket. The gift was assumed by Schwartz to be part of the upcoming line, in the late 1970s, the company also made attempts to set up its own fragrance and cosmetics lines, but soon withdrew from the market with big financial losses. The stunning growth continued through the early eighties, the licensing program, which brought in $24,000 when it was initiated in 1974, had royalty income of $7.3 million ten years later. That year, worldwide sales were estimated at more than $600 million. His annual income passed $12 million, and indeed, in late 1987, it was said that the sale of the company to Triangle Industries, a container manufacturer, had only failed because of the crashing stock market. During his 1990-1995 stint as Calvin Kleins head of design, John Varvatos pioneered a type of mens underwear called boxer briefs. Made famous by a series of 1992 print ads featuring Mark Marky Mark Wahlberg, Klein was named Americas Best Designer for his minimalist all-American designs in 1993, and it came as a surprise in 1999 when it was announced that CKI was again up for sale. Planning to expand its business, the company had been approached by two luxury goods companies, LVMH and Pinault Printemps Redoute, to join Calvin Klein, but nothing resulted. Other potentials like Tommy Hilfiger Corp. and Italys Holding di Partecipazioni proved to be similar disappointments because of CKIs steep price tag of supposedly $1 billion, after seven months and no potential buyer, Klein announced that his empire was not on the market anymore. The company would never manage to go public, which had supposedly been Kleins plan once, in mid-December 2002, Calvin Klein Inc
25.
Hermes
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Hermes is an Olympian god in Greek religion and mythology, the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Maia, and the second youngest of the Olympian gods. Hermes is considered a god of transitions and boundaries and he is described as quick and cunning, moving freely between the worlds of the mortal and divine. He is also portrayed as an emissary and messenger of the gods and he has been viewed as the protector and patron of herdsmen, thieves, oratory and wit, literature and poetry, athletics and sports, invention and trade, roads, boundaries and travelers. In some myths, he is a trickster and outwits other gods for his own satisfaction or for the sake of humankind and his attributes and symbols include the herma, the rooster, the tortoise, satchel or pouch, winged sandals, and winged cap. His main symbol is the Greek kerykeion or Latin caduceus, which appears in a form of two snakes wrapped around a staff with carvings of the other gods. The earliest form of the name Hermes is the Mycenaean Greek *hermāhās, most scholars derive Hermes from Greek ἕρμα herma, prop, heap of stones, boundary marker, from which the word hermai also derives. The etymology of ἕρμα itself is unknown, R. S. P. Beekes rejects the connection with herma and suggests a Pre-Greek origin. Scholarly speculation that Hermes derives from a primitive form meaning one cairn is disputed. In Greek, a find is a hermaion. It is also suggested that Hermes is a cognate of the Vedic Sarama, homer and Hesiod portrayed Hermes as the author of skilled or deceptive acts and also as a benefactor of mortals. In the Iliad, he is called the bringer of luck, guide and guardian. He was an ally of the Greeks against the Trojans. However, he did protect Priam when he went to the Greek camp to retrieve the body of his son Hector and he also rescued Ares from a brazen vessel where he had been imprisoned by Otus and Ephialtes. In the Odyssey, Hermes helps his son, the protagonist Odysseus, by informing him about the fate of his companions. Hermes instructed Odysseus to protect himself by chewing a magic herb, when Odysseus killed the suitors of his wife, Hermes led their souls to Hades. Hermes was then instructed to take her as wife to Epimetheus, aesop featured him in several of his fables, as ruler of the gate of prophetic dreams, as the god of athletes, of edible roots, and of hospitality. He also said that Hermes had assigned each person his share of intelligence, Hermes, as an inventor of fire, is a parallel of the Titan Prometheus. In addition to the lyre, Hermes was believed to have invented many types of racing and the sports of wrestling and boxing, in 1820 Shelley translated this hymn
26.
Nine West
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Nine West is an American fashion wholesale and retail company. The corporate headquarters are located in White Plains, New York, Nine West was named for its founding location in the Solow Building at 9 West 57th Street in New York City. In 1983, Nine West opened its first specialty store in Stamford. In 1986, Nine West launched its first national ad campaign, Nine West first expanded internationally with the opening of a Hong Kong location in 1994. It has since become a brand located in over 800 global locations in 57 countries, after the launch of handbags in 1995, Nine West expanded to dresses, suits and kids footwear. Through licensing agreements, it also offers eyewear, sunglasses, legwear, outerwear, belts, hats, cold weather accessories, scarves, in 1999, Nine West was acquired by Jones Apparel Group. In 2006, Nine West began collaborating with Vivienne Westwood, Thakoon, in 2009, Nine West and New Balance collaborated to develop a collection of footwear. Fred Allard served as Creative Director starting in 2006, on July 7,2015, the Canadian distributor and retailer of Nine West, the Sherson Group, filed for bankruptcy protection for the Canadian locations. In Gwyn Creadys comedic romance novel Tumbling Through Time, Seph Pyle is transported back in time to 1705 after trying on a pair of sandals at the Nine West store in the Pittsburgh airport. In the Futurama movie Into the Wild Green Yonder, a member of Leelas ecofeminist group mentions that her shoes are from Nine West
27.
