1.
County highway
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A county highway is a road in the United States and in the Canadian province of Ontario that is designated and/or maintained by the county highway department. Route numbering can be determined by each county alone, by agreement among counties. Any county-maintained road, whether or not it is given a signed number, many other systems are also used, some counties rather arbitrarily assign numbers to all maintained roads, but do not sign them at all or only sign them on standard street sign blades. County roads and highways vary greatly in design standards, funding, some county highways in urban areas are freeways or expressways. County roads that link communities or serve residential areas are often indistinguishable from state highways or residential streets, in rural areas, many county roads carry very little traffic, these roads are maintained less frequently. They may be in poor condition or not paved at all, in remote areas, county roads are made of sand, gravel, or graded earth, seeing only occasional foot, equestrian, and four wheel drive traffic. Some states, such as Wisconsin, use county highways in great numbers, linking major highways, in England and Wales, the term County Road means a road for which the county council is the highway authority. County highway shields are usually a yellow-on-blue pentagon, a black-on-white rectangle, some states, like Virginia and North Carolina, have no county highways in most of their counties, the state government maintains all roads in unincorporated areas. Others, like Connecticut, have no county routes because there is no government at the county level, alaskas county-equivalent boroughs maintain roads in unincorporated areas but none are numbered, Louisianas county equivalents are parishes, and, accordingly, have parish routes. Ohios county roads vary widely in construction, signage, and naming from county to county, in Minnesota, some county roads are known as County state aid highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by counties, but they are eligible for funding from the County State Aid Highway Fund, differences in signage between CSAH routes and other county roads depends on the county. Some counties, such as Stearns County, delineate between the two by using the standard blue pentagon shield for CSAH routes and Minnesotas normal white square shield for other county routes. Most county roads in Minnesota are designated with numbers, although a few non-CSAHs in Dodge County utilize letters instead, a few roads that cross county borders are also signed with an inter-county designation and a letter, but this system is not shown on most maps. In the United States, county highways are denoted in various ways, in states like Wisconsin, county highways are marked with letters—in Wisconsin with 1 to 3 letter combinations. Wisconsins county highways are frequently and clearly marked at most intersections, because the county names are non-exclusive, the state has many county roads with similar or identical names. These highways are marked at the beginning of the highway and marked occasionally throughout the route. In Iowa, county roads are marked with a single letter, the latter generally use numbers in the 600-series with some counties having routes in the 700s along with one route in the 800s. Two counties, Bergen and Monmouth, along some routes in Ocean County, have routes outside this range with 1- or 2-digit numbers along with some numbers in the 100s
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
5.
Hudson County, New Jersey
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Hudson County, a county in the U. S. state of New Jersey, lies west of the lower Hudson River, which was named for Henry Hudson, the sea captain who explored the area in 1609. Hudson County is the fourth-most populous county in the state, there are 12 municipalities in Hudson County, listed with area in square miles and 2010 Census data for population and housing. North Hudson and West Hudson each comprise municipalities in their distinct areas, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a total area of 62.31 square miles, including 46.19 square miles of land and 16.12 square miles of water. Based on land area, it is the smallest of New Jerseys 21 counties, less than half the size of the next smallest, Hudson is located in the heart of New York metropolitan area in northeastern New Jersey. The topography is marked by the New Jersey Palisades in the north with cliffs overlooking the Hudson to the east and less severe cuesta, or slope and they gradually level off to the southern peninsula, which is coastal and flat. The western region, around the Hackensack and Passaic is part of the New Jersey Meadowlands, much of the land along the countys extensive shoreline and littoral zone was created by land reclamation. The highest point, at 260 feet above sea level, is in West New York, North Bergen is the city with the second most hills per square mile in the United States behind San Francisco. Ellis Island and Liberty Island, opposite Liberty State Park, lie entirely within Hudson Countys waters, Liberty Island is wholly part of New York. Largely created through land reclamation, Ellis Island covers a area of 27.5 acres, with the 2. 74-acre natural island. Shooters Island, in the Kill van Kull, is shared with New York. Robbins Reef Light sits atop a reef which runs parallel the Bayonne and these boundaries and the topography-including many hills and inlets-create very distinct neighborhoods. Kennedy Boulevard runs the length of the peninsula. Numerous cuts for rail and vehicular traffic cross Bergen Hill, given its proximity to Manhattan, it is sometimes referred to as New York Citys sixth borough. At the time of European contact in the 17th century, Hudson County was the territory of the Lenape, namely the bands known as the Hackensack, the Tappan, the Raritan, and the Manhattan. They were a seasonally migrational people who practiced small-scale agriculture augmented by hunting and gathering which likely, given the topography of the area and these groups had early and frequent trading contact with Europeans. The west bank of the North River and the cliffs, hills, in 1630, Michael Pauw received a land patent, or patroonship and purchased the land between the Hudson and Hackensack Rivers, giving it the Latin-ized form of his name, Pavonia. He failed to settle the area and was forced to return his holdings to the Dutch West India Company, homesteads were established at Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook and Hoebuck. A series of raids and reprisals across the province lasted two years, and ended in an uneasy truce, other homesteads were established at Constable Hook, Awiehaken, and other lands at Achter Col on Bergen Neck
6.
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City
7.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
8.
New Jersey Meadowlands
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The area was forested with Atlantic White Cedar before the early Dutch settlers cleared the cedar forests and used dikes to drain the land. The Dutch farmers used the drained tidal lands to create meadows of salt hay, in more recent times the Meadowlands became known for being the site of large landfills and decades of environmental abuse. Before European settlement, the area consisted of diverse ecosystems based on freshwater, brackish water. Large areas were covered by forests, considered by residents of the area through the centuries as wastelands, the Meadowlands were systematically subject to various kinds of human intervention. The four major categories are, Extraction of natural resources, farmers also harvested salt hay for feed. Over time, the forest resources were depleted, dike systems broke down, farming ceased. In addition to landfill from garbage, landmass generated from dredging was used to create new land. Some material came from building the World Trade Center, pollution by sewage, refuse, and hazardous waste. Various types of waste have been dumped legally and illegally in the Meadowlands, during World War II, military refuse was dumped in the Meadowlands, including rubble from London created by the Blitz and used as ballast in returning ships. After the war, the Meadowlands continued to be used for waste disposal. The Meadowlands Sports Complex, with stadia and a racetrack, is also in the Meadowlands, the location of the New Jersey Meadowlands near the New York metropolitan area and its outgrowth into New Jersey makes conservation of the vast wetland a difficult proposition. Even under grave circumstances, the Meadowlands contain many species of fish, crustaceans. Money from the United States Congress has been allocated to protect and preserve the Meadowlands and establish organizations to research the unique animals, the ecosystem is a fragile environment that waterfowl and other species of animals need. Richard W. DeKorte Park in the Meadowlands is known for bird watching, a Meadowlands photo essay Brooks, John, The Meadows-I, The New Yorker, retrieved 2011-01-25 Brooks, John, The Meadows-II, The New Yorker, retrieved 2011-01-25
9.
