Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain, of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs. Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck, including the special senses of vision, taste, smell, and hearing.
View of the human brain from below showing the cranial nerves on an autopsy specimen
The facial nerve (VII) supplies the muscles of facial expression. Damage to the nerve causes a lack of muscle tone on the affected side, as can be seen on the right side of the face here.
The hypoglossal nerve (XII) supplies the muscles of the tongue. A damaged hypoglossal nerve will result in an inability to stick the tongue out straight; here seen in an injury resulting from branchial cyst surgery.
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system.
Cross-section of a nerve
Micrograph demonstrating perineural invasion of prostate cancer. H&E stain.