1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
Architecture
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Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
3.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
4.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
5.
National Academy Museum and School
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Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, and others to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition. The Academy is an honorary organization, a school. The school offers instruction, master classes, intensive critiques, various workshops. The museum houses a collection of over 7,000 works of American art from the 19th, 20th. The Academy has been located at several locations over the years, notable among them was a building built during 1863-1865, designed by architect P. B. Wight in Venetian Gothic style, which was modeled on the Doges Palace in Venice, another locale was at West 109th Street and Amsterdam Avenue in Manhattan. Since 1942 the academy has occupied a mansion that was the home of sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington and Archer Milton Huntington at Fifth Avenue. The original founders of the National Academy of Design were students of the American Academy of the Fine Arts, samuel F. B. Morse and other students set about forming the drawing association to meet several times each week for the study the art of design. Still, the association was viewed as a dependent organization of the American Academy, an attempt was made to reconcile the difference and maintain a single academy by appointing six of the artists from the association as directors of the American Academy. When four of the nominees were not elected, however, the frustrated artists resolved to form a new academy, among the teaching staff were numerous artists, including Will Hicok Low, who taught from 1889 to 1892. The famous American poet William Cullen Bryant also gave lectures, architect Alexander Jackson Davis taught at the Academy. Painter Lemuel Wilmarth was the first full-time instructor Gulian C, verplanck, a Congressman and a man of letters, gave an address at the school in 1824. and Silas Dustin was a curator
6.
20 Exchange Place
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20 Exchange Place is a 57-story Art Deco building in New York City. It remained the headquarters until 1956 and was ultimately sold in 1979. The building was designed by the firm of Cross and Cross. It remained among the top ten tallest buildings in New York until 1970, today, as the sixth tallest building in downtown Manhattan, and the 33rd tallest in New York City, it is still among the most prominent buildings in the city skyline. In 1996, the building was designated a City Landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the building also makes an appearance in the film Wall Street, and features in The Amazing Spider-Man 2. The 16th through 57th floors of the building have been converted from commercial to residential space by Manhattan developers and real estate managers Metro Loft Management. As a part of conversion, the buildings exterior is being restored, including cleaning the buildings bricks. Anna Chapman List of tallest buildings in New York City List of tallest buildings in the United States Lower Manhattan American International Building 60 Wall Street Official website
7.
399 Park Avenue
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399 Park Avenue is a 41-story office building that from 1961 to 2015 was the world headquarters of Citigroup in Manhattan, New York City. The company moved into the building from 55 Wall Street in 1961,399 Park Avenue occupies the entire block between Park Avenue and Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street and 54th Street. The building lot was assembled by Vincent Astor who initially planned to build a 46-story Astor Plaza on the site, Astor had problems completing the assembly of the lots of mostly residential buildings as a pharmacy held out. In 1974, the company opened the Citigroup Center annex across Lexington to the east, in 1987, Citigroup sold one third of its interest in the building along with two-thirds of its interest in Citigroup Center to Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company for $670 million. At the time, Citigroup said it was moving many of its offices to a new tower in Long Island City in Queens, Citigroup moved out of the top two thirds of the building but kept the lower floors. Citigroup later bought back its interest in the building, in 2002, Boston Properties bought the building for $1.06 billion, or $630 square foot, which was the highest price ever paid for an office building at the time. Citigroup leased its headquarters from Boston Properties, citigroups current lease on the building is set to expire in 2017. Avenue Capital Group Citigroup Eton Park Capital Management Moelis & Company PineBridge Investments Studley Northstar REIT Cyrus Capital Partners Emporis profile in-Arch. net profile
8.
Citigroup
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Citigroup Inc. or Citi is an American multinational investment banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Manhattan, New York City. The company was formed by the merger of banking giant Citicorp, Citigroup ranks 3rd on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets and is one of the Big Four banks in the United States, alongside JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, and Wells Fargo. In addition to U. S. money managers, its largest shareholders include Abu Dhabi, Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, the company is one of 24 primary dealers in United States Treasury securities. Citigroup has over 200 million customer accounts and does business in more than 160 countries, Citigroup has 219,000 employees, although it had 357,000 employees at its height before the financial crisis of 2007-2008. Citigroup suffered huge losses during the crisis of 2007-2008 and was rescued in November 2008 in a massive stimulus package by the U. S. government. Citigroup was formed on October 9,1998, following the $140 billion merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group to create the worlds largest financial services organization. As such, the history dates back to the founding of. City Bank of New York was chartered by New York State on June 16,1812, serving a group of New York merchants, the bank opened for business on September 14 of that year, and Samuel Osgood was elected as the first President of the company. The companys name was changed to The National City Bank of New York in 1865 after it joined the new U. S. national banking system, and it became the largest American bank by 1895. The bank changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York in 1955, the bank introduced its First National City Charge Service credit card—popularly known as the Everything card and later to become MasterCard—in 1967. In 1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B, wriston, First National City Bank was renamed as Citibank, N. A. Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which pioneered the use of 24-hour ATMs, john S. Reed was elected CEO in 1984, and Citi became a founding member of the CHAPS clearing house in London. Travelers Group, at the time of merger, was a group of financial concerns that had been brought together under CEO Sandy Weill. Its roots came from Commercial Credit, a subsidiary of Control Data Corporation that was taken private by Weill in November 1986 after taking charge of the company earlier that year. Two years later, Weill mastered the buyout of Primerica—a conglomerate that had bought life insurer A L Williams as well as stock broker Smith Barney. The new company took the Primerica name, and employed a cross-selling strategy such that each of the entities within the parent company aimed to sell each others services and its non-financial businesses were spun off. With the acquisition, the group became Travelers Inc, Property & casualty and life & annuities underwriting capabilities were added to the business. Meanwhile, the distinctive Travelers red umbrella logo, which was acquired in the deal, was applied to all the businesses within the newly named organization
9.