Max Mara
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Max Mara is an Italian fashion business. It was established in 1951 in Reggio Emilia by Achille Maramotti, in March 2008, the company had 2,254 stores in 90 countries. It sponsors the Max Mara Art Prize for Women, Achille Maramotti began designing couture clothing in 1947, and officially established the House of Max Mara in 1951. The Mara came from his surname, while Max referred to Count Max, Maramotti was one of the first to see that the future of fashion lay in the mass production of designer-quality clothes. The company remains in the hands of the family and they like to maintain a veil of secrecy about the activities of the company, Max Mara has spawned 35 labels, although Max Mara womenswear remains the core of the company. Other brands include Sportmax, Sportmax Code, Weekend Max Mara, Marella, Pennyblack, iBlues, Max & Co. and this last, founded in 1980 and named after Achille Maramottis great grandmother, is one of the best-known, in her obituary of Maramotti for The Independent. As of July 17,2013, Jennifer Garner is the first celebrity spokesperson for Max Mara, starting in September 2013, the campaign appears in Vogue, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, W, InStyle, The New York Times, and the International Herald Tribune. Achille Maramotti was born on January 7,1927 in Reggio Emilia in Italy, Maramotti was educated in Rome and received a law degree from University of Parma. According to Forbes Rich List of 2005, Maramotti was one of the worlds richest men with a fortune of US$2.1 billion and he was a great patron of the arts, with a great love of the Expressionists, and was also a big investor in Italian banks. He died in Albinea, Italy 12 January 2005, Maramottis two sons and daughter, Luigi, Ignazio and Ludovica, followed him into the business, Luigi Maramotti is chairman of the company. After his death, according to Maramottis will, a large and important collection of art from Europe
28.
Barneys New York
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Barneys New York is an American chain of luxury department stores founded and headquartered in New York, New York. The chain operates 26 flagship, boutique, and outlet stores in the United States, in addition, eleven stores in Japan are licensed and operated by a third party. Barneys Clothes was stocked with 40 brand name suits and a big sign with a slogan, No Bunk, No Junk, Barneys sold clothing at discounted prices by purchasing showroom samples, retail overstocks, and manufacturers closeouts at auctions and bankruptcy sales. It also offered free alterations and free parking to attract customers and he sponsored radio programs featuring Irish tenors and bands playing jigs to advertise Irish woolens. Women encased in barrels gave away matchbooks with the store name and he also chartered a boat to take 2,000 of his customers from Manhattan to Coney Island. In a 1973 interview with Business Week, Fred Pressman, Barney Pressmans son and my father and I have always hated cheap goods. I didnt want to sell low-end merchandise, now, many of those who chose to are verging on bankruptcy. Pressman is quoted saying, The best value you can offer a customer is personal attention to every detail, ultimately, the customer cares the most about how he or she is treated. In 1970, Barneys built a story onto their original building. The original store was renamed America House and the addition was named International House, the expanded store occupied the entire Seventh Avenue block, with 100,000 square feet of selling space and 20 individual shops. International House, Fred Pressman promised, would feature complete collections of European designers, from denim pants to $250 suits, not just a watered-down potpourri of fabrics, the renovated America House, he said, would hold merchandise from manufacturers who are in effect designers. By 1973, the store was stocking 60,000 suits and it carried the full lines of designers such as Bill Blass, Pierre Cardin, Christian Dior, and Hubert de Givenchy. It became the first clothing store in the U. S. to stock the full line of Giorgio Armani, Barneys is widely credited to have introduced Giorgio Armani to the American public. Womens clothing was introduced in 1976 on the floor of the International House. The next year, the store relocated to The Penthouse. Barneys also added housewares, cosmetics, and gift departments to the store, also in 1977, Barneys in-store restaurant was renamed The Cafe and began selling salads, soup and sandwiches. The apostrophe in Barneys was dropped in 1981, in 1981, the womens penthouse became a duplex. Barneys imported 80% of the womens and 40% of the mens merchandise, the $25 million,70, 000-square-foot womens store finally opened in 1986 in a row of six townhouses and two larger adjacent buildings across the store along 17th Street
29.