Northern Branch
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The Northern Branch is a railroad line that runs from Jersey City to Northvale in northeastern New Jersey. The line was extended to Nyack, New York in 1870. Ownership of the line passed into the hands of Conrail upon the formation in 1976. It survives as two separate but connected pieces of railroad, the Northern Running Track is an approximately two-mile-long freight railroad line in Hudson County, New Jersey. North of the yard the Northern Branch diverges from the CSX River Subdivision. The Northern Railroad of New Jersey was chartered in 1854, when it opened on May 28,1859, it was the second railroad in modern Bergen County with stage connections to Hackensack and other points. The northern terminal was Piermont, New York on the New York and Erie Rail Road, which had opened in 1841. After running on the Erie for one mile, trains reached the Northerns own line at Sparkill, New York and ran for 21 miles to another junction with the Erie at Croxton in Jersey City, New Jersey. From there trains ran on the Erie and the New Jersey Railroad for two and a half miles to the later called Exchange Place. Passengers could continue by ferry to Chambers St in Manhattan, because of its running over the Erie, the Northern was built to the same 6-foot broad gauge. By September 1859, there were three trains in each direction, with one express running from Piermont to Jersey City in 70 minutes. Sometime in the 1860s the Northern began running service westward from Sparkill on the Eries Piermont Branch as far as Monsey, the southern terminal was moved to the Eries Jersey City Terminal late in 1868, about six months before the Northern Railroads formal lease to the Erie. At that time the company had six locomotives,21 passenger and baggage cars, the Northern track was changed to standard gauge along with the rest of the Erie system in 1878. For five miles in Hudson County, Croxton to Granton, the New York, Susquehanna, joint stations were constructed between the railroads with platforms on each side. Although the Erie lease ended in 1940, the continued to the late 1950s. The Northern Railroad was mainly a commuter and local line, with significant freight business only near its southern end, business dropped off in the 1930s, and in 1942 the companys property was sold off to its long-term lessor, the Erie. From that time it was the Northern Branch, by 1954, the Northern Branch had only three rush hour passenger trains each way. Between 1956 and 1958, the allied Erie and Delaware, Lackawanna, during transition Erie trains continued to use the Erie Pavonia Terminal for about an hour in each rush hour, to distribute the heaviest crowds
10.
Secaucus, New Jersey
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Secaucus is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Secaucus is a derivation of the Algonquian words for black and snake, or place of snakes, or sekakes, sikakes, once an island, was part of the territory purchased by Director-General of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant in 1658. Settlement had begun by at least 1733 by the Smith family, Secaucus was originally formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 12,1900, from portions of North Bergen. On June 7,1917, Secaucus was incorporated as a town, replacing Secaucus borough, Secaucus was originally an agricultural community specializing in flowers. It later became known for its pig farms in the first half of the 20th century, in the early 1900s the town was home to approximately 55 pig farms, which housed nearly 250,000 pigs, which outnumbered humans 16 to 1. These farms served the demands of Newark and New York. Many of them were politicians, most notably pork peddler Henry B. Krajewski, who ran for New Jersey senator, three times for governor and twice for U. S. President, the towns pig farms, rendering plants, and junk yards gave the town a reputation for being one of the most odorous in the New York metropolitan area. In the 1950s the pig began to dwindle, partially due to construction on the New Jersey Turnpike. In 1963, debris from the demolition of Pennsylvania Station was dumped in the Secaucus Meadowlands, in later decades Secaucus became more of a commuter town. In a non-binding referendum in 1969, 90% of voters in Secaucus chose to leave Hudson County and join Bergen County, however, only the state has the authority to change county lines, so it never came to fruition. Today it remains the most suburban town in Hudson County, New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Secaucus as its 182nd best place to live in its 2010 rankings of the Best Places To Live in New Jersey, after ranking the borough 11th in its 2008 rankings. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had an area of 6.599 square miles. At the southern end of Secaucus is Snake Hill, an igneous rock intrusion jutting up some 150 feet from the Meadowlands below. Being partly surrounded by the Hackensack Meadowlands, Secaucus provides opportunities to observe the recovery of natural marshes in the towns post industrial, the Hackensack River and its tributary Mill Creek create the other borders for the district. The North End is one of the older, traditional residential neighborhoods of Secaucus which itself has been transformed to a town and retail. It is home to Secaucus High School, whose fields are used by the Bergen County Scholastic League. Nearby Schmiddts Wood is one of the last original hardwood forests in urban North Jersey, as part of the New Jersey Meadowlands District, the areas along the river are characterized by wetlands preservation and restoration areas
11.
New Jersey Provincial Council
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The Provincial Council was established in 1702 upon the surrender by the Proprietors of East Jersey and those of West Jersey of the right of government to Queen Anne. Annes government united the two colonies as the Province of New Jersey, a colony, establishing a new system of government. It provided for a legislature consisting of a Council and General Assembly. On December 6,1775, Governor William Franklin prorogued the New Jersey Legislature until January 3,1776, on May 30,1776, Franklin attempted to convene the legislature, but was met instead with an order by the New Jersey Provincial Congress for his arrest. The Provincial Council consisted of members, appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the British crown. With the exception of resignations and those being removed for cause, the former provinces of East and West Jersey were reorganized as the Eastern Division and the Western Division, respectively, of the Province of New Jersey. Councillors were apportioned that six would come from each of the two divisions, in practice, however, this was not always followed. Three or more councillors were to be considered a quorum, the governor was to notify the Crown of any vacancies, whereupon they would be filled by appointment. If the membership dropped below seven however, the governor was empowered to appoint as many councillors as would bring membership to seven and these members would then serve until either confirmed or replaced by the Crown. The senior councillor actually residing in New Jersey would, by virtue of his seniority, if there was no lieutenant governor, it was he who would succeed if a vacancy occurred in the Governors office due to death or absence from New Jersey. In 1733 the Crown decreed that the Surveyor General of His Majestys Customs would be seated as Councillor Extraordinary, the Provincial Council was the upper house of the colonial legislature, and as such was a predecessor to the modern New Jersey Senate. Laws enacted were to be styled as by the governor, council, once approved by both houses and signed by the governor, laws were to be transmitted to London, to be signed or disallowed by the Crown. Gubernatorial appointments, including judges, justices of the peace and sheriffs, were to be made with the advice, salaries and fees were to be set by the governor with the advice and consent of the council. Cases exceeding £200 could be appealed to the Crown. The following is a list of Presidents of the New Jersey Provincial Council from the 1702 surrender of government to the Crown to the adoption of the 1776 State Constitution
12.
Riverbend (Hudson County)
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Riverbend is the name of two sections of Hudson County, New Jersey. The smaller Riverbend District is located in Harrison at a bend in the Passaic River across from Newark Penn Station, south west of the PATH Newark Line. The larger Riverbend Section is on the banks of the Hackensack River and is part of the New Jersey Meadowlands District, in the river not far from the mouth of the tributary Penhorn Creek is the point where the municipal borders of Jersey City, Secaucus, and Kearny meet. This Riverbend is in many ways typical of the New Jersey Meadowlands, a combination of marshes, industry, the northern boundary is the unused rail right-of-way for the former Boonton Line. To the northwest are Snake Hill, site of Hudson County Laurel Hill Park, Anderson Marsh, the central part of the area is the Riverbend Wetlands Preserve, one of several wetland preservation and restoration areas under the jurisdiction on the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission. Currently the area has limited access, but may eventually connected with trails to the park. To the southeast are the Croxton Yard, and the Hudson Generating Station, the PATH Newark Line, the Kearny Meadows border the river to the southwest
13.