Rosario Candela
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Rosario Candela was a Sicilian American architect who achieved renown through his apartment building designs in New York City, primarily during the boom years of the 1920s. He is credited with defining the citys characteristic terraced setbacks and signature penthouses, over time, Candelas buildings have become some of New Yorks most coveted addresses. As architectural historian Cristopher Gray has written, Rosario Candela has replaced Stanford White as the real estate brokers name-drop of choice, nowadays, to own a 10- to 20-room apartment in a Candela-designed building is to accede to architectural as well as social cynosure. Born in Montelepre, Sicily in 1890, Candela immigrated to New York in 1906 and he returned to Sicily after his arrival to study there and returned to the US in 1909. His father was Michele Candela, a plasterer, and his mother was Josephine Pizzurro and he gained admission to the Columbia University School of Architecture and graduated in 1915. Keenly aware of his talent, he went so far as to erect a velvet rope around his table to prevent other students from copying his designs. After graduation, Candela worked briefly as a draftsman for the Palermo-born Italian-American architect, after another brief stint with the firm of Frederick Sterner, Candela set up his own practice in 1920. His first major commission was for an apartment house at West 92nd Street, shortly thereafter, he received his first commission for an East Side apartment at 1105 Park Avenue. During the next five years, Candela designed a number of buildings on the Upper West Side, primarily on West End Avenue. During this period, the West side was undergoing a transformation from an area of primarily single-family homes to one characterized by the apartment buildings. In 1927 and 1928, Candela designed 19 apartment buildings, including 960 Fifth Avenue and 720 Park Avenue and he had more commissions in 1929, but the housing boom had begun to slow prior to the stock market crash in October. Of 27 designs that year, only 12 were completed and these included 740,770,778 and 834 and 1040 Fifth Avenue. The exteriors of his buildings tended to be understated, particularly in view of some of the more exuberant styles popular during the period, however, he was considered a master of design when it came to the interiors. Many apartments were constructed as duplex residences with grand entry foyers, curved, freestanding stairways, some of the designs, including that of the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. triplex at 740 Park Avenue, were palatial by even the considerable standards of the day. During the Great Depression, work fell off dramatically and Candela received only sporadic commissions, while the quantity declined considerably, the quality of his designs rarely suffered. During this time, he expressed his interest in codes and ciphers and he continued his practice up until his death in 1953. Chesley Bonestell, first an architect, and later a science fiction illustrator. Candela began studying cryptography in 1930 after learning about the accomplishments of the Army Signal Corps in WWI and he decrypted messages originally coded in 1898 by Commandant Étienne Bazeries of the French Army
10.
Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building
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The Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building is a historic bank building located in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The structure was designed by architects Cross & Cross and built in 1928-1929 and it is a 10-story, Classical Revival style, with a top floor penthouse. It features a curved front facade, architectural sculpture by Leo Friedlander. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 7,2006, National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street
11.
Bayside, Queens
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Bayside is an upper middle class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. CNN Money ranked Bayside as one of the most expensive housing markets nationally when analyzing comparable detached homes throughout the United States, despite its large housing stock of free-standing homes, it nationally ranks high to very high in population density. These homes give the neighborhood a similar feel to other wealthy Queens neighborhoods such as Douglaston, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 11. Baysides history dates back to 2000 B. C. E, when the Matinecock Native American tribe first settled there. In the late 17th century, the area was settled by English colonists, by the middle of the 18th century, early settlers left their homes in Flushing and developed a farming community, Bay Side. During the Revolutionary War, the Bayside-Little Neck area suffered raids by whaleboatmen from the Connecticut shores. In the 19th century Bayside was still mostly farmland, middle 20th century urban sprawl in New York City, with the help of more convenient and accessible transportation, led to its development. During the 1920s, many actors and actresses, such as Rudolph Valentino, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century Bayside saw an influx of people associated with the theater and movie industries. The town was established as a colony for stage and screen stars. However, this rumored studio never materialized, when Hollywood emerged as the capital of the movie industry during the 1920s, many actors left Bayside to pursue careers in California. The so-called Regatta Murder led to a widely publicized trial at the Flushing County Courthouse, peter Hains was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to eight years at Sing Sing, while Thornton Hains was acquitted. Bayside remains one of the safest and wealthiest neighborhoods in the borough of Queens, however, Bayside has been the setting to several organized crime incidents. Michael Pappadio, of Bayside, was a mobster who worked for the Lucchese crime family in secrecy from his wife and he managed the Lucchese family’s interests in the Garment District of Manhattan. In 1989, upon a falling out with his superiors, he was murdered at a shop called the Crown Bagel. His wife subsequently reported Michael as missing, three years later the FBI presented her with information about his death and his life in organized crime. In April 2002, Gambino crime family associate Darren D’Amico was shot in the leg outside of the Café on the Green restaurant in Bayside and it is speculated that Bonanno crime family associate Randolph Pizzolo was responsible for the crime. He was subsequently murdered on a hit called by Vincent Vinny Gorgeous Basciano, Basciano is now serving life in prison without parole. Bayside is bordered by the Bronx to the north across the Long Island Sound, the eastern land border is the Cross Island Parkway and Douglaston, the western is Francis Lewis Boulevard/Utopia Parkway and Auburndale, the southern is Long Island Expressway and Oakland Gardens
12.
Southampton, New York
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Southampton, officially the Town of Southampton, is a town located in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, partly on the South Fork of Long Island. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town had a population of 56,790. Southampton is included in the stretch of shoreline prominently known as The Hamptons, stony Brook Universitys Southampton campus is located here. The town was founded when settlers from Lynn, Massachusetts established residence on lands obtained from local Shinnecock Indian Nation in 1640, the first settlers included eight men, one woman, and a boy who came ashore at Conscience Point. These men were Thomas Halsey, Edward Howell, Edmond Farrington, Edmund Needham, Abraham Pierson the Elder, Thomas Sayre, Josiah Stanborough, George Welbe, Henry Walton, by July 7,1640, they had determined the town boundaries. During the next few years, Southampton was further increased in population by 43 families, the first meeting house was on a hill that is the site of the current Southampton Hospital. The oldest existent house in the town is the Halsey House at 249 Main Street, Southampton has 47 public and private cemeteries, not including Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, which is claimed as an Indian burial ground that is no longer in active use. Southampton is named after the city of Southampton in Hampshire. The Town of Southampton operates an official web site. The site shows the locations of over 100 points of interest, historic markers, the disputed property includes the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, which Shinnecock say is the location of tribe burial grounds. The tribe has challenged the state approval of an 1859 sale of the 3500 acres of tribal land. This broke the terms of a 1, 000-year-lease signed by Southampton colonial officials, the suit charges that in 1859, a group of powerful New York investors conspired to break the lease by sending the state Legislature a fraudulent petition from a number of Shinnecock tribal members. Although other tribal members protested that the petition was a forgery. The current town supervisor is Jay Schneiderman, an Independence Party member who was elected in November 2015 with 56. 34% of the vote. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 295.6 square miles. The total area is 53. 02% water, the Town of Southampton contains 7 incorporated villages and 16 unincorporated areas, which are called hamlets in New York state. The population density was 394.0 people per square mile, there were 35,836 housing units at an average density of 258.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 87. 98% White,6. 62% Black or African American,0. 41% Native American,0. 89% Asian,0. 08% Pacific Islander,2. 28% from other races, and 1. 73% from two or more races
13.