Topshop
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Topshop is a British multinational fashion retailer of clothing, shoes, make-up and accessories. It has around 500 shops worldwide – of which some 300 are in the UK – plus online operations in a number of its markets and its current CEO is Ian Grabiner, and is part of the Arcadia Group, which is controlled by Sir Philip Green. Topshop started as a extension of the department store Peter Robinson in the 1960s and originally sold fashion by young British designers, such as Mary Quant. Peter Robinson was a womens fashion chain that had acquired by Burton in 1946. Topshop was founded in 1964 as Peter Robinsons Top Shop, a brand within the Sheffield branch. This was high fashion for the young and different generation as The Times put it in 1965, by 1966, it had a branch in the Peter Robinson store in Norwich. Other brands stocked at Top Shop included Jeff Banks, French Connection, in 1973, parent company Burton Group launched a major expansion of its womenswear division, splitting Top Shop by Peter Robinson into two chains to be known as Peter Robinson and Top Shop. It was announced that while Peter Robinson would target the over 25s market, Top Shop would focus on the age range from 13 to 24, with Ralph Halpern directing the new venture. By 1974, Peter Robinson had been reduced from 22 stores to six and its key retail rivals included Miss Selfridge and the Way In boutique arm of Harrods. Within two years, Top Shop had 55 standalone branches, with more to come according to an article in The Times, Fashion editor Prudence Glynn described it as having a, sharp definition of purpose. It made profits of £1m that year, by 1978, Top Shop accounted for a third of Burtons operating profits. It was described by an executive as, more of a brother to Top Shop than a son of Burton, the following year, Burton announced sales and profits up by 30 percent in womenswear, with Topman also being cited as highly profitable. By the start of the 1980s, the brand was being referred to as Topshop, in the 1980s, Topshop struggled to maintain its profile as a fashion brand, but by the late 1990s it began undergoing a revival. This turnaround is often credited to the promotion of Jane Shepherdson as brand director, having begun her career as a buyer, she rose through the ranks at the company. When she took on direction, Topshop had an annual profit of £9 million. This sponsorship continues and since 2005 it has been part of the London Fashion Week catwalk schedule, as of 2012, it is part-owned by a US-based private equity group. In 2015, Topshop started collaborating with the online retailer Zalando, advertisements featuring model Cara Delevingne were broadcast in Germany, Switzerland and France. Topshop has been among the UK chain stores to work with brands on capsule collections
30.
H&M
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H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB is a Swedish multinational clothing-retail company, known for its fast-fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers and children. H&M and its associated brands operate in 62 countries with over 4,000 stores and, as of 2015 and it is the second largest global clothing retailer, just behind Spain-based Inditex. The company was founded by Erling Persson in 1947, when he opened his first shop in Västerås, the shop, called Hennes, exclusively sold womens clothing. In 1968, Persson acquired the hunting apparel retailer Mauritz Widforss, which led to the inclusion of a collection in the product range. The company was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1974, shortly after, in 1976, the first store outside of Scandinavia opened in London. H&M continued to expand in Europe, and began to online in 1998. The two-letter domain was registered in the early 1990s, but data on the first registration is lost, the first US store opened in 2000 on Fifth Avenue, New York. In 2008, the company announced in a release that it would begin selling home furnishings. Initially distributed through the online catalogue, there are now H&M Home stores located internationally. Its worth was estimated at $12–16 billion, H&M operated 2,325 stores at the end of 2011, and 2,629 stores at the end of August 2012. Its 3, 000th store opened in September 2013 in Chengdu, the first H&M store to open outside of Sweden was in Norway in 1964, and the first to open outside of Scandinavia was in the United Kingdom in 1976. H&Ms expansion outside of Europe started with the US in 2000, in November 2004, selected company stores offered an exclusive collection by fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld. In November 2005, the company launched a collection by Stella McCartney and, in November 2006, in March 2007, it launched another collaboration designed by the pop star Madonna. In June 2007 the company worked with game developers Maxis to create a stuff pack for the latters The Sims 2 computer game, in November 2007, the company launched a collection by Italian designer Roberto Cavalli. It was reported that the sold out very quickly. Also in 2007, another design with Kylie Minogue was launched in Shanghai, in the spring of 2008 the Finnish company Marimekko was selected as guest designer and was followed by Japanese Comme des Garçons in the fall. In 2008, H&M used the song Hang On by British singer-songwriter Lettie as background music to its UK website. For spring and summer 2009, the British designer Matthew Williamson created two exclusive ranges for the company – the first being a collection of womens clothes released in selected stores, the second collection saw Williamson branch into menswear for the first time, only in selected stores
31.
Bally Shoe
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The Bally company was founded as Bally & Co high fashion in 1851 by Carl Franz Bally and his brother Fritz in the basement of their family home in Schönenwerd in the Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. Bally was founded by Carl Franz Bally and his original family business was the manufacture of elastic ribbon. During a business trip to Paris in 1849, Carl Franz wanted to buy his wife some lace-up booties - the popular shoe of the day. Unable to recall her exact size, he decided to buy twelve pairs in a range of sizes, upon visiting the Parisian factory where the booties were made, he noticed that each shoe featured buttons with elastic closures similar to the kind his family produced in Switzerland. Inspired by the possibility of creating jobs and improving the lives of local residents. Together with his brother Fritz, Carl Franz employed designers to assist and together, the Bally Company was established in Schönenwerd in 1851 and three years later, the first factory located in the village centre was built. By the 1870s, Bally was recognised as an industry leader. The company’s name changed to C. F. Bally, Bally & Sons when the brand’s founding pioneer handed the company reins to his sons in 1892. Carl Franz died in 1899 but undeniably passed on his spirit to his sons. Bally grew internationally and opened stores in Geneva and Montevideo in 1870, followed by Buenos Aires, Paris, in the 1880s, Bally was also one of the very first European luxury goods brands to open in post-reform and opening China. Bally is currently under the leadership of CEO Frédéric de Narp, with Pablo Coppola as Design Director, today, the company is headquartered in Caslano, Ticino, Switzerland and run by JAB Holdings. The company announced that Frédéric de Narp, an executive at Harry Winston. Bally has boutiques in Sydney, Melbourne, Doncaster, Perth, and Sydney International Airport
32.
Gap Inc.
