1.
Suffolk Meadows
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Suffolk Meadows was a quarter horse racing facility on Long Island that operated during 1977 and 1986. The racetrack was situated on a 65-acre parcel located in Yaphank northwest of the William Floyd Parkway interchange on the Long Island Expressway, the racetrack first opened in 1977 as Parr Meadows and closed following a 113-day meet after the bank defaulted on loans. Although the track was not built by developer Ron Parr, the Parr Organization assumed ownership after the builder ran out of funds. In May 1986, horse racing briefly returned to Suffolk Meadows for an 86-day stint, the racetrack ceased operations on October 18,1986. On September 7,1979,18,000 attendees gathered at Parr Meadows for a concert featuring a number of the original performers from the Woodstock Festival. Many of the concertgoers arrived the day before, parking along William Floyd Parkway, Suffolk Meadows has also been the site of competitions for the International Professional Rodeo Association and the Suffolk County Fair. The former racetrack site has also discussed as a potential location of a casino for the Shinnecock Indian Nation. In 1997, developer Wilbur Breslin planned to develop the adjacent property into a shopping mall called Brookhaven Town Center
2.
Alternative country
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Alternative country is a loosely defined subgenre of country music, which includes acts that differ significantly in style from mainstream or pop country music. It has been used to describe country music bands and artists that have incorporated influences ranging from rock, bluegrass, rockabilly, honky-tonk, alternative rock, folk rock. Attempts to combine punk and country were pioneered by Jason and the Scorchers, members and figures associated with Uncle Tupelo formed three major bands in the genre, Wilco, Son Volt and Bottle Rockets. Other influential bands included Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, and Blood Oranges, lyrics may be bleak or socially aware, but also more heartfelt and less likely to use the clichés sometimes used by mainstream country musicians. No Depression, the magazine dedicated to the genre, declared that it covered alternative-country music. Another major influence was country rock, the result of fusing country music with a rock & roll sound, the artist most commonly thought to have originated country rock is Gram Parsons, although Michael Nesmith, Steve Earle and Gene Clark are frequently identified as important innovators. The third factor was punk rock, which supplied an energy, the bands Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, Blood Oranges and Drive-By Truckers further developed this tradition before most began to move more in the direction of rock music in the 2000s. List of alternative country musicians Heartland rock Red Dirt Southern rock Texas country music Notes Bibliography Alden, Grant, & Blackstock, no Depression, An Introduction to Alternative Country Music. Modern Twang, An Alternative Country Music Guide and Directory, kasten, Roy, Fifteen Things You Might Not Know about The Bottle Rockets, on Their Fifteenth Birthday, Riverfront Times. Hogeland, William, Emulating the Real and Vital Guthrie, Not St. Woody, so what is insurgent country anyway. From American Studies at the University of Virginia
3.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
4.
Bluegrass music
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Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and a related genre of country music. Settlers from Britain and Ireland arrived in Appalachia during the 18th century and these traditions consisted primarily of English and Scottish ballads—which were essentially unaccompanied narrative—and dance music, such as Irish reels, which were accompanied by a fiddle. Many older bluegrass songs come directly from the British Isles, several Appalachian bluegrass ballads, such as Pretty Saro, Barbara Allen, Cuckoo Bird and House Carpenter, come from England and preserve the English ballad tradition both melodically and lyrically. Others, such as The Two Sisters, also come from England, however, some bluegrass fiddle songs popular in Appalachia, such as Leather Britches, and Pretty Polly, have Scottish roots. The dance tune Cumberland Gap may be derived from the tune that accompanies the Scottish ballad Bonnie George Campbell and this is in contrast to old-time music, in which all instruments play the melody together or one instrument carries the lead throughout while the others provide accompaniment. Breakdowns are often characterized by rapid tempos and unusual instrumental dexterity, there are three major subgenres of bluegrass and one unofficial subgenre. Traditional bluegrass has musicians playing folk songs, tunes with traditional chord progressions, progressive bluegrass groups may use electric instruments and import songs from other genres, particularly rock & roll. Examples include Cadillac Sky and Bearfoot, another subgenre, Bluegrass gospel uses Christian lyrics, soulful three- or four-part harmony singing, and sometimes the playing of instrumentals. Bluegrass music has attracted a following worldwide. Bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe characterized the genre as, Scottish bagpipes and its Methodist and Holiness and Baptist. Its blues and jazz, and it has a high lonesome sound, unlike mainstream country music, bluegrass is traditionally played on acoustic stringed instruments. The fiddle, five-string banjo, guitar, mandolin, and upright bass are often joined by the resonator guitar and this instrumentation originated in rural dance bands and is the basis on which the earliest bluegrass bands were formed. The guitar is now most commonly played with a style referred to as flatpicking, unlike the style of bluegrass guitarists such as Lester Flatt. Banjo players often use the three-finger picking style made popular by such as Don Reno. Fiddlers frequently play in thirds and fifths, producing a sound that is characteristic to the bluegrass style, bassists almost always play pizzicato, occasionally adopting the slap-style to accentuate the beat. A bluegrass bass line is generally a rhythmic alternation between the tonic and dominant of each chord, with walking bass excursions. Instrumentation has been a topic of debate. Traditional bluegrass performers believe the correct instrumentation is used by Bill Monroes band
5.
Country rock
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Country rock is subgenre of popular music, formed from the fusion of rock and country. It was developed by musicians who began to record country-flavored records in the late-1960s and early-1970s. These musicians recorded rock records using country themes, vocal styles, country rock began with Bob Dylan and The Byrds, reaching its greatest popularity in the 1970s with artists such as Emmylou Harris, the Eagles, Michael Nesmith, Poco and Pure Prairie League. Country rock also influenced artists in genres, including The Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Rolling Stones. It also played a part in the development of Southern rock, john Einarson states, From a variety of perspectives and motivations, these musicians either played rock & roll attitude, or added a country feel to rock, or folk, or bluegrass, there was no formula. Dylans lead was followed by The Byrds, who were joined by Gram Parsons in 1968. Parsons had mixed country with rock, blues and folk to create what he called Cosmic American Music. Earlier in the year Parsons had released Safe at Home with the International Submarine Band, the result of Parsons brief tenure in the Byrds was Sweetheart of the Rodeo, generally considered one of the finest and most influential recordings in the genre. Country rock was a popular style in the California music scene of the late 1960s. Some folk-rockers followed the Byrds into the genre, among them the Beau Brummels, one of the few acts to successfully move from the country side towards rock were the bluegrass band The Dillards. Former members of Ronstadts backing band went on to form the Eagles, however, the principal country influence in the Eagles came from Bernie Leadon of the Flying Burrito Brothers, and little country influence was left in the band after he left in late 1975. The genre declined in popularity in the late 1970s, but some established artists, List of country rock albums List of country rock musicians
6.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
7.
Psychedelic rock
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Many psychedelic groups differ in style, and the label is often used indiscriminately. Musically, the effects may be represented via novelty studio tricks, electronic or non-Western instrumentation, disjunctive song structures, some of the earlier 1960s psychedelic rock musicians were based in folk, jazz, and the blues, while others showcased an explicit Indian classical influence called raga rock. In the 1960s, there existed two main variants of the genre, the whimsical British pop-psychedelia, and the harder American West Coast acid rock. While acid rock is often deployed interchangeably with the psychedelic rock, it can also refer more specifically to the heavier. The genre bridged the transition from early blues- and folk-based rock to rock and hard rock. Since the late 1970s it has revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia. The term psychedelic was first coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. As the countercultural scene developed in San Francisco, the acid rock. In the popular music of the early 1960s, it was common for producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with form, arrangements, unnatural reverb. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spectors Wall of Sound production formula, there was no transition to be made. You go from things like Flying Purple People Eater to I Am the Walrus, music critic Richie Unterberger says that attempts to pin down the first psychedelic record are therefore nearly as elusive as trying to name the first rock & roll record. Some of the far-fetched claims include the instrumental Telstar and the Dave Clark Fives massively reverb-laden Any Way You Want It, the first mention of LSD on a rock record was the Gamblers 1960 surf instrumental LSD25. American folk singer Bob Dylan was an influence on mid 1960s rock music. He led directly to the creation of rock and the psychedelic rock musicians that followed. Molly Longman of mic. com writes that, in terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens, the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the eras most pivotal acts. The considerable success enjoyed by these two bands allowed them the freedom to experiment with new technology over entire albums. In Unterbergers opinion, the Byrds, emerging from the Californian folk scene, with their ominous minor key melodies, hyperactive instrumental breaks, and use of Gregorian chants. In the songs lyric, the requests, Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship
8.