Hackensack River
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The Hackensack River is a river, approximately 45 miles long, in the U. S. states of New York and New Jersey, emptying into Newark Bay, a back chamber of New York Harbor. The watershed of the river includes part of the area outside New York City just west of the lower Hudson River. It also flows through and drains the New Jersey Meadowlands, the lower river, which is navigable as far as the city of Hackensack, is heavily industrialized and forms a commercial extension of Newark Bay. Once believed to be among the most polluted water courses in the United States, the Hackensack River rises in southeastern New York, in Rockland County, in the Sweet Swamp, just west of the Hudson River and approximately 1 mi south of West Haverstraw. It flows briefly southeast, into the Lake DeForest reservoir, separated from the Hudson by less than 3 mi, south of the dam, it then flows south, diverging from the Hudson. Just across the New Jersey state line, in northern Bergen County, south of Lake Tappan, it flows in a meandering course southward through the suburban communities of New Jersey. Near Oradell, it is impounded to form Oradell Reservoir, where it is joined by several streams, including the Dwars Kill, van Buskirk Island, a man-made island and site of the New Milford Plant of the Hackensack Water Company, lies in this area. At Little Ferry, it is joined by the broad Overpeck Creek, then southward, widening in a broad meandering tidal estuary through the Meadowlands, forming extensive side streams. South of North Bergen, it forms the boundary between Bergen County to the west and Hudson County to the east, as it flows through the Meadowlands it is traversed by numerous rail and road bridges. The name of the river comes from the Lenape word Achinigeu-hach, or Ackingsah-sack, conflicts with the Lenape prevented the early Dutch settlers of the New Netherland colony from expanding westward into the valley into late in the 17th century. The river furnished both the Native Americans and the European settlers with abundant runs of herring, shad and striped bass, in the colonial era, the river and the surrounding Meadowlands presented a formidable difficulty in transportation and communication. The wetlands helped allow the escape of the Continental Army under George Washington in 1776 after several defeats at the hands of the British army on the east side of the Hudson. It later served as a barrier that allowed Washingtons army to encamp in the nearby hills near Morristown. For two centuries, the river suffered from severe pollution. The construction of the Oradell Reservoir dam in 1921 essentially changed the river from a free-flowing stream into a brackish estuary. By the 1960s, much of the river was essentially a turbid hypoxic dead zone. Berrys Creek was once thought to be the most polluted stream in the United States, recreational fishing has staged a modest comeback, although catch and release may be advisable, as there are continuing health advisories against the consumption of fish caught in the river. Urban runoff pollution, municipal sewage discharges from sanitary sewer overflows and combined sewer overflows, the future of the wetlands around the lower river has been an ongoing controversy between development and preservation groups in recent decades
14.
Hudson Generating Station
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Hudson Generating Station is a power plant operated by PSEG Fossil LLC, a subsidiary of Public Service Enterprise Group. It is located in Jersey City in Hudson County, New Jersey, unit 2 is also equipped with several back-end technology emission controls. The Hudson Generating Station occupies a 250-acre site north of the intersection of Duffield, the Hudson Generating Station was built on the site of the former Marion Generating Station, the first PSEG plant, which started operation in 1906. The Marion Station was the largest in the PSEG fleet until 1924, the bulk of the Marion station was retired in 1961, as construction on the Hudson Station began. Unit 1 was installed in 1964 and retired in 2011, unit 2 was installed in 1968 and acts as a load following unit. Unit 3, a turbine, was installed in 1967. The Hudson Generating Station will be retired June 1,2017, a decision the company stated was mostly because of environmental regulations. Unit 2 typically burns a low-sulphur coal from West Virginia, in May 1996, a test on that coal indicated a 0.056 ppm mercury content. In 1997 PSEG Fossil officials discovered failed attempts by ospreys to build nests on a tower at the Hudson Generating Station. To encourage ospreys to roost along the Hackensack River, Public Service Electric, the platform was built by students from the Hudson Liberty Councils Boy Scouts of America and the Urban League of Hudson Countys youth build program. However, the first osprey chick to hatch in the New Jersey Meadowlands since the early 20th century took to the air only on July 13,2007, despite the $700 million USD investment in improvements in the facility some activists still consider it a detriment to the community. Aerial view of Jersey City with the Hudson Generating Station in the foreground and Manhattan in the background
15.
Marion Section
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Marion is a section of Jersey City in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. West of Journal Square and north of Holy Name Cemetery on the West Side, Marion is mostly a low-rise residential district that is home to several new housing developments, light manufacturing, restaurants, LaPointe Park and the Marion Branch Public Library. The Marion Section was laid out in the 1870s and was developed in the early 20th century, the name came from old Marion Hotel or the founders of a watch company located near city line. Despite the fact that tracks run through the district there is no station, former mayor, Jerramiah Healy had requested that Marion be given a stop on the PATH train at Broadway and West Side Avenue, supplanting the nearest station at Journal Square. Officials feel a station would help to bolster development in the neighborhood, Public School #23 operates on Romaine Ave. The area near the foot of on Newark Avenue is site of Marion Junction, the area is surrounded by manufacturing and warehouse buildings a few of which have received New Jersey Register of Historic Places designation. Some have been converted to residences or other uses, notably that of the American Can Company, the 1,000,000 square foot building is also home to dance companies of Shen Wei and Karole Armitage. The Marion Greenway Park has received funding and eventually connect to the Hackensack RiverWalk with a 1,300 linear foot extension to Lincoln Park. The reclaimed brownfield will be transformed to a 32-acre waterfront park including two soccer fields, an area, a lawn/fairgrounds, and a mile long jogging/walking path. Portions were once part of the PJP Landfill, Jersey Journal, May 15,2006 Marion Gardens Covert/Larch Historic District
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U.S. Route 1/9 Truck
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U. S. Route 1-9 Truck is a United States highway in the northern part of New Jersey that stretches 4.11 mi from the eastern edge of Newark to the Tonnele Circle in Jersey City. It is the road for U. S. Route 1-9 that trucks must use because they are prohibited from using the Pulaski Skyway. It also serves traffic accessing the New Jersey Turnpike, Route 440, the route is a four- to six-lane road its entire length, with portions of it being a divided highway, that runs through urban areas. From its south end to about halfway through Kearny, US 1-9 Truck is freeway-standard, following the opening of the Pulaski Skyway in 1932, US 1-9 and Route 25 were realigned to the new skyway. After trucks were banned from the skyway in 1934, the portion of Route 25 between Newark and Route 1 was designated as Route 25T, in 1953, US 1-9 Truck was designated in favor of Route 25T and Route 1 along this segment of road. Construction, which started in late 2008, was completed in late 2012, US 1-9 Truck begins at an interchange with access to and from the southbound direction US 1-9, the Pulaski Skyway, in the Ironbound section of the city of Newark in Essex County. The truck route is meant to bypass the portion of US 1-9 along the Pulaski Skyway and it merges onto Raymond Boulevard, which continues west from the US 1-9 and US 1-9 Truck interchange into downtown Newark. The truck restriction on Route 1-9 is for the safety and welfare of the according to the New Jersey Department of Transportation. At this point, the route becomes a four-lane divided highway. A short distance later, the comes to an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike. Here, the route enters Kearny in Hudson County and continues east into areas as the Lincoln Highway. The road has a right-in/right-out in both directions that provides access to Jacobus Avenue before it comes to an interchange with County Route 659, from here, US 1-9 Truck becomes a six-lane divided highway and comes to an at-grade intersection with Hackensack Avenue. Past this intersection, the crosses the Hackensack River on a vertical lift bridge. Upon entering Jersey City, the road becomes Communipaw Avenue and intersects the terminus of Route 440 near the Hudson Mall. At this intersection, Communipaw Avenue continues to the east and US 1-9 Truck turns to the north, bisecting Lincoln Park before coming to an intersection with County Route 605. Here, the road becomes a divided highway again, passing some urban business areas before running between wetlands to the west and Holy Name Cemetery to the east. The route heads into commercial areas again before passing urban residences. Here, US 1-9 Truck turns east on Broadway, running through a business district, a short distance later, it turns north onto an unnamed road with County Route 642 continuing east on Broadway
17.
