1.
Sherlock Holmes
–
Sherlock Holmes is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian periods, though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the most well-known, with Guinness World Records listing him as the most portrayed movie character in history. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later, Conan Doyle once wrote, Each is a root from which a whole literature has developed. Where was the story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it. Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the figure of Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing conclusions from minute observations. However, he wrote to Doyle, You are yourself Sherlock Holmes. Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, is cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, One is thought to be Francis Tanky Smith, a policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicesters first private detective. Another might be Maximilien Heller, by French author Henry Cauvain and it is not known if Conan Doyle read Maximilien Heller, but in this 1871 novel, Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti-social, polymath, cat-loving, and opium-smoking Paris-based detective. Details about Sherlock Holmess life, except for the adventures in the books, are scarce in Conan Doyles original stories, nevertheless, mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective. An estimate of Holmess age in His Last Bow places his year of birth at 1854 and his parents are not mentioned in the stories, although Holmes mentions that his ancestors were country squires. In The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter, he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet, without clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph, Carle. Mycroft has a civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy. He lacks Sherlocks interest in investigation, however, preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club. Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate, his earliest cases, the two take lodgings at 221B Baker Street, London, an apartment at the upper end of the street, up seventeen steps. Holmes worked as a detective for twenty-three years, with physician John Watson assisting him for seventeen and they were roommates before Watsons 1887 marriage and again after his wifes death. Their residence is maintained by their landlady, Mrs. Hudson, most of the stories are frame narratives, written from Watsons point of view as summaries of the detectives most interesting cases
Sherlock Holmes
–
Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by
Sidney Paget
Sherlock Holmes
–
Holmes's first appearance in 1887
Sherlock Holmes
–
Holmes and Watson in a
Sidney Paget illustration for "
Silver Blaze "
Sherlock Holmes
–
Holmes and Moriarty struggle at the
Reichenbach Falls; drawing by Sidney Paget
2.
Dr. Watson
–
John H. Watson, known as Dr. Watson, is a fictional character in the Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and was the narrator in the original stories. Watson is Sherlock Holmess friend, assistant and sometime flatmate, and he is described as the typical Victorian-era gentleman, unlike the more eccentric Holmes. He is astute, although he can never match his friends deductive skills, Watson has been adapted in various films, television series, video games, comics, and radio programmes, retaining his role as Holmess friend and confidant. In Conan Doyles early rough plot outlines, Sherlock Holmess sidekick was named Ormond Sacker before Conan Doyle finally settled on John Watson and he was probably inspired by one of Doyles colleagues, Dr. James Watson. In the words of William L. De Andrea, Watson also serves the important function of catalyst for Holmess mental processes, any character who performs these functions in a mystery story has come to be known as a Watson. Dr. Watsons first name is mentioned on only four occasions, part one of the very first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet, is subtitled Being a reprint from the Reminiscences of John H. Watson, M. D. Late of the Army Medical Department, the preface of the collection His Last Bow is signed John H. Watson, M. D, and in The Problem of Thor Bridge, Watson says that his dispatch box is labelled John H. Watson, M. D. With his health ruined, he was given a daily pension of 11 shillings and 9 pence for nine months. In 1881, Watson is introduced by his friend Stamford to Sherlock Holmes, concluding that they are compatible, they subsequently move into the flat. When Watson notices multiple eccentric guests frequenting the flat, Holmes reveals that he is a consulting detective, Watson witnesses Holmess skills of deduction on their first case together, concerning a series of murders related to Mormon intrigue. When the case is solved, Watson is angered that Holmes is not given any credit for it by the press, when Holmes refuses to record and publish his account of the adventure, Watson endeavours to do so himself. In time, Holmes and Watson become close friends, in The Sign of the Four, John Watson becomes engaged to Mary Morstan, a governess. In The Adventure of the Blanched Soldier, Holmes mentions that Watson had at that time deserted me for a wife, at the beginning of A Study in Scarlet, Watson states he had neither kith nor kin in England. Holmes estimates the watch to have a value of 50 guineas, so H. Watson, Holmes deduced from the watch that Watsons brother was a man of untidy habits—very untidy and careless. He was left with good prospects but threw away his chances, lived for time in poverty with occasional short intervals of prosperity and finally. Throughout Doyles novels, Watson is presented as Holmess biographer and you should publish an account of the case. If you wont, I will for you, Holmes suavely responds, You may do what you like, Doctor. Therefore, the story is presented as a reprint from the reminiscences of John H. Watson, in the first chapter of The Sign of Four, Holmes comments on Watsons first effort as a biographer, I glanced over it
Dr. Watson
–
Watson reading bad news to Holmes in "
The Five Orange Pips ". One of
Sidney Paget 's iconic illustrations from the
The Strand magazine.
Dr. Watson
–
Dr. Watson (left) and Sherlock Holmes, by
Sidney Paget.
Dr. Watson
–
Oldacre appearing in
The Adventure of the Norwood Builder
3.
Literary genre
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A literary genre is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups, the most general genres in literature are epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry, additionally, a genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above, not only as a subgenre, but as a mixture of genres. Finally, they are defined by the cultural movement of the historical period in which they were composed. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book. Just as in painting, there are different types, the landscape, the still life and these types tend to share specific characteristics. Genres describe those works which share specific conventions, Genres are often divided into subgenres. Literature, is divided into the three forms of Ancient Greece, poetry, drama, and prose. Poetry may then be subdivided into the genres of lyric, epic, the lyric includes all the shorter forms of poetry, e. g. song, ode, ballad, elegy, sonnet. Dramatic poetry might include comedy, tragedy, melodrama, and mixtures like tragicomedy, the standard division of drama into tragedy and comedy derives from Greek drama. This parsing into subgenres can continue, comedy has its own subgenres, including, for example, comedy of manners, sentimental comedy, burlesque comedy, and satirical comedy. Often, the used to divide up works into genres are not consistent, and may change constantly. Types of fiction genres are science fiction, fantasy, historical fiction, realistic fiction, semi-fiction spans stories that include a substantial amount of non-fiction. It may be the retelling of a story with only the names changed. The other way around, semi-fiction may also involve fictional events with a semi-fictional character, Genres may easily be confused with literary techniques, but, though only loosely defined, they are not the same, examples are parody, frame story, constrained writing, stream of consciousness. Drama Poem Prose Genre fiction Bakhtin, Mikhail M. Epic, on Narrative, The Law of Genre
Literary genre
–
William Shakespeare's statue.
Literary genre
–
Literature
4.
Crime
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In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term crime does not, in criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition. The most popular view is that crime is a created by law, in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence is an act not only to some individual. Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law, the notion that acts such as murder, rape and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely is an offence is defined by criminal law of each country. While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code, the state has the power to severely restrict ones liberty for committing a crime. In modern societies, there are procedures to which investigations and trials must adhere, usually, to be classified as a crime, the act of doing something criminal must – with certain exceptions – be accompanied by the intention to do something criminal. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime, breaches of private law are not automatically punished by the state, but can be enforced through civil procedure. With institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the State can compel populations to conform to codes, authorities employ various mechanisms to regulate certain behaviors in general. In addition, authorities provide remedies and sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system, Legal sanctions vary widely in their severity, they may include incarceration of temporary character aimed at reforming the convict. Some jurisdictions have penal codes written to inflict permanent harsh punishments, legal mutilation, usually a natural person perpetrates a crime, but legal persons may also commit crimes. Conversely, at least under U. S. law, nonpersons such as animals cannot commit crimes, the sociologist Richard Quinney has written about the relationship between society and crime. When Quinney states crime is a phenomenon he envisages both how individuals conceive crime and how populations perceive it, based on societal norms. The word crime is derived from the Latin root cernō, meaning I decide, originally the Latin word crīmen meant charge or cry of distress. The Ancient Greek word krima, from which the Latin cognate derives, typically referred to a mistake or an offense against the community. In 13th century English crime meant sinfulness, according to etymonline. com and it was probably brought to England as Old French crimne, from Latin crimen. In Latin, crimen could have signified any one of the following, charge, indictment, accusation, crime, fault, the word may derive from the Latin cernere – to decide, to sift
Crime
Crime
–
Criminology and
penology
Crime
–
The spiked heads of executed criminals once adorned the gatehouse of the medieval
London Bridge.
5.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
Science fiction
–
A futuristic setting is a common but not a necessary hallmark of science fiction. A common thread in science fiction is exploring the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations on people's lives.
Science fiction
–
H. G. Wells
Science fiction
–
Jules Verne
Science fiction
–
Arthur C. Clarke
6.
Subgenres
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized, and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
Subgenres
–
A genre painting (Peasant Dance, c. 1568, by
Pieter Brueghel the Elder)
7.
Detective fiction
–
Detective fiction is a subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which an investigator or a detective—either professional or amateur—investigates a crime, often murder. Some scholars have suggested that ancient and religious texts bear similarities to what would later be called detective fiction. In the Old Testament story of Susanna and the Elders, the account told by two breaks down when Daniel cross-examines them. In the play Oedipus Rex by Ancient Greek playwright Sophocles, the character discovers the truth about his origins after questioning various witnesses. The earliest known example of a story was The Three Apples, one of the tales narrated by Scheherazade in the One Thousand. In this story, a fisherman discovers a heavy, locked chest along the Tigris river and he sells it to the Abbasid Caliph, when Harun breaks open the chest, he finds inside it, the dead body of a young woman who has been cut into pieces. Harun then orders his vizier, Jafar ibn Yahya, to solve the crime, suspense is generated through multiple plot twists that occur as the story progresses. This may thus be considered an archetype for detective fiction, the main difference between Jafar and later fictional detectives, such as Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot, is that Jafar has no actual desire to solve the case. The whodunit mystery is solved when the murderer himself confesses his crime and this in turn leads to another assignment in which Jafar has to find the culprit who instigated the murder within three days or else be executed. Gongan fiction （公案小说, literally：case records of a public law court）is the earliest known genre of Chinese detective fiction, some well known stories include the Yuan Dynasty story Circle of Chalk, the Ming Dynasty story collection Bao Gong An and the 18th century Di Gong An story collection. The latter was translated into English as Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee by Dutch sinologist Robert Van Gulik, the hero/detective of these novels is typically a traditional judge or similar official based on historical personages such as Judge Bao or Judge Dee. Although the historical characters may have lived in an earlier period most stories are written in the latter Ming or Qing period, Van Gulik chose Di Gong An to translate because it was in his view closer to the Western tradition and more likely to appeal to non-Chinese readers. One notable fact is that a number of Gong An works may have been lost or destroyed during the Literary Inquisitions and the wars in ancient China. Only little or incomplete case volumes can be found, for example, One of the earliest examples of detective fiction is Voltaires Zadig, which features a main character who performs feats of analysis. Things as They Are, or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams by William Godwin shows the law as protecting the murderer, das Fräulein von Scuderi, an 1819 short story by E. T. A. Auguste Dupin. Poe devised a plot formula thats been successful ever since, give or take a few shifting variables, Poe followed with further Auguste Dupin tales, The Mystery of Marie Rogêt in 1843 and The Purloined Letter in 1845. Poe referred to his stories as tales of ratiocination, early detective stories tended to follow an investigating protagonist from the first scene to the last, making the unraveling a practical rather than emotional matter. The Mystery of Marie Rogêt is particularly interesting because it is a fictionalized account based on Poes theory of what happened to the real-life Mary Cecilia Rogers
Detective fiction
–
Edgar Allan Poe
Detective fiction
–
Wilkie Collins
Detective fiction
–
Arthur Conan Doyle
8.
Hardboiled
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Hardboiled fiction is a literary genre that shares some of its characters and settings with crime fiction. Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are classic antiheroes, notable hardboiled detectives include Philip Marlowe, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer, and The Continental Op. From its earliest days, hardboiled fiction was published in and closely associated with so-called pulp magazines, in its earliest uses in the late 1920s, hardboiled didnt refer to a type of crime fiction, it meant the tough attitude towards emotions triggered by violence. The hardboiled crime story became a staple of pulp magazines in the 1930s, in addition to Black Mask. Later, many hardboiled novels were published by houses specializing in paperback originals, consequently, pulp fiction is often used as a synonym for hardboiled crime fiction or gangster fiction, some would distinguish within it the private-eye story from the crime novel itself. Damon Runyon Femme fatale Guy Noir Mediterranean noir Mystery film Naturalism Noir fiction Breu, going blood-simple in poisonville, hard-boiled masculinity in Dashiell Hammetts Red Harvest. Multicultural Detective Fiction, Murder from the Other Side, Garland Publishing, ISBN 0-8153-3153-3 Haut, Pulp Culture, Hardboiled Fiction and the Cold War, Serpents Tail, ISBN 1-85242-319-6 Irwin, John T. Unless the Threat of Death Is Behind Them, Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-8435-7 Kemp, defective Inspectors, Crime-fiction Pastiche in Late Twentieth-century, Maney Publishing, ISBN 1-904350-51-8 Mizejewski, Linda. Hardboiled and High Heeled, The Woman Detective in Popular Culture, Routledge Chapman Hall, ISBN 0-415-96970-0 OBrien, Hardboiled America, Lurid Paperbacks and the Masters of Noir, Da Capo, ISBN 0-306-80773-4 Panek, LeRoy Lad. New Hard-Boiled Writers, 1970s-1990s, University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-87972-819-1 Server, encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers, Facts On File Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4577-1 Detective Novels, An Overview major history of the genre by Prof
Hardboiled
–
The cover of seminal hardboiled magazine
Black Mask, September 1929, featuring part 1 of its serialization of
The Maltese Falcon, by
Dashiell Hammett. Illustration of
private eye Sam Spade by Henry C. Murphy, Jr.