Church of Notre Dame (New York City)
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The Church of Notre Dame in New York City is a parish of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York. The church is located at 40 Morningside Drive and the rectory at 405 West 114th Street in Manhattan, geraldyn Redmond donated funds to the Fathers of Mercy, a French community of priests, requesting they build a chapel to propagate devotion to Our Lady of Lourdes. They established the Church of Notre Dame in 1910 as a mission of the St. Vincent de Paul Parish on West 23rd Street. The first administrator of the parish was the Rev. Maurice Reynauld, since that time Lourdes water has been continuously available at the church. The sanctuary completed in 1910 was the work of Daus and Otto, Cross & Cross designed the nave, facade, and rectory completed in 1914. A planned dome was never completed, the expansion continued intermittently until completed 50 years later. The chapel was dedicated on October 2,1910, by Archbishop John Farley. Cardinal Farley dedicated the structure on February 11,1915. Notre Dame became an independent parish in 1919 and grew from a chapel to the present church in the late 1920s. In 1960, charge of Notre Dame was transferred from the Fathers of Mercy to the Archdiocese of New York, in January 1967, the New York City Landmarks Commission designated the Church and the Rectory of Notre Dame as architectural landmarks. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 6,1980, over the years, the French community was integrated with other ethnic groups. Calling Notre Dame home are people of Irish, German, Italian, Black, Hispanic. Today Notre Dame is still just as diverse as its neighborhood. In 2003, the Archdiocese of New York entrusted the Polish Province of the Dominican Order with the responsibility of taking care of Notre Dame Parish, control returned to the Archdiocese in the fall of 2011. Catholic Campus Ministry at Columbia University became a part of the mission of Notre Dame in 1988. Notre Dames community includes ministry at St. Lukes Hospital and the nearby Amsterdam Nursing Home, notes Google Map - Notre Dame Official Web site
14.
90 Church Street
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The Federal Office Building at 90 Church Street includes the United States Postal Services Church Street Station, which is responsible for the 10048 ZIP code in New York City. The building takes up the block between Church Street and West Broadway and between Vesey and Barclay Streets in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan. The AIA Guide to New York City says about the building,90 Church Street was designed by Cross & Cross, Pennington, Lewis & Mills and Louis A. Simon, who was Supervising Architect of the Department of the Treasury at the time. The architectural style of the building is a mixture of Neo-classicism and it has two towers and the facade is clad in limestone. The building was completed in 1935, boasting the art style of its day. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the City of New York in 1989, the building suffered moderate damage during the September 11 attacks due to a remnant of one of the planes and other debris landing on top of the building. It was also contaminated with asbestos, lead dust, fungi, fiberglass dust, mercury. The building was engulfed by dust after the collapse of both buildings, respectively, and was further damaged when Building 7 collapsed later the same day. There was no structural damage. During recovery efforts at Ground Zero, the United States Postal Service worked to return individual pieces of mail found by workers to the addressees. In August 2004, the Church Street Station Post Office reopened, Church Street Station also serves the 10007 ZIP code, covering portions of Battery Park City, TriBeCa, and the area surrounding New York City Hall. Notes Media related to 90 Church Street at Wikimedia Commons
15.
Yorktown, New York
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Yorktown is a town that lies on the north border in Westchester County, New York, in a suburb approximately 38 miles north of midtown Manhattan. The population was 36,081 at the 2010 census, Yorktown has a rich historical heritage beginning with the earliest known inhabitants—Mohegan, Osceola, Amawalk, Kitchawan, and Mohansic peoples—after which local places were named. Most of Yorktown was part of the Manor of Cortlandt, a Royal Manor established by King William III for the Van Cortlandt family. The Croton River, which runs through the part of Yorktown, was dammed by New York City to provide its first major source of clean. The first Croton Dam was located in Yorktown and broke in 1842, causing significant damage to property, a memorial to them was erected at the Presbyterian Church in Crompond, New York. Major John André, a British officer who communicated with Benedict Arnold, ate his final breakfast at the Underhill House on Hanover Street just before his capture and eventual hanging as a spy. In 1788, the township was incorporated as Yorktown, commemorating the decisive Revolutionary War Battle of Yorktown, near Yorktown, Virginia. Moving north after the battle of Yorktown, the French army camped at the site of todays French Hill Elementary School, although rumors claim that George Washington passed through Yorktown, no factual records confirm this. A Bicentennial Committee reviewed the remaining historic sites and determined which should be preserved as a link between the Yorktown of yesterday and the Yorktown of tomorrow. The north town line is the border of Putnam County, New York, the town of Somers borders Yorktown on the east, and Cortlandt borders Yorktown on the west. New Castle borders Yorktown on the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 39.3 square miles, of which 36.7 square miles is land and 2.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 36,318 people,12,556 households, the population density was 989.7 people per square mile. There were 12,852 housing units at a density of 350.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 90. 64% White,3. 04% African American,0. 14% Native American,3. 44% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,1. 30% from other races, and 1. 43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 82% of the population,19. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the family size was 3.26. In the town, the population was out with 27. 6% under the age of 18,5. 4% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 2% from 45 to 64
16.
InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel
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InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel is a historic luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. In 1926, the Vanderbilt family funded the building of The Barclay, the New York Central Railroad built the hotel on air rights of its subsidiary the New York State Realty and Terminal Company and it was known to be elegant, glamorous and popular in social circles. The Barclay was designed by the architects Cross & Cross who also designed Tiffany & Co, in 1931, after the completion of Grand Central Terminal, the InterContinental Barclay got power from hydraulic tanks in the basement of Grand Central. Twelve years later, in 1938, Cornell Club of New York took over the third floor. Ivy League Schools have used The Barclay as well, the hotel went through a $32 million, four year renovation and became the Hotel InterContinental. Another restoration in 1995 restored the lobby and public areas and cost $20 million, Hotel InterContinental celebrated its 75th Anniversary in 2001 by reclaiming its roots by renaming the hotel InterContinental, The Barclay New York. In 2009, the hotel went under another name change, InterContinental New York Barclay, the hotel also began a holistic sustainable hospitality program, “Sustainability in the City”. Caswell-Massey had its flagship store in InterContinental New York Barclay for over 80 years, caswell-Massey, the oldest chemist and perfumer in America, was the first and oldest tenant of the Barclay. Bette Davis, Gloria Swanson, Mary Pickford, Marlon Brando, Jimmie Durante, Debbie Reynolds, Ernest Hemingway and David O. Selznick all called the Barclay, in 1992, when Bill Clinton first ran for President, the Barclay was his New York Headquarters
17.
Hewitt School
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The Hewitt School is an independent, K-12 girls school in New York City, New York. The school serves girls from Kindergarten through 12th Grade, in three divisions, Lower School, Middle School, and Upper School, caroline D. Hewitt founded the Hewitt School in 1920. Miss Hewitt, as alumnae lovingly refer to her, was born in England and she came to the United States in 1902 as a private tutor or governess to a prominent family of Tuxedo Park, New York. After a decade in that position and at the suggestion of the Hoffman family Miss Hewitt began private classes for children in a townhouse on the Upper East Side. At this time the school was referred to as Miss Hewitt Classes, by 1920, Hewitt had established a small kindergarten for boys and girls located at the Mannes Music School. In 1923 Hewitt purchased a brownstone at 68 East 79th Street, the school expanded and began to cater exclusively to girls. In 1942 Miss Hewitt retired and was succeeded by faculty member Charlotte Comfort, in 1950 the school was granted a charter as a nonprofit corporation. The school moved to its current location at 45 East 75th Street in 1951, in 1955 Miss Hewitt’s Classes became The Hewitt School. In 1968 the Gregory Building, named for Board of Trustees president William Gregory, was built, in 1969 Janet Mayer succeeded Miss Comfort as Headmistress and served until her retirement eleven years later. In 1976 the Building Fund Drive added three new stories to the Gregory Building, in 1980 Agathe Crouter succeeded Miss Mayer as Headmistress and served until her retirement in 1990. In 1986 major renovation of the 75th Street Building was completed, adding classroom space, in 1990 Dr. Mary Jane Yurchak became Head of School and then took on a leadership role in integrating academics and technology. In 2000 Linda MacMurray Gibbs became Head of School and initiated a strategic plan for its growth. In 2001 the Hewitt community went online, and a course of study based on the curriculum mapping process was initiated. In 2002, with a gift of the McKelvey Foundation. This building is named McKelvey in honor of trustee Andrew McKelvey, also in 2003 a major renovation of the library was completed. Ms. Joan Lonergan served as Hewitts seventh Head of School, Ms. Lonergan assumed this position in July 2010. In her five year tenure, Ms. Lonergan lead the expansion of the school, beginning in July 2015, a complete gut-renovation of the buildings was funded and planned under Ms. Lonergans leadership. In November 2014, The Hewitt Schools board president announced that Dr. Tara Christie Kinsey will be the eighth Head of School, Dr. Kinseys tenure began on July 1,2015
18.
Aetna
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Aetna is a member of the Fortune 100. The company spent $809,793 between January 2009 and the end of March 2009—up 41 percent from the period in 2008. Aetnas campaign contributions include more than $110,000 to US Senator Joe Lieberman in 2009, from 2005 through 2009, Aetna contributed $56,250 to Senator Max Baucus, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, making Aetna the senators seventh highest contributor over that time period. In the California Health Care Quality Report Card 2011 Edition, Aetna received 2 out of 4 stars in Meeting National Standards of Care and 1 out of 4 in Members Rate Their HMO. In the California Health Care Quality Report Card 2010 Edition, Aetna received 3 out of 4 stars in both Meeting National Standards of Care and How Members Rate Their HMO, for a rating of Good. Mark Bertolini became CEO of Aetna on November 29,2010, karen S. Lynch is the President of Aetna. Kelmar is Executive Vice President of Corporate Affairs and Chief of Staff to the CEO and Chairman, Thomas Sabatino is Executive Vice President and General Counsel. Richard di Benedetto is Executive Vice President in charge of Aetna International, deanna Fidleris Executive Vice President in charge of Human Resources. Shawn M. Guertin is Executive Vice President, CFO and Chief Enterprise Risk Officer, meg McCarthy is Executive Vice President of Operations and Technology. Harold L. Paz, M. D. M. S. is Executive Vice President, fran S. Soistman is Executive Vice President in charge of Government Services Joseph M. Zubretsky is Senior Executive Vice President in charge of Healthagen. Aetnas 2007 revenue, reported in 2008, was $27.6 billion, Aetnas 2008 revenue, reported in 2009, was $31 billion. Aetnas 2012 revenue, reported in 2013, was $35.54 billion, Aetnas 2013 revenue was 47.19 billion dollars. Aetna is the descendant of Aetna Insurance Company, of Hartford. The name was meant to invoke Mount Etna, at the time Europes most active volcano,1819 Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, Yale graduate and attorney, becomes second president of Aetna Insurance Company, succeeding Thomas Kimberly Brace. Ellsworth, who became the first U. S. Patent Commissioner. Ellsworths brother, William Wolcott Ellsworth, also served as a director, on May 28,1853, the Annuity department separated from Aetna Insurance to be incorporated as the Aetna Life Insurance Company, with Eliphalet Bulkeley as president. On November 29,1953, J. B. Bennett was appointed agent of the company. 1854 Aetna hired its first full-time employee, Thomas O. Enders,1857 Aetna moved to new offices on Hungerford and Cone Streets in Hartford
19.