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The Gap, Inc. commonly known as Gap Inc. or Gap, is an American worldwide clothing and accessories retailer. It was founded in 1969 by Donald Fisher and Andreas Antoniou and is headquartered in San Francisco, the company operates five primary divisions, the namesake banner, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Intermix, and Athleta. Gap Inc. is the largest specialty retailer in the United States, as of September 2008, the company has approximately 135,000 employees and operates 3,727 stores worldwide, of which 2,406 are located in the U. S. The Fisher family remains involved in the company, collectively owning much of its stock. Donald Fisher served as Chairman of the Board until 2004, playing a role in the ouster of then-CEO Millard Drexler in 2002, fishers wife and their son, Robert J. Fisher, also serve on Gaps board of directors. Robert succeeded his father as chairman in 2004 and also served as CEO on an interim basis following the resignation of Paul Pressler in 2007, on February 1,2015, Art Peck took over as CEO. They had raised US$63,000 to open the store, in 1970, Gap opened its second store in San Jose, California, its back room serves as the companys first replenishment warehouse. In 1971, Gap established its headquarters in Burlingame, California with four employees. By 1973, the company had over 25 locations and had expanded into the East Coast market with a store in the Echelon Mall in Voorhees, in 1974, Gap began to sell private-label merchandise. In the 1990s, Gap assumed an upscale identity and revamped its inventory under the direction of Millard Drexler, however, Drexler was removed from his position after 19 years of service in 2002 after over-expansion, a 29-month slump in sales, and tensions with the Fisher family. Drexler refused to sign an agreement and eventually became CEO of J. Crew. One month after his departure, merchandise that he had ordered was responsible for a rebound in sales. Robert J. Fisher recruited Paul Pressler as the new CEO, he was credited with closing under-performing locations, however, his focus groups failed to recover the companys leadership in its market. That January, Pressler resigned after two disappointing holiday sales seasons and was succeeded by Robert J. Fisher on an interim basis. He began working with the company in 1980 and joined the board in 1990, and would later assume several senior positions, including president of Banana Republic. The boards search committee was led by Adrian Bellamy, chairman of The Body Shop International, on February 2, Marka Hansen, the former head of the Banana Republic division, replaced Cynthia Harriss as the leader of the Gap division. The executive president for marketing and merchandising Jack Calhoun became interim president of Banana Republic, in May, Old Navy laid off approximately 300 managers in lower volume locations to help streamline costs. That July, Glenn Murphy, previously CEO of Shoppers Drug Mart in Canada, was announced as the new CEO of Gap, Inc
33.
Moschino
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Moschino is an Italian luxury fashion house, specialized ready-to-wear, leather and fashion accessories, shoes, luggage, perfume etc. founded in 1983 by Franco Moschino. Moschino is often pronounced in English as MOS-CHI-NO, when in fact the correct pronunciation is MOS-KEY-NO, the brand was originally created in 1983 by the late Franco Moschino. After Moschinos untimely death, Rossella Jardini, his former assistant, the brand has been part of the Aeffe fashion group since 1999. Rossella Jardini was Moschino’s Creative Director from 1994 to October 2013, in October 2013, Jeremy Scott became Moschinos creative director, showing his first Moschino collection in Fall 2014. In 2006, Moschino designed the outfits for the ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. Moschino also designed outfits for Kylie Minogues 2005 Showgirl - The Greatest Hits Tour, Madonnas 2008 Sticky & Sweet Tour, starting with the F/W 2008-2009 pre-collection, the Moschino Jeans label changed its name to Love Moschino which better expresses its intrinsic nature. The owner of the Moschino labels is Moschino SpA, the company which was acquired by Aeffe SpA, Moschino SpA carries out its brand management, licensing agreement activities, communication and coordination of the commercial policies autonomously. In 2007, Moschino SpA signed an agreement with con Scienward International Holdings Limited for the franchising. The 10-year agreement provides for the opening of 40 stores and the distribution of Moschino brand clothing lines beginning with the S/S2008 collection. The new collection of Moschino Helmets was presented to the world for the first time in November 2007 and these helmets were the result of a collaboration between Max Safety Fashion helmet manufacturers and the Moschino fashion brand. On 25 February 2010, the hotel “Maison Moschino” inaugurated in Milan at Viale Monte Grappa 12, a declared celebration of Moschino’s evolution from its beginnings until the S/S2010 collection, told through its clothes and accessories, ad campaigns and boutique window displays. In July 2011, the collection was presented at the catwalk of The Brandery fashion show in Barcelona. In February 2014, WWD announced that Angela Missoni hired Rossella Jardini, Angela Missoni will continue to be creative director of Missoni. The brand consists of several labels, Moschino, Moschino Cheap and Chic, Love Moschino, in addition, accessories, jewelry, watches, perfume and cosmetics, and even jet helmets are sold under the Moschino brand. Almost all models of watches are made by Binda Group, in Milan, Moschino opened its own concept hotel in 2009, Maison Moschino. Starting in 2014, under the direction of creative director Jeremy Scott, Moschino Cheap, Moschino SpA has managed the stylistic activities, coordinated the image and communication, supervised distribution and created the commercial strategies since 2000. The Moschino, Moschino Cheap And Chic and Accessories collections are produced by Aeffe S. p. A. the other product lines are managed by licensing agreements. De Moschino, women fragrance launched in 1996 Uomo, Men fragrance launched in 1998 LEau Cheap and Chic, women fragrance launched in 2001 Couture
34.