9.
Suspense
–
Suspense is a feeling of pleasurable fascination and excitement mixed with apprehension, tension, and anxiety developed from an unpredictable, mysterious, and rousing source of entertainment. The term most often refers to an audiences perceptions in a dramatic work, Suspense is not exclusive to fiction. It may operate whenever there is a perceived suspended drama or a chain of cause is left in doubt, films having a lot of suspense belong in the thriller genre. In terms of expectations, it may be contrasted with mystery or curiosity. Suspense could however be some small event in a life, such as a child anticipating an answer to a request theyve made, such as. Therefore, suspense may be experienced to different degrees, according to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in his book Poetics, suspense is an important building block of literature. In very broad terms, it consists of having some real danger looming, if there is no hope, the audience will feel despair. The two common outcomes are, the hitting, whereby the audience will feel sorrowful the hopes being realised, whereby the audience will first feel joy. In thrillers, suspense is the key element authors use to leave the reader or viewer hanging, trying to figure out what will happen next, the effect is specially strong when the work ends without actually revealing what happens next in the storyline. Suspense is what gives a person the on-edge feeling, Suspense builds in order to make those final moments, no matter how short, the most memorable. The suspense in a story just keeps the person hooked into reading or watching more until the climax is reached, the tension doesnt have to be in the form of the bad guy stalking the hero. It can be simpler, much less dramatic, but still make the person keep reading or watching. Suspense is about conflict, about the obstacles between the hero and their goal, anxiety Terror Cliffhanger Mystery Plot twist Red herring Adrenaline Baroni, R. Poétique de la discordance narrative, Paris, Seuil, the Nature of Narrative Suspense and the Problem of Rereading, in Suspense. Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses, and Empirical Explorations, Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Reading for the Plot, Design and Intention in Narrative, Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Gerrig, R. Suspense in the Absence of Uncertainty, Journal of Memory and Language, n°28, production de lintérêt romanesque, Paris & The Hague, Mouton. The Effect of Directed Forgetting on Completed and Interrupted Tasks, presented at the 2nd Annual Student-Faculty Research Celebration at Winona State University, Winona MN. Studies in the retention of interrupted learning activities, Journal of Comparative Psychology, vol n°19, phelan, J. Reading People, Reading Plots, Character, Progression, and the Interpretation of Narrative, Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Suspense
–
Emotions
10.
Steen Steensen Blicher
–
Steen Steensen Blicher was an author and poet born in Vium near Viborg, Denmark. Blicher was the son of a literarily inclined Jutlandic parson whose family was related to Martin Luther. He grew up in close contact to nature and peasant life in the areas of Jutland. After trying his hand as a teacher and a tenant farmer, he at last became a parson like his father, as a clergyman he is said to have been less than inspired. His main interests were hunting and writing, in 1842 he was accused of alcoholism and abandoned from a Cooperation of Danish writers. Many struggles with his superiors the following years led to his dismissal shortly before his death and he had ten children, with his wife Ernestine Juliane Berg whom he married on 11 June 1810. Blicher is known as the pioneer of the novella in Danish, from the 1820s until his death he wrote several tales that were published in local periodicals, as well as historical and amateur scientific sketches. Much of this work is entertainment but as many as twenty or thirty pieces have been called masterpieces, in these works he describes human fate in his home region in Jutland, He is often called a tragic and melancholic writer, but he is not without wit and humour. He is one of the first novelists to make significant use of the unreliable narrator — theme in literature, four notable specimens are, The Diary of a Parish Clerk, his break-through story, tells of a poor peasant boy’s troubled life with unhappy love, war and exile. Years after the plot occurred, he discovers that the woman he was in love with for years, ended up as a poor. He spent his old age in resignation and distrust and his sombre story The Hosier and his Daughter that describes the mental breakdown of a girl because of unhappy love is a classic prose tragedy. The Parson of Veilbye, written in the first person, is the first Danish crime novel, the narrator makes fatal wrong conclusions resulting in a wrongful conviction. Tardy Awakening, a tragedy of adultery and suicide, is influenced by the fact. He had additional talents, too, E Bindstouw is a mixture of tales and poetry on the model of the Decameron, here he turns loose his humorous side. Later some biographies pointed out his skills in describing tragedy and psychology, stylistically he alternates between his own detailed intellectual narrative style and the colloquial speech of peasants, squires and robbers. Blicher wrote poetry from the years of the Napoleonic Wars until his death, the bluff and cheerful dialect poem Jyden han æ stærk å sej is from 1841. More uncharacteristic is his collection Trækfuglene inspired by a serious illness, in this poem various symbolic birds express his personal situation. Blicher was a man of far-ranging interests, beginning as a conservative he developed into an eager critic of society, uniting the role of the enlightened citizen of the 18th century with modern liberalism
Steen Steensen Blicher
–
Steen Steensen Blicher
11.
Edgar Allan Poe
–
Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and he is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the countrys earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a difficult life. Poe was born in Boston, the child of two actors. His father abandoned the family in 1810, and his mother died the following year, thus orphaned, the child was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but Poe was with them well into young adulthood, tension developed later as John Allan and Edgar repeatedly clashed over debts, including those incurred by gambling, and the cost of secondary education for the young man. Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money, Poe quarreled with Allan over the funds for his education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under an assumed name. It was at time that his publishing career began, albeit humbly, with the anonymous collection of poems Tamerlane and Other Poems. With the death of Frances Allan in 1829, Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement, however, Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point, declaring a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and he ultimately parted ways with John Allan. Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the several years working for literary journals and periodicals. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, in Richmond in 1836, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845, Poe published his poem The Raven to instant success and his wife died of tuberculosis two years after its publication. For years, he had been planning to produce his own journal The Penn, Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, a number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre. He was born Edgar Poe in Boston on January 19,1809 and he had an elder brother William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister Rosalie Poe. Their grandfather David Poe Sr. had emigrated from Cavan, Ireland to America around the year 1750, Edgar may have been named after a character in William Shakespeares King Lear, a play that the couple were performing in 1809
Edgar Allan Poe
–
This plaque in
Boston marks the approximate location where Edgar Poe was born.
Edgar Allan Poe
–
1849 "Annie"
daguerreotype of Poe
Edgar Allan Poe
–
Poe was first stationed at Boston's
Fort Independence while in the army.
Edgar Allan Poe
–
In 1835, Poe, then 26, married his 13-year-old cousin,
Virginia Clemm. They were married for eleven years until her early death, which may have inspired some of his writing.
12.
The Murders in the Rue Morgue
–
The Murders in the Rue Morgue is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe published in Grahams Magazine in 1841. It has been recognized as the first modern detective story, Poe referred to it as one of his tales of ratiocination, two works that share some similarities predate Poes stories, including Das Fräulein von Scuderi by E. T. A. Hoffmann and Zadig by Voltaire. Auguste Dupin is a man in Paris who solves the mystery of the murder of two women. Numerous witnesses heard a suspect, though no one agrees on what language was spoken, at the murder scene, Dupin finds a hair that does not appear to be human. As the first fictional detective, Poes Dupin displays many traits which became literary conventions in subsequent fictional detectives, including Sherlock Holmes, Dupin himself reappears in The Mystery of Marie Rogêt and The Purloined Letter. The story opens with an explanation of ratiocination. Dupin demonstrates his prowess by deducing his companions thoughts as if through apparent supernatural power, the story then turns to the baffling double murder of Madame LEspanaye and her daughter at their home in the Rue Morgue, a fictional street in Paris. According to newspaper accounts, the mother was found in a yard behind the house, with broken bones. The daughter was strangled to death and stuffed upside down into a chimney. The murders occurred in a room that was locked from the inside, on the floor were found a bloody straight razor, several bloody tufts of gray hair. Several witnesses reported hearing two voices at the time of the murder, one male and French, but disagreed on the language spoken by the other, the speech was unclear, and every witness admits that he does not know the language he claims to have heard. Paris natives Dupin and his friend, the narrator of the story. The two live in seclusion and allow no visitors and they have cut off contact with former associates and venture outside only at night. We existed within ourselves alone, the narrator explains, when a bank clerk named Adolphe Le Bon is arrested even though no evidence exists pointing to his guilt, Dupin becomes intrigued and remembers a service that Le Bon once performed for him. He decides to offer his assistance to G–, the prefect of police, because none of the witnesses can agree on the language the murderer spoke, Dupin concludes they were not hearing a human voice at all. He and the narrator examine the house thoroughly, the following day and he also points out that the murderer would have had to have superhuman strength to force the daughters body up the chimney. He formulates a method by which the murderer could have entered the room and he has placed an advertisement in the local newspaper asking if anyone has lost such an animal, and a sailor soon arrives looking for it. The sailor offers to pay a reward, but Dupin is interested only in learning the circumstances behind the two murders, the sailor explains that he captured the orangutan while in Borneo and brought it back to Paris, but had trouble keeping it under control
The Murders in the Rue Morgue
–
Facsimile of Poe's original manuscript for "The Murders in the Rue Morgue"
The Murders in the Rue Morgue
–
Illustration by
Aubrey Beardsley of "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", 1895
The Murders in the Rue Morgue
–
The moment Dupin questions the sailor about the murders. Illustration by
Byam Shaw for a London edition dated 1909 with caption "The sailor's face flushed up; he started to his feet and grasped his cudgel".
The Murders in the Rue Morgue
–
The Prose Romances of Edgar A. Poe, No. I, William H. Graham, Philadelphia, 1843.
13.
The Purloined Letter
–
The Purloined Letter is a short story by American author Edgar Allan Poe. It is the third of his three detective stories featuring the fictional C, auguste Dupin, the other two being The Murders in the Rue Morgue and The Mystery of Marie Rogêt. These stories are considered to be important early forerunners of the detective story. It first appeared in the literary annual The Gift for 1845 and was reprinted in numerous journals. The unnamed narrator is discussing with the famous Parisian amateur detective C, auguste Dupin some of his most celebrated cases when they are joined by the Prefect of the Police, a man known as G—. The Prefect has a case he would like to discuss with Dupin, a letter has been stolen from the boudoir of an unnamed woman by the unscrupulous Minister D—. It is said to contain compromising information, D— was in the room, saw the letter, and switched it for a letter of no importance. He has been blackmailing his victim, the Prefect makes two deductions with which Dupin does not disagree, The contents of the letter have not been revealed, as this would have led to certain circumstances that have not arisen. Therefore, Minister D— still has the letter in his possession, the ability to produce the letter at a moments notice is almost as important as actual possession of the letter. Therefore, he must have the close at hand. The Prefect says that he and his police detectives have searched the Ministerial hotel where D— stays and have found nothing and they checked behind the wallpaper and under the carpets. His men have examined the tables and chairs with magnifying glasses and then probed the cushions with needles but have no sign of interference. Dupin asks the Prefect if he knows what he is seeking and the Prefect reads off a description of the letter. The Prefect then bids them good day, a month later, the Prefect returns, still bewildered in his search for the missing letter. He is motivated to continue his fruitless search by the promise of a reward, recently doubled, upon the letters safe return. Dupin asks him to write that now and he will give him the letter. The Prefect is astonished, but knows that Dupin is not joking and he writes the check and Dupin produces the letter. The Prefect determines that it is genuine and races off to deliver it to the victim, alone together, the narrator asks Dupin how he found the letter
The Purloined Letter
–
The Gift: A Christmas, New Year, and Birthday Present. Carey and Hart, Philadelphia, 1845.
The Purloined Letter
–
The letter stolen again
The Purloined Letter
–
The cover of The Gift, Carey and Hart, Philadelphia, 1845
14.