Western Slope, Jersey City
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Western Slope is a neighborhood in The Heights, Jersey City, New Jersey on the cuesta, or gradual decline, of the western side of the New Jersey Palisades between The Boulevard and Tonnele Avenue. Its southern border is considered to be Beach Street near The Divided Highway. Some streets of Western Slope keep their names as they cross over the city line into North Bergen, some effects from erosion resulting from continued development can be seen along the eastern side of Tonnelle Avenue Avenue. The area along Tonnelle Avenue Avenue is industrial and commercial, whereas the blocks rising to the east are residential, leonard Gordon Park at Manhattan Avenue is a neighborhood park and site of a larger than life 1907 sculpture referred to as Buffalo and Bears by Solon Hannibal Borglum. Sparrow Hill is a neighborhood is a six block stretch of Liberty Avenue between Spruce Street and Manhattan Avenue
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North Bergen Yard
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The North Bergen Yard is freight rail yard and intermodal terminal in North Bergen, New Jersey parallel to Tonnelle Avenue between 49th and 69th Streets. Located within the North Jersey Shared Assets Area, the facility is part of CSX Transportation, on its west side, the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway runs the length of the yard and operates a bulk transloading operation immediately adjacent to it. In 1883 the West Shore Railroad had also laid tracks, the lines travelled to Marion Junction where using the New Jersey Railroad they passed through the Bergen Hill Cut to the Pennsylvania RR Depot at Exchange Place. This tunnel was later used by Conrails River Line until in an agreement with New Jersey Transit the trackage was upgraded. The new trackage south of yard travels into Jersey City, known as the Northern Running Track, it junctions with the National Docks Secondary which travels southeast through the Long Dock Tunnel to Port Jersey. The running track also provides a connection to Norfolk Southerns intermodal operations at Croxton Yard from the south, NYSW operations terminate at the Landbridge Terminal. The current northern terminus of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail is a loop just west of the Tonnelle Avenue station directly adjacent to the yard. The Northern Branch Corridor Project is a restoration of passenger service through an extension of the HBLR. Plans call for a flyover over the yard and light rail trackage along it western side. At the northern end of the yard, work has begun on a bridge to replace the current grade crossing at 69th Street between Tonnelle Avenue and West Side Avenue, parallel to the Cromakill Creek. Significant delays caused by long trains create considerable congestion for those working and shopping in the area, estimated to cost $67 million in 2005, the project has had sporadic funding since its inception. In May 2006, NJT announced that $38 million had been allocated for the project, approval for construction was given in 2007. and ground was broken in October 2008. There was no allocation made for 2012, above 69th Street trackage continues north to the former Granton Junction and Babbitt Station CSXs stub-ended Northern Branch continues north as a spur line to the New York State Line. The right of way shared by CSX and NYSW mainlines veers to the northwest to the Little Ferry Yard and it then crosses Overpeck Creek, passing Ridgefield Park into Bogota, where CSX and NYSW diverge. The NYSW at Bogota veers west crossing the Hackensack River, and at Paterson and it crosses the state line into New York at Warwick. List of rail yards Timeline of Jersey City area railroads Hudson Connecting Railway List of bridges, tunnels, photo expose NYSW in North Bergen NB Yard stills on YouTube part 1 PANYNJ Rail terminal and intermodal facilities
19.
North Jersey Shared Assets Area
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Conrail Shared Assets Operations is the unofficial commonly used name for modern-day Conrail. Conrail is an American railroad company, when most of the former Conrails track was split between these two railroads, the three shared assets areas were kept separate to avoid giving one railroad an advantage in those areas. The company operates using its own employees and infrastructure, but owns no equipment outside of MOW equipment, oak Island Yard is the principal yard for the region with smaller ones at Bayonne, Greenville, Linden, Manville, Metuchen, Newark, Old Bridge and Port Reading. Also connecting in Farmingdale, NJ is the Freehold Secondary, Port Reading Secondary MANS - A line that runs from Port Reading Junction and Yard to Bound Brook where it connects with the Lehigh Line - recently upgraded and may lose its secondary status. Hightstown Industrial Track - An Industrial Track that runs from a junction with the Amboy Secondary in Jamesburg NJ to Cranbury NJ, the New Jersey Department of Transportation anticipated in 2010 increased freight activity in South Jersey that has led to capital improvement and expansion projects for this designated area. Northeast Corridor - trackage rights along Amtrak from Northern New Jersey operations border at Princeton Junction, New Jersey to Hook in Marcus Hook, Delair Branch - Pavonia Running tracks at CP Hatch Delair, New Jersey to CSX at Park Junction in Philadelphia, PA. Pemberton Branch - Runs from the Delair Bridge to Mount Holly, NJ, the south track at the Delair Lift Bridge is used by Conrail, the north track is used by New Jersey Transits Atlantic City Line. North Yard Branch - From junction with Conrail Detroit Line at CP-West Detroit to junction with Conrail Sterling Secondary at CP-North Yard. Sterling Secondary & Utica Industrial Track - From junction with the Conrail North Yard Branch at CP-North Yard to the end of the Utica Industrial Track at MP27, michigan Line - CP-Townline in Dearborn to CP-Bay City Jct. Lincoln Secondary - From junction with CSXT Toledo Terminal Subdivision at Carleton to Ecorse Junction in Detroit, trains can operate track authority EC-1 forms issued by the CSX RL Dispatcher located in Calumet City, Illinois. CP-West Detroit, Delray, CP-YD, and River Rouge Yard lie close to other on the Utica/MP20 line. Various spurs and industrial tracks branch off from this trackage, mileage in both directions is measured from the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. Conrail Shared Assets utilizes the following types of locomotives, all supplied by CSX and Norfolk Southern
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Norfolk Southern Railway
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The Norfolk Southern Railway is a Class I railroad in the United States. NS is responsible for maintaining 29,000 miles, with the remainder being operated under trackage rights from other parties responsible for maintenance, the common commodity hauled on the railroad is coal from mines in Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The railroad also offers the largest intermodal network in eastern North America, NS is a major transporter of domestic and export coal. In Pennsylvania, NS also receives coal through interchange with R. J, corman Railroad/Pennsylvania Lines at Cresson, Pennsylvania, originating in the Clearfield Cluster. Coal transported by NS is thus exported to steel mills and power plants around the world, the company is also a major transporter of auto parts and completed vehicles. It operates intermodal container and TOFC trains, some in conjunction with other railroads, NS was the first railway to employ roadrailers, which are highway truck trailers with interchangeable wheel sets. The Norfolk Southern Railways parent Norfolk Southern Corporation is a Norfolk, Norfolk Southern Corporation was incorporated on July 23,1980 in the Commonwealth of Virginia and is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols NSC. As of October 1,2014 Norfolk Southern Corporations total public stock value was slightly over $34.5 billion, the system began in 1982 with the creation of the Norfolk Southern Corporation, a holding company for the Southern Railway and Norfolk & Western Railway. The new company was given the name of the Norfolk Southern Railway, a line, acquired by SOU in 1974, that served primarily North Carolina. Headquarters for the new NS were established in Norfolk, Virginia, the company suffered a slight embarrassment when the marble headpiece at the buildings entrance was unveiled, which read Norfolk Southern Railway. A new headpiece replaced the erroneous one several weeks later, NS aimed to compete in the eastern United States with CSX Transportation, formed after the Interstate Commerce Commissions 1980 approval of the merger of the Chessie System and the Seaboard System. Norfolk Southerns predecessor railroads date to the early 19th century, the SRs earliest predecessor line was the South Carolina Canal & Rail Road. Chartered in 1827, the South Carolina Canal & Rail Road Company became the first to regularly scheduled passenger train service with the inaugural run of the Best Friend of Charleston in 1830. Another early predecessor, the Richmond & Danville Railroad, was formed in 1847, the R&D ultimately fell on hard times and in 1894, it became a major portion of the new Southern Railway. Financier J. P. Morgan selected veteran railroader Samuel Spencer as president, profitable and innovative, Southern became in 1953 the first major U. S. railroad to completely switch to diesel-electric locomotives from steam. It was acquired by the South Side Railroad in 1854, in the second half of the 20th century, the N&W acquired the Virginian Railway, the Wabash Railway, and the Nickel Plate Road, among others. In 1990, the two merged and formed Norfolk Southern Railway. The system grew with the acquisition of half of Conrail
21.