Benetton Group
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Benetton Group S. r. l. is a global fashion brand, based in Ponzano Veneto, Italy. The name comes from the Benetton family who founded the company in 1965, Benetton has a network of about 5,000 stores in the main international markets. In 1963, Luciano Benetton, the oldest of four children, was a 30-year-old salesman in Treviso and he saw a market for colourful clothes, and sold a younger brothers bicycle in order to buy his first second-hand knitting machine. In 1965, the entity known as the Benetton Group was formed, the companys core business remains their clothing lines, United Colors of Benetton, and Sisley. The Group has a network of about 5,000 stores around the world, the company is known for sponsorship of a number of sports, and for the provocative and original United Colors publicity campaign. The latter originated when photographer Oliviero Toscani was given carte blanche by the Benetton management, under Toscanis direction, ads were created that contained striking images unrelated to any actual products being sold by the company. These graphic, billboard-sized ads included depictions of a variety of shocking subjects, others included a bloodied, unwashed newborn baby with umbilical cord still attached, which was highly controversial. Most of the advertisements, although not all, had a white background. In autumn 2011, Benetton launched its new communication campaign, an invitation to the leaders and citizens of the world to combat the culture of hatred. This campaign was created as the corporate social responsibility strategy. The Benetton Group “seeks to contribute to the creation of a new culture against hate”, benetton’s Fabrica research centre partnered up with 72andSunny to create the UNHATE poster series. 72andSunny adds “United Colors of Benetton returns to the conversation with a simple and powerful message of tolerance. Hate and love are often in a delicate and unstable balance and this campaign promotes a shift in the balance”. However, these posters of the political and religious figures have sparked controversy. In addition, Benetton released an advertisement that displayed President Barack Obama of the United States, Benetton responded, We reiterate that the meaning of this campaign is exclusively to combat the culture of hatred in all its forms, said a Benetton Group spokesman. We are therefore sorry that the use of the image of the Pope, in corroboration of our intentions, we have decided, with immediate effect, to withdraw this image from every publication. Benetton Group entered Formula One as a sponsor of Tyrrell in 1983, then Alfa Romeo in 1984, Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the end of 1985 when the Toleman and Spirit teams were sold to the Benetton family. The team saw its greatest success under Flavio Briatore, who managed the team from 1990 to 1997, michael Schumacher won his first Drivers Championships with the team in 1994 and 1995, and the team won their only Constructors title in 1995
35.
Yohji Yamamoto
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Yohji Yamamoto is an influential Japanese fashion designer based in Tokyo and Paris. Considered a master tailor alongside those such as Madeleine Vionnet, he is known for his avant-garde tailoring featuring Japanese design aesthetics, born in Tokyo, Yamamoto graduated from Keio University with a degree in law in 1966. He gave up a legal career to assist his mother in her dressmaking business. He further studied design at Bunka Fashion College, getting a degree in 1969. Yamamoto debuted in Paris in 1981, more recently he has expounded, “When I started making clothes for my line Y’s in 1977, all I wanted was for women to wear men’s clothes. I jumped on the idea of designing coats for women and it meant something to me – the idea of a coat guarding and hiding a woman’s body. I wanted to protect the body from something – maybe from men’s eyes or a cold wind. ”His commercially successful main line, Yohji Yamamoto. These two lines are available at his flagship stores in New York, Paris, and Antwerp. Other principal lines include Pour Homme, Costume dHomme, and the diffusion line Coming Soon, Yohji Yamamoto Inc. reported in 2007 that the sales of Yamamotos two main lines average above $100 million annually. Yamamoto is known for a spirit in his clothing, frequently creating designs far removed from current trends. His signature oversized silhouettes often feature drapery in varying textures, Yohji collections are predominately made in black, a colour which Yamamoto has described as “modest and arrogant at the same time. Black is lazy and easy - but mysterious, but above all black says this, I don’t bother you - don’t bother me. Yohji Yamamoto was invited to curate the second issue of A MAGAZINE curated by in 2005, poor decisions by finance managers pushed the brand into debts of more than 65 million US dollars in 2009, which angered Yamamoto and led to a company restructuring from 2009 to 2010. Yohji has expressed a love for designing clothing, going so far as to say he cannot imagine retired. In 2008, the Yohji Yamamoto Fund for Peace was established to foster development of Chinas fashion industry, Yamamoto has been quoted as saying, they must have so many angry young people. Being a fashion designer or an artist, you have to be angry, of the fashion show he staged in Beijing in spring 2008 to launch this initiative, Yamamoto said, Its not political. I am going to open a store here, then Chinese people will come and shop there, the real art is making people happy, but also asking questions about society. 1972 Ys joint stock corporation founded,1981 Pret a porter collection debut in Paris
36.
Russh
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RUSSH is a bi-monthly, independent Australian fashion magazine established in 2004. The magazine primarily focuses on fashion, art and music, russh was launched in 2004 and the first issue appeared in October 2004. In 2010 the website of the magazine was launched and it is published on a bi-monthly basis. The magazine previously published an edition in Japan. Russh exclusively uses fashion models for its covers
37.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
38.