Wilkie Collins
–
William Wilkie Collins was an English novelist, playwright, and short story writer. His best-known works are The Woman in White, No Name, Armadale, the last is considered the first modern English detective novel. Born into the family of painter William Collins in London, he lived with his family in Italy and France as a child and learned French and he worked as a clerk for a tea merchant. After his first novel, Antonina, was published in 1850, he met Charles Dickens, some of Collinss works were first published in Dickens journals All the Year Round and Household Words and the two collaborated on drama and fiction. Collins published his best known works in the 1860s, achieved financial stability, during that time he began suffering from gout. After taking opium for the pain, he developed an addiction, during the 1870s and 1880s the quality of his writing declined along with his health. Collins was born at 11 New Cavendish Street, Marylebone, London, named after his father, he swiftly became known by his middle name, which honoured his godfather, David Wilkie. The family moved to Pond Street, Hampstead, in 1826, in 1828 Collinss brother Charles Allston Collins was born. Between 1829 and 1830, the Collins family moved twice, first to Hampstead Square and then to Porchester Terrace, Wilkie and Charles received their early education from their mother at home. The Collins family were religious, and Collinss mother enforced strict church attendance on her sons. In 1835, Collins began attending school at the Maida Vale academy, from 1836 to 1838, he lived with his parents in Italy and France, which made a great impression on him. He learned Italian while the family was in Italy and began learning French, in which he would eventually become fluent. From 1838 to 1840, he attended the Reverend Coles private boarding school in Highbury, in 1840 the family moved to 85 Oxford Terrace, Bayswater. In late 1840, he left school and was apprenticed as a clerk to the firm of tea merchants Antrobus & Co and he disliked his clerical work but remained employed by the company for more than five years. Collinss first story The Last Stage Coachman, was published in the Illuminated Magazine in August 1843, in 1844 he travelled to Paris with Charles Ward. That same year he wrote his first novel, Iolani, or Tahiti as It Was, a Romance, the novel remained unpublished during his lifetime. It was during the writing of this novel that Collinss father first learned that his assumptions that Wilkie would follow him in becoming a painter were mistaken, William Collins had intended Wilkie for a clergyman and was disappointed in his sons lack of interest. In 1846 he instead entered Lincolns Inn to study law, on the initiative of his father, Wilkie showed only a slight interest in law and spent most of his time with friends and on working on a second novel, Antonina, or the Fall of Rome
Wilkie Collins
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Wilkie Collins
Wilkie Collins
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Signature
Wilkie Collins
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Portrait by
John Everett Millais, 1850
Wilkie Collins
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Photograph by
Napoleon Sarony, 1874
15.
The Woman in White (novel)
–
The Woman in White is Wilkie Collins fifth published novel, written in 1859. It is considered to be among the first mystery novels and is regarded as one of the first in the genre of sensation novels. The story is considered an early example of detective fiction with protagonist Walter Hartright employing many of the sleuthing techniques of later private detectives. In 2003, Robert McCrum writing for The Observer listed The Woman in White number 23 in the top 100 greatest novels of all time, Walter Hartright – A young teacher of drawing, something of an everyman character, and distinguished by a strong sense of justice. Frederick Fairlie – A wealthy hypochondriac land-owner, the uncle of Laura Fairlie, Laura Fairlie – Mr. Fairlies gentle, guileless, pretty niece, an heiress and orphan. Marian Halcombe – Lauras elder half-sister and companion, not attractive but intelligent and she is described as one of the finest creations in all Victorian fiction by John Sutherland. Anne Catherick – An eccentric young woman distinguished by her insistence on white clothes, jane Catherick – Annes unsympathetic mother, in league with Sir Percival Glyde in committing her daughter to the asylum. Vincent Gilmore – Lawyer to the Fairlies and close friend, Sir Percival Glyde, Baronet – Lauras fiancé and then husband, able to appear charming and gracious when he wishes but often abrasive. Count Fosco – Sir Percivals closest friend, his name is Isidor Ottavio Baldassare Fosco. A grossly obese Italian with a mysterious past, eccentric, bombastic, urbane but intelligent and he keeps canaries and mice as pets. The Count greatly admires Marian for her intellect, so much so that he is willing to compromise several weak points in his plan for her sake, countess Fosco – Lauras aunt, once a giddy girl but now humourless and in near-unbroken obedience to her husband. Professor Pesca – A teacher of Italian and good friend of Walter, the professor finds Walter the Limmeridge job, introducing him to Laura and Marian and proves to be Foscos unexpected nemesis. Soon afterward, he travels to Limmeridge House in Cumberland, having been hired as a master on the recommendation of his friend, Pesca. The Limmeridge household comprises the invalid Frederick Fairlie, and Walters students, Laura Fairlie, Mr. Fairlies niece, over the next few months, Walter and Laura fall in love, despite Lauras betrothal to Sir Percival Glyde, Baronet. Upon realizing this, Marian advises Walter to leave Limmeridge, Laura receives an anonymous letter warning her against marrying Glyde. Walter deduces that Anne has sent the letter and encounters her again in Cumberland, concurrently, Walter joins an expedition to Honduras. After six months, Sir Percival and Lady Glyde return to his house, Blackwater Park in Hampshire, accompanied by Glydes friend, Marian, at Lauras request, resides at Blackwater and learns that Glyde is in financial difficulties. Glyde attempts to bully Laura into signing a document that would allow him to use her marriage settlement of £20,000, Anne, who is now terminally ill, travels to Blackwater Park and contacts Laura, saying that she holds a secret that will ruin Glydes life
The Woman in White (novel)
–
Cover of first US edition
16.
The Moonstone
–
The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins is a 19th-century British epistolary novel, generally considered the first full length detective novel in the English language. The story was serialised in Charles Dickens magazine All the Year Round. The Moonstone and The Woman in White are widely considered Wilkie Collins best novels, besides creating many of the ground rules of the detective novel, The Moonstone also reflected Collins enlightened social attitudes in his treatment of the servants in the novel. Collins adapted The Moonstone for the stage in 1877, but the production was performed for two months. The Moonstone of the title is a diamond, not to be confused with the semi-precious moonstone gem and it gained its name from its association with the Hindu god of the moon Chandra. It was said to be protected by hereditary guardians on the orders of Vishnu, Rachel Verinder, a young English woman, inherits a large Indian diamond on her eighteenth birthday. It is a legacy from her uncle, a corrupt British army officer who served in India, the diamond is of great religious significance as well as being extremely valuable, and three Hindu priests have dedicated their lives to recovering it. The story incorporates elements of the origins of the Hope Diamond. Rachels eighteenth birthday is celebrated with a party, at which the guests include her cousin Franklin Blake. She wears the Moonstone on her dress that evening for all to see, later that night, the diamond is stolen from Rachels bedroom, and a period of turmoil, unhappiness, misunderstandings and ill-luck ensues. Told by a series of narratives from some of the main characters, colonel Herncastle, an unpleasant former soldier, brings the Moonstone back with him from India where he acquired it by theft and murder during the Siege of Seringapatam. Rachel wears the stone to her party, but that night it disappears from her room. Despite the efforts of Sergeant Cuff, a detective, the house party ends with the mystery unsolved. During the ensuing year there are hints that the diamond was removed from the house and may be in a London bank vault, the Indian jugglers are still nearby, watching and waiting. Finally Franklin Blake returns from traveling abroad and determines to solve the mystery and he first discovers that Rosanna Spearmans behavior was due to her having fallen in love with him. She found evidence that convinced her that he was the thief and concealed it to him, confusing the trail of evidence. Now believing that Rachel suspects him of the theft on Rosannas evidence, Franklin engineers a meeting and asks her. To his astonishment she tells him she saw him steal the diamond and has been protecting his reputation at the cost of her own even though she believes him to be a thief
The Moonstone
–
First edition title page
17.
Monsieur Lecoq (novel)
–
Monsieur Lecoq is a novel by the nineteenth-century French detective fiction writer Émile Gaboriau, whom André Gide referred to as the father of all current detective fiction. The novel depicts the first case of Monsieur Lecoq, a young policeman who appears in other novels by Gaboriau. Gaboriau first achieved publishing success with L’Affaire Lerouge, serialised in 1865, which featured the amateur detective, Tabaret, Gaboriau then went on to publish Le Crime d’Orcival, Le Dossier no. 113, and Les Esclaves de Paris, in December 1867, Moïse Millaud and Gaboriau renewed their contract from the previous year, in which Gaboriau had committed to publishing his literary works in Millaud et Compagnie papers. It was decided to publish a work that Gaboriau had started in 1864. It would be entitled Monsieur Lecoq, the name of the policeman that the two preceding series had made famous, Millaud launched an extensive and shrewd publicity campaign to promote the work. Around 15 April 1868, walls in Paris and other French towns were covered with large multi-coloured posters, on 21 April, the same exclamations appeared on the fourth page on many newspapers, which aroused curiosity. In the Petit Journal of the date, Timothée Trim feigned ignorance and astonishment. On 24 May newspaper vendors asked for an increase in copies for the day Monsieur Lecoq was published for the first time. Publication started on 27 May and ended on 3 December, with a one week break between parts one and two between 31 July and 7 August, the novel was a considerable success. The novel is split into two parts, I – L’Enquête, II – L’Honneur du nom, lits observes that Lecoq’s name was clearly formed in imitation of Vidocq, and that this was the name of the policeman in Paul Féval’s Habits Noirs. Gaboriau’s detectives, both Lecoq and Tabaret, solve crimes in a manner that is similar to that of Edgar Allan Poe’s detective, Dupin. ”Lenquête Policemen on patrol in a area of Paris hear a cry coming from the Poivrière bar. There is evidence of a struggle, two dead men are lying next to the fireplace, another is lying in the middle of the room. A wounded man, who is certainly the murderer, stands in a doorway, gévrol, the inspector, tells him to give himself up, and he protests his innocence, claiming self-defence. He tries to escape, and when he is caught he cries, “Lost…It is the Prussians who are coming. ”The wounded third man blames Jean Lacheneur for leading him to this place, and vows revenge. Gévrol, judging from the attire, concludes that he was a soldier. His young colleague, Monsieur Lecoq, remarks that the man cannot be a soldier because his hair is too long, Lecoq expounds his interpretation of the case to him, stating that the vagabond they had arrested is in fact an upper class man. He comments that the remark about the Prussians was an allusion to the battle of Waterloo
Monsieur Lecoq (novel)
–
Monsieur Lecoq
18.
Arthur Conan Doyle
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He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of Professor Challenger, a second character he invented, and for propagating the mystery of the Mary Celeste. He was a writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction. Doyle is often referred to as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle or simply Conan Doyle and his baptism entry in the register of St Marys Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives Arthur Ignatius Conan as his given names and Doyle as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather, the cataloguers of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat Doyle alone as his surname. Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, wrote, shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply Doyle, when knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle. Nevertheless, the use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the fact that Doyles second wife was known as Jean Conan Doyle rather than Jean Doyle. Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh and his father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was English, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary, was Irish Catholic. In 1864 the family dispersed because of Charless growing alcoholism, in 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place. Doyles father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, at the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine. He then went on to Stonyhurst College until 1875, from 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria. He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic and he also later became a spiritualist mystic. From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, including working in Aston, Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns. During that time, he studied botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. While studying, Doyle began writing short stories and his earliest extant fiction, The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe, was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwoods Magazine. His first published piece, The Mystery of Sasassa Valley, a set in South Africa, was printed in Chamberss Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879. Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880 and, C. M. as a ships surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast. He completed his M. D. degree on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885, arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea
Arthur Conan Doyle
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Portrait of Doyle by
Herbert Rose Barraud, 1893
Arthur Conan Doyle
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Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Conan Doyle
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Portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget, 1904
Arthur Conan Doyle
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Sherlock Holmes statue in Edinburgh, erected opposite the birthplace of Doyle which was demolished c.1970
19.
Scotland Yard
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Scotland Yard is a metonym for the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, the territorial police force responsible for policing most of London. The name derives from the location of the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place, the Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous. The New York Times wrote in 1964 that just as Wall Street gave its name to New Yorks financial district, Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London. The force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890, to a completed building on the Victoria Embankment. An adjacent building was completed in 1906, a third building was added in 1940. In 1967, the MPS moved its headquarters from the complex to a tall. In November 2016, MPS moved to its new headquarters, which continues to bear the name of New Scotland Yard. the sign spins around non stop and it has a camera inside it. The Metropolitan Police Service is responsible for law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the square mile of the City of London, additionally, the London Underground and National Rail networks are the responsibility of the British Transport Police. The Metropolitan Police was formed by Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act, Peel, with the help of Eugène-François Vidocq, selected the original site on Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters. The first two commissioners, Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, along with police officers and staff. Previously a private house,4 Whitehall Place backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard, in 1888, during the construction of the new building, workers discovered the dismembered torso of a female, the case, known as the Whitehall Mystery, was never solved. In 1890, police moved to the new location, which was named New Scotland Yard. By this time, the Metropolitan Police had grown from its initial 1,000 officers to about 13,000 and needed more administrative staff, further increases in the size and responsibilities of the force required even more administrators and space. Therefore, new buildings were constructed and completed in 1906 and 1940, the first two buildings are now a Grade I listed structure known as the Norman Shaw Buildings. The original building at 4 Whitehall Place still has an entrance on Great Scotland Yard. Stables for some of the branch are still located at 7 Great Scotland Yard. By the 1960s the requirements of modern technology and further increases in the size of the force meant that it had outgrown its three-building complex on Victoria Embankment. In 1967 New Scotland Yard moved to a newly constructed building on Broadway, from 1967 to 2016, the third building of the first New Scotland Yard was partly used as the base for the Mets Territorial Support Group
Scotland Yard
–
The famous revolving sign outside the current New Scotland Yard building, located in
Victoria, London.
