Covertway
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In military architecture, a covertway or covered way is a path on top of the counterscarp of a fortification. It is protected by an embankment which is made up by the crest of the glacis. It is able t
17th century illustration showing a cross-section of the fortifications of Groenlo. From left to right: counterscarp, covertway, ditch, faussebraye and the main defensive wall.
A place-of-arms on the covertway of Valletta
Cottonera Lines
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The Cottonera Lines, also known as the Valperga Lines, are a line of fortifications in Bormla and Birgu, Malta. They were built in the 17th and 18th centuries on higher ground and further outwards tha
The Cottonera Lines as seen from Għajn Dwieli
Portrait of Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner with a plan of the Cottonera Lines
The Notre Dame Gate, the main gate of the Cottonera Lines
The lines as seen from the limits of Bormla, pictured in 2026