Acid rock
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Acid rock is a loosely defined type of rock music that evolved out of the mid-1960s garage punk movement and helped launch the psychedelic subculture. Acid rock is defined by distorted guitars, lyrics with drug references. Distinctions between other genres can be tenuous, it may also encompass certain garage rock, 1960s punk, proto-metal and heavy, the style may distinguish itself from other psychedelic styles by having a harder, louder, or heavier sound. Developing mainly from the American West Coast, acid rock did not focus on novelty recording effects or whimsicalness as much as subsequent British psychedelia, rather, American groups emphasized the heavier qualities associated with both the positive and negative extremes of the psychedelic experience. Some of the bands in the genre include 13th Floor Elevators, the Charlatans, the Grateful Dead, Count Five, the Beatles. Of the last three groups, their 1966 songs Psychotic Reaction, Tomorrow Never Knows, and East-West were especially influential. As the movement progressed into the late 1960s and 1970s, elements of rock split into two directions, with hard rock and heavy metal on one side and progressive rock on the other. In the 1990s, the metal genre combined acid rock with other hard rock styles such as grunge, updating the heavy riffs and long jams found in acid rock. Rock journalist Nik Cohn called it a meaningless phrase that got applied to any group. It was originally used to describe the music for acid trips in underground parties in the 1960s. The term is regularly deployed interchangeably with psychedelic rock and this would mean psychedelic rock that is heavier, louder, or harder. As a hard rock variant of psychedelia, acid rock evolved from the 1960s garage punk movement, percussionist John Beck defines acid rock as synonymous with hard rock and heavy metal. The term eventually encompassed heavy, blues-based hard rock bands, musicologist Steve Waksman wrote that the distinction between acid rock, hard rock, and heavy metal can at some point never be more than tenuous. Many bands associated with acid rock aimed to create a movement based on love and peace. David P. Szatmary states, a legion of rock bands, playing what became known as acid rock, when played live at dance clubs, performances were accompanied by psychedelic-themed light shows in order to replicate the visual effects of the acid experience. Their stage performance involved the use of lights to reproduce LSDs surrealistic fragmenting or vivid isolating of caught moments. The Acid Test experiments subsequently launched the entire psychedelic subculture, other bands credited with creating or laying the foundation for acid rock include garage rock bands such as the 13th Floor Elevators and Count Five. According to Laura Diane Kuhn, the form of psychedelic rock known as acid rock developed from the late 1960s California music scene
9.
Vanguard Records
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Vanguard Records is an American record label set up in 1950 by brothers Maynard and Seymour Solomon in New York City. It started as a label, but is perhaps best known for its catalogue of recordings by a number of pivotal jazz, folk. The Bach Guild was a subsidiary label, the label was acquired by Concord Bicycle Music in April 2015. In 1953, under the direction of John Hammond, the company began the Jazz Showcase series that concentrated on mainstream jazz, recordings made at the Spirituals to Swing concerts in 1938 and 1939 were released by Vanguard in 1959. The company only intermittently pursued recording jazz after that, in the mid-1950s Vanguard signed blacklisted performers Paul Robeson and the Weavers. It continued to issue folk music with newly signed artists Joan Baez, Hedy West, the Rooftop Singers, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Country Joe and the Fish, Ian and Sylvia, and Mimi and Richard Fariña. In the summer of 1965 Maynard Solomon hired Samuel Charters to edit the tapes of the 1964 Newport Folk Festival, following that project, the company sent Charters to Chicago to capture the broad range of blues musicians there. Those sessions resulted in the 1966 three-album series titled Chicago/The Blues/Today, the albums included Junior Wells with Buddy Guy, Muddy Waterss bandmates Otis Spann and James Cotton, Otis Rush, Homesick James, Johnny Shines, Big Walter Horton, and Charlie Musselwhite. Vanguard released a number of recordings, both domestically-produced and imported. Many of the came from the United Kingdoms Pye Records label. The recordings were so exceptional that many classical radio stations programmed them. D. Q, Bach recordings, from 1965 to 1983. After entering the rock and roll market by signing Country Joe, the label stayed minimally active with specialty releases such as those by Indian classical musician and sarod virtuoso Vasant Rai. An unexpected novelty hit on Vanguard, Shaving Cream by Benny Bell, in the late 1970s Tom Paxton issued two albums, New Songs from the Briar-patch and Heroes, on the label. A few disco albums by such as Players Association were released on Vanguard without much chart impact. After this period of near-dormancy, Vanguard was sold to the Welk Music Group in 1985, the Welk Group sold the classical music catalog back to Seymour Solomon. The label also formed marketing partnerships with a number of artist-run label imprints, to include Levon Helm, Indigo Girls, in 2008, Welk Music Group began a distribution deal with EMI to handle its labels, including Vanguard. After Seymour Solomons death, Vanguard Classics was sold to Artemis Records, when Artemis folded in 2004, the Vanguard Classics catalogue was sold to Sheridan Square Entertainment, which is licensing the Vanguard Classics material. Sheridan Square eventually became IndieBlu, which was acquired by Entertainment One in 2010, Vanguard Music Group was acquired by Concord Bicycle Music in April 2015
10.
Fantasy Records
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Fantasy Records is an American record company and label founded by brothers Max and Sol Weiss in 1949. In 1949, Jack Sheedy, the owner of a San Francisco-based record label called Coronet, was talked into making the first recording of an octet, sheedys Coronet Records had recorded area Dixieland bands. But he was unable to pay his bills, and in 1949 he turned his masters over to a company, the Circle Record Company. The Weiss brothers changed the name of their business to Fantasy Records, soon the company was shipping 40,000 to 50,000 copies of Brubeck records per quarter. When Brubeck signed with Fantasy, he thought he had 50 percent interest in the company and he worked as an unofficial artists and repertoire assistant, encouraging the Weiss brothers to sign jazz performers such as Gerry Mulligan, Chet Baker, and Red Norvo. When he discovered that all he owned was 50 percent in his own recordings, in 1955, Saul Zaentz joined the company. Jazz musician Charles Mingus gave Debut Records to Zaentz as a gift, at the time, Zaentz was marrying Minguss ex-wife, Celia. He and a group of investors bought Fantasy from the Weiss brothers and he then acquired Prestige Records, Riverside, and Milestone. Ralph Kaffel, who was president of Fantasy since 1971. He continued the policy of acquisitions, Stax Records, Good Time Jazz, Contemporary, Pablo, Specialty, Kicking Mule, fantasys first subsidiary was Galaxy Records in 1951. Years later, it started the short-lived subsidiary, Scorpio, that tried to capitalize on the British Invasion, still later, it had a subsidiary named Reality Records that concentrated on hip hop and released the first two albums by Doug E. Fresh. Saul Zaentzs acquisitions had been funded in part by the success of the rock group Creedence Clearwater Revival, a group that he had managed. Creedence had been signed to Fantasy Records in 1964 as the Blue Velvets, after a series of failed releases under that name on the Fantasy and Scorpio labels, the group changed its name to Creedence Clearwater Revival. In 1968, it released its first hit record, a version of the song Susie Q. In 1971 Fantasy built its headquarters at the corner of Tenth and Parker in Berkeley, the building was nicknamed The House That Creedence Built. In 2004, Fantasy was sold to a consortium led by American television writer, producer, although some operations are still located in Berkeley, the label is now headquartered at the Concord location in Beverly Hills, California. Tedeschi Trucks Band Shawn Colvin The Temperance Movement Richard Thompson Alejandro Escovedo The Blackbyrds Official Fantasy Records site History of Fantasy Records and Fantasy Studios
11.