Eggers & Higgins
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Eggers & Higgins was a New York architectural firm partnered by Otto Reinhold Eggers and Daniel Paul Higgins. Critics argued a competition should have held to choose Popes successor. In 1941, they completed construction of Popes other famous design. The pair were longtime associates of Pope in the firm he founded in 1903 as the Office of John Russell Pope, Eggers was a brilliant designer and renderer who served as Popes right hand for almost thirty years. They changed the name of the firm to Eggers & Higgins in 1937, the firm was renamed The Eggers Partnership in 1970, and then as The Eggers Group, PC when it became a professional corporation in 1976. It eventually merged into what is now RMJM Hillier, an architectural firm with offices in the United States, the United Kingdom. Eggers & Higgins also designed the Brooklyn War Memorial, a stone building in Cadman Plaza dedicated to Brooklynites who fought in World War II. At the same time, they designed the Vanderbilt Law School Building. For the 1939 New York Worlds Fair they designed the Railroads Building, the largest at the Fair, and the Schaefer center, in Lincoln Center the firm developed Damrosch Park, an outdoor amphitheater with a bowl-style stage known as the Guggenheim Band Shell. They designed all the buildings on the Bloomington campus from the Indiana University Auditorium completed in 1941. Their major campus building designs included the Fine Arts Building, Lilly Library and they were also tapped for the development of the Indiana University School of Medicine campus including the Indiana University Hospital building. In 1948, Eggers was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1951
20.
Yale School of Music
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The Yale School of Music is one of the twelve professional schools at Yale University, offering three graduate degrees, Master of Music, Master of Musical Arts, and Doctor of Musical Arts. The School also offers a joint Bachelor of Arts—Master of Music program in conjunction with Yale College, a Certificate in Performance, in November 2005, an anonymous donation of $100 million endowed full scholarships for all students accepted to the Yale School of Music. Albert Arnold Sprague Memorial Hall, renovated in 2003, abby and Mitch Leigh Hall, Gothic style, renovated in 2006. Portions of Hendrie Hall are also used by the School, woolsey Hall, used for orchestral performances and organ recitals. The Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments, Romanesque style, a History of the Yale School of Music, 1855-1970. Official site Yale School of Music Papers at Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Papers, Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Yale University
21.
Roslyn, New York
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Roslyn is a village in Nassau County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 2,770. Initially Roslyn was settled in the year 1633, Roslyn was once called Hempstead Harbor, but its name changed to Roslyn on September 7,1844 due to postal confusion regarding all the other Hempsteads scattered about Long Island. The Village of Roslyn is at the edge of the Town of North Hempstead. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.6 square miles. As of the 2010 census the population was 86% White 76% Non-Hispanic White,2. 2% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,8. 85% Asian,2. 6% from other races, and 2. 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 2% of the population, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,570 people,1,060 households, and 603 families residing in the village. The population density was 4,082.2 people per square mile, there were 1,124 housing units at an average density of 1,785.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 86. 81% White,2. 33% African American,0. 08% Native American,6. 15% Asian,2. 02% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 34% of the population. 37. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.89. In the village, the population was out with 18. 2% under the age of 18,3. 6% from 18 to 24,30. 2% from 25 to 44,25. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.4 males, the median income for a household in the village was $72,404, and the median income for a family was $101,622. Males had an income of $65,156 versus $45,221 for females. The per capita income for the village was $47,166, about 1. 3% of families and 4. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 9% of those under age 18 and 2. 7% of those age 65 or over. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain 59%-40%, Roslyn High School is ranked 42nd in the state and 342nd in the nation The Roslyn mascot for their athletic teams is a Bulldog. The Heights School serves as pre-kindergarten and kindergarten for the entire district, the two elementary schools each serve half of the Roslyn school district. Harbor Hill School provides education for students in one through five
22.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
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It is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern and contemporary art and also features special exhibitions throughout the year. The museum was established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, under the guidance of its first director and it adopted its current name after the death of its founder, Solomon R. Guggenheim, in 1952. In 1959, the museum moved from rented space to its current building, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical building, wider at the top than the bottom, was conceived as a temple of the spirit. Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long, the building underwent extensive expansion and renovations in 1992 and from 2005 to 2008. The museums collection has grown organically, over eight decades, and is founded several important private collections. The collection is shared with the museums sister museums in Bilbao, Spain, in 2013, nearly 1.2 million people visited the museum, and it hosted the most popular exhibition in New York City. Solomon R. Guggenheim, a member of a mining family, had been collecting works of the old masters since the 1890s. In 1926, he met artist Hilla von Rebay, who introduced him to European avant-garde art, in abstract art that she felt had a spiritual. Guggenheim completely changed his strategy, turning to the work of Wassily Kandinsky. He began to display his collection to the public at his apartment in the Plaza Hotel in New York City, as the collection grew, he established the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, in 1937, to foster the appreciation of modern art. The foundations first venue for the display of art, the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, opened in 1939 under the direction of Rebay, in midtown Manhattan. By the early 1940s, the foundation had accumulated such a collection of avant-garde paintings that the need for a permanent museum building had become apparent. In 1943, Rebay and Guggenheim wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright asking him to design a structure to house, Wright accepted the opportunity to experiment with his organic style in an urban setting. It took him 15 years,700 sketches, and six sets of working drawings to create the museum, in 1948, the collection was greatly expanded through the purchase of art dealer Karl Nierendorfs estate of some 730 objects, notably German expressionist paintings. By that time, the collection included a broad spectrum of expressionist and surrealist works, including paintings by Paul Klee, Oskar Kokoschka. Nevertheless, she left a portion of her collection to the foundation in her will, including works by Kandinsky, Klee, Alexander Calder, Albert Gleizes, Mondrian. The museum was renamed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1952, Rebay conceived of the space as a temple of the spirit that would facilitate a new way of looking at the modern pieces in the collection. She wrote to Wright that each of these great masterpieces should be organized into space, would test the possibilities to do so
23.