Harper's Bazaar
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Harpers Bazaar is an American womens fashion magazine, first published in 1867. Harpers Bazaar is published by Hearst and, as a magazine, considers itself to be the resource for women who are the first to buy the best. Writers Alice Meynell, Daisy Fellowes, Gloria Guinness, and Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd, when Harpers Bazaar began publication, it was a weekly magazine catering to women in the middle and upper classes. It showcased fashion from Germany and Paris in a newspaper-design format and it was not until 1901 that Harpers moved to a monthly issued magazine which it maintains today. Now Harpers Bazaar is owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation in the U. S. harper & Brothers founded the magazine. This company also gave birth to Harpers Magazine and HarperCollins Publishing, glenda Bailey is the editor-in-chief of U. S. edition of Harpers Bazaar. As the turn-of-the-century began in America, Harpers Bazaar began featuring both illustrations and photographs for its covers and inside features of society and increasingly of fashion. During the late Victorian period, as the suffrage movement was gaining momentum. Bazaar also began profiling prominent socialites, such as the Astors, in 1933, editor-in-chief Carmel Snow brought photojournalist Martin Munkacsi to a windswept beach to shoot a swimwear spread. As the model ran toward the camera, Munkacsi took the picture that made fashion-magazine history, until that moment, nearly all fashion was carefully staged on mannequin-like models in a studio. Snows buoyant spirit and wicked sense of adventure brought life to the pages of Bazaar, Snows genius came from cultivating the best people. Her first big find was art director Alexey Brodovitch, who innovated Bazaars iconic Didot logo, Snow also unleashed the force of nature known as Diana Vreeland, whom she brought on as fashion editor in 1936. The collaboration of these four visionaries resulted in some of the germane fashion shoots of the 20th century and ended only with Snows retirement, at the age of 70, throughout his career at the magazine, Brodovitch, a Russian émigré, revolutionized magazine design. With his directive Astonish me, he inspired some of the greatest visual artists of the 20th century, one of his assistants was future Rolling Stone art director Tony Lane. Sadly, Brodovitchs personal life was less triumphant, plagued by alcoholism, he left Bazaar in 1958 and eventually moved to the south of France, where he died in 1971. Diana, who is said to have invented the word pizzazz, before long, she became fashion editor, collaborating with photographers Louise Dahl-Wolfe and Richard Avedon and, later, art director Henry Wolf. Her eccentricity, perception and wit, as well as her sharp wit and sweeping pronouncements, were memorialized in the movie Funny Face, making her, for many, Richard Avedon began creating fashion portfolios for Harpers Bazaar at the age of 22. His distinctive photographs showed both chic insouciance and boundless vitality, avedons women leapt off curbs, roller-skated on the Place de la Concorde, and were seen in nightclubs, enjoying the freedom and fashions of the postwar era
39.
Marie Claire
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Marie Claire is an international monthly magazine for women. First published in France in 1937, various editions are published in countries and languages. The United States edition focuses on women around the world and several global issues, Marie Claire magazine also covers health, beauty, and fashion topics. Marie Claire was founded by Jean Prouvost and Marcelle Auclair and its first issue appeared in 1937, and it was distributed each Wednesday. In 1976, Prouvost retired and his daughter took over the magazine. One of the earliest international editions of Marie Claire is its German edition, the U. S. edition of the magazine was started by the Hearst Corporation, based in New York City, in 1994. Hearst has branch offices in France, Italy, and several locations in the United States such as Detroit, the West Coast, New England, the Midwest, the Southwest, and the Southeast. The Esquire Network reality television series Running In Heels follows three interns working in the NYC office of the magazine, Marie Claire UK is part of Time Inc. In 2006, it launched its website with segments on daily news, catwalk show, photographs and reports, fashion and beauty, buys of the day, daily horoscopes, and competitions. In Australia, Marie Claire magazine is part of Pacific Magazines, the Marie Claire website provides daily fashion, beauty, and lifestyle news to Yahoo.7. Marie Claire has also Arabic editions which are published in Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, international editions of Marie Claire have also been discontinued in Estonia, Germany, India, Philippines, and Poland. Following a relaunch, since 2012, Marie Claire has been published in Japan under the name Marie Claire Style and this new format is offered as a free supplement in the Yomiuri Shimbun and distributed in wealthy suburbs of Japan. The magazine has now made available at subway kiosks for a cover price of 200 yen. In 2010, an Indonesian edition was launched, currently, Marie Claire publishes editions in over 35 countries on 5 continents. List of womens magazines List of Marie Claire cover models Marie Claire US Marie Claire UK Marie Claire Turkey American Marie Claire – magazine profile at Fashion Model Directory
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Allure (magazine)