NJ Transit
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NJT also acts as a purchasing agency for many private operators in New Jersey, with numerous private operators receiving equipment from NJT for route service within the state not controlled by NJT. NJT was founded on July 17,1979, an offspring of the New Jersey Department of Transportation and it came into being with the passage of the Public Transportation Act of 1979 to acquire, operate, and contract for transportation service in the public interest. NJT originally acquired and managed a number of bus services, one of the largest being those operated by the states largest electric company. It gradually acquired most of the bus services. In northern New Jersey, many of the bus routes are arranged in a web, in southern New Jersey, most routes are arranged in a spoke-and-hub fashion, with routes emanating from Trenton, Camden, and Atlantic City. Since inception, rail ridership has quadrupled, in the 1990s the rail system expanded, with new Midtown Direct service to New York City and new equipment. On October 21,2001, it opened a new station at Newark Liberty International Airport, on October 31,2005, NJT took over Clocker service from Amtrak. Four new trains were added to the schedule, but cut back to Trenton, during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the rail operations center of NJ Transit was flooded by 8 feet of water and an emergency generator submerged. Floodwater damaged at least 65 locomotive engines and 257 rail cars, the Governor of New Jersey appoints a seven-member Board of Directors, four members from the general public and three State officials. The Governor has veto power on decisions made by the board, for buses around Trenton, and NJ Transit Rail Operations, Inc. for commuter rail. NJT operates 871 bus routes using 2,477 buses and the Newark Light Rail with 20 light rail vehicles, the bus fleet includes buses purchased for other New Jersey operators above the 2,477. The fleet consists of 52 Kinki Sharyo electric light rail vehicles owned by NJT, Newark Light Rail – two segments serving Newark and the surrounding area. The Newark City Subway has 12 stops, is 4.3 miles long, connecting Newark Penn Station to North Newark, the Broad Street Extension has five stops, is 1.0 mile long, and connects Newark Penn Station to Newark Broad Street Station. The fleet consists of 21 Kinki Sharyo electric light rail vehicles owned and operated by the Central Division of NJT Bus Operations. River Line – a 21-stop 34 miles line from Trenton to Camden along the Delaware River, mostly along the Bordentown Secondary line formerly owned by Conrail, the fleet consists of 20 Stadler GTW diesel light rail vehicles owned by NJT and operated under contract by Bombardier Transportation. NJT operates over 100 diesel locomotives, of which 11 are supplied by Metro-North Railroad as part of an agreement for the Port Jervis Line. It has over 650 push-pull cars, of which 65 are supplied by Metro-North, the New Jersey Transit Police Department is the transit police force for NJT. It is a police agency with statewide jurisdiction with the primary focus on policing the numerous bus depots, rail
22.
Secaucus Junction
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Secaucus Junction is a major commuter rail hub in Secaucus, New Jersey. It serves trains from all New Jersey Transit Rail lines except the Princeton Branch and Atlantic City Line and it was dedicated as the Frank R. Lautenberg Rail Station at Secaucus Junction and opened on December 15,2003. Senator Frank Lautenberg, who died in 2013, was an advocate who had worked to allocate federal funds for the project. In March 2016, a new bus station with 14 bus berths opened at the terminal and it will be used primarily for transferring passengers but was also conceived to add redundancy to the transportation network. The station does not currently serve Amtrak trains, which pass through the station on the upper level outer tracks without stopping, before Secaucus Junction was built, commuters on non-electrified lines to Hoboken Terminal used PATH trains or ferries to reach Manhattan and other points in New York City. Commuters whose trains terminated at New York Penn Station could connect to subway services but had to go to a PATH station to reach Hoboken, the two-track Bergen County Line was re-aligned southwestward next to the two-track Main Line to pass through the station on the four-track lower level. The construction required the bodies from the Hudson County Burial Grounds to be disinterred and moved to another cemetery, the station was built with little public parking, as NJT believed few passenger trips would originate at the transfer point. In 2005, Exit 15X on the adjacent New Jersey Turnpike opened to provide access to the station from the surrounding area. Two years later, 15X was the interchange on the turnpike. On June 1,2009, Edison Parkfast, a company, opened the first parking lot near the station. Also since 2009, Secaucus Junction serves trains coming from Metro-Norths New Haven Line for connecting trains to football games at the Meadowlands, the service runs one train in each direction for Giants and Jets games with 1,00 p. m. kickoffs on Sundays. On February 2,2014, certain Amtrak trains made stops at Secaucus for passengers going to Super Bowl XLVIII. Despite its name, Secaucus Junction is not a true junction, the station has two platform levels connected by a third level on top. Such a loop, however, is proposed as part of the Gateway Project to improve access to Manhattan. The upper concourse of the station contains amenities and serves passengers switching trains, to transfer between trains on different levels, passengers climb up to the concourse, pass through faregates, and descend back down to their destination platforms. At the center of this level is a 30-foot-high steel, glass, the tops of the cattails are lit from within in the purple, blue and orange colors of NJ Transit. An extension of service, from its then-terminus at Times Square – 42nd Street to a new terminus at Eleventh Avenue. If built, the extension would take the New York City Subway outside the citys borders and it would offer a direct route to Grand Central Terminal on the east side of Manhattan, while connecting with most other subway routes
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The Heights, Jersey City
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The Heights or Jersey City Heights is a district in the north end of Jersey City, New Jersey atop the New Jersey Palisades overlooking Hoboken to the east and Croxton in the Meadowlands to the west. Its postal area ZIP code is 07307, the Heights mostly contains two- and three-family houses and low-rise apartment buildings, and is similar to North Hudson architectural style and neighborhood character. Central Avenue is its primary commercial thoroughfare, with residential neighborhoods on both sides. Pershing Field is a park in the center of the district, offering green space, baseball fields, the adjacent Jersey City Reservoir No.3 has been preserved as a state designated wetland and park. The Schurman House, the Odgen-Conrad House, and the Van Vorst Farmhouse, are located in the vicinity, pohlmanns Hall at 154 Ogden Avenue received its federal historical designation in September 1985. Christ Hospital is south on Palisade Avenue, western Slope descending a cuesta from Kennedy Boulevard the overlooks Croxton in the Meadowlands. At the corner of Manhattan Avenue, in the Dr. Leonard J. Gordon Park is larger than life 1907 sculpture Buffalo, an elevator at Congress Street and Paterson Plank Road descends to the 9th Street-Congress Street station of the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail. Mountain Ave and New York Ave are the two streets that travel along the face of the cliffs. New Jersey Transit bus routes 82,83,84,85,86,87 and 88, New Jersey Transit 119 Bayonne to PABT via Journal Square and Central Avenue also serves the area. The Heights was part of the colony of Pavonia, New Netherland, a Van Vorst House built in 1742 by the family is considered to be the oldest building in Hudson County. The area comprising most of the Heights was once an independent municipality and it was incorporated as a town in 1852, and later into a city in 1855. The Town Hall, erected on Oakland Avenue, still stands today, Garrett D. Van Reipen was that citys first mayor. Hudson City, along with the Town of Bergen and the Township of Greenville, hudsons mayor Garrett D. Van Reipen became the first President of the small bank, which was located on Newark Avenue. By the end of the 19th Century, Hudson City Savings Bank had accumulated assets and deposits of over US$1 million. In the 1920s, the bank opened its second branch, and moved from Newark Avenue to 587 Summit Avenue in Jersey City. Americas first motion picture industry can trace its roots to the Hudson River towns of New Jersey and it also established the Eclectic Film Company as a subsidiary distribution company for both its American and European product. The Heights Section of Jersey City Central Avenue Special Improvement District Congregation Mount Sinai Walking Tour of Riverview Neighborhood Spotlight, The Heights