Rykodisc
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Rykodisc was an American record label. Its catalog is owned by Warner Music Group, operating as a unit of WMGs Independent Label Group and is distributed through Alternative Distribution Alliance. Claiming to be the first CD-only independent record label in the United States, Rykodisc was founded in 1983 in Salem, Massachusetts, by Arthur Mann, Rob Simonds, Doug Lexa and Don Rose. The name Ryko, which the label claimed was a Japanese word meaning sound from a flash of light, was chosen to reflect the companys CD-only policy. In the late 1980s, however, the label began to issue high-quality cassette. Rykodisc also re-released the SST Records-era recordings by the Meat Puppets and it also was responsible for the first release of the I Am the Cosmos LP by the late Chris Bell of Big Star, another band on the label. Over the years the label acquired Hannibal Records, Tradition Records, Gramavision, Emperor Norton Records, Restless Records, Rykodisc also founded a distribution company, Ryko Distribution, and a music publishing company, Rykomusic. The labels catalog exceeds 1,200 titles, in 1999, one year after the Blackwell buy-out, the office in Salem, Massachusetts, was closed, and many industry veterans were laid off. In 2001 Blackwell parted ways with Rykodisc, the label was then located in New York City with offices in Los Angeles and in Beverly, Massachusetts. On March 23,2006, it was announced that Warner Music Group acquired the Ryko Corporation for $67.5 million, also in 2006, the independent publishing company EverGreen Copyrights purchased the Rykomusic publishing catalogue, among others. In 2009, Ryko Distribution was folded into Alternative Distribution Alliance, currently, ADA acts as the distributor for all Rykodisc releases in the United States
12.
Country Joe and the Fish
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Country Joe and the Fish was an American psychedelic rock band formed in Berkeley, California, in 1965. The band was among the groups in the San Francisco music scene during the mid- to late 1960s. The band self-produced two EPs that drew attention on the circuit before signing to Vanguard Records in 1966. Their debut album, Electric Music for the Mind and Body and it contained their only nationally charting single, Not So Sweet Martha Lorraine, and their most experimental arrangements. Further success followed, including McDonalds appearance at Woodstock, but the groups lineup underwent changes until its disbandment in 1970, members of the band continue in the music industry as solo recording artists and sporadically reconvene. The first lineup of Country Joe and the Fish formed in mid-1965, the two musicians had a background rooted in folk music, were enamored with the recordings of Woody Guthrie, and worked on the local acoustic coffeehouse circuit in the early 1960s. Melton honed his political protest prowess as a guitarist in Los Angeles, at such as the Ash Grove, before relocating to Berkeley, California. In addition, McDonald was a publisher of the underground magazine Et Tu Brute, which later became Rag Baby, containing poetry, drawings. ED Denson, the co-publisher of Rag Baby, introduced McDonald to Chris Strachwitz, McDonald, who had recording experience, began utilizing Arhoolie Recording Studios to record four songs split equally between the band and a local folk musician, Peter Krug. The bands side of the EP featured two originals by McDonald, a version of I Feel Like Im Fixin to Die Rag. According to McDonald, The Fish Cheer was written in 30 minutes, with a purpose of expressing satiric, in October 1965,100 copies of the EP, titled Rag Baby Talking Issue No. 1, were distributed on McDonalds independent label at a Teach-in in UC Berkeley, the addition of drummer John Francis-Gunning rounded out the six-piece ensemble. It was during their residency at the Jabberwock that Country Joe, as a result, Cohen was moved over to the organ. Cohens experience with keyboards was limited to having played piano at a capacity at the Jabberwock. Melton describes the change of the group, Once we hit into the medium and into the rock medium. The little folk club where we used to once every two weeks, we played every single night for a month, or something like that. And after a while we filled two shows every single night, as Country Joe and the Fishs popularity grew, the band relocated to San Francisco in early 1966 and became popular fixtures at the Avalon and the Filmore Auditorium. It included McDonalds compositions Love and Bass Strings on the A-side, the event was a prelude to the Summer of Love and helped publicize counterculture ideals such as ecology, free-love and the use of illicit drugs
13.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
14.
El Monte, California
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El Monte /ɛl ˈmɒntiː/ is a residential, industrial, and commercial city in Los Angeles County of Southern California, the United States. The city lies in the San Gabriel Valley east of the city of Los Angeles, El Montes slogan is Welcome to Friendly El Monte and historically is known as The End of the Santa Fe Trail. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 113,475. As of 2010, El Monte was the 51st largest city in California, El Monte is situated between the San Gabriel and Rio Hondo Rivers, residents claimed that anything could be grown in the area. Between 1770 and 1830, Spanish soldiers and missionaries often stopped here for respite and they called the area El Monte, which in Spanish means the mountain. Most people assume the name refers to a mountain, but there were no mountains in the valley, the word is an archaic Spanish translation of that era, meaning the wood. The first explorers had found rich, low-altitude land, blanketed with thick growths of wispy willows, alders. They also found wild grapevines and watercress, El Monte is approximately 7 miles long and 4 miles wide. When the State Legislature organized California into more manageable designated townships in the 1850s, in a short time the name returned to the original El Monte. The area, beside the San Gabriel River, was part of the homeland of the Tongva people for thousands of years, the Spanish Portolá expedition of missionaries and soldiers passed through the area in 1769-1770. The site was within the Spanish land grant Rancho La Puente, mission San Gabriel Arcángel was the center of colonial activities in the area. From 1847, The Santa Fe Trail was also connected westward through the Southern Emigrant Trail, passing by the El Monte area, immigrant settlement began in 1849, El Monte was a stopping place for the American immigrants going to the gold fields during the California Gold Rush. The first permanent residents arrived in El Monte around 1849-1850 mostly from Texas, Arkansas and Missouri, the first settlers with families were Nicholas Schmidt, Ira W. Thompson, G. and F. Cuddeback, J. Corbin, and J. Sheldon. These migrants ventured upon the bounty of fruitful, rich land along the San Gabriel River, the farmers were very pleased at the increasing success of El Montes agricultural community, and it steadily grew over the years. In the 1850s the settlement was briefly named Lexington by American settlers and it was at the crossroad of routes between Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and the natural harbor at San Pedro. In the early days, it had a reputation as a town where men often settled disputes with knives. Defense against Indian raids and the crimes of bandit gangs, such as that of Juan Flores and Pancho Daniel, led to the formation of a local militia company called the Monte Rangers in February 1854. After the Monte Rangers disbanded, justice for Los Angeles County, in 1858 the adobe Monte Station was established, a stagecoach stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail Section 2 route
15.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
16.
Los Angeles City College
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Los Angeles City College, known as LACC, is a public community college in East Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. A part of the Los Angeles Community College District, it is located on Vermont Avenue south of Santa Monica Boulevard, the college also offers a program known as The Theater Academy, a block program for students pursuing acting, technical side of theater, or costume design. LACC occupies the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles. One of nine separate college campuses of the Los Angeles Community College District, when the Pacific Electric Interurban Railroad connected downtown Los Angeles and Hollywood in 1909, the area began to develop rapidly. In 1914, the LA Board of Education moved the teachers Normal School to the site, the Italian Romanesque campus became what is now the University of California, Los Angeles in 1919. In need of space, UCLA moved to its present location in 1929. On September 9,1929, Los Angeles Junior College opened its doors for the first time with over 1,300 students and 54 teachers and it later changed its name to Los Angeles City College. California Community Colleges System Community, an NBC comedy series which shoots on the LACC campus Official website LACC Filipino Club
17.
Street performance
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Street performance or busking is the act of performing in public places for gratuities. In many countries the rewards are generally in the form of money but other such as food. Street performance is practiced all over the world by men, women and children, People engaging in this practice are called street performers or buskers. Performances are anything that people find entertaining, the term busking was first noted in the English language around the middle 1860s in Great Britain. The verb to busk, from the word busker, comes from the Spanish root word buscar, the Spanish word buscar in turn evolved from the Indo-European word *bhudh-skō. It was used for many acts, and title of a famous Spanish book about one of them. Today, the word is used in Spanish but mostly relegated for female street sex workers. There have been performances in places for gratuities in every major culture in the world. For many musicians street performance was the most common means of employment before the advent of recording and personal electronics. Prior to that, a person had to any music or entertainment, save for a few mechanical devices such as the barrel organ, the music box. Organ grinders were commonly found busking in the old days, Busking is common among some Romani people, who are called gypsies, a description that is no longer socially acceptable in some societies. Romantic mention of Romani music, dancers and fortune tellers are found in all forms of poetry, prose. The Roma brought the word busking to England by way of their travels along the Mediterranean coast to Spain and the Atlantic Ocean and then up north to England, in medieval France buskers were known by the terms troubadours and jongleurs. In northern France they were known as trouveres, in old German buskers were known as Minnesingers and Spielleute. In obsolete French it evolved to busquer for seek, prowl and was used to describe prostitutes. In Russia buskers are called skomorokh and their first recorded history appears around the 11th century, mariachis, Mexican bands that play a style of music by the same name, frequently busk when they perform while traveling through streets and plazas, as well as in restaurants and bars. Around the mid-19th century Japanese Chindonya started to be using their skills for advertising. Another Japanese street performance form dating from the Edo period is Nankin Tamasudare, in the United States, medicine shows proliferated in the 19th century
18.