Scotland Yard
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The original New Scotland Yard, now called the
Norman Shaw Buildings
Scotland Yard
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The current New Scotland Yard building in Victoria Street
20.
Fergus Hume
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Fergusson Wright Hume, known as Fergus Hume, was a prolific English novelist. Hume was born in England, the son of James Hume. When he was three the family emigrated to Dunedin, New Zealand, where he was educated at Otago Boys High School and he was admitted to the New Zealand bar in 1885. Shortly after graduation Hume relocated to Melbourne, Australia, where he obtained a job as a barristers clerk and he began writing plays, but found it impossible to persuade the managers of Melbourne theatres to accept or even to read them. Finding that the novels of Émile Gaboriau were then popular in Melbourne, Hume obtained and read a set of them. The result was The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne and it was self-published in 1886 and became a great success. Because he sold the British and American rights for 50 pounds, however and it became the best-selling mystery novel of the Victorian era, in 1990 John Sutherland called it the most sensationally popular crime and detective novel of the century. This novel inspired Arthur Conan Doyle to write A Study in Scarlet, Doyle remarked, Hansom Cab was a slight tale, mostly sold by puffing. After the success of his first novel and the publication of another, Professor Brankels Secret and he resided in London for a few years and then moved to the Essex countryside where he lived in Thundersley for 30 years. Eventually he produced more than 100 novels and short stories, Hume did not seek publicity and little is known of his personal life. The writer of the notice in The Times stated that he was a very religious man who during his last years did much lecturing to young peoples clubs. He died at Thundersley on 12 July 1932, shortly after completing his last book, list of crime writers Crime fiction Detective fiction Giallo Mystery fiction Whodunit Other sources Serle, Percival. Pauline M. Kirk, Hume, Fergusson Wright, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 4, MUP,1972, pp. 443–44 T. J. Binyon Murder Will Out, The Detective in Fiction ISBN 0-19-219223-X pp. 70–71 D. C
Fergus Hume
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Fergus Hume
Fergus Hume
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Cover of a 1907 New York publication of The Silent House
21.
The Mystery of a Hansom Cab
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The Mystery of a Hansom Cab is a mystery fiction novel by English writer Fergus Hume. The book was first published in Australia, in 1886, set in Melbourne, the story focuses on the investigation of a homicide involving a body discovered in a hansom cab, as well as an exploration into the social class divide in the city. The book was successful in Australia, selling 100,000 copies in the first two print runs. It was then published in Britain and the United States, and went on to sell over 500,000 copies worldwide, outselling the first of Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes novels, A Study in Scarlet. A parody version was published in 1888, and film adaptations were produced in 1911,1915, the story was adapted into a BBC Radio serial in 1958, a stage play in 1990, a radio promotion in 1991, and a telemovie in 2012. Originally from Britain, Fergus Hume worked as a clerk in Melbourne. Hume went on to become an author, and wrote more than 130 novels in fiction subjects including adventure. The Mystery of a Hansom Cab takes place in Melbourne, Australia and involves an investigation into a homicide, after a corpse is discovered in the evening, in a hansom cab. The city of Melbourne plays a significant role in the plot and, as the author describes, the class divide between Melbournes wealthy and less fortunate is addressed throughout the plot. The protagonist in the novel is a policeman named Detective Gorby, as Hume describes the characters investigative skills, He looked keenly round the room, and his estimate of the dead mans character was formed at once. At this time, the street had gained notoriety as a place frequented by prostitutes, the Mystery of a Hansom Cab was first published in Melbourne in 1886, in Britain in 1887, The author self-published the first edition of the novel. And in the United States in 1888, by G. Munro, a Concise History of Australia notes that the book became an international bestseller. In Australia, the book sold 25,000 copies in its first print run, in Britain, in its first six months after publication,300,000 copies were sold, and in 1888, sales continued in thousands in Britain each week. According to A Gregarious Culture, sales of The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, published in 1886, over 500,000 copies were sold in Britain, by the publishing company Jarrod. In the United States, an additional 500,000 copies sold, the author did not benefit greatly from the sales of the work, as he had sold his rights to the book for GB£50. A Gregarious Culture identifies the only copy of the first edition of the book as a treasure of the Mitchell Library at State Library of New South Wales. Illustrated London News reported in 1888 on the popularity of the book, whether travelling by road, rail or river the unpretending little volume was ever present in some companions or strangers hands. The book outsold the worldwide 1887 publication of the Sherlock Holmes novel A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle, a History of the Book in Australia 1891–1945 described the book as a lively and engaging crime novel which used its Melbourne setting to considerable effect
The Mystery of a Hansom Cab
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London edition (1888)
The Mystery of a Hansom Cab
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Fergus Hume c. 1882
The Mystery of a Hansom Cab
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A
Hansom cab
22.
Mass media
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The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which communication takes place include a variety of outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically, via such media as film, radio, recorded music, digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as email, social sites, websites. Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as books, comics, magazines, newspapers, event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media. The organizations that control these technologies, such as studios, publishing companies. In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries, books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television. The explosion of digital technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question. For example, it is whether to include cell phones, computer games. In the 2000s, a called the seven mass media became popular. For example, the Internet includes blogs, podcasts, web sites, the sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as digital media, and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as broadcast media. Some argue that video games have developed into a mass form of media. While a telephone is a communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a phone which is equipped with Internet access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium. There is currently a system by which marketers and advertisers are able to tap into satellites and this transmission of mass advertising to millions of people is another form of mass communication. Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium, video games provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online, excluding the Internet however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually
Mass media
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Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon, 1902
Mass media
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A family listening to a
crystal radio in the 1920s
Mass media
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A panel in the
Newseum in
Washington, D.C., shows the September 12 headlines in America and around the world
Mass media
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Early
minstrel shows lampooned the assumed stupidity of black people. Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843
23.
Mass production
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Mass production, flow production or continuous production is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. Together with job production and batch production, it is one of the three main production methods, the term mass production was popularized by a 1926 article in the Encyclopedia Britannica supplement that was written based on correspondence with Ford Motor Company. The New York Times used the term in the title of an article that appeared before publication of the Britannica article, the concepts of mass production are applied to various kinds of products, from fluids and particulates handled in bulk to discrete solid parts to assemblies of such parts. Mass production is a field, but it can generally be contrasted with craft production or distributed manufacturing. Mass production of fluid matter typically involves pipes with centrifugal pumps or screw conveyors to transfer raw materials or partially complete products between vessels, materials on pallets are handled with forklifts. Also used for handling heavy items like reels of paper, steel or machinery are electric overhead cranes, sometimes called bridge cranes because they span large factory bays. Mass production is intensive and energy intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery. It is also usually automated while total expenditure per unit of product is decreased, however, the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line is so expensive that there must be some assurance that the product is to be successful to attain profits. One of the descriptions of mass production is that the skill is built into the tool, for example, in the 19th or early 20th century, this could be expressed as the craftsmanship is in the workbench itself. Later, once computerized control came about, jigs were obviated and this is the specialized capital required for mass production, each workbench and set of tools is different. Crossbows made with bronze parts were produced in China during the Warring States period, the Qin Emperor unified China at least in part by equipping large armies with these weapons, which were equipped with a sophisticated trigger mechanism made of interchangeable parts. Ships of war were produced on a scale at a moderate cost by the Carthaginians in their excellent harbors. The Venetians themselves also produced ships using prefabricated parts and assembly lines many centuries later, the Venetian Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day, in what was effectively the worlds first factory which, at its height, employed 16,000 people. Mass production in the industry has been commonplace since the Gutenberg Bible was published using a printing press in the mid-15th century. In the Industrial Revolution simple mass production techniques were used at the Portsmouth Block Mills in England to make ships pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Napoleonic Wars. It was achieved in 1803 by Marc Isambard Brunel in cooperation with Henry Maudslay under the management of Sir Samuel Bentham, the Navy was in a state of expansion that required 100,000 pulley blocks to be manufactured a year. Bentham had already achieved remarkable efficiency at the docks by introducing power-driven machinery, by 1805, the dockyard had been fully updated with the revolutionary, purpose-built machinery at a time when products were still built individually with different components. A total of 45 machines were required to perform 22 processes on the blocks, the machines were almost entirely made of metal thus improving their accuracy and durability
Mass production
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Mass production of
Consolidated B-32 Dominator airplanes at
Consolidated Aircraft Plant No. 4, near Fort Worth, Texas, during World War II.
Mass production
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A modern
automobile assembly line.
Mass production
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The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1944. Note parts of
overhead crane at both sides of photo near top.
Mass production
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Ford assembly line, 1913. The magneto assembly line was the first.
24.
Charles Dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
Charles Dickens
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Dickens in New York, 1867
Charles Dickens
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Charles Dickens's birthplace, 393 Commercial Road, Portsmouth
Charles Dickens
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2 Ordnance Terrace,
Chatham, Dickens's home 1817 – May 1821
Charles Dickens
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Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe-blacking factory after his father had been sent to the
Marshalsea, published in the 1892 edition of Forster's Life of Dickens
25.
Strand Magazine
–
The Strand Magazine was a monthly magazine founded by George Newnes, composed of short fiction and general interest articles. It was published in the United Kingdom from January 1891 to March 1950, running to 711 issues and its immediate popularity is evidenced by an initial sale of nearly 300,000. Sales increased in the months, before settling down to a circulation of almost 500,000 copies a month which lasted well into the 1930s. It was edited by Herbert Greenhough Smith from 1891 to 1930, the magazines original offices were in Burleigh Street off The Strand, London. It was revived in 1998 as a quarterly magazine, the Sherlock Holmes short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle were first published in The Strand with illustrations by Sidney Paget. With the serialisation of Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles, sales reached their peak, readers lined up outside the magazines offices, waiting to get the next instalment. E. W. Hornungs stories about A. J. Raffles, other contributors included Grant Allen, Margery Allingham, J. E. Preston Muddock, H. G. Wells, E. C. Bentley, Agatha Christie, Mary Angela Dickens, C. B. Fry, Walter Goodman, E. Nesbit, W. W. Jacobs, Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Morrison, Dorothy L. Sayers, Georges Simenon, Edgar Wallace, Max Beerbohm, P. G. Wodehouse, Dornford Yates and Winston Churchill. Once a sketch drawn by Queen Victoria of one of her children appeared with her permission, Dudeney introduced many new concepts to the puzzle world, including the first known crossnumber puzzle, in 1926. In that same year, Dudeney produced an article, The Psychology of Puzzle Crazes and he edited Perplexities from 1910 until he died in 1930. Savage became the editor, soon to be joined by William Thomas Williams. The puzzle goes by names, the original being The Little Pigley Farm. It has also known as Dogs Mead, Little Pigley, Little Piggly Farm, Little Pigsby, Pilgrims’ Plot. The initial cover featured a corner showing the name of Burleigh Street. The lettering on the plaque in Haités design was changed when Newnes moved to the adjacent address of Southampton Street. A variation of the design was featured on the cover of a sister title. The magazine format changed to the smaller digest size in October 1941, the Strand Magazine ceased publication in March 1950, forced out of the market by declining circulation and rising costs
Strand Magazine
–
Bound volume of The Strand Magazine for January–June 1894 featuring George Charles Haité's cover design
26.
The Final Problem
–
The Final Problem is a short story by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle featuring his detective character Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in Strand Magazine under the title The Adventure of the Final Problem in December 1893 and it appears in book form as part of the collection The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. Conan Doyle later ranked The Final Problem fourth on his personal list of the twelve best Holmes stories and this story, set in 1891, introduces Holmess greatest opponent, the criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty. Holmes arrives at Dr. John Watsons residence one evening in an agitated state and with grazed. First, just as he was turning a corner, a cab suddenly rushed towards him. Second, while Holmes was walking along the street, a brick fell from the roof of a house and he then called the police to search the whole area but could not prove that it was anything other than an accident. Finally, on his way to Watsons house, he was attacked by an armed with a cosh. Holmes managed to overcome his assailant and handed him to the police, Holmes has been tracking Moriarty and his agents for months and is on the brink of snaring them all and delivering them to the dock. Moriarty is the genius behind a highly organized and extremely secret criminal force. Moriarty is out to thwart Holmess plans and is capable of doing so, for he is, as Holmes admits. Holmes asks Watson to come to the continent with him, giving him unusual instructions designed to hide his tracks to Victoria station, Holmes is not quite sure where they will go, which seems rather odd to Watson. Holmes, certain that he has followed to his friends house. The next day Watson follows Holmess instructions to the letter and finds himself waiting in the reserved first class coach for his friend, the cleric soon makes it apparent that he is in fact, Holmes in disguise. As the train out of Victoria, Holmes spots Moriarty on the platform. Holmes is forced to take action as Moriarty has obviously tracked Watson and he and Watson alight at Canterbury, making a change to their planned route. As they are waiting for train to Newhaven a special one-coach train roars through Canterbury. It contains the professor, who has hired the train in an effort to overtake Holmes, Holmes and Watson are forced to hide behind luggage. Watson, however, decides to stay with his friend, Moriarty himself has slipped out of the grasp of the English police and is obviously with them on the continent
The Final Problem
–
Sherlock Holmes and
Moriarty fighting at the
Reichenbach Falls, 1893 illustration by
Sidney Paget
The Final Problem
–
Reichenbach Falls
The Final Problem
–
Statue of Holmes outside the English Church,
Meiringen
The Final Problem
–
London-style Street sign outside the Sherlock Holmes Museum
27.