J.P. Morgan & Co.
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J. P. Morgan & Co. is a commercial and investment banking institution based in the United States founded by John Pierpont Morgan and commonly known as the House of Morgan or simply Morgan. The firm is a predecessor of three of the largest banking institutions in the United States and globally, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, and Deutsche Bank. In 2000, J. P. Morgan & Co. merged with Chase Manhattan Bank to form JPMorgan Chase & Co. one of the largest global banking institutions. Today, the J. P. Morgan brand is used to market certain JPMorgan Chase wholesale businesses, including investment banking, commercial banking and asset management. The J. P. Morgan branding was revamped in 2008 to return to its traditional appearance after several years of depicting the Chase symbol to the right of a condensed and modernized JPMorgan. Between 1959 and 1989, J. P. Morgan operated as the Morgan Guaranty Trust, the origins of the firm date back to 1854 when Junius S. Morgan joined George Peabody & Co. a London-based banking business headed by George Peabody. Junius took control of the firm, changing its name to J. S, Morgan & Co. in 1864 on Peabodys retirement. Juniuss son, J. Pierpont Morgan, first apprenticed at Duncan, Sherman and Company in the New York City, then founded his own firm with a cousin, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company traded in government bonds and foreign exchange. It also acted as an agent for Peabody’s, Junius, however, considered some of Pierpont’s ventures to be highly speculative. So, Pierpont took on a senior partner and the firm was known first as Dabney, Morgan and Company, then Drexel. In these firms, Pierpont used his Peabody connection to bring British financial capital together with rapidly growing U. S. industrial firms, such as railroads, who needed financial capital. The Drexel of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was Philadelphia banker Anthony J. Drexel, on Junius’ death in 1890, Pierpont Morgan took his place at J. S. After Drexel’s death, Drexel, Morgan reorganized in 1895 and became J. P and it financed the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, which took over the business of Andrew Carnegie and others and was the worlds first billion-dollar corporation. In 1895, it supplied the United States government with $62 million in gold to float a bond issue and restore the treasury surplus of $100 million. In 1892, the company began to finance the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, built in 1914,23 Wall Street was known as The Corner and The House of Morgan, and for decades the banks headquarters was the most important address in American finance. At noon, on September 16,1920, an anarchist bomb exploded in front of the bank, killing 38, shortly before the bomb went off, an unknown person placed a warning note in a mailbox at the corner of Cedar Street and Broadway. The warning read, Remember we will not tolerate any longer, free the political prisoners or it will be sure death for all of you. The Bank of England became an agent of J. P. Morgan & Co
24.
Place de la Concorde
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The Place de la Concorde is one of the major public squares in Paris, France. Measuring 8.64 hectares in area, it is the largest square in the French capital and it is located in the citys eighth arrondissement, at the eastern end of the Champs-Élysées. The place was designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1755 as a moat-skirted octagon between the Champs-Elysées to the west and the Tuileries Garden to the east, decorated with statues and fountains, the area was named Place Louis XV to honor the king at that time. At the north end, two magnificent identical stone buildings were constructed, separated by the rue Royale, these structures remain among the best examples of Louis Quinze style architecture. Initially, the building served as the French Naval Ministry. Shortly after its construction, the building became the opulent home of the Duc dAumont. It was later purchased by the Comte de Crillon, whose family resided there until 1907, the famous luxury Hôtel de Crillon, which currently occupies the building, took its name from its previous owners. During the French Revolution the statue of Louis XV of France was torn down, the new revolutionary government erected the guillotine in the square, and it was here that King Louis XVI was executed on 21 January 1793. In 1795, under the Directory, the square was renamed Place de la Concorde as a gesture of reconciliation after the turmoil of the French Revolution. After the Bourbon Restoration of 1814, the name was changed back to Place Louis XV, after the July Revolution of 1830 the name was returned to Place de la Concorde and has remained that way since. To the west of the Place is the famous Champs-Élysées, to the east of the Place are the Tuileries Gardens. The Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume and the Musée de lOrangerie, the eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, and the western one is the Hôtel de Crillon. The Rue Royale leads to the de la Madeleine. The center of the Place is occupied by a giant Egyptian obelisk decorated with hieroglyphics exalting the reign of the pharaoh Ramesses II and it is one of two the Egyptian government gave to the French in the 19th century. The other one stayed in Egypt, too difficult and heavy to move to France with the technology at that time, in the 1990s, President François Mitterrand gave the second obelisk back to the Egyptians. The obelisk once marked the entrance to the Luxor Temple, the self-declared Khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, offered the 3, 300-year-old Luxor Obelisk to France in 1829. It arrived in Paris on 21 December 1833, three years later, on 25 October 1836, King Louis Philippe had it placed in the center of Place de la Concorde. The obelisk, a granite column, rises 23 metres high, including the base
25.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
26.
Tiffany & Co.