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New Jersey Turnpike
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The New Jersey Turnpike, colloquially known to New Jerseyans as the Turnpike, is a toll road in New Jersey, maintained by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. According to the International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association, the Turnpike is the nations sixth-busiest toll road and is one of the most heavily traveled highways in the United States and its northern terminus is located at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, Bergen County. The Turnpike is a major thoroughfare providing access to localities in New Jersey, as well as Delaware, Pennsylvania. The route divides into four roadways between exit 6 and exit 14, with the inner lanes restricted to carrying only cars, and with the outer lanes for cars, trucks and buses. The northern part of the turnpike, along with the entirety of its extensions and spurs, is part of the Interstate Highway System. South of exit 6, it has the unsigned Route 700 designation, construction of the mainline from conceptualization to completion took 23 months, from 1950 to 1952. It was officially opened to traffic in November 1951, between its terminus and exit 10. The Interstate Highway System took some of its design guidelines by copying the Turnpikes design guidelines, to some degree, the Turnpike is considered iconic in pop culture, having been referenced in music, film and television. The main road of the New Jersey Turnpike splits from I-295 in Carneys Point Township and runs a north-northeast route to Ridgefield Park and it is designated Route 700, an unsigned route, from exit 1 to exit 6, and as I-95 from exit 6 to exit 18. The number of ranges from 4 lanes south of exit 4,6 lanes between exit 4 and exit 6,12 lanes between exit 6 and exit 11, and 14 lanes between exit 11 and exit 14. None of these state highway designations have ever been signed, specifically, starting in Mansfield Township, the Turnpike has a total of 12 lanes,6 in each direction. From Woodbridge Township to Newark, High-occupancy vehicle lanes exist on the outer roadway, thereby making it 7 lanes in each direction. The HOV lanes are in effect on weekdays, from 6,00 a. m. –9,00 a. m. northbound, north of exit 14, the Turnpike splits into two spurs, the Eastern Spur and the Western Spur. Both spurs are signed as I-95, the Western Spur is posted for through traffic on I-95 seeking Interstate 280, the Meadowlands Sports Complex, and the George Washington Bridge. Traffic seeking U. S. Route 46, Interstate 80, the New Jersey Department of Transportation, which calls every class of highway Route, calls the Western Spur Route 95W. It connects Newark with Lower Manhattan via the Holland Tunnel in Jersey City and this extension contains three exits and due to its design, it has a 50 mph speed limit. A 6-mile long six-lane highway, it not only connects the Pennsylvania Turnpike with the mainline and it was formerly designated as Route 700P, but is currently designated I-95 in anticipation of the completion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project in 2018. A 4-mile stretch of I-95 north of U. S.46 came under Turnpike Authority jurisdiction in 1992 and this section of the road travels past the interchange for I-80 and through a cut in the Hudson Palisades at GWB Plaza
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U-turn
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A U-turn in driving refers to performing a 180° rotation to reverse the direction of travel. It is called a U-turn because the maneuver looks like the letter U, in some areas, the maneuver is illegal, while in others, it is treated as a more ordinary turn, merely extended. In still other areas, lanes are occasionally marked U-turn permitted or even U-turn only, occasionally, on a divided highway, special U-turn ramps exist to allow traffic to make a U-turn, though often their use is restricted to emergency and police vehicles only. In the United States, U-turn regulations vary by state, in Indiana U-turns are allowed as long as the driver follows all of the precautions normally ascribed to making a left turn, many places, including Texas and Georgia, have specially designed U-turn lanes. In Michigan, U-turns are required for many left turns to and from divided highways, U-turns are often prohibited for various reasons. Sometimes a sign indicates the legality of U-turns, however, traffic regulations in many jurisdictions specifically prohibit certain types of U-turns. Laws vary by jurisdiction as to when a U-turn may or may not be legal, examples of jurisdictions with codified U-turn prohibitions include the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia and the U. S. state of Oregon. Making a U-turn at a road segment signed No U-turn or painted double solid yellow or white lines or no-overtaking lines, making a U-turn at a road segment prohibiting left turn. Not surrounding a roundabout to make a U-turn in such an intersection, before making a U-turn, failing to stop or signal left turn as required, or making a U-turn without paying attention to vehicles or pedestrians passing by. In addition, a Taiwanese driver license is demerited one point for an unlawful U-turn pursuant to Article 63 of the same Act unless the license has been suspended or revoked. Should an accident occur, the license shall also be revoked. Article 75, A driver of a non-motorized vehicle shall be administratively fined 1200 to 2400 New Taiwan dollars for making a U-turn on a level crossing. The Department of Public and Highways has blamed the huge number of U-turn slots as well as the position of pedestrian lanes especially along Commonwealth Avenue as among the road hazards. The construction of the U-turn slots started during the term of Bayani Fernando as part of the measures to improve the flow of traffic. Fernando even constructed an elevated U-turn slot, the first in the country, jughandle Texas U-turn Three-point turn Turning radius Wrong way driving
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Lorillard Tobacco Company
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Lorillard Tobacco Company was an American tobacco company marketing cigarettes under the brand names Newport, Maverick, Old Gold, Kent, True, Satin, and Max. The company is named for Pierre Abraham Lorillard, who founded the company in 1760, in 1899, the American Tobacco Company organized a New Jersey corporation, called the Continental Tobacco Company, that took a controlling interest in many small tobacco companies. By 1910, James Buchanan Duke controlled Lorillard and the American Tobacco Company even as it kept its original name, in 1925, Lorillard experienced great transition as Benjamin Lloyd Belt became president. Having been with the company since 1911, Belt made some decisions that made the company profitable, the Whiteman Hour had its first broadcast on February 5,1929 and continued until May 6,1930. When the Whiteman band went to Hollywood in mid-1929 to make the film King of Jazz, Old Gold leased a special eight coach train to take Whiteman, the train stopped at sixteen cities across the nation. Old Gold later sponsored Artie Shaws Tuesday night Melody and Madness program on CBS Radio from November 20,1938 until November 14,1939, Belt was still president when he died in 1937. Lorillard Tobacco Co. opened a new plant on East Market St. in Greensboro, NC in 1956, moving cigarette manufacturing from Jersey City, New Jersey and Richmond. Loews Corporation purchased Lorillard in 1968, testifying under oath before Congress in 1994, Lorillards CEO Andrew Tisch said that he didnt believe that nicotine is addictive nor that cigarette smoking causes cancer. In 1997, the headquarters moved to Greensboro from New York City. The firm also manufactured cigarettes in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1997, Lorillard was one of four entities to initiate negotiations leading to the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement between Big Tobacco and 46 U. S. states. Loews created the Carolina Group as a company for its tobacco assets in 2002. Carolina was controlled by Loews until May 10,2006, when Loews Corporation sold 15 million shares of Carolina Group, the sale is valued at approximately $740 million. In 2006, Lorillard was convicted of racketeering under RICO, along with Philip Morris, the Supreme Court has upheld the verdict, in which Judge Kessler wrote, hat this case is really about. In 2008, Lorillard Tobacco was entered into an agreement with its parent company Loews. In December 2010, a Boston jury returned a $151 million verdict against Lorillard Tobacco Company for giving out samples of cigarettes to children in urban housing projects in the 1950s. The plaintiff, Marie Evans, was nine when she first received these samples and she died of lung cancer before trial. The electronic cigarette company had about $30 million in revenue in 2010, with blu eCigs sold in more than 13,000 retail outlets, including Walgreens, in 2014, after negotiations with PETA, Lorillard announced it would no longer test its products on animals. In a statement, the said they will use scientifically accepted or validated alternative test methods
27.