Telegraph Avenue
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It is approximately 4.5 miles in length. Among some Berkeley residents, especially University of California students, Telegraph refers mainly to a section just south of the university. As a center of campus and community life, this section of Telegraph Avenue is home to restaurants, bookstores. Here Telegraph Avenue attracts an audience of visitors, including college students, tourists, artists, street punks, eccentrics. Telegraph Avenue originated from several separately named thoroughfares, in 1859, a telegraph line was constructed between Oakland and Martinez by the Alta Telegraph Company, and the existing roads which ran alongside it were then renamed The Telegraph Road. The segment of the Telegraph Road which ran from downtown Oakland out to the Peralta estate in Temescal was first known as the Peralta Road, the segment which ran to and up Harwoods Canyon was first known as Harwoods Road. In Berkeley, the trustees of the private College of California laid out a subdivision south of their new campus in order to finance its construction. The streets were named alphabetically from east to west, the street was named Choate Street. Oakland subsequently extended a road to connect with Berkeleys Choate, oaklands first horsecar line was built in 1869 and ran along Telegraph Road to 36th Street. It was extended to Temescal a year later, then to the university campus via Humboldt, a business district grew up along Choate Street. The horsecar line was replaced by a steam dummy line. This transportation corridor stimulated the development of neighborhoods along its route, as well as an amusement park, Idora Park, the Town Trustees of Berkeley made the change by ordinance on October 10,1892. In 1910, Sather Gate was built at the end of Telegraph Avenue. The university built Sproul Hall on Telegraph in the 1940s, the Berkeley end of Telegraph Avenue, along with Sproul Plaza, has been the site of numerous protests and riots beginning in the 1960s. In 1969, Telegraph was the site of confrontation between police and demonstrators during the conflict over Peoples Park. Alameda County Sheriffs deputies killed one man and permanently blinded another when they fired buckshot loaded shotguns at people sitting on the roof above Telegraph Ave. At one point, protesters were chased down Telegraph as far as Willard Junior High School at Derby Street, the 1960s also saw the construction of the Grove Shafter Freeway, which parallels Telegraph Avenue half a block west, between Downtown Oakland and 56th Street. The freeway created a wall between Telegraph Avenue and present day Martin Luther King Jr. Way, and sliced the Temescal District in half, the events of the 1960s and 1970s had made Telegraph, as well as Berkeley, a symbol of the Counterculture of the 1960s
19.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
20.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
21.
Presbyterianism
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Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles, particularly Scotland. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the form of church government. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, the Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church, the Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom, Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization and worship, often using a Book of Order to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism, many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups. Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning, Presbyterian government is by councils of elders. Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, teaching elders have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments. Pastors are called by individual congregations, a congregation issues a call for the pastors service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery. Ruling elders are usually laymen who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the elders, assuming responsibility for nurture. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance and this group may variously be known as a Deacon Board, Board of Deacons Diaconate, or Deacons Court. These are sometimes known as presbyters to the full congregation, above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations, the presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. The Church of Scotland abolished the Synod in 1993, Presbyterian governance is practised by Presbyterian denominations and also by many other Reformed churches
22.
Russians
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Russians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in Ukraine, Kazakhstan. A large Russian diaspora exists all over the world, with numbers in the United States, Germany, Israel. Russians are the most numerous group in Europe. They are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion, the Russian language is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and also spoken as a secondary language in many former Soviet states. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians. One is русские, which most often means ethnic Russians, another is россияне, which means citizens of Russia. The former word refers to ethnic Russians, regardless of what country they live in, under certain circumstances this term may or may not extend to denote members of other Russian-speaking ethnic groups from Russia, or from the former Soviet Union. The latter word refers to all people holding citizenship of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity, translations into other languages often do not distinguish these two groups. The name of the Russians derives from the Rus people, the name Rus would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden, Ruotsi and Rootsi. According to other theories the name Rus is derived from Proto-Slavic *roud-s-ь, the modern Russians formed from two groups of East Slavic tribes, Northern and Southern. The tribes involved included the Krivichs, Ilmen Slavs, Radimichs, Vyatiches, genetic studies show that modern Russians do not differ significantly from Belarusians and Ukrainians. Some ethnographers, like Zelenin, affirm that Russians are more similar to Belarusians, such Uralic peoples included the Merya and the Muromians. Outside archaeological remains, little is known about the predecessors to Russians in general prior to 859 AD when the Primary Chronicle starts its records and it is thought that by 600 AD, the Slavs had split linguistically into southern, western, and eastern branches. Later, both Belarusians and South Russians formed on this ethnic linguistic ground, the same Slavic ethnic population also settled the present-day Tver Oblast and the region of Beloozero. With the Uralic substratum, they formed the tribes of the Krivichs, in 2010, the worlds Russian population was 129 million people of which 86% were in Russia,11. 5% in the CIS and Baltic countries, with a further 2. 5% living in other countries. Roughly 111 million ethnic Russians live in Russia, 80% of whom live in the European part of Russia, ethnic Russians historically migrated throughout the area of former Russian Empire and Soviet Union, sometimes encouraged to re-settle in borderlands by the Tsarist and later Soviet government. On some occasions ethnic Russian communities, such as Lipovans who settled in the Danube delta or Doukhobors in Canada, after the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War starting in 1917, many Russians were forced to leave their homeland fleeing the Bolshevik regime, and millions became refugees
23.
Joseph Stalin
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Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state. Stalin was one of the seven members of the first Politburo, founded in 1917 in order to manage the Bolshevik Revolution, alongside Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Sokolnikov, and Bubnov. Among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and he managed to consolidate power following the 1924 death of Vladimir Lenin by suppressing Lenins criticisms and expanding the functions of his role, all the while eliminating any opposition. He remained General Secretary until the post was abolished in 1952, the economic changes coincided with the imprisonment of millions of people in Gulag labour camps. The initial upheaval in agriculture disrupted food production and contributed to the catastrophic Soviet famine of 1932–33, major figures in the Communist Party and government, and many Red Army high commanders, were arrested and shot after being convicted of treason in show trials. Stalins invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis, Germany ended the pact when Hitler launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Despite heavy human and territorial losses, Soviet forces managed to halt the Nazi incursion after the decisive Battles of Moscow, after defeating the Axis powers on the Eastern Front, the Red Army captured Berlin in May 1945, effectively ending the war in Europe for the Allies. The Soviet Union subsequently emerged as one of two recognized world superpowers, the other being the United States, Communist governments loyal to the Soviet Union were established in most countries freed from German occupation by the Red Army, which later constituted the Eastern Bloc. Stalin also had relations with Mao Zedong in China and Kim Il-sung in North Korea. On February 9,1946, Stalin delivered a public speech in which he explained the fundamental incompatibility of communism and capitalism. He stressed that the system needed war for raw materials. The Second World War was but the latest in a chain of conflicts which could be broken only when the economy made the transformation into communism. Stalin led the Soviet Union through its post-war reconstruction phase, which saw a significant rise in tension with the Western world that would later be known as the Cold War, Stalin remains a controversial figure today, with many regarding him as a tyrant. However, popular opinion within the Russian Federation is mixed, the exact number of deaths caused by Stalins regime is still a subject of debate, but it is widely agreed to be in the order of millions. Joseph Stalin was born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, the Russian-language version of his birth name is Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. Ioseb was born on 18 December 1878 in the town of Gori, Georgia and his father was Besarion Jughashvili, a cobbler, while his mother was Ekaterine Keke Geladze, a housemaid. As a child, Ioseb was plagued with health issues
24.