Historical whodunnit
–
The historical mystery or historical whodunit is a subgenre of two literary genres, historical fiction and mystery fiction. These works are set in a period considered historical from the authors perspective. The increasing popularity and prevalence of type of fiction in subsequent decades has spawned a distinct subgenre recognized by the publishing industry. Publishers Weekly noted in 2010 of the genre, The past decade has seen an explosion in both quantity and quality, never before have so many historical mysteries been published, by so many gifted writers, and covering such a wide range of times and places. Since 1999, the British Crime Writers Association has awarded the CWA Historical Dagger award to novels in the genre, the Left Coast Crime conference has presented its Bruce Alexander Memorial Historical Mystery award since 2004. The stories were set in the past but contained many anachronisms and he subsequently wrote his own Judge Dee stories in the same style and time period. Barry Zeman of the Mystery Writers of America calls the Uncle Abner short stories the starting point for true historical mysteries, in the 22 Uncle Abner tales Post wrote between 1911 and 1928, the character puzzles out local mysteries with his keen observation and knowledge of the Bible. Watson roles in what would become the first of her Dr. Sam, Johnson, in 1944 Agatha Christie published Death Comes as the End, a mystery novel set in ancient Egypt and the first full-length historical whodunit. In 1950, John Dickson Carr published the second full-length historical mystery novel called The Bride of Newgate, using the pen name Ariana Franklin, Diana Norman wrote four Mistress of the Art of Death novels between 2007 and 2010, featuring 12th-century English medical examiner Adelia Aguilar. Publishers Weekly noted in 2010 of the genre, The past decade has seen an explosion in both quantity and quality, never before have so many historical mysteries been published, by so many gifted writers, and covering such a wide range of times and places. In 1999, the British Crime Writers Association awarded the first CWA Historical Dagger award to a novel in the genre, the award was called the Ellis Peters Historical Dagger through 2012. In 2014, Endeavour Press supported the award, which is called the Endeavour Historical Dagger for the 2014 and 2015 awards, the Left Coast Crime conference has presented its Bruce Alexander Memorial Historical Mystery award since 2004. Georgette Heyers The Talisman Ring, set in 1793 England, is a Regency romance with elements of mystery that Jane Aiken Hodge called very nearly a story in period costume. Many of Heyers other historical romances have thriller elements but to a lesser extent. Other variations include mystery novels set in alternate timelines or even fantasy worlds. Sayers set in the Interwar period, however, subsequent Holmes and Wimsey books written by other authors decades later could arguably be classified as historical mysteries
Historical whodunnit
–
Melville Davisson Post's Uncle Abner: Master of Mysteries collection (1918)
28.
Forensic
–
Forensic scientists collect, preserve, and analyze scientific evidence during the course of an investigation. In addition to their role, forensic scientists testify as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases and can work for either the prosecution or the defense. While any field could technically be forensic, certain sections have developed over time to encompass the majority of forensically related cases, the word forensic comes from the Latin term forensis, meaning of or before the forum. The history of the term originates from Roman times, during which a charge meant presenting the case before a group of public individuals in the forum. Both the person accused of the crime and the accuser would give speeches based on their sides of the story, the case would be decided in favor of the individual with the best argument and delivery. This origin is the source of the two usages of the word forensic – as a form of legal evidence and as a category of public presentation. In modern use, the term forensics in the place of science can be considered correct. However, the term is now so closely associated with the field that many dictionaries include the meaning that equates the word forensics with forensic science. The ancient world lacked standardized forensic practices, which aided criminals in escaping punishment, Criminal investigations and trials heavily relied on forced confessions and witness testimony. However, ancient sources do contain several accounts of techniques that foreshadow concepts in science that were developed centuries later. The first written account of using medicine and entomology to solve criminal cases is attributed to the book of Xi Yuan Lu, written in China by Song Ci in 1248, during the Song Dynasty. In one of the accounts, the case of a person murdered with a sickle was solved by an investigator who instructed everyone to bring his sickle to one location, flies, attracted by the smell of blood, eventually gathered on a single sickle. In light of this, the murderer confessed, methods from around the world involved saliva and examination of the mouth and tongue to determine innocence or guilt, as a precursor to the Polygraph test. In ancient India, some suspects were made to fill their mouths with dried rice, similarly, in Ancient China, those accused of a crime would have rice powder placed in their mouths. In ancient middle-eastern cultures, the accused were made to lick hot metal rods briefly, in 16th-century Europe, medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on the cause and manner of death. Ambroise Paré, a French army surgeon, systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs, two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia, laid the foundation of modern pathology by studying changes that occurred in the structure of the body as the result of disease. In the late 18th century, writings on these began to appear. Two examples of English forensic science in individual legal proceedings demonstrate the use of logic
Forensic
–
Forensic science
Forensic
–
Ambroise Paré 's surgical work laid the groundwork for the development of forensic techniques in the following centuries.
Forensic
–
Apparatus for the arsenic test, devised by
James Marsh.
Forensic
–
Fingerprints taken by
William Herschel 1859/60.
29.
Patricia Cornwell
–
Patricia Cornwell is a contemporary American crime writer. She is known for writing a series of novels featuring the heroine Dr. Kay Scarpetta. Her books have more than 100 million copies. A descendant of abolitionist and writer Harriet Beecher Stowe, Cornwell was born on June 9,1956 in Miami, Florida and her father was one of the leading appellate lawyers in the United States and served as a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black. Cornwell later traced her own motivations in life to the abuse she says she suffered from her father. She has said, He was on his deathbed and we knew it was the last time we were seeing each other, he grabbed my brothers hand and mouthed I love you, but he never touched me. All he did was write on a legal pad Hows work, in 1961, Marilyn left with three children in tow and moved to Montreat, North Carolina. Marilyn Daniels, suffering severe depression, was hospitalized. Cornwell turned to Ruth Bell Graham as an authority figure, and it was she who noticed that Cornwells talent lay in writing and encouraged her literary efforts. A. in English. In 1979, Cornwell began working as a reporter for The Charlotte Observer, initially editing TV listings, then moving to features, in 1980, she received the North Carolina Press Associations Investigative Reporting Award for a series on prostitution. She continued at the newspaper until 1981, when she moved to Richmond, Virginia with her first husband, David Cornwell, who enrolled at the Union Theological Seminary. The same year she began working on the biography of Ruth Bell Graham, A Time for Remembering, The Ruth Bell Graham Story, the biography gained a Gold Medallion Book Award from the Evangelic Christian Publishers Association in 1985. It also, however, was a blow to her friendship with Graham- they werent on speaking terms for 8 years following the books publication. In 1985, she took a job at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Virginia and she worked there for six years, first as a technical writer and then as a computer analyst. She also volunteered to work with the Richmond Police Department, the novel won her various awards including the British John Creasey Award, the French Prix du Roman dAdventure and the American Edgar Award. The Scarpetta novels include a great deal of detail on forensic science, the novels generally climax with action scenes in which Scarpetta and her associates confront, or are confronted by, the killer or killers, usually concluding with the death of the killer. The novels are considered to have influenced the development of popular TV series on forensics, other significant themes in the Scarpetta novels include health, individual safety and security, food, family, and the emerging sexual self-discovery of Scarpettas niece. Often, conflicts and secret manipulations by Scarpettas colleagues and staff are involved in the storyline, although scenes from the novels take place in a variety of locations around the United States and internationally, they center around the city of Richmond, Virginia
Patricia Cornwell
–
Patricia Cornwell
30.
Espionage
–
Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology, counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets, and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every country has strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments, events involving espionage are well documented throughout history. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible, which is based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, speaks about Joshua and Caleb, the ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakyas student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, the ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninjas to gather intelligence, aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England, in 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Marys clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception, Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsinghams agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary, in foreign intelligence, Walsinghams extensive network of intelligencers, who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a part of the principal secretarys activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition
Espionage
–
A bamboo version of
The Art of War, written by
Sun-Tzu and containing advice on espionage tactics.
Espionage
–
Political cartoon depicting the Afghan
Emir Sher Ali with his "friends" the
Russian Bear and
British Lion (1878). The
Great Game saw the rise of systematic espionage and surveillance throughout the region by both powers.
Espionage
–
Seal of the
Evidenzbureau, military intelligence service of the
Austrian Empire.
Espionage
–
William Melville helped establish the first independent intelligence agency, the
British Secret Service, and was appointed as its first chief.
31.
Intelligence agency
–
Means of information gathering are both overt and covert and may include espionage, communication interception, cryptanalysis, cooperation with other institutions, and evaluation of public sources. The assembly and propagation of information is known as intelligence analysis or intelligence assessment. Intelligence agencies can provide the services for their national governments. There is a distinction between security intelligence and foreign intelligence, security intelligence pertains to domestic threats. Foreign intelligence involves information collection relating to the political, or economic activities of foreign states, zegart, Flawed by Design, The Evolution of the CIA, JCS, and NSC, Stanford, Calif. Нариси з історії розвідки субєктів державотворення на теренах України / Заг, journals The Journal of Intelligence History Reports Ruiz, Victor H.2010. A Knowledge Taxonomy for Army Intelligence Training, An Assessment of the Military Intelligence Basic Officer Leaders Course Using Lundvalls Knowledge Taxonomy
Intelligence agency
–
The
George Bush Center for Intelligence is the
headquarters of the
Central Intelligence Agency, located in the
unincorporated community of
Langley in
Fairfax County,
Virginia,
United States.
32.
Thriller (genre)
–
Thriller is a broad genre of literature, film and television, having numerous subgenres. Thrillers are characterized and defined by the moods they elicit, giving viewers heightened feelings of suspense, excitement, surprise, anticipation, successful examples of thrillers are the films of Alfred Hitchcock. Thrillers generally keep the audience on the edge of their seats as the plot builds towards a climax, the cover-up of important information is a common element. Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, and cliffhangers are used extensively, a thriller is usually a villain-driven plot, whereby he or she presents obstacles that the protagonist must overcome. Homers Odyssey is one of the oldest stories in the Western world and is regarded as a prototype of the thriller. Thrillers may be defined by the mood that they elicit. In short, if it thrills, it is a thriller, as the introduction to a major anthology explains, Suspense is a crucial characteristic of the thriller genre. It gives the viewer a feeling of pleasurable fascination and excitement mixed with apprehension, anticipation and tension and these develop from unpredictable, mysterious and rousing events during the narrative, which make the viewer or reader think about the outcome of certain actions. Suspense builds in order to make those final moments, no matter how short, the suspense in a story keeps the person hooked to reading or watching more until the climax is reached. In terms of expectations, it may be contrasted with curiosity. The objective is to deliver a story with sustained tension, surprise, the second type of suspense is the. anticipation wherein we either know or else are fairly certain about what is going to happen but are still aroused in anticipation of its actual occurrence. According to Greek philosopher Aristotle in his book Poetics, suspense is an important building block of literature, common methods and themes in crime and action thrillers are mainly ransoms, captivities, heists, revenge, kidnappings. Common in mystery thrillers are investigations and the whodunit technique, common elements in dramatic and psychological thrillers include plot twists, psychology, obsession and mind games. Common in horror thrillers are serial killers, stalking, deathtraps, elements such as fringe theories, false accusations and paranoia are common in paranoid thrillers. Threats to entire countries, spies, espionage, conspiracies, assassins, the themes frequently include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Plots of thrillers involve characters which come into conflict with other or with outside forces. The protagonist of these films is set against a problem, no matter what subgenre a thriller film falls into, it will emphasize the danger that the protagonist faces. While protagonists of thrillers have traditionally been men, women characters are increasingly common
Thriller (genre)
–
A common theme in thrillers involves innocent victims dealing with deranged adversaries, as seen in Hitchcock's film
Rebecca (1940), where Mrs. Danvers tries to persuade Mrs. De Winter to leap to her death.
