Counter-Enlightenment
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The Counter-Enlightenment refers to a loose collection of intellectual stances that arose during the European Enlightenment in opposition to its mainstream attitudes and ideals. The Counter-Enlightenm
Divine Justice smites Jean-Baptiste Pigalle's statue of Voltaire. Anonymous, 1773
Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre was one of the more prominent altar-and-throne counter-revolutionaries who vehemently opposed Enlightenment ideas.
Isaiah Berlin traces the Counter-Enlightenment back to J. G. Hamann (shown).
Rousseau is identified by Graeme Garrard as the originator of the Counter-Enlightenment.
Lebensphilosophie
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Lebensphilosophie was a dominant philosophical movement of German-speaking countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had developed out of German Romanticism. Lebensphilosophie emphasi
Christian Wolff.
Arthur Schopenhauer circa 1852
Friedrich Nietzsche circa 1872
Wilhelm Dilthey