The Avalon
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The Avalon Ballroom was a music venue in the Polk Gulch neighborhood of San Francisco, California, at 1244 Sutter Street. The space operated from 1966 to 1969, at the height of the counterculture movement, the building that housed the Avalon Ballroom was built in 1911 and was originally called the Colin Traver Academy of Dance. The Avalon was founded by Robert E. Cohen, impresario Chet Helms and his production company, Family Dog Productions. Bands were frequently booked to perform at the Avalon on Thursday, Friday and Saturday, extraordinary posters advertising each event were produced by psychedelic artists, including Rick Griffin, Stanley Mouse, Alton Kelley and Victor Moscoso. A classic Liquid light show was provided by Diogenes Lantern Works. In the 1960s, at the Avalon, two bands typically performed two sets during the beginning at about nine oclock. The Grateful Dead played at the Avalon 29 times from 1966 through 1969,2 tracks of their famous Live/Dead album were also recorded there in early 1969, The Eleven and Turn On Your Love Light. The Avalon occupied the two top floors of the building at 1268 Sutter. The entrance doors were downstairs, and opened onto Sutter Street, the Family Dog, at 2125 Pine Street was a hippie commune, which hosted dances and events, eight blocks from the Avalon, frequented by Helms and his friends. The Avalon was not as large as the Winterland Ballroom or The Fillmore, however, the Avalon had the capacity of up to 500. The ballroom was 80 to 100 ft by 160 to 180 feet and this area included the stage, which was 40 to 50 feet wide. The dance floor could accommodate several hundred dancers, an omnipresent light show was created by several local lighting companies. The Avalon lost its lease in November 1968, Cohen and Helms moved on to other pursuits — Helms became an art dealer, while still occasionally producing concerts. Cohen went on to form the national touring company, Bob Cohen Sound, that would tour with many former Avalon acts. The space was converted in 1968 to the Regency II Movie Theater, the neighboring building, known as the Regency I Movie Theater was formerly the Regency Ballroom. The venue Produced 70 plus concerts between 2003 and 2006, the former Avalon Ballroom was later used as the offices for fabric design company American Pacific Linens. In 2012 it became the headquarters of the internet company Wantful. com, the entire former ballroom space was renovated. Starting in August 2013, the building was used as the residence and principal filming location for The Real World, as of early 2016 The Avalon is now the office of the ad agency Argonaut
25.
The Fillmore
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The Fillmore is a historic music venue in San Francisco, California, made famous by Bill Graham. It is situated in the center of the Western Addition neighborhood, on the edge of the Fillmore District. From the 1930s through the 1960s, before redevelopment, this location was considered the heart of the San Francisco Fillmore District, Graham also opened a Fillmore East in New York City in March,1968. In July,1968, he opened a venue in San Francisco under the same brand. Formerly known as The Carousel Ballroom at Market Street and South Van Ness Avenue, the building which became The Fillmore was built in 1912 and initially housed the Majestic Hall and Academy of Dancing. Its name was changed in 1936 to the Ambassador Dance Hall, from 1939 to 1952 it operated as the Ambassador Roller Skating Rink. In 1954 Charles Sullivan, one of the most successful African-American businessmen in San Francisco at the time, started booking bands and renamed the venue The Fillmore Auditorium. In December 1965, Sullivan let Bill Graham use his dance hall permit to book a benefit for the San Francisco Mime Troupe, Sullivan was murdered in November 1966 at the age of 57. Conceived by Andy Warhol, Danny Williams and using some of film maker Jonas Mekass ideas, at Bill Grahams request Danny Williams soon came back to the Fillmore to build more. These innovations were to part of the Fillmore Auditoriums prestige and image and were also used at the Fillmore East and Fillmore West venues. Besides rock, Graham also featured non-rock acts such as Lenny Bruce, Miles Davis, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Charles Lloyd, Aretha Franklin, the Grateful Dead were regulars at The Fillmore, having played a total of 51 concerts from 1965 through 1969. Also, B. B. B. B. King subsequently became a counter-cultural icon appearing at many rock festivals, the venue had a legendary ambience as well as the stellar performances, often with swirling light-show projections, strobe lights and uninhibited dancing. The cultural impact of the Fillmore was very large and it is referenced by Hunter S. Thompson in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas in a description of the counterculture of the 1960s in the San Francisco Bay area. The original Fillmore location became a venue called The Elite Club, for several years in the early 1980s, punk promoter Paul Rat booked punk rock shows at this venue. Punk bands that performed at The Elite Club include Bad Religion, Black Flag, Bad Brains, flipper, Gang of Four, and Public Image Ltd. The Fillmore reopened under Grahams management in the mid-1980s, but it was damaged and closed by the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 1989. After Graham died in a crash in 1991, those close to him decided to carry out his final wish to retrofit and reopen the original Fillmore. The Fillmore reopened on April 27,1994, with the band The Smashing Pumpkins playing a surprise show
26.
Woodstock
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Billed as An Aquarian Exposition,3 Days of Peace & Music, it was held at Max Yasgurs 600-acre dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 miles southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York, during the sometimes rainy weekend,32 acts performed outdoors before an audience of 400,000 people. It is widely regarded as a moment in popular music history. Rolling Stone listed it as one of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock, in 2017 the festival site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang, John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized a small festival on the East Coast the prior year, the Miami Pop Festival, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Media Sound, unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area. Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969, the company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his group, Curtain Call Productions. When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road, similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project. In April 1969, newly minted superstars Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, the promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups prior to Creedence committing to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented, Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line, given their 3,00 a. m. start time and omission from the Woodstock film, Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences at the famed festival. Woodstock was designed as a venture, aptly titled Woodstock Ventures. It famously became a free concert only after the event drew hundreds of more people than the organizers had prepared for. Tickets for the event cost $18 in advance and $24 at the gate. Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, around 186,000 advance tickets were sold, and the organizers anticipated approximately 200,000 festival-goers would turn up. The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in Woodstock, New York, after local residents quickly shot down that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location in Saugerties, New York. But they had misunderstood, as the landowners attorney made clear, in a meeting with Roberts
27.
Audio Engineering Society
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Established in 1948, the Audio Engineering Society draws its membership from engineers, scientists, other individuals with an interest or involvement in the professional audio industry. The membership largely comprises engineers developing devices or products for audio and it also includes acousticians, audiologists, academics, and those in other disciplines related to audio. The AES is the worldwide professional society devoted exclusively to audio technology. The AES and individual regional or national Sections also hold AES Conferences on different topics during the year and he asked interested persons to contact him for details. The response was enthusiastic and encouraging, Pickering published the date for an organizational meeting, and announced the appointment of LeBel as acting chairman, and himself as acting secretary. The organizational meeting was held at the RCA Victor Studios in New York City on February 17,1948, acting chairman Mr. LeBel spoke first, emphasizing the professional, non-commercial, independent nature of the proposed organization. Acting Secretary Norman Pickering then discussed the need for an organization that could foster an exchange of knowledge in this quickly-growing field. The group agreed to form the Audio Engineering Society, and confirmed the acting executive committee, the first AES technical membership meeting followed on March 11, with about 3500 attendees. The guest speaker at the first meeting was Harry F. Olson, a prominent engineer and scientist at RCA and author of Acoustical Engineering, who spoke on Problems of High-Fidelity Reproduction. From its New York beginnings, the AES has grown worldwide, members elect a Board of Governors and officers, who jointly set policy and procedures for the Society. The AES is a tax-exempt,501 non-profit corporation headquartered in New York, the AES publishes a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. 23 Technical Committees advise the AES Technical Council on emerging trends, the AES has been involved in setting technical standards for audio since 1977. AES does not charge for participation in the process. Printed copies are available for a charge to members and non-members. The AES Gold Medal is the Societys highest honor, and given in recognition of outstanding achievements, sustained over a period of years, in the field of Audio Engineering. The award was established in 1971, it was known as the John H. Potts Memorial Award. g. in the persons of Benjamin Bernfeld, Gerhard Steinke
28.
Huey Lewis and the News
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Huey Lewis and the News is an American pop rock band based in San Francisco, California. They had a run of hit singles during the 1980s and early 1990s, eventually scoring a total of 19 top ten singles across the Billboard Hot 100, Adult Contemporary and their most successful album, Sports, was released in 1983. The album, along with its videos being featured on MTV and that expanded when the song The Power of Love was featured in the hit film Back to the Future. The Power of Love was nominated for an Academy Award and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, the News combined a rock backing with soul and doo-wop-influenced harmony vocals and Lewis voice. In 1972 singer/harmonica player Huey Lewis and keyboardist Sean Hopper joined the Bay Area jazz-funk band Clover, Clover recorded several albums in the 1970s, and in the middle of the decade transplanted themselves to England to become part of the UK pub rock scene for a time. Without Lewis, they became the original backing band for Elvis Costellos first album My Aim Is True. Lewis also worked with Irish band Thin Lizzy, contributing harmonica to the song Baby Drives Me Crazy, recorded onstage for the Live, Lizzy bassist/vocalist Phil Lynott introduces Lewis by name during the song. The band returned to the Bay Area by the end of the 1970s, clovers main competition in the Bay Area jazz-funk scene was a band called Soundhole, whose members included drummer Bill Gibson, saxophonist/guitarist Johnny Colla, and bassist Mario Cipollina. Like Clover, Soundhole had spent time backing the singer and recording artist. After getting a contract from Phonogram Records in 1978, Huey Lewis recruited Hopper, Gibson, Colla. Though they played gigs under this name, in 1979 they recorded and released a single simply as American Express, the single, Exodisco was largely ignored. The B-side of this record, Kick Back, was a song that had previously performed live by Lewis and his former band. Chrysalis did not like the name American Express, fearing trademark infringement charges from the card company. Later in 1980, the band issued their first studio album, a self-titled LP, Huey Lewis, in 1982, the band released their second studio album, the self-produced Picture This. The album turned gold, fueled by the success of the hit single Do You Believe in Love. Largely because of the single, the album remained on the Billboard 200 album chart for 35 weeks, the follow-up singles from Picture This, Hope You Love Me Like You Say You Do and Workin for a Livin, followed with limited success. Due to record label delays on the release of their studio album, Sports, Huey Lewis. The new album hit number 6 in the U. S. when first released
29.