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Allure is an American women’s beauty magazine, published monthly by Conde Nast in New York City. It was founded in 1991 by Linda Wells, michelle Lee replaced Wells in 2015. A signature of the magazine is its annual Best of Beauty awards—accolades given in the October issue to beauty products deemed the best by magazine staff. In 1990, S. I. Newhouse Jr. chairman of Condé Nast, at the time, Wells was the beauty editor and the food editor at The New York Times Magazine. The magazine’s prototype was shredded shortly before the launch date and, after overhauling everything. The magazine’s original format was oversize, but this prevented it from fitting into slots at grocery-store checkouts, after four issues, Allure changed to a standard-size glossy format. Allure focuses on beauty, fashion, and women’s health, Allure was the first women’s magazine to write about the health risks associated with silicone breast implants, and has reported on other controversial health issues. The magazine’s circulation, initially 250,000 in 1991, is over 1 million as of 2011, many writers have contributed to Allure. Among them are Arthur Miller, John Updike, Jhumpa Lahiri, Michael Chabon, Kathryn Harrison, Frank McCourt, Isabel Allende, elizabeth Gilbert’s essay “The Road to Rapture, ” published in Allure in 2003, was the precursor to her memoir, Eat, Pray, Love. Photographers who have shot for Allure include Michael Thompson, Mario Testino, Patrick Demarchelier, Tina Barney, Marilyn Minter, Carter Smith, Steven Klein, Steven Meisel, and Helmut Newton. Allure began its Best of Beauty awards program in the mid-1990s, at the initiative of Wells, to help choose among the vast array of makeup, skin-care. Allure has two sets of awards, one judged by the editors and the other by readers. A “winners’ seal” logo, developed by Allure, appears on many of the winning products, to ensure that its judgments are neutral, Allures ad department isn’t involved in the selections. In 2010, the magazine developed an app that highlights the winning products. There was an outrage when the magazine showed Marissa Neitling with an Afro haircut, the magazine has been on Adweek’s Hot List in 1993,1994,1995,2003, and 2007. Allure has received 29 awards from the American Academy of Dermatology,9 journalism awards from the Fragrance Foundation, the Achiever Award from Cosmetic Executive Women The Matrix Award for magazine leadership from New York Women in Communications, Inc. Wells, along with Allure editors Michael Carl and Kelly Atterton, have appeared as judges on the Bravo TV series Shear Genius, Allure editors have appeared as experts on programs such as the Today show and 60 Minutes, and Allure stories frequently receive national attention. Hilary Duff played an Allure intern in Cheaper by the Dozen 2
41.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
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W (magazine)
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W is a monthly American fashion magazine published by Condé Nast, who purchased original owner Fairchild Publications in 1999. It was created in 1971 by the publisher of sister magazine Womens Wear Daily, the magazine is an oversize format – ten inches wide and thirteen inches tall. Stefano Tonchi is the editor of W, Lucy Kriz is the vice president, W magazine has a reader base of nearly half a million,469,000 of which are annual subscribers. 80 percent of the readers are female and have an average household income of $135,840. Often the subject of controversy, W magazine has featured stories, in July 2005, W produced a 60-page Steven Klein portfolio of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt entitled Domestic Bliss. Other controversial issues include Steven Meisels shoot entitled Asexual Revolution, in male and female models are depicted in gender-bending styles. In addition, Tom Fords racy shoot with Steven Klein and the article on sexuality in fashion came as a shock to some loyal readers. During the interview, Ford is quoted as saying Ive always been about pansexuality, whether Im sleeping with girls or not at this point in my life, the clothes have often been androgynous, which is very much my standard of beauty. Steven Klein also was the photographer for the photo shoot featured in the August 2007 issue, showcasing David. Bruce Weber produced a 60-page tribute to New Orleans in the April 2008 issue, most of Ws most memorable covers are featured on the W Classics page on the magazines website. W is also known for its coverage of American and European society, in 2011, Steven Meisel created controversy again by promoting fake advertisements throughout the November issue of the magazine. In 2013, Meisel shoot RuPauls Drag Race Season 3/NY Socialite Carmen Carrera in an editorial called Show girl, in 2013, the magazine started combining the January/December and June/July issues so as to free up money to invest in the magazines digital brand. Citrano later challenged this claim by Moore by offering $5,000 to charity, if Moore could prove that the photo she provided was the original photo from the shoot
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Interview (magazine)
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Interview is an American magazine founded in late 1969 by artist Andy Warhol and British journalist John Wilcock. The magazine, nicknamed The Crystal Ball of Pop, features conversations between some of the worlds biggest celebrities, artists, musicians, and creative thinkers. Interviews are usually unedited or edited in the fashion of Warhols books and The Philosophy of Andy Warhol, From A to B. In the early days, complimentary copies of Interview were often given away to the in-crowd, toward the end of his life, as Warhol withdrew from everyday oversight of his magazine, a more conventional editorial style was introduced under editor Bob Colacello. The creative covers of Interview which gave the magazine its signature style were done by artist Richard Bernstein from 1972, the magazines format has remained consistent at 60% features and 40% glossy advertising. It has been published by Brant Publications, Inc since shortly after Warhols death in 1987, for a year and a half the magazine was in flux, edited by Christopher Bollen. Interview relaunched under co-editorial directors Fabien Baron and Glenn OBrien in September 2008, Stephen Mooallem and Christopher Bollen served as the working editor-in-chief and editor-at-large, respectively. The publications content can be online and via an app, Other Edition. As of 2017, Fabien Baron is editorial director, Karl Templer is creative director, in December 2013, Stephen Mooallem left Interview to join Harper’s Bazaar as its executive editor. Keith Pollock served as editor-in-chief from 2014 to 2016, the magazine is featured in The CWs television series The Carrie Diaries, a prequel to HBOs Sex and the City. The protagonist, played by actress AnnaSophia Robb, vicariously explores New York City through the fashion editor of Interview