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Tiffany & Company is an American luxury jewelry and specialty retailer, headquartered in New York City. Tiffany sells jewelry, sterling silver, china, crystal, stationery, fragrances, water bottles, watches, personal accessories, many of these goods are sold at Tiffany stores, as well as through direct-mail and corporate merchandising. Tiffany is renowned for its goods and is particularly known for its diamond jewelry. Tiffany markets itself as an arbiter of taste and style, and was once a purveyor to the Russian imperial family, founded by Charles Lewis Tiffany and John B. The name was shortened to Tiffany & Company in 1853 when Charles Tiffany took control, Tiffany & Company has since opened stores in major cities all over the world. Unlike other stores at the time in the 1830s, Tiffany clearly marked the prices on its goods to forestall any haggling over prices, in addition, against the social norm at the time, Tiffany only accepted cash payments, and did not accept payments on credit. Such practices, fixed prices for ready money, were first introduced by Palmers of London Bridge in 1750, who employed the young Robert Owen, the later social reformer. The first Tiffanys mail order catalog, known as the Blue Book, was published in 1845 in the United States, in 1862, Tiffany & Company supplied the Union Army with swords, flags and surgical implements. In 1867, Tiffany & Co. was the first US firm to win an award for the excellence in silverware at the Exposition Universelle in Paris. In 1870, the built an new store building at 15 Union Square West, Manhattan, designed by John Kellum. It was described by The New York Times as a palace of jewels, Tiffany stayed at this site until 1906. In 1877, an insignia that would become the famous New York Yankees NY logo was struck on a medal of honor by Tiffany & Company. In 1878, Tiffany won the medal for jewelry and a grand prize for silverware at the Paris Exposition. In 1887, Tiffany bought the French Crown Jewels, which attracted publicity, the company revised the Great Seal of the United States in 1885. In 1902, after the death of Charles Lewis Tiffany, his son, Louis Comfort Tiffany, in 1919, the company made a revision to the Medal of Honor on behalf of the United States Department of the Navy. This Tiffany Cross version was rare because it was awarded only for combat, in 1942 the Navy established the Tiffany version for non-combat heroism, but in August 1942 the Navy eliminated the Tiffany Cross and the two-medal system. In 1956, legendary designer Jean Schlumberger joined Tiffany, and Andy Warhol collaborated with Tiffany to create Tiffany Holiday Cards. In 1968 Lady Bird Johnson, First Lady of the U. S. at the time, in November 1978, Tiffany & Co. was sold to Avon Products Inc. for about US$104 million in stock
27.
Union and New Haven Trust Building
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The former Union and New Haven Trust Building, located at 205 Church Street in New Haven, Connecticut, was renamed The Union in 2014. Constructed in 1927, this Georgian-Colonial Revival skyscraper was designed by architects Cross and Cross, the building sits on the northeast corner of the historic New Haven Green. Lying on the corner of Elm and Church streets, the site was the home of Richard Perry in the 1640s, built for the Union and New Haven Trust Co. The Union Trust Company moved its headquarters to Stamford in 1981, the bank was purchased in 1995 by First Union Corporation, which later took the name of its Wachovia acquisition and in 2010 merged into Wells Fargo. The buildings ground floor is occupied by a Wells Fargo branch. On March 28,2013, Cooper Church LLC, a New York-based developer, the New Haven Board of Zoning Appeals approved Cooper Church’s proposed zoning variances in June 2013. Construction to convert the office building to 138 studio, one-bedroom. Leasing at The Union will commence in spring 2015
28.
Wachovia
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Wachovia was a diversified financial services company based in Charlotte. Before its acquisition by Wells Fargo in 2008, Wachovia was the fourth-largest bank holding company in the United States based on total assets, Wachovia provided a broad range of banking, asset management, wealth management, and corporate and investment banking products and services. Wachovia provided global services through more than 40 offices around the world, the purchase of Wachovia by Wells Fargo and Company was completed on December 31,2008. Wells Fargo acquired Wachovia after a sale to avoid a failure of Wachovia. Starting in 2009, the Wachovia brand was absorbed into the Wells Fargo brand in a process that lasted three years, on October 15,2011, the Wachovia brand was retired when the last bank branches in North Carolina were converted to Wells Fargo. Wachovia was the product of a 2001 merger between the original Wachovia Corporation, based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Charlotte-based First Union Corporation, the company was organized into four divisions, General Bank, Wealth Management, Capital Management, and Corporate and Investment Bank. It served retail brokerage clients under the name Wachovia Securities nationwide as well as in six Latin American countries, in 2009, Wachovia Securities was the first Wachovia business to be converted to the Wells Fargo brand, when the business became Wells Fargo Advisors. Calibre was an independent consultant that was hired by Wachovia for the Family Wealth Group to research managers, the group no longer uses Calibre. Wachovias private equity arm operated as Wachovia Capital Partners, additionally, the asset-based lending group operated as Wachovia Capital Finance. Wachovia has its origins in the Latin form of the Austrian name Wachau, when Moravian settlers arrived in Bethabara, North Carolina, in 1753, they gave this name to the land they acquired, because it resembled the Wachau valley along the Danube River. The area formerly known as Wachovia now makes up most of Forsyth County, First Union was founded as Union National Bank on June 2,1908, a small banking desk in the lobby of a Charlotte hotel by H. M. Victor. The bank merged with First National Bank and Trust Company of Asheville, North Carolina, First Union Corporation was incorporated in 1967. By the 1990s, it had grown into a Southern regional powerhouse in a strategy mirroring its longtime rival on Tryon Street in Charlotte, in 1995, however, it acquired First Fidelity Bancorporation of Newark, New Jersey, at one stroke becoming a major player in the Northeast. Its Northeastern footprint grew even larger in 1998, when it acquired CoreStates Financial Corporation of Philadelphia, One of CoreStates predecessors, the Bank of North America, had been the first bank proposed, chartered and incorporated in America on December 31,1781. The bank was co-founded by James Alexander Gray and William Lemly, in 1911, the bank merged with Wachovia Loan and Trust Company, the largest trust company between Baltimore and New Orleans, which had been founded on June 15,1893. Wachovia grew to one of the largest banks in the Southeast partly on the strength of its accounts from the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, which was headquartered in Winston-Salem. On December 12,1986, Wachovia purchased First Atlanta, founded as Atlanta National Bank on September 14,1865, and later renamed to First National Bank of Atlanta, this institution was the oldest national bank in Atlanta
29.