Big Brother and the Holding Company
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They are best known as the band that featured Janis Joplin as their lead singer. The album is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. After playing together at Albins home, Andrew suggested they form a band, the pair approached guitarist James Gurley, the resulting threesome playing open jam sessions hosted by entrepreneur Chet Helms in 1965. Helms found them a drummer, Chuck Jones, and Big Brother and the Holding Company was formed at their first gig, in the audience was painter and jazz drummer David Getz, who soon displaced Jones. Big Brother went on to become the band at the Avalon Ballroom. Feeling a need for a strong vocalist, Helms contacted Janis Joplin in Austin, Texas and she traveled to San Francisco and debuted with Big Brother at the Avalon on June 10,1966. Joplin sang for the first time with Big Brother in 1966, years later, guitarist Sam Andrew described the bands first impressions of her, We were the established rock and roll band. We were like, all right, out of three or four bands in this city, we are one of them, were in the newspapers all the time. We are doing this woman a favor to let her come. She came in and she was dressed like a little Texan and she didnt look like a hippie, she looked like my mother, who is also from Texas. She sang real well but it wasnt like, Oh were bowled over and it was probably more like, our sound was really loud. It was probably bowling her over, I am sure we didnt turn down enough for her. She wrote letters home about how all of us were. In other words, we werent flattened by her and she wasnt flattened by us and it was probably a pretty equal meeting. She was an intelligent, Janis was, and she always rose to the occasion. It wasnt like this moment of revelation like you would like it to be, like in a movie or something. It wasnt like, Oh my God, now we have gone to heaven, I mean she was good but she had to learn how to do that. It took her about a year to learn how to sing with an electric band
30.
Joel Selvin
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Joel Selvin is an American San Francisco-based music critic and author known for his weekly column in the San Francisco Chronicle which ran from 1972 to 2009. Selvin has published articles in Rolling Stone, the Los Angeles Times, Billboard and he has appeared in documentaries about the music scene and has occasionally taken the stage himself as a rock and roll singer. Selvin was born in Berkeley, California and he has stated that he failed to graduate with his Berkeley High School class of 1967. He moved to San Francisco and was hired as a boy at the San Francisco Chronicle. Selvin soon wangled a backstage pass for a show at The Fillmore, Selvin left the Chronicle for a brief, unsuccessful effort in undergraduate studies at the University of California, Riverside where he wrote for the school paper. Returning to San Francisco, he wrote a review of First Step by the Faces for Rolling Stone, when Wasserman died in 1979, Selvin picked up the reins of the Chronicles pop music coverage. A half year later, one of Selvins more infamous pieces ran about Bob Dylans first concert in San Francisco after his conversion to Christianity, in his piece entitled Bob Dylans God-Awful Gospel, Selvin wrote, Genius may be pain, but this guy is not feeling any pain. Anesthetized by his beliefs, Dylan has written some of the most banal, uninspired. He cannibalized melodies from some of his songs to give the new ones their strongest moments. In 1994, Selvin began managing other pop music staff writers, directing and overseeing their assignments, Selvin reviewed music for the Chronicle for more than three decades. His weekly column was observed by competing journalists as one which contained errors. Bill Wyman worked for a time as the editor of Riff Raff, the review column at the SF Weekly. Wyman and his colleagues regularly printed a section entitled Selvin Watch which listed small, Wyman once wrote that the rule at Selvin Watch was to ignore one or two errors, but publish if there were three or more in any one Selvin piece. In January 1999, Derk Richardson interviewed Selvin and other San Francisco Bay Area music critics about the perks that are given to them by music industry promoters. Regarding conflict of interest issues that may result from a critic, the better our sources, the more effective our work. But developing these sources inevitably engenders sympathy or, at least, Selvin continued, I think everybody has to kind of draw their own lines of what is compromising in their hearts. For instance, I take the free CDs and use them as tools of my work, I would not accept any paid travel any longer. Selvins ex-wife Keta Bill and daughter Carla, both musicians, took part in the celebration, Gibson Guitar Corporation gave Selvin a Gibson SG guitar which was signed by many of the artists present
31.
The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag
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Musically structured in traditional ragtime, The Fish Cheers dark humor and satire made it one of the most recognized protest songs against the Vietnam War. Accordingly, critics cite the composition as a bona fide psychedelic rock song, the Fish Cheer saw a more commercial release on the groups second album, I Feel Like Im Fixin to Die, which was distributed in November 1967. The song has been the topic of controversary and fame for the band since its release, in addition, the song was a favorite among the hippie culture, and was featured in McDonalds set list at the Woodstock Festival in 1969. Decades later, McDonald had a lawsuit filed against him for allegedly infringing on the copyright of Kid Orys tune, McDonald denied these allegations and the suit was later dropped. Although the song achieved notoriety when it was included on Country Joe. In 1965, Country Joe McDonald founded and edited for a local magazine in Berkeley, California. McDonald published four editions of the magazine, and sought to incorporate musical influences to support Rag Babys left-wing message, to accomandate the issue, McDonald was inspired to distribute a talking issue of the magazine, an extended play called Rag Baby Talking Issue No.1. About 100 copies of the EP were pressed on McDonalds independent label and, were sold at Sproul Plaza in UC Berkeley, during a Teach-in, the songs lyrics are about placing blame on American politicians, high-level military officers, and industry corporations on starting the Vietnam War. McDonald composed The Fish Cheer in the summer of 1965, just as the U. S. s military involvement was increasing, in addition, the song features a signature chorus, And its one, two, three, what are we fighting for. Dont ask me I dont give a damn Next stop is Vietnam, and its five, six, seven, open up the pearly gates, Well there aint no time to wonder why, Whoopie. The album version concludes with the uttering of several machine guns firing. After a brief stint performing as a duo in Berkley, McDonald and Melton recruited more members, when the controversial composition, Superbird, was not banned from airplay, The Fish Cheer was placed as the opening to their second album, I Feel Like Im Fixin to Die. However, executives from The Ed Sullivan Show were present at the concert, and barred Country Joe and the Fish from their scheduled appearance and any future performances on the show. On August 16,1969, the day of the Woodstock Festival, McDonald made an unexpected solo performance of The Fuck Cheer at the conclusion of his set list. McDonald was augmented with a Yamaha FG150 guitar that he found, according to McDonald, I went on with my guitar and it was like Here is this guy whos going to sing but no one paid any attention. I played Janis and Tennessee Stud and then I walked off the stage, I asked my tour manager if he thought it would be OK if I went back on and did the cheer and he said yeah. So I went Give me an F. and they all yelled F, the audience receptively responded by cheering the F-U-C-K chant along with McDonald. The performance was featured on the Woodstock film, which included sing-a-long lyrical subtitles of the The Fuck Cheer, in 2005, a court dismissed the suit, holding that the Ory estate had waited too long to make the claim
32.
Black comedy
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Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
33.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
34.