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V (American magazine)
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V magazine is an American fashion magazine published since 1999. The magazine is printed seasonally and highlights trends in fashion, film, music, a mens fashion quarterly entitled VMAN started as an offshoot in 2003. V magazine was launched in September 1999 as the younger sibling publication to the limited-edition quarterly Visionaire, if Visionaire was seen as more of an exclusive haute-couture book, V was going to be the vibrant, less formal, more accessible, ready-to-wear alternative. V releases four issues a year, one for each current seasonal collection, Spring Preview, Fall Preview, Winter Preview, the magazine has a readership of 315,000 as of 2010. V is edited by Stephen Gan and features new American fashion displayed through shoots and editorials focusing more specifically on art, film, music, V has been noted for its inventive and progressive styling, as well as its reportage of cultural figures and global youth culture. Past contributors have included Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin, Hedi Slimane, Mario Testino, Mario Sorrenti, interview subjects have included Joan Didion, Salman Rushdie, Robert Altman, Brooke Shields, and Norman Mailer. Icons in fashion, film, music and art to grace the cover include Madonna, Katy Perry, Mariah Carey, Rihanna, Naomi Campbell, Grace Jones, Brad Pitt, Britney Spears, David Bowie and Lady Gaga. In 2005, 7L and Steidl published the book V Best, Five Years of V Magazine, included are popular and successful fashion articles, photos, interviews and more from the first five years of V. In 2016, Lady Gaga was invited to be the guest editor for V for its 99th issue, in March 2016, it was revealed that Britney Spears was selected to appear on the cover of the magazine for its 100th issue. Spears shot three different covers for the issue with photographer Mario Testino. The January 2010 issue of V magazine entitled The Size Issue featured a variety of plus sized models and this edition printed two different covers, one with plus sized Precious star Gabourey Sidibe, while the other featured the petite actress Dakota Fanning. One criticism of the issue argues that the intentions were to juxtapose big. However, others embraced the magazines bold statement and commended V on its efforts to modernize the beauty standard, in 2005, 7L and Steidl published the book V Best, Five Years of V Magazine, chronicling the first five years of the publication. In the September 2008 issue of American Photo Magazine, V magazine photographer Nick Knight was featured for the photo spread Wildflowers that he shot for the March 2008 issue of V. The V Magazine website consists of multiple different navigational links such as, blog, magazine, fashion, articles, photo, the website contains features from the current issue as well as extras and exclusive outtakes that did not get put into the final printing of the magazine. Other interactive technological features on V’s website include the magazines Twitter stream, blog, VMAN magazine featuring mens clothing is an offshoot of V magazine. Established in 2003, it is published quarterly by Visionaire Publishing, also responsible for V, VMAN promotes everyone from unknown up-and-comers to globally recognized celebrities. The magazines target audience caters to the modern, urbanized man interested in whats new in fashion, art, music, travel, list of V magazine cover models V magazine VMAN magazine V-Agency
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I-D
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I-D is a British magazine dedicated to fashion, music, art and youth culture. I-D was founded by designer and former Vogue art director Terry Jones in 1980, the first issue was published in the form of a hand-stapled fanzine with text produced on a typewriter. Over the years the magazine evolved into a mature glossy but it has kept street style, i-D has also held exhibitions worldwide and published several books. The magazine is known for its photography and typography and as a training ground for fresh talent. Photographers Wolfgang Tillmans, Mario Testino, Terry Richardson, Craig McDean, Nick Knight and Juergen Teller started their careers at i-D, as did Dylan Jones, other photographers that have contributed to i-D include Ellen von Unwerth and Kayt Jones. In 1984, Tony Elliott of Time Out became a partner with a 51% share of the company. Jones remained editor-in-chief and creative director, but he worked on other commercial projects. In 2004, Jones—together with his wife Tricia, regained control of the company. Vice Media acquired i-D in 2012, the magazine pioneered the hybrid style of documentary/fashion photography called The Straight Up. At first, these were of punks and new wave youth found on English streets, tipped on its side, the i-D typographic logo reveals a winking smiley. Most issues of i-D have featured a cover model. I-Ds 25th anniversary in 2005 was celebrated with an exhibition and guest-edited issues, Terry Jones invited a number of creative collaborators to work with him on different identity issues. The collaborators included Ashley Heath, M/M Paris, Alex McDowell, Simon Foxton and Stephen Male, Nick Knight, David Lipman, compiled and Produced by i-D Magazine. Terry and Tricia Jones, and Avril Mair, London, i-D,2000 / Taschen, Cologne. I-D selects the worlds 150 most important designers, i-D selects the worlds 160 most important designers. Initially launched in 2001 to celebrate i-Ds 20th birthday, Smile i-D highlighted the spirit of the magazine, since then, the show toured internationally, growing with each destination to include new material.095. Art gallery, Moscow, April 2007. The exhibition focused on identity, using images, film, sound. Fashion and Textile Museum, London, October 2005 then toured to New York, February 2006, Hong Kong, April 2006, Tokyo, April 2006, Beijing, London College of Fashion, London, February 2007, CP Company, Milan, April 2007
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