Journal Square
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The square itself is at the intersection of Kennedy Boulevard and Bergen Avenues. The broader area extends to and includes Bergen Square, McGinley Square, India Square, many local, state, and federal agencies serving Hudson County maintain offices in the district. The Newkirk House and Van Wagenen House remain, while the still-intact Sip Manor was moved to Westfield, the newspaper built new headquarters and the new square was named in its honor. The bridge carrying the boulevard was designed by consulting engineer Abraham Burton Cohen, karen Angel of The New York Daily News described Journal Square from the 1920s to the 1960s as crown jewel, a glowing commercial, entertainment and transportation hub of the city. The Jersey Bounce, a hit song in the 1940s mentions Journal Square in its lyrics as the place where it got started, two days before Election Day in 1960 John F. Kennedy made his last campaign speech before returning to New England at Journal Square. Hudson Boulevard was named Kennedy Boulevard soon after his assassination, the Tube Bar, so-called for the Hudson Tubes was made famous by Louis Red Deutsch getting prank calls there. The Journal Square Transportation Center, opened between 1973-1975, includes the Journal Square PATH and bus station, and is headquarters of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson. It is attributed to have contributed to the decline of the district by moving the train-bus interchange, in front of the station is a statue of Jackie Robinson who in 1946 crossed the baseball color line at Roosevelt Stadium. A statue of Christopher Columbus, the work of Jersey City native Archimedes Giacomontonio, has located on the square since 1950. The Stanley and the Loews have both been restored, the first now an Assembly Hall of Jehovahs Witnesses, the used as a moviehouse. The campus of Hudson County Community College is a collection of buildings throughout the district around the square, a few blocks to the south near McGinley Square, are Saint Peters University, Hudson Catholic Regional High School, and the Jersey City Armory. A concentration of shops operated two of the ethnic groups, Overseas Filipino and Indian American, can be found along Newark Avenue. Northeast of Journal Square is Five Corners, the county seat of Hudson County, the Five Corners Branch of the Jersey City Public Library is sited on the intersection itself, while William L. Dickinson High School is located nearby at 2 Palisade Avenue. Many of the buildings in Journal Square include housing stock, convenience stores, bodegas, and downscale franchises, a proposed development by Kushner Real Estate Group and National Real Estate Advisors, Journal Squared, is planned as a 2,300,000 square foot 3-tower residential complex. The first phase, a 53-story tower, opened in early 2017 and it sits directly adjacent to the Journal Squared PATH station as a continuation of the dense transit-oriented development that has arisen further to the east in Jersey City. The towers were designed by Hollwich Kushner and Handel Architects, as of 2008 there were proposals to build a complex called 1 Journal Square which would combine rental housing, multi-story retail, and parking. Plans for the mixed-use development call for 68-story and 50-story residential towers above a 7-story retail, while the site has been cleared, construction has not begun. A further extension to 2013 requested by MEPTA was not granted by the Jersey City Redevelopment Agency, Jersey City is one of nine municipalities in New Jersey designated as eligible for Urban Transit Hub Tax Credits by the states Economic Development Authority
28.
New Jersey Meadowlands Commission
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In February 2015, the Hackensack Meadowlands Agency Consolidation Act consolidated the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission into the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority. The New Jersey Meadowlands Commission is a zoning, planning. Its founding mandates are to protect the balance of nature, provide for orderly development. The commission merged with the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority through legislative action, the merger was made effective in February 2015. The District is composed of 19,730 acres, approximately 31 mi², of 14 municipalities in Bergen, the Meadowlands District stretches mainly along the delta of the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers as they flow into Newark Bay, tributaries of the Hackensack include Berrys Creek and Overpeck Creek. These policies are backed by MAGNET, a five-year, $32 million funding plan, the NJMC has also advanced the sharing of services between the 14 Meadowlands municipalities to lighten the municipalities’ individual tax burdens. The agency is also leading efforts to improve stormwater management. In order to back its land use management and other policies with scientific data, MERI functions as a center for scientific investigations of the urban wetlands, their functioning, restoration, and sustainable management. In the Kearny Marsh, MERI is currently conducting a study utilizing Aquablok to trap contaminated sediments in the floor while allowing plants. The NJMC has acquired more than 1,800 acres of the wetlands in the Meadowlands District for preservation. The Skeetkill Creek Marsh in Ridgefield, Harrier Meadow in North Arlington, goals of restorations include increased tidal flow, the reduction of phragmites, and greater use of the site by estuarine species of fish, waterfowl, and shorebirds. According to a report by the New Jersey Audubon Society, the Meadowlands is a part of the Atlantic Flyway migration route. The NJMCs Flyway Gallery, located within the MEC, fosters a cultural identity unique to the Meadowlands District by hosting public contests and exhibits by local and environmental artists. Other NJMC Parks include Laurel Hill County Park in Secaucus, Kearny Marsh in Kearny, and it will be the first public marina on the lower Hackensack River
29.
Tonnele Circle
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The Tonnele Circle is an intersection in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. It is named after Tonnele Avenue, the road that runs through it. To the east, just north of the road through the cut, was a road to Hudson County Boulevard. When the Skyway was built, the old connection to Tonnele Circle became an exit and entrance ramp to the Circle. Right-side exit and entrance ramps were provided between the Skyway and the Circle, with the southbound onramp exiting the north of the old road. On September 14,1938, a ramp, known as the Tonnele Circle Viaduct, opened from the cut, passing over Tonnele Circle. This greatly improved traffic, since southbound trucks no longer had to pass through the circle, northbound trucks still do, but they only cross the Tonnelle Avenue south approach, which is relatively minor. In mid-1952, Tonnele Circle was rebuilt, northbound traffic from TRUCK US 1/9 could now go straight through the circle. Also at that time, or possibly earlier, the offramp from Route 139 was moved to the right side, the connector was modified to only go towards the Circle. The Tonnele Circle was adjusted again in 2005, a ramp was added to permit vehicles heading southbound on Tonnele Avenue to access the Pulaski Skyway without entering the circle. Southbound traffic was routed to the new viaduct on February of that year and it is sometimes believed that the circle gets its name from the Holland Tunnel, since the circle was built for the tunnel. Hagstrom maps even label the circle as Tunnels Traffic Circle, however, the circle was named after the street, and the street was probably named after a John Tonnele, who died in 1852, or one of his descendants. Information on the Tonnele family is sparse, but at least some of them lived in Jersey City, the street was named by 1883. There is some confusion about the spelling - whether the name has one L or two - even within Jersey City, and street signs reflect both options. However, the U. S. Postal Service favors Tonnele, list of traffic circles in New Jersey Saint Peters Cemetery, Jersey City Odonyms in Hudson County, New Jersey
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Marion Junction (New Jersey)
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Marion Junction is a railroad junction in western Jersey City, New Jersey. Currently, it connects CSXs River Line to Conrails Passaic and Harsimus Line, the two lines merge towards the west, allowing through trains from upstate New York to continue towards the rest of the country. The track actually making the connection is known as the Marion Running Track, the New Jersey Railroad and Paterson and Hudson River Railroad both built their lines to this point in 1834 and November 28,1833, respectively. It took four years for the NJRR to cut through the New Jersey Palisades, prior to that, passengers. The junction was a one, with both lines merging towards the east, allowing both railroads to access the east side of the Palisades and the Hudson River. In 1861, due to congestion on the PRR cut, the Erie built the Long Dock Tunnel through Bergen Hill and Marion Junction became a minor transfer point. In 1873 the newly opened New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway, nY&GL rerouted passenger trains to the Erie terminal about 1890, and NYS&W did the same in 1911. NYS&W continued to maintain a house at Marion Junction. With the decline of the railroads in the mid-20th century. Facing east, it was not in the best alignment for freight traffic between upstate New York and points south. Around 1994, New Jersey Transit paid to modify the junction to point west, as part of moving the River Line to the west side of the Palisades and this made the junction the preferred route for freight traffic. Hudson Connecting Railway Croxton, Jersey City Long Dock Tunnel List of New Jersey railroad junctions
31.