Vietnam veteran
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A Vietnam veteran is someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the Vietnam War. The U. S. government officially refers to all as Vietnam-era veterans, in the English-speaking world, the term Vietnam veteran is not usually used in relation to members of the communist Peoples Army of Vietnam or the National Liberation Front. It is known that during 1969–1971, there were about 22,000 ARVN combat deaths per year, the official number of anti-communist Vietnamese personnel killed in action was 220,357. Following the communist victory on April 30,1975, South Vietnamese veterans were rounded up and sent to reeducation camps and they were detained without trial for up to decades at a time. After being released, they and their children faced significant discrimination from the communist government, a significant proportion of the surviving South Vietnamese veterans left Vietnam for Western countries, either as boat people or through the Humanitarian Operation. According to the U. S. was discharged or released from duty for a service connected disability if any part of such active duty was performed between August 5,1964 and May 7,1975. Served on active duty for more than 180 days and served in the Republic of Vietnam between February 28,1961 and May 7,1975. In 2004, the U. S. Census Bureau reported there were 8.2 million Vietnam veterans still in the country at the time, of these,2.59 million were reported to have served in country. More than 58,000 U. S. military personnel died as a result of the conflict and this comprises deaths from all categories including deaths while missing, captured, non-hostile deaths, homicides, and suicides. The Vietnam War was the last American war with conscription, Republic Of China, Spain and Philippines contributed assistance in non-combat roles. The Royal Australian Navy performed a variety of tasks at sea, ashore. The 1st Australian Task Force consisted of Army, Navy and Air Force personnel, 1st Australian Logistic Support Group was 1 ATFs ground support unit, composed of engineer, transport, ordnance, medical and service corps units. Australian Army training teams followed the withdrawal of forces in 1971. According to official statistics,501 personnel died or went missing in action during the Vietnam War and 2400 were wounded. During the Vietnam era, more than 30,000 Canadians served in the US armed forces,110 Canadians died in Vietnam, Fred Graffen, military historian with the Canadian War Museum, estimated in Vietnam Magazine that approximately 12,000 of these personnel served in Vietnam. Most of these were natives of Canada who lived in the United States, the military of Canada did not officially participate in the war effort, as it was appointed to the UN truce commissions and thus had to remain officially neutral in the conflict. Initially, New Zealand provided a 25-man team of RNZE engineers from 1964-1965, in May 1965, New Zealand replaced the engineers with a 4 gun artillery battery which served until 1971. 750 men served with the battery during this time, in 1967 the first of two rifle companies of infantry, designated Victor Company, arrived shortly thereafter followed by Whiskey company
35.
Free Speech Movement
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In 1958, activist students organized SLATE, a campus political party meaning a slate of candidates running on the same level – a same slate. The students created SLATE to promote the right of student groups to support off-campus issues, according to existing rules at the time, fundraising for political parties was limited exclusively to the Democratic and Republican school clubs. There was also a mandatory loyalty oath required of faculty, which had led to dismissals, on October 1,1964, former graduate student Jack Weinberg was sitting at the CORE table. He refused to show his identification to the police and was arrested. There was a movement of students to surround the police car in which he was to be transported. The police car remained there for 32 hours, all while Weinberg was inside it, at one point, there may have been 3,000 students around the car. The car was used as a podium and a continuous public discussion was held which continued until the charges against Weinberg were dropped. Among other grievances was the fact that four of their leaders were being singled out for punishment, the demonstration was orderly, students studied, watched movies, and sang folk songs. Joan Baez was there to lead in the singing, as well as moral support. Freedom classes were held by teaching assistants on one floor, on the steps of Sproul Hall, Mario Savio gave a famous speech. But were a bunch of raw materials that dont mean to be — have any process upon us, Dont mean to be made into any product. Dont mean — Dont mean to end up being bought by some clients of the University, be they the government, be they industry, be they organized labor, be they anyone. Theres a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious — makes you so sick at heart — that you cant take part and you cant even passively take part. And youve got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus, and youve got to make it stop. And youve got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it, that youre free. At midnight, Alameda County deputy district attorney Edwin Meese III telephoned Governor Edmund Brown, Sr, shortly after 2 a. m. on December 4,1964, police cordoned off the building, and at 3,30 a. m. began the arrest. Close to 800 students were arrested, most of which were transported by bus to Santa Rita Jail in Dublin and they were released on their own recognizance after a few hours behind bars. About a month later, the university brought charges against the students who organized the sit-in, resulting in a larger student protest that all
36.
LP record
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The LP is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm, a 12 or 10 inch diameter, and use of the microgroove groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, the new product was a 12- or 10-inch fine-grooved disc made of vinyl and played with a smaller-tipped microgroove stylus at a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for more than 20 minutes, although the LP was suited to classical music because of its extended continuous playing time, it also allowed a collection of ten or more pop music recordings to be put on a single disc. The use of the word album persisted for the one-disc LP equivalent, the prototype of the LP was the soundtrack disc used by the Vitaphone motion picture sound system, developed by Western Electric and introduced in 1926. For soundtrack purposes, the less than five minutes of playing time of side of a conventional 12-inch 78 rpm disc was not acceptable. The sound had to play continuously for at least 11 minutes, long enough to accompany a full 1, the disc diameter was increased to 16 inches and the speed was reduced to 33 1⁄3 revolutions per minute. Unlike their smaller LP descendants, they were made with the same large standard groove used by 78s, unlike conventional records, the groove started at the inside of the recorded area near the label and proceeded outward toward the edge. Like 78s, early soundtrack discs were pressed in an abrasive shellac compound, syndicated radio programming was distributed on 78 rpm discs beginning in 1928. The desirability of a longer continuous playing time soon led to the adoption of the Vitaphone soundtrack disc format, 16-inch 33 1⁄3 rpm discs playing about 15 minutes per side were used for most of these electrical transcriptions beginning about 1930. Transcriptions were variously recorded inside out like soundtrack discs or with an outside start, some transcriptions were recorded with a vertically modulated hill and dale groove. This was found to allow deeper bass and also an extension of the frequency response. Neither of these was necessarily an advantage in practice because of the limitations of AM broadcasting. Today we can enjoy the benefits of those higher-fidelity recordings, even if the radio audiences could not. Initially, transcription discs were pressed only in shellac, but by 1932 pressings in RCA Victors vinyl-based Victrolac were appearing, by the late 1930s, vinyl was standard for nearly all kinds of pressed discs except ordinary commercial 78s, which continued to be made of shellac. Use of the LPs microgroove standard began in the late 1950s, the King Biscuit Flower Hour is a late example, as are Westwood Ones The Beatle Years and Doctor Demento programs, which were sent to stations on LP at least through 1992. RCA Victor introduced a version of a long-playing record for home use in September 1931. These Program Transcription discs, as Victor called them, played at 33 1⁄3 rpm and used a somewhat finer and they were to be played with a special Chromium Orange chrome-plated steel needle
37.
Schaefer Music Festival
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The Schaefer Music Festival was a recurring music festival held in the summer between 1967 and 1976 at Wollman Rink in New York Citys Central Park. It featured a number of notable performances, beginning life in 1966 as the Rheingold Central Park Music Festival, the series was sponsored by F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company, brewer of Schaefer Beer. The F. and M. Schaefer Brewing Company took over sponsorship of the Central Park Music Festival in 1968, until Schaefer decided to assume sponsorship, the prospect was that the ticket price would have to be doubled. The $2, said, would have been too expensive for a lot of New Yorkers, in the 1960s, before the rise of corporate concert organizers and ticket agents, top rated bands would often play for free or for amounts that resulted in reasonable concert ticket prices. 6,000 people jammed into the bandstand near the Mall while thousands more sprawled out on the grass, club owner and musician Hilly Kristal co-founded the series with producer and concert promoter Ron Delsener. Over the years a veritable Whos Who of superstars of the music scene performed there. Inexpensive tickets, which started at $1 in 1967 and rose to only $3 by 1976, further contributed to the events popularity. While the capacity of the Wollman Rink was usually limited to about 6,000 to 7,000 people, in 1976, Dr. Pepper assumed sponsorship of a Central Park concert series, renamed the Dr. Pepper Central Park Music Festival. Due to residential noise complaints, this series was moved to Pier 84 on the West Side in 1981, in 1983 Miller Beer took over sponsorship, continuing it as the Miller Time Concert on The Pier until 1988. B. B. C. Paul Desmond, Dakota Staton August 3, Jethro Tull August 5, Delaney & Bonnie feat. John the Night Tripper June 20, Badfinger, Kindred, Michael Gately June 23, Seatrain, Loggins & Messina, Chi Coltrane June 24, Melanie, Janey & Dennis June 30, Nina Simone, N. Y. Rock Ensemble July 7, Billy Preston, Leo Kottke, The Strawbs July 8, Mandrill, the Association / Jackie DeShannon 9,30 p. m
38.