Thriller (genre)
–
A common occurrence in thrillers is characters being taken as
hostages and with a
ransom in need. (Hostages, 1896 painting by
Jean-Paul Laurens, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon)
Thriller (genre)
–
Little Red Riding Hood is an early example of a psychotic stalker story, a common convention in the thriller genre (art by
Gustave Doré).
Thriller (genre)
–
Rear Window is considered to be one of Hitchcock's best and one of the
greatest movies ever made. The film received four
Academy Award nominations.
33.
Parody
–
A parody is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, parody … is imitation, another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice. Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, animation, gaming, the writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche and burlesque. According to Aristotle, Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody, in ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects. Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para beside, counter, against, Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter-song, an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect, because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule. Old Comedy contained parody, even the gods could be made fun of, the Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a Glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, roman writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In French Neoclassical literature, parody was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another to produce a humorous effect, the Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs. In classical music, as a term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another. The term is sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period. The musicological definition of the parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context. Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the style of a composer or artist. For example, The Ritz Roll and Rock, a song and dance performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the Rock. Conversely, while the work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs. The first usage of the parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598, A Parodie. The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, in the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation
Parody
–
Comedian
Charlie Chaplin impersonating
Hitler for comic effect in the satirical film
The Great Dictator (1940)
Parody
–
Screenshot of a scene in
Jurassic Park (1993) featuring a
Tyrannosaurus rex (left), parodied by Rex the Dinosaur in
Toy Story 2 (1999).
Parody
–
Satirical political cartoon that appeared in
Puck magazine, October 9, 1915. Caption "I did not raise my girl to be a voter" parodies the anti-
World War I song "
I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier ". A chorus of disreputable men support a lone anti-suffrage woman.
Parody
–
Reggie Brown, a voice actor and
Barack Obama impersonator
34.
Cyril Hare
–
Alfred Alexander Gordon Clark was an English judge and crime writer under the pseudonym Cyril Hare. Gordon Clark was born in Mickleham, Surrey, the son of Henry Herbert Gordon Clark of Mickleham Hall. The socialist politician Susan Lawrence was his aunt and he was educated at St Aubyns, Rottingdean and Rugby. He read History at New College, Oxford and graduated with a First and he then studied law and was called to the Bar at Middle Temple in 1924. Gordon Clarks pseudonym was a mixture of Hare Court, where he worked in the chambers of Roland Oliver, and Cyril Mansions, Battersea and they had one son, Charles Philip Gordon Clark, and two daughters, Alexandra Mary Gordon Clark and Cecilia Mary Gordon Clark. As a young man and during the days of the Second World War, Gordon Clark toured as a judges marshal. Between 1942 and 1945 he worked at the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, at the beginning of the war he served a short time at the Ministry of Economic Warfare, and the wartime civil service with many temporary members appears in With a Bare Bodkin. In 1950 he was appointed county judge in Surrey. His professional detective was a large and realistic police officer, Inspector Mallett, Tragedy at Law has never been out of print, and Marcel Berlins described it in 1999 as still among the best whodunnits set in the legal world. P. D. James went further and wrote that it is acknowledged to be the best detective story set in that fascinating world. It appeared at no.85 in The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time, of his other full-length novels, Suicide Excepted shows a man committing an almost perfect murder, only to find that a quirk of the insurance laws deprives him of the reward. Among the more outstanding of Hares literary contributions are his short stories, miss Burnsides Dilemma describes the predicament of a person who uncovers a piece of unscrupulous, but entirely legal chicanery by someone she had previously admired. Having suffered from tuberculosis shortly after the Second World War Gordon Clark was never again in full health and died at his home near Box Hill, Surrey at the age of only 57
Cyril Hare
–
1950s
Penguin photograph of Cyril Hare
35.
Alter ego
–
An alter ego is a second self, which is believed to be distinct from a persons normal or original personality. A person who has an alter ego is said to lead a double life, the term appeared in common usage in the early 19th century when dissociative identity disorder was first described by psychologists. Cicero coined the term as part of his philosophical construct in 1st century Rome, but he described it as a second self and its also used to designate the best friend of another character in a story. Similarly, the alter ego may be applied to the role or persona taken on by an actor or by other types of performers. The existence of self was first recognized in the 1730s. Anton Mesmer used hypnosis to separate the alter ego and these experiments showed a behavior pattern that was distinct from the personality of the individual when he was in the waking state compared with when he was under hypnosis. Another character had developed in the state of consciousness but in the same body. Alter ego is also used to refer to the different behaviors any person may display in certain situations, related concepts include avatar, doppelgänger, impersonator, and dissociative identity disorder. The title characters in Robert Louis Stevensons thriller Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde represent an exploration of the concept that good and evil exist within one person, constantly at war. Edward Hyde literally represents the other self, a psychopath who is unrestrained by the conventions of civilized society. The names Jekyll and Hyde have since become synonymous with a personality or an alter ego that becomes capable of overpowering the original self. In comic books, superheroes and their identities are often considered alter egos. The archetypal comic book hero, Superman, assumes the identity of the newspaper reporter Clark Kent in order to live among the citizens of Metropolis without arousing suspicion. Comic book-inspired alter egos can be seen in forms of popular fiction, including television and movie adaptations of comic books, parodies of this genre. The movie Fight Club, the narrator, played by Ed Norton, has an Alter Ego he loses control of, Tyler Durden, the British Pop Group Steps are seen in their Alter Egos in the Music Video for one of their popular singles, Deeper Shade of Blue
Alter ego
–
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
36.
Ruth Rendell
–
Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, CBE was an English author of thrillers and psychological murder mysteries. Rendells best-known creation, Chief Inspector Wexford, was the hero of many popular police stories and this theme was developed further in a third series of novels, written under her pseudonym Barbara Vine. Rendell was born Ruth Barbara Grasemann in 1930, in South Woodford and her mother, Ebba Kruse, was born in Sweden and brought up in Denmark, her father, Arthur Grasemann, was English. As a result of spending Christmas and other holidays in Scandinavia, Rendell was educated at the County High School for Girls in Loughton, Essex, the town to which the family moved during her childhood. After high school she became a writer for her local Essex paper. However, she was forced to resign after filing a story about a sports club dinner she hadnt attended. Rendell met her husband Don Rendell when she was working as a newswriter and they married when she was 20, and in 1953 had a son, Simon, now a psychiatric social worker who lives in the U. S. state of Colorado. The couple divorced in 1975 but remarried two years later, Don Rendell died in 1999 from prostate cancer. She sat in the House of Lords for the Labour Party, in 1998 Rendell was named in a list of the partys biggest private financial donors. She introduced into the Lords the bill that would become the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003. In August 2014, Rendell was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to Septembers referendum on that issue, a number of her works have been adapted for film or television. She was also a patron of the charity Kids for Kids which helps children in areas of Darfur. There is a plaque on one of her homes,45 Millsmead Way. This was unveiled by her son, Simon on 24 February 2016, Rendell had a stroke on 7 January 2015 and died on 2 May 2015. Rendell said that the character of Wexford was based on herself. The Monster in the Box and this was incorrect, however, it was the final novel featuring Wexford as an employed policeman, in the novel that followed, The Vault, he retired. Among such books are A Judgement in Stone, The Face of Trespass, Live Flesh, Talking to Strange Men, The Killing Doll, Going Wrong and Adam and Eve and Pinch Me. For the last novel published in her lifetime, The Girl Next Door, she returned to the Loughton of her childhood, Rendell created a third strand of writing with the publication in 1986 of A Dark-Adapted Eye under her pseudonym Barbara Vine. The author was noted for her elegant prose and sharp insights into the mind, as well as her cogent plots
Ruth Rendell
–
Rendell in August 2007
37.
Barbara Vine
–
Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, CBE was an English author of thrillers and psychological murder mysteries. Rendells best-known creation, Chief Inspector Wexford, was the hero of many popular police stories and this theme was developed further in a third series of novels, written under her pseudonym Barbara Vine. Rendell was born Ruth Barbara Grasemann in 1930, in South Woodford and her mother, Ebba Kruse, was born in Sweden and brought up in Denmark, her father, Arthur Grasemann, was English. As a result of spending Christmas and other holidays in Scandinavia, Rendell was educated at the County High School for Girls in Loughton, Essex, the town to which the family moved during her childhood. After high school she became a writer for her local Essex paper. However, she was forced to resign after filing a story about a sports club dinner she hadnt attended. Rendell met her husband Don Rendell when she was working as a newswriter and they married when she was 20, and in 1953 had a son, Simon, now a psychiatric social worker who lives in the U. S. state of Colorado. The couple divorced in 1975 but remarried two years later, Don Rendell died in 1999 from prostate cancer. She sat in the House of Lords for the Labour Party, in 1998 Rendell was named in a list of the partys biggest private financial donors. She introduced into the Lords the bill that would become the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003. In August 2014, Rendell was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to Septembers referendum on that issue, a number of her works have been adapted for film or television. She was also a patron of the charity Kids for Kids which helps children in areas of Darfur. There is a plaque on one of her homes,45 Millsmead Way. This was unveiled by her son, Simon on 24 February 2016, Rendell had a stroke on 7 January 2015 and died on 2 May 2015. Rendell said that the character of Wexford was based on herself. The Monster in the Box and this was incorrect, however, it was the final novel featuring Wexford as an employed policeman, in the novel that followed, The Vault, he retired. Among such books are A Judgement in Stone, The Face of Trespass, Live Flesh, Talking to Strange Men, The Killing Doll, Going Wrong and Adam and Eve and Pinch Me. For the last novel published in her lifetime, The Girl Next Door, she returned to the Loughton of her childhood, Rendell created a third strand of writing with the publication in 1986 of A Dark-Adapted Eye under her pseudonym Barbara Vine. The author was noted for her elegant prose and sharp insights into the mind, as well as her cogent plots
Barbara Vine
–
Rendell in August 2007
38.
John Dickson Carr
–
John Dickson Carr was an American author of detective stories, who also published using the pseudonyms Carter Dickson, Carr Dickson and Roger Fairbairn. Carr is generally regarded as one of the greatest writers of so-called Golden Age mysteries, complex and he was influenced in this regard by the works of Gaston Leroux and by the Father Brown stories of G. K. Chesterton. He was a master of so-called locked room mystery, in which a detective solves apparently impossible crimes. The Dr. Fell mystery The Hollow Man, usually considered Carrs masterpiece, was selected during 1981 as the best locked-room mystery of all time by a panel of 17 mystery authors and reviewers and he was also an author of historical mystery. A resident of England for a number of years, Carr is often grouped among British-style mystery writers, most of his novels had English settings, especially country villages and estates, and English characters. His two best-known fictional detective characters were both English, the son of Wooda Nicholas Carr, a U. S. congressman from Pennsylvania, Carr graduated from The Hill School in Pottstown during 1925 and Haverford College during 1929. During the early 1930s, he relocated to England, where he married Clarice Cleaves and he began his mystery-writing career there, returning to the United States as an internationally known author during 1948. He was also presented the MWAs Grand Master award during 1963, Carr was one of only two Americans ever admitted to the British Detection Club. During early spring 1963, while living in Mamaroneck, New York, Carr suffered a stroke and he continued to write using one hand, and for several years contributed a regular column of mystery and detective book reviews, The Jury Box, to Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine. Carr eventually relocated to Greenville, South Carolina, and he died there of cancer on February 28,1977. Carrs two major characters, Dr. Fell and Sir Henry Merrivale, are superficially quite similar. Both are large, upper-class, eccentric Englishmen somewhere between middle-aged and elderly, Dr. Fell, who is fat and walks only with the aid of two canes, was clearly modelled on the British writer G. K. Chesterton and is at all times civil and genial. He has a mass of untidy hair that is often covered by a shovel hat. He lives in a modest cottage and does not have any association with public authorities. Henry Merrivale or H. M. on the hand, although stout and with a majestic corporation, is active physically and is feared for his ill-temper. In a 1949 novel, A Graveyard To Let, for example, a wealthy descendant of the oldest baronetcy in England, he is part of the Establishment and in the earlier novels is the director of the British Secret Service. In The Plague Court Murders he is said to be qualified as both a barrister and a medical doctor. Even in the earliest books the bald, bespectacled, and scowling H. M. is clearly a Churchillian figure, many of the Merrivale novels, written using the Carter Dickson byline, rank with Carrs best work, including the much-praised The Judas Window
John Dickson Carr
–
John Dickson Carr
John Dickson Carr
–
1st US edition
39.