New Haven Green
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The New Haven Green is a 16-acre privately owned park and recreation area located in the downtown district of the city of New Haven, Connecticut. It comprises the central square of the settlement plan of the original Puritan colonists in New Haven. Today the Green is bordered by the paved roads of College, Chapel, Church. Temple Street bisects the Green into upper and lower halves, the New Haven Green Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark District for the architectural significance of the three 19th-century churches located there. The Green is a town green and was originally known as the marketplace. The Puritans were said to have designed the green large enough to hold the number of people who believed would be spared in the Second Coming of Christ,144,000. In its early years, the Green held a house, a prison. The upper Green also once held the First Methodist Church, the church was removed from the Green in 1848 with a new church built across Elm Street. The Green also held a succession of statehouses, dating from the time when New Haven was joint capital of Connecticut with Hartford, the most recent state house was erected in 1837, designed by Ithiel Town in a Greek Revival style. Ultimately, Hartford was declared the capital and the building was demolished in 1889. This indirectly led to the burning of most of the city by the British when they landed in New Haven in 1779, however, the remains of the dead were not moved, and thus still remain below the soil of the Green. On the evening of October 29,2012, winds from Hurricane Sandy knocked over an oak tree on the Upper Green, intertwined in the dirt and roots was a human skeleton. The police and medical examiner were called to the scene, the bones likely date back to colonial times, when the Green was used as a cemetery. The Grove Street cemetery that replaced it was chartered in 1797, a small portion of the burial ground is now preserved in The Center Church Crypt. A self-electing group of individuals, the Committee of the Proprietors of Common and Undivided Lands at New Haven. This five-member committee oversees the large, main portion of the green, the proprietors are drawn from the ranks of prominent city residents. Members are appointed for life, and when one dies the four remaining members convene to select a replacement, located on the upper Green are three historic early 19th century churches which reflect the citys theocratic roots. Two of the three churches are the work of the influential early-19th century architects Ithiel Town and Asher Benjamin, because of this architectural legacy, the green was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970
30.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
31.
United States Post Office (Jamaica, Queens)
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US Post Office-Jamaica Main is a historic post office building located at the northwest corner of 164th Street and 89th Avenue in Jamaica in Queens County, New York, United States. It serves the 11432 ZIP Code and it was built in 1932-1934, and is one of two post offices in New York City designed by the architects Cross & Cross as a consultant to the Office of the Supervising Architect. The building is a two story building on a light gray granite base with marble trim in the Colonial Revival style. It features a marble portico supported by four Ionic order columns. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, map and Business Hours - USPS website
32.
Jamaica, Queens
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Jamaica is a middle-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 12, which also includes Hollis, St. Albans, Springfield Gardens, Baisley Pond Park, Rochdale Village, Jamaica is patrolled by the NYPDs 103rd, 113th & 105th Precincts. It was settled under Dutch rule in 1656 in New Netherland as Rustdorp, under British rule, Jamaica became the center of the Town of Jamaica. In 1814, Jamaica became the first incorporated village on Long Island, the U. S. Food and Drug Administrations Northeast Regional Laboratory as well as the New York District Office are also located in Jamaica. Jamaica Center, the area around Jamaica Avenue and 165th Street, is a commercial center. The New York Racing Association, based at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park, John F. Kennedy International Airport and the hotels nearby also use Jamaica as their address. Although many current residents of the Jamaica neighborhood are immigrants from the country of the same name, the two names have different derivations. The name of the neighborhood derives from Yameco, a corruption of a word for beaver in the Lenape language spoken by the Native Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The y sound in English is spelled with a j in Dutch and this resulted in the eventual English pronunciation of Jamaica when read and repeated orally. In the Caribbean, the Arawak, people of the nation of Jamaica, named their land Xaymaca, Jamaica Avenue was an ancient trail for tribes from as far away as the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, coming to trade skins and furs for wampum. It was in 1655 that the first settlers paid the Native Americans with two guns, a coat, and some powder and lead, for the land lying between the old trail and Beaver Pond, Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dubbed the area Rustdorp in granting the 1656 land patent. The English took over in 1664 and made it part of the county of Yorkshire, in 1683, when the British divided the Province of New York into counties, Jamaica became the county seat of Queens County, one of the original counties of New York. In 1790, in William Warners tavern, Rufus King, a signer of the United States Constitution, relocated here in 1805. He added to a modest 18th-century farmhouse, creating the manor stands on the site today. King Manor was restored at the turn of the 21st century to its former glory, by 1776, Jamaica had become a trading post for farmers and their produce. For more than a century, their horse-drawn carts plodded along Jamaica Avenue, the Jamaica Post Office opened September 25,1794, and was the only post office in the present-day Boroughs of Queens or Brooklyn before 1803. Union Hall Academy for boys, and Union Hall Seminary for girls, were chartered in 1787, the Academy eventually attracted students from all over the United States and the West Indies. The public school system was started in 1813 with funds of $125, by 1834, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad company had completed a line to Jamaica
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East 80th Street Houses
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The East 80th Street Houses are a group of four attached rowhouses on that street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. They are built of brick with various stone trims in different versions of the Colonial Revival architectural style and they were built in the 1920s as homes for wealthy New Yorkers of that era, including Vincent Astor, Clarence Dillon and George Whitney. All were designated city landmarks by 1967, the first group of houses on the Upper East Side so recognized, in 1980, all four houses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as intact surviving examples of high-style townhouses for affluent homebuyers of that time period. The four houses are located on the side of East 80th Street between Park and Lexington avenues, on land that rises gently from East 79th Street to the south. The block has an assortment of similarly sized buildings, most more modern and it is primarily residential with mixed use development on the neighboring avenues. The area is considered part of the Upper East Side, westernmost in the row is 116 East 80th, the Lewis Spencer Morris House. It is a four-story, four-bay building of brick laid in Flemish bond with marble trim topped by a pediment that hides the attic, continuous belt courses divide the first story from the English basement below and second story above. They are echoed by a stone cornice at the roofline. Festoons and medallions decorate the entablature above, a projecting central section, flanked by entrance bays, features a central entrance where marble surrounds and consoles support an entablature below an arched fanlight. Next door,120 East 80th, the George Whitney House, is a house also in brick with marble trim. Its most notable feature is a projecting semicircular marble portico where two fluted Doric columns support an entablature at a string course between the first and second stories. The portico is reinforced by a main entrance and pedimented second-story window above. The other second story windows have iron railings and splayed brick lintels, the top of the mansard roof conceals the sixth story. Its eastern neighbor,124 East 80th, the Clarence Dillon House, is also a brick building in the Neo-Georgian style. Its front facade culminates in a pediment, which along with the end chimneys conceals the two top stories. It, too, has a detailed entrance, flanked by Ionic pilasters supporting a segmented pediment. Brick quoins accentuate the second and third stories, the last house in the row, the Vincent and Helen Astor House at 130 East 80th, is the only one not of brick. It is a five-story, three-bay Neo-Adamesque building faced in French limestone laid in an ashlar pattern and it shares classical detailing with the two houses to the west
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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