Fuck
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Fuck is an obscene English-language word, which refers to the act of sexual intercourse and is also commonly used as an intensifier or to denote disdain. Its origin is obscure but is considered to be first attested to around 1475. In modern usage, the term fuck and its derivatives can be used as a noun, a verb, an adjective, there are many common phrases that employ the word, as well as compounds that incorporate it, such as motherfucker, fuckwit and fucknut. The word is considered obscene, but is common in many informal, some English-speaking countries censor it on television and radio. Andrea Millwood Hargraves 2000 study of the attitudes of the British public found that fuck was considered the third most severe profanity, cunt was considered the most severe. Nevertheless, the word has become increasingly less vulgar and more publicly acceptable, because of its increasing usage in the public forum, in 2005 the word was included for the first time as one of three vulgarities in The Canadian Presss Canadian Press Caps and Spelling guide. Journalists were advised to refrain from censoring the word but use it sparingly and only when its inclusion was essential to the story. An earlier name, that of John le Fucker recorded in 1278, has been the subject of debate, otherwise, the usually accepted first known occurrence of the word is found in code in a poem in a mixture of Latin and English composed in the 15th century. The poem, which satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge, England, takes its title, Flen flyys, from the first words of its line, Flen, flyys. The line that contains fuck reads Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk, the phrase was probably encoded because it accused monks of breaking their vows of celibacy, it is uncertain to what extent the word fuck was considered acceptable at the time. The stem of fvccant is an English word used as Latin, English medieval Latin has many examples of writers using English words when they did not know the Latin word, in the Middle English of this poem, the term wife was still used generically for woman. The word has cognates in other Germanic languages, such as German ficken, Dutch fokken, dialectal Norwegian fukka. This points to a possible etymology where Common Germanic fuk– comes from an Indo-European root meaning to strike, by application of Grimms law, this hypothetical root has the form *pug–. Yet another possible etymology is from the Old High German word pfluog, meaning to plow, there is a theory that fuck is most likely derived from Flemish, German, or Dutch roots, and is probably not from Old English roots. There may be a kinship with the Latin futuere, a verb with almost exactly the meaning as the English verb to fuck. However, there is no clear past lineage or derivation for the Latin word and these roots, even if cognates, are not the original Indo-European word for to copulate, but Wayland Young argues that they derive from the Indo-European *bhu– or *bhug–, or as causative create. A possible intermediate might be a Latin 4th-declension verbal noun *fūtus, however, the connection to futuere has been disputed—Anatoly Liberman calls it a coincidence and writes that it is not likely to have been borrowed from the Low German precursors to fuck. Greek phyō has various meanings, including to beget, or and its perfect pephyka can be likened to fuck and its equivalents in other Germanic languages
39.
Schaefer Beer
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Schaefer Beer is a brand of American beer first produced in New York City during 1842 by the F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company. The company relocated to Brooklyn in the early 20th century and it went public in 1968 with a $106 million stock offering. In order to expand capacity for regional sales and fend off competition from national brands Schaefer began construction of a modern brewery in Fogelsville. Known as the Lehigh Valley Plant it opened in 1972, in 1974 it was expanded from its original 1,100,000 barrels-per-year capacity to 2,500,000 and then, in 1975, it expanded again to 5,000,000 barrels plus. In the mid-1970s, Schaefer Beer was one of the top selling beers in the U. S. ranking as high as fifth in both the 1950 and 1970 rankings. Though it was producing more than twice as much beer in 1970 the gap between it and the top national brands was dramatically widening, recognizing the handwriting on the wall, the Schaefer family sold out to the Stroh Brewery Company in 1981. Strohs then took over the Allentown plant in its own bid for national market share and it operated the plant until absorbed by Pabst Brewing Company in 1999. When Pabst opted to become a virtual brewer it sold the plant to Diageo just two years later, in 2008 Diageo sold it to the Boston Brewing Company, brewer of Samuel Adams beer. Pabst retained the license to Schaefer and today outsources a reformulated brew it labels Schaefer, the advertising slogan for Schaefer beer is Schaefer is the one beer to have when youre having more than one. An earlier advertising campaign from the 1950s asserted, What do you hear in the best of circles. In Spanish, Schaefers slogan was Es la mejor, cuando se toma mas de una. Schaefer beer had major exhibitions at both of New York Citys Worlds Fairs, held in Flushing Meadows Park. During both the 1939 New York Worlds Fair and the 1964 New York Worlds Fair, Schaefer sponsored Schaefer Center, an illuminated Schaefer beer advertisement once appeared in the outfield of Ebbets Field. If a player reached first base on a hit, the letter h would light up and if the official scorer ruled that a player reached first base due to an error, the e would light up. During the 1970s and 1980s, Schaefer beer was one of the top selling beers in Puerto Rico, a large and quite famous Schaefer beer billboard was once displayed at the main entrance to the city of Bayamón. Schaefer still uphold the record for be the beer with most units sales in Puerto Rico,13 million cases in a year and it became quite famous among Puerto Rican salsa fans and superstars like Frankie Ruiz, Tito Rojas, and Lalo Rodríguez. Schaefer Beer Official Site The F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company History at BeerHistory. com A Review of Schaefer Beer Listing on RateBeer. com
40.
The Ed Sullivan Show
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The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20,1948, to Sunday June 6,1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, in 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No.31 in TV Guide Magazines 60 Best Series of All Time, the format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. The last original Sullivan show telecast was on March 28,1971, with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, repeats were scheduled through June 6,1971. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia. For many years, Ed Sullivan was an event each Sunday evening. In those days, we had six acts. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so, Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much, I look up at me talking away and I say You fool. But I just keep on talking, Ive learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s and he was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The shows iconic status is illustrated by the song Hymn for a Sunday Evening from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, in the song, a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCAs compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway. One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22,1954, from the new studio, CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally colorized in 1965, the 1965–66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12, which was the last episode to air in black and white. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on and he realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher age for the average viewer as the seasons went on
41.
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
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The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, also known as the LBJ Presidential Library, is the presidential library and museum of Lyndon Baines Johnson, the 36th President of the United States. It is located on the grounds of the University of Texas at Austin, the LBJ Library houses 45 million pages of historical documents, including the papers of President Johnson and those of his close associates and others. The Library was dedicated on May 22,1971, with Johnson, the librarys director, Presidential historian Mark K. Updegrove, resigned his position in February 2017. The directors position is currently vacant, the complex, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architects Gordon Bunshaft and R Max Brooks is an unadorned 10-story travertine monolith. President Johnson is buried at his ranch, near Johnson City, Texas, after her death in July 2007, the body of Lady Bird Johnson lay in repose in the Library and Museum, just as her husbands had after his death,34 years earlier in January 1973. In 2012, the LBJ Library underwent a redesign, during which most of the exhibits were closed. On December 22, the Library reopened to the public, in 2013, the Library began charging admission for the first time since its dedication in 1971. The Library, adjacent to the LBJ School of Public Affairs, although the Library is on the grounds of UT Austin, it is federally run and independent from the University. The top floor of the Library has a 7/8ths scale replica of the Oval Office decorated as it was during Johnsons presidency, the LBJ Library provides year-round public viewing of its permanent historical, cultural, and temporary exhibits to approximately 125,000 visitors each year. It is open from 9 a. m. until 5 p. m. seven days a week throughout the year, the Library is closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Years Day. Among the artworks on display at the Library and Museum is a mural depicting scenes from Johnsons life created by Naomi Savage. The library honors public servants with the LBJ Liberty & Justice for All Award, the award is given to leaders who demonstrate civility and bipartisanship. Recipients have included President George H. W. Bush, Congressman John Lewis, Congressman John Dingell, hardeman Prize Benjamin Hufbauer, Presidential Temples, How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory. See ch.3, Symbolic Power, Democratic Access, LBJ Presidential Library The LBJ Foundation The LBJ School of Public Affairs The LBJ Future Forum Friends of the LBJ Library
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Copyright infringement
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The copyright holder is typically the works creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement, Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system, estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on many factors. The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement, the original meaning of piracy is robbery or illegal violence at sea, but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft. Not all copyright infringement results in loss, and the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft. The term piracy has been used to refer to the copying, distribution. The practice of labelling the infringement of rights in creative works as piracy predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft, courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property, instead, interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to one who misappropriates a copyright. The terms viewjacking and freebooting both have used to describe the unauthorized rehosting of online media, particularly videos. The terms were coined by YouTubers CGP Grey and Brady Haran in the podcast Hello Internet, Grey and Brady came up with the terms in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than copyright infringement, yet more appropriate than theft. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while installing the software for more than 9000 users. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance and its just that they want to consume films online and theyre ready to consume films that way and were not necessarily offering them in that way