Carter Dickson
–
John Dickson Carr was an American author of detective stories, who also published using the pseudonyms Carter Dickson, Carr Dickson and Roger Fairbairn. Carr is generally regarded as one of the greatest writers of so-called Golden Age mysteries, complex and he was influenced in this regard by the works of Gaston Leroux and by the Father Brown stories of G. K. Chesterton. He was a master of so-called locked room mystery, in which a detective solves apparently impossible crimes. The Dr. Fell mystery The Hollow Man, usually considered Carrs masterpiece, was selected during 1981 as the best locked-room mystery of all time by a panel of 17 mystery authors and reviewers and he was also an author of historical mystery. A resident of England for a number of years, Carr is often grouped among British-style mystery writers, most of his novels had English settings, especially country villages and estates, and English characters. His two best-known fictional detective characters were both English, the son of Wooda Nicholas Carr, a U. S. congressman from Pennsylvania, Carr graduated from The Hill School in Pottstown during 1925 and Haverford College during 1929. During the early 1930s, he relocated to England, where he married Clarice Cleaves and he began his mystery-writing career there, returning to the United States as an internationally known author during 1948. He was also presented the MWAs Grand Master award during 1963, Carr was one of only two Americans ever admitted to the British Detection Club. During early spring 1963, while living in Mamaroneck, New York, Carr suffered a stroke and he continued to write using one hand, and for several years contributed a regular column of mystery and detective book reviews, The Jury Box, to Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine. Carr eventually relocated to Greenville, South Carolina, and he died there of cancer on February 28,1977. Carrs two major characters, Dr. Fell and Sir Henry Merrivale, are superficially quite similar. Both are large, upper-class, eccentric Englishmen somewhere between middle-aged and elderly, Dr. Fell, who is fat and walks only with the aid of two canes, was clearly modelled on the British writer G. K. Chesterton and is at all times civil and genial. He has a mass of untidy hair that is often covered by a shovel hat. He lives in a modest cottage and does not have any association with public authorities. Henry Merrivale or H. M. on the hand, although stout and with a majestic corporation, is active physically and is feared for his ill-temper. In a 1949 novel, A Graveyard To Let, for example, a wealthy descendant of the oldest baronetcy in England, he is part of the Establishment and in the earlier novels is the director of the British Secret Service. In The Plague Court Murders he is said to be qualified as both a barrister and a medical doctor. Even in the earliest books the bald, bespectacled, and scowling H. M. is clearly a Churchillian figure, many of the Merrivale novels, written using the Carter Dickson byline, rank with Carrs best work, including the much-praised The Judas Window
Carter Dickson
–
John Dickson Carr
Carter Dickson
–
1st US edition
40.
Evan Hunter
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Ed McBain is one of the pen names of an American author and screenwriter. Born Salvatore Albert Lombino, he adopted the name Evan Hunter in 1952. While successful and well known as Evan Hunter, he was better known as Ed McBain. He also used the pen names John Abbott, Curt Cannon, Hunt Collins, Ezra Hannon and his 87th Precinct novels have become staples of the police procedural genre. Salvatore Lombino was born and raised in New York City and he lived in East Harlem until age 12, when his family moved to the Bronx. He attended Olinville Junior High School, then Evander Childs High School, later, he was admitted as an art student at Cooper Union. Lombino served in the Navy in World War II and wrote short stories while serving aboard a destroyer in the Pacific. However, none of these stories was published until after he had established himself as an author in the 1950s. After the war, Lombino returned to New York and attended Hunter College, where he majored in English and psychology, with minors in dramatics and education and he published a weekly column in the Hunter College newspaper as S. A. Lombino. In 1981, Lombino was inducted into the Hunter College Hall of Fame, while looking to start a career as a writer, Lombino took a variety of jobs, including 17 days as a teacher at Bronx Vocational High School in September 1950. This experience would form the basis for his novel Blackboard Jungle. In 1951, Lombino took a job as an editor for the Scott Meredith Literary Agency, working with authors such as Poul Anderson. Clarke, Lester del Rey, Richard S. Prather, and P. G. Wodehouse and he made his first professional short story sale that same year, a science-fiction tale titled Welcome, Martians. Soon after his initial sale, Lombino sold stories under the pen names Evan Hunter, the name Evan Hunter is generally believed to have been derived from two schools he attended, Evander Childs High School and Hunter College, although the author himself would never confirm that. Lombino legally changed his name to Evan Hunter in May 1952, thereafter, he used the name Evan Hunter both personally and professionally. As Evan Hunter, he gained notice with his novel Blackboard Jungle dealing with juvenile crime, the film adaptation followed in 1955. During this era, Hunter also wrote a great deal of genre fiction and he was advised by his agents that publishing too much fiction under the Hunter byline, or publishing any crime fiction as Evan Hunter, might weaken his literary reputation. Consequently, during the 1950s Hunter used the pseudonyms Curt Cannon, Hunt Collins, Ed McBain, his best known pseudonym, was first used with Cop Hater, the first novel in the 87th Precinct crime series
Evan Hunter
–
Ed McBain in March 2001
41.
Agatha Christie
–
Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, DBE was an English crime novelist, short story writer and playwright. She is best known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly revolving around her fictional detectives Hercule Poirot. She also wrote the worlds longest-running play, a mystery, The Mousetrap. In 1971 she was made a Dame for her contribution to literature, Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon. She served in a hospital during the First World War before marrying and starting a family in London and she was initially an unsuccessful writer, but The Mysterious Affair at Styles was published in 1920 featuring Hercule Poirot. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling novelist of all time and her novels have sold roughly 2 billion copies, and her estate claims that her works come third in the rankings of the worlds most-widely published books, behind only Shakespeares works and the Bible. According to Index Translationum, she remains the most-translated individual author – having been translated into at least 103 languages. And Then There Were None is Christies best-selling novel, with 100 million sales to date, making it the worlds best-selling mystery ever, in 1955 Christie was the first recipient of the Mystery Writers of Americas highest honour, the Grand Master Award. Later the same year, Witness for the Prosecution received an Edgar Award by the MWA for Best Play, in 2013, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd was voted the best crime novel ever by 600 fellow writers of the Crime Writers Association. Most of her books and short stories have been adapted for television, radio, video games and comics, Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller was born on 15 September 1890, into a wealthy upper middle-class family in Ashfield, Torquay, Devon. Her mother, Clara Boehmer, was an Englishwoman who was born in Belfast in 1854 to Captain Frederick Boehmer and Mary Ann West, Clara Boehmer had four brothers, one of whom died young. Captain Boehmer was killed in an accident while stationed on Jersey in April 1863. Under financial strain, she sent Clara to live with her aunt Margaret Miller, the couple lived in Prinsted, West Sussex. Clara stayed with Margaret, and there she met her husband, an American stockbroker named Frederick Alvah Miller. Christies father Frederick was a member of the American upper class and he was considered personable and friendly by those who knew him. He soon developed a relationship with Clara, and they were married in April 1878. Clara soon purchased a villa in Torquay named Ashfield in which to raise her family, Christie described her childhood as very happy. She was surrounded by a series of strong and independent women from an early age
Agatha Christie
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Agatha Christie as a girl, date unknown
Agatha Christie
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Dame Agatha Christie
DBE
Agatha Christie
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Agatha Christie's room at the
Pera Palace Hotel in
Istanbul, where she wrote Murder on the Orient Express
Agatha Christie
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Blue plaque, 58 Sheffield Terrace,
Holland Park, London
42.
Hercule Poirot
–
Hercule Poirot is a fictional Belgian detective, created by Agatha Christie. Poirot is one of Christies most famous and long-lived characters, appearing in 33 novels, one play, and more than 50 short stories published between 1920 and 1975. Poirots name was derived from two other fictional detectives of the time, Marie Belloc Lowndes Hercule Popeau and Frank Howel Evans Monsieur Poiret, a more obvious influence on the early Poirot stories is that of Arthur Conan Doyle. In An Autobiography, Christie states, I was still writing in the Sherlock Holmes tradition – eccentric detective, stooge assistant, with a Lestrade-type Scotland Yard detective, for his part, Conan Doyle acknowledged basing his detective stories on the model of Edgar Allan Poes C. Auguste Dupin and his anonymous narrator, and basing his character Sherlock Holmes on Joseph Bell, unlike the models mentioned above, Christies Poirot was clearly the result of her early development of the detective in her first book, written in 1916 and published in 1920. Poirot first appeared in The Mysterious Affair at Styles and exited in Curtain, following the latter, Poirot was the only fictional character to receive an obituary on the front page of The New York Times. By 1930, Agatha Christie found Poirot insufferable, and by 1960 she felt that he was a detestable, bombastic, tiresome, yet the public loved him and Christie refused to kill him off, claiming that it was her duty to produce what the public liked. Captain Arthur Hastingss first description of Poirot, He was hardly more than five feet four inches and his head was exactly the shape of an egg, and he always perched it a little on one side. His moustache was very stiff and military, even if everything on his face was covered, the tips of moustache and the pink-tipped nose would be visible. The neatness of his attire was almost incredible, I believe a speck of dust would have caused him more pain than a bullet wound. Yet this quaint dandified little man who, I was sorry to see, in the later books, his limp is not mentioned, suggesting it may have been a temporary wartime injury. Poirot has green eyes that are described as shining like a cats when he is struck by a clever idea, and dark hair. In Curtain, he admits to Hastings that he wears a wig, however, in many of his screen incarnations, he is bald or balding. Frequent mention is made of his patent leather shoes, damage to which is frequently a source of misery for him, Poirots appearance, regarded as fastidious during his early career, later falls hopelessly out of fashion. Among Poirots most significant personal attributes is the sensitivity of his stomach, mon estomac, thought Hercule Poirot, and closed his eyes determinedly. He suffers from sea sickness, and in Death in the Clouds he states that his air sickness prevents him from being more alert at the time of the murder. Later in his life, we are told, Always a man who had taken his stomach seriously, eating was not only a physical pleasure, it was also an intellectual research. Poirot is extremely punctual and carries a pocket watch almost to the end of his career
Hercule Poirot
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Florin Court became the fictional residence of Agatha Christie's Poirot, known as "Whitehaven Mansions"
Hercule Poirot
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David Suchet as Hercule Poirot
Hercule Poirot
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Albert Finney playing Poirot in the 1974 film,
Murder on the Orient Express
Hercule Poirot
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Peter Ustinov as Poirot in a
1982 adaptation of the novel
Evil Under the Sun
43.
Miss Jane Marple
–
Jane Marple, usually referred to as Miss Marple, is a fictional character appearing in 12 of Agatha Christies crime novels and in 20 short stories. Miss Marple is a spinster who lives in the village of St. Mary Mead. Alongside Hercule Poirot, she is one of the most loved and her first appearance was in a short story published in The Royal Magazine in December 1927, The Tuesday Night Club, which later became the first chapter of The Thirteen Problems. Her first appearance in a novel was in The Murder at the Vicarage in 1930. The character of Miss Marple is based on Christies step grandmother, or her Aunt, Christie also used material from her fictional creation, spinster Caroline Sheppard, who appeared in The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. When Michael Morton adapted the novel for the stage, he replaced the character of Caroline with a young girl and this change saddened Christie and she determined to give old maids a voice, Miss Marple was born. There is no source for the derivation of the name Marple. The most common explanation is that the name was taken from Marple railway station in Stockport, alternatively, Christie may have taken the name from a family named Marple, who lived at Marple Hall near her sister Madges home at Abney Hall. The character of Jane Marple in the first Miss Marple book and this early version of Miss Marple is a gleeful gossip and not an especially nice woman. The citizens of St. Mary Mead like her but are often tired by her nosy nature, in later books she becomes more modern and a kinder person. Miss Marple solves difficult crimes because of her intelligence, and St. Mary Mead. Crimes always remind her of an incident, although acquaintances may be bored by analogies that often lead her to a deeper realization about the true nature of a crime. She also has an ability to latch onto a casual comment. In several stories, she is able to rely on her acquaintance with Sir Henry Clithering, Miss Marple never married and has no close living relatives. Her nephew, the well-known author Raymond West appears in some stories including Sleeping Murder and Ingots of Gold, which feature his wife Joan. Raymond overestimates himself and underestimates his aunts mental acuity, Miss Marple employs young women from a nearby orphanage, whom she trains for service as general housemaids after the retirement of her long-time maid-housekeeper faithful Florence. She was briefly looked after by her maid, Miss Knight. In her later years, companion Cherry Baker, first introduced in The Mirror Crackd From Side to Side, Miss Marple has never worked for her living and is of independent means, although she benefits in her old age from the financial support of Raymond West, her nephew
Miss Jane Marple
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Illustration by Gilbert Wilkinson of Miss Marple (December 1927 issue of The Royal Magazine)
Miss Jane Marple
–
Marple, as she appeared in volume 20 of
Case Closed
44.
Murder on the Orient Express
–
Murder on the Orient Express is a detective novel by Agatha Christie featuring the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 1 January 1934, in the United States, it was published on 28 February 1934, under the title of Murder in the Calais Coach, by Dodd, Mead and Company. The U. K. edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence, the U. S. title of Murder in the Calais Coach was used to avoid confusion with the 1932 Graham Greene novel Stamboul Train which had been published in the United States as Orient Express. After catching the Taurus Express from Aleppo in Syria and traveling to Istanbul, once there, Poirot receives a telegram prompting him to cancel his arrangements and return to London. He instructs the concierge to book a first-class compartment on the Simplon-Orient Exrpess leaving that night, Bouc, a fellow Belgian who is a director of the train line Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits and is also boarding the train. After boarding, Poirot is approached by Mr. Samuel Ratchett, Ratchett believes his life is being threatened and attempts to hire Poirot but, due to his distaste, Poirot refuses. I do not like your face, Mr. Ratchett, he says, on the second night of the journey, as he is only travelling to Italy M. Bouc gives up his first class-compartment to Poirot who is going to Calais and on to London. This gives Poirot the compartment next to Mr. Ratchett, the train is stopped by a snowdrift near Vinkovci. Several events disturb Poirots sleep, including a cry emanating from Ratchetts compartment, the next morning, M. Bouc informs him that Ratchett has been murdered and asks Poirot to investigate, in order to avoid complications and bureaucracy when the Yugoslav police arrive. A few years before, in the United States, three-year-old heiress Daisy Armstrong was kidnapped by a man named Lanfranco Cassetti, despite collecting the ransom from the wealthy Armstrong family, Cassetti killed the child. The shock devastated the family, leading to a number of deaths, Cassetti was caught, but fled the country after he was acquitted. Its suspected that Cassetti used his resources to rig the trial. Poirot concludes that Ratchett was, in fact, Cassetti, as Poirot pursues his investigation, he discovers that everyone in the coach had a connection to the Armstrong family and, therefore, had a motive to kill Cassetti. Poirot proposes two possible solutions, leaving it to Bouc to decide which solution to put forward to the authorities, the first solution is that a stranger boarded the train and murdered Cassetti. The second one is that all 13 people in the coach were complicit in the murder and he concedes Countess Helena Andrenyi didnt take part, so the murderers numbered 12, resembling a self-appointed jury. Mrs. Hubbard, revealed to be Linda Arden, Daisy Armstrongs grandmother, Hercule Poirot, the internationally famous detective, boards the Orient Express in Istanbul. The train is unusually crowded fo the time of year, Poirot secures a berth only with the help of his friend Monsieur Bouc, a director of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits. When a Mr. Harris fails to show up, Poirot takes his place, on the second night, Poirot gets a compartment to himself
Murder on the Orient Express
–
Dust-jacket illustration of the first UK edition
Murder on the Orient Express
–
Room 411 at the
Pera Palace Hotel in
İstanbul, where Agatha Christie allegedly wrote Murder on the Orient Express.
Murder on the Orient Express
–
Contemporary view of one of the
Orient Express ' dining cars
45.
Death on the Nile
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The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence and the US edition at $2.00. The full length novel was preceded by a story with the same title. The details of the storys plot are substantially different, though the settings. The book features the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot, the action takes place in Egypt, mostly on the Nile River. While dining out in London one evening, Hercule Poirot sees a woman, Jacqueline de Bellefort, dining and dancing with her fiancé. He also notices that Jackie is passionately in love with Simon, jackies father was a French Count, the Count de Bellefort, and her mother was American. Her father had an affair and ultimately ran away with his mistress and her mother lost all her money in the Wall Street Crash, leaving Jackie penniless. The next day, Jacqueline takes Simon to meet her best friend, wealthy heiress Linnet Ridgeway, three months later, Simon has broken off his engagement to Jacqueline and has married Linnet instead. Poirot happens to encounter the couple on their honeymoon to Egypt, at their shared hotel in Cairo, Poirot sees an apparent chance meeting between the Doyles and Jacqueline. During the encounter, the Doyles seem very much on edge, afterwards, Linnet approaches Poirot and confides that Jacqueline has been stalking them since the wedding and antagonising both of them. While Simon was originally with Jacqueline, he fell in love with Linnet upon meeting her, Linnet and Simon are growing increasingly distressed, wishing Jacqueline would leave them alone. Poirot says the Doyles have no recourse, but tries to reason with Jacqueline in private, urging her to let go of her attachment to Simon. She refuses to listen, saying that Linnet stole Simon from her by dazzling him with her wealth, Jacqueline confides that she has been dreaming of killing Linnet and she even brings a small pistol out of her purse to show Poirot. Attempting to give Jacqueline the slip, the Doyles plan an extended stay in Cairo, the ship is called the Karnak. They travel to it by train and two ships called the Papyrus and the Lotus. To their rage, Jacqueline learns their plans and appears on board with them, while taking a tour of some ancient ruins, a boulder falls from a cliff, narrowly missing Linnet and Simon. They suspect Jacqueline at first, but find out she was on the boat the whole time, Poirot meets his friend Colonel Race, who is joining everyone on the boat for the return trip. Race tells Poirot that one of the passengers is a criminal who has murdered several other people
Death on the Nile
–
Dust-jacket illustration of the first UK edition
Death on the Nile
–
The
PS Sudan was used in the
Agatha Christie's Poirot version of the story (Starring David Suchet) in 2004.
46.
And Then There Were None
–
And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point. In the novel, a group of people are lured into coming to an island under different pretexts, e. g. offers of employment, to enjoy a late summer holiday, or to meet old friends. All have been complicit in the deaths of other human beings, nobody else seems to be left alive on the island by the time of the apparent last death. A confession, in the form of a postscript to the novel, unveils how the killings took place and it is Christies best-selling novel, with more than 100 million copies sold, it is also the worlds best-selling mystery and one of the best-selling books of all time. Publications International lists the novel as the seventh best-selling title, on a hot, late August day sometime in the late 1930s, eight people arrive on a small, isolated island off the Devon coast of England. Each appears to have an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances, such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday. They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers, the butler and cook/housekeeper, a framed copy of a nursery rhyme, Ten Little Niggers, hangs in every guests room, and ten figurines sit on the dining room table. All but Anthony Marston and Philip Lombard deny the charges, and they discover that none of them actually knows the Owens and conclude that the name U. N. Owen is shorthand for Unknown. In the aftermath of the recording, Marston finishes his drink, the remaining guests notice that one of the ten figurines is now broken, and the nursery rhyme appears to reflect the manner of death. The next morning, Mrs Rogers corpse is found in her bed, by lunchtime, General MacArthur is found dead, from a heavy blow to his head. Two more figurines are found to be broken, and again the deaths parallel the rhyme, Miss Brent relates the account of her presumed charge to Vera Claythorne, the only other remaining woman. A search for Mr Owen shows that nobody else is on the island except the remaining seven. The island is a rock with no hiding places, and no one could have arrived or left, thus. Justice Wargrave leads the group in determining that as of yet, Wargrave then suggests searching all the rooms, and any potentially dangerous items they can think of are locked up. However, Philip Lombards gun is missing from his room, when Vera goes upstairs to take a bath, she is shocked by the touch of seaweed left hanging from the ceiling of her room and screams, the remaining guests rush upstairs to her room. The others find him seated, immobile and crudely dressed up in the attire of a judge, Wargrave is examined briefly by Dr Armstrong and pronounced dead from a gunshot to the forehead. That night, Lombard appears surprised when he finds his gun returned to his room, Blore catches a glimpse of someone leaving the house but loses the trail
And Then There Were None
–
Cover of first UK 1939 edition by Stephen Bellman with original title
And Then There Were None
–
Cover of first US 1940 edition with current title for all English-language versions.
47.
Val McDermid
–
Val McDermid is a Scottish crime writer, best known for a series of suspense novels featuring Dr. Tony Hill. McDermid comes from a family in Kirkcaldy, Fife. After graduation she became a journalist and worked briefly as a dramatist and her first success as a novelist, Report for Murder, The First Lindsay Gordon Mystery occurred in 1987. McDermid was awarded a doctorate from the University of Sunderland in 2011. She is co-founder of the Harrogate Crime Writing Festival and the Theakstons Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, in 2016 she captained a team of St Hildas alumnæ to win the Christmas University Challenge. McDermids works fall into four series, Lindsay Gordon, Kate Brannigan, Tony Hill and Carol Jordan, and Inspector Karen Pirie. Her characters include a journalist, Lindsay Gordon, an investigator, Kate Brannigan, a clinical psychologist, Tony Hill. The Mermaids Singing, the first book in the Hill/Jordan series, the Hill/Jordan series has been adapted for television under the name Wire in the Blood, starring Robson Green. McDermid considers her work to be part of the Tartan Noir Scottish crime fiction genre, in addition to writing novels, McDermid contributes to several British newspapers and often broadcasts on BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio Scotland. Her novels, in particular the Tony Hill series, are known for their depictions of violence. She sponsors the McDermid Stand in Starks Park, Raith Rovers ground in Kirkcaldy and this endeavour was in honour of her father, a scout for the club. A year after sponsoring the stand, she became a member of the club. On 6 December 2012 a woman poured ink over McDermid during an event at the University of Sunderland, McDermid was signing books, and a woman asked her to autograph a Top of the Pops annual which contained a picture of the disgraced late TV presenter Jimmy Savile. After McDermid reluctantly agreed, and the woman threw ink at her, McDermid said the incident would not stop her from doing signings. Northumbria Police arrested Sandra Botham, a 64-year-old woman from the Hendon area of Sunderland, Botham was convicted of common assault on 10 July 2013, received a 12-month community order with supervision and was made to pay £50 compensation and a £60 victim surcharge. She was also given an order forbidding her from contacting McDermid for an undefined period of time. McDermid is a Raith Rovers supporter and she formerly lived in both Stockport and Northumberland with three cats and a border terrier dog. Since early 2014 she has lived in Stockport and Edinburgh, on 23 October 2016, McDermid married her partner of two years, the academic and knitwear designer Jo Sharp
Val McDermid
–
Val McDermid
Val McDermid
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Starks Park, the McDermid stand visible to the left.
48.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
Florida
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St. Augustine is the oldest city in the U.S., established in 1565 by Spain.
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Florida
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Aerial view of
Castillo De San Marcos (Florida).
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The five flags of Florida from the right,
Spain (1565–1763), the
Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the
Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.
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Carl Hiaasen
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Carl Hiaasen is an American journalist, columnist, and novelist. Carl Hiaasen was born in 1953 and raised in Plantation, Florida and he was the first of four children born to Odel and Patricia Hiaasen. He has Norwegian and Irish ancestry, in 1972, he transferred to the University of Florida, where he wrote for The Independent Florida Alligator. Hiaasen graduated in 1974 with a degree in journalism and he was a reporter at Cocoa Today for two years before being hired in 1976 by the Miami Herald, where he worked for the city desk, Sunday magazine and investigative team. Since 1985 Hiaasen has been a regular columnist for the newspaper and his columns have been collected in three published volumes, Kick Ass, Paradise Screwed and Dance of the Reptiles, all edited by Diane Stevenson. In 2005, Hiaasen was the subject of a 60 Minutes profile by Steve Kroft, after becoming an investigative reporter, Hiaasen began writing novels in his spare time. His first three were co-authored with his friend and fellow journalist William Montalbano, Powder Burn, Trap Line and his first solo novel, Tourist Season, featured a group of ragged eco-warriors who kidnap the Orange Bowl Queen in Miami. The books main character was whimsically memorialized by Jimmy Buffett in a song called The Ballad of Skip Wiley, in all, eighteen of Hiaasens novels and nonfiction books have appeared on the New York Times Best Seller lists. His work has translated into 34 languages. His first venture into writing for children was the 2002 novel Hoot, Hiaasens subsequent childrens novels were Flush, Scat, Chomp and, most recently, Skink-- No Surrender, which introduces one of his most popular adult characters to teen readers. All of his books feature environmental themes, eccentric casts. Hiaasen also co-wrote three songs with his friend and famed L. A. rocker, the late Warren Zevon. Rottweiler Blues and Seminole Bingo appeared on Zevons Mutineer album in 1995, the third song they wrote together, Basket Case, was done in conjunction with Hiaasens novel of the same name, and appeared in 2001 on Zevons album My Rides Here. Hiaasen is also noted as the person who helped bring the young adult fantasy novel Eragon to the public. The book, written by Christopher Paolini, was self-published and self-promoted without much attention until it came to the notice of Hiaasens wife, Fenia, in 2002, Hiaasen immediately recommended the novel to one of his editors at the publishing house Alfred A. Knopf. The book went on to become a success, marking the start of a series that sold over 30 million copies worldwide. Hiaasens most recent novel, Razor Girl, was published by Knopf in September 2016,1980, Heywood Broun Award from Newspaper Guild. 2004, Damon Runyon Award from the Denver Press Club,2010, Ernie Pyle Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Society of Newspaper Columnists
Carl Hiaasen
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Carl Hiaasen discusses Bad Monkey before a
Barnes & Noble audience at a New York book signing, June 11, 2013
Carl Hiaasen
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