Northeast Corridor
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The Northeast Corridor is an electrified railway line in the Northeast megalopolis of the United States. Owned primarily by Amtrak, it runs from Boston through New York City, Philadelphia, the NEC closely parallels Interstate 95 for most of its length, and is the busiest passenger rail line in the United States by ridership and service frequency as of 2013. Branches to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Springfield, Massachusetts, though not considered part of the Northeast Corridor, the corridor is used by many Amtrak trains, including the high-speed Acela Express, intercity trains, and several long-distance trains. Most of the corridor also has frequent commuter service, operated by the MBTA, Shore Line East, Metro-North Railroad, New Jersey Transit, SEPTA. Several companies run freight trains over sections of the NEC, much of the line is built for speeds higher than the 79 mph allowed on many U. S. tracks. Acela covers the 225 miles between New York and Washington, D. C. in under 3 hours, and the 229 miles between New York and Boston in under 3.5 hours. Under Amtraks $151 billion Northeast Corridor plan, which hopes to roughly halve travel times by 2040, the Northeast Corridor was built by several railroads between the 1830s and 1917. The route was later consolidated under two railroads, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad between Boston and New York, and the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Washington, boston-Providence, Boston and Providence Railroad opened 1835, partially realigned in 1847 and in 1899. Became part of the Old Colony Railroad in 1888, providence-Stonington, New York, Providence and Boston Railroad opened 1837, partially realigned 1848. Stonington-New Haven, New Haven, New London and Stonington Railroad opened 1852-1889, New Haven-New Rochelle, New York and New Haven Railroad opened 1849. New Rochelle-Port Morris, Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad opened 1873, Port Morris-Sunnyside Yard, New York Connecting Railroad, opened 1917. Sunnyside Yard-Manhattan Transfer, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad opened 1910, Manhattan Transfer-Trenton, United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company opened 1834-1839,1841, partially realigned 1863 and 1870. Trenton-Frankford Junction, Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad opened 1834, partially realigned 1911, frankford Junction-Zoo Tower, Connecting Railway opened 1867. Zoo Tower-Grays Ferry Bridge, Junction Railroad opened 1863-1866, grays Ferry-Bayview, Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad opened 1837-1838,1866,1906. Bayview Yard-Baltimore Union Station, Union Railroad opened 1873, Baltimore Union Station-Landover, Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened 1872. Electricity was in use on branch lines of the NYNH&H for interurban streetcars via third rail or trolley wire. The NH announced in 1905 that it would electrify its main line from New York to Stamford, electric locomotives began serving Grand Central on February 13,1907, and all NYC passenger service into Grand Central was electrified on July 1. NH electrification began on July 24 to New Rochelle, August 5 to Port Chester and October 6,1907 the rest of the way to Stamford, steam trains last operated into Grand Central on June 30,1908, after which all NH passenger trains into Manhattan were electrified
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Pulaski Skyway
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The Pulaski Skyway is a four-lane bridge-causeway in the northeastern part of the U. S. state of New Jersey, carrying a freeway designated U. S. Route 1/9 for most of its length. The landmark structure has a length of 3.502 miles. Its longest bridge spans 550 feet, traveling between Newark and Jersey City, the roadway crosses the Passaic and Hackensack rivers and Kearny Point, the peninsula between them. One of several major projects built during the reign of Hudson County political boss Frank Hague, its construction was a source of political, the viaduct is listed in the state and federal registers of historic places. Unpredictable traffic congestion and its functionally obsolete design make the Skyway one of the most unreliable roads in the United States, as of 2014, the bridges handle about 74,000 crossings per day, none by trucks, which have been barred from the road since 1934. The bridges have been little altered, in 2007, the New Jersey Department of Transportation began a rehabilitation program, which it estimates will cost more than $1 billion. To facilitate the work, it closed the eastbound lanes for traffic on April 12,2014, sources differ on the length and terminal points of the skyway, which was built as part of the 13-mile long Route 1 Extension. The National Bridge Inventory identifies the Hudson County section as 14,906 feet long, in a historic roadway and bridge study for NJDOT, it was described as 16,000 feet long. NJDOT has indicated the length of the bridge structures to be 3.5 miles. Other sources, along with the National Register of Historic Places, The New York Times, the four-lane iconic skyway carries the US 1/9 concurrency for most its length. While the skyway generally runs east–west between Newark and Jersey City, US1 and US9 are generally north–south routes, the west end of the skyway begins as US 1/9 roadway ascends and passes over Raymond Boulevard in Newarks Ironbound neighborhood. At Tonnele Circle, US 1/9 exits to grade and follows Tonnele Avenue north towards the Lincoln Tunnel and George Washington Bridge and the skyway becomes the four-lane Route 139 as it passes over it. While the road continues to the Holland Tunnel, the skyway soon comes to its end at a cut in Bergen Hill. In addition to crossing the Hackensack and the Passaic, the skyway also passes over the New Jersey Turnpike, under most of the skyway is other vehicular, rail, maritime, and industrial infrastructure built on landfilled wetlands of the New Jersey Meadowlands. Some maps, including one of Newark and one of Elizabeth, an NJDOT single line diagram shows the General Pulaski Skyway starting at mile post 49.00, which is just north of the renamed Newark Liberty International Airport. Google Maps includes the Route 139 eastern approach, trucks have been prohibited for the safety and welfare of the public since 1934 because of the states approval of a local ordinance that was championed by Frank Hague, mayor of Jersey City. They are detoured to use U. S. Route 1/9 Truck, pedestrians and cyclists are banned, as the road has no dedicated lanes or sidewalks. The speed limit on the skyway is 45 miles per hour, except for crossings over Jersey City rail lines and the Hackensack and the Passaic, the main part of the skyway is a steel deck truss cantilever bridge, supported by concrete piers
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U.S. Route 1/9
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U. S. Route 1/9 is the 31. 01-mile long concurrency of US1 and US9 from their junction in Woodbridge Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey north to New York City. The route is a road, with some freeway portions. Throughout most of its length in New Jersey, the road runs near the New Jersey Turnpike/Interstate 95. In Fort Lee, US 1/9 merges onto I-95 and crosses the Hudson River on the George Washington Bridge, between Newark and Jersey City, US 1/9 runs along the Pulaski Skyway. Trucks are banned from this section of road and must use US 1/9 Truck, the concurrency between US1 and US9 is commonly referred to as 1 and 9. Some signage for the concurrency, as well as the truck route, the current alignment of US 1/9 south of Elizabeth was planned as pre-1927 Route 1 in 1916, this road was extended to the Holland Tunnel in Jersey City in 1922. When the U. S. Highway System was created in 1926, US1, in 1927, pre-1927 Route 1 became Route 25, and Route 1 and Route 6 were legislated along the current US 1/9 north of Jersey City. US 1/9 originally went to the Holland Tunnel on Route 25, after the Pulaski Skyway opened in 1932, US 1/9 and Route 25 were routed to use this road, which soon had a truck ban resulting in the creation of Route 25T. South of Newark, US 1/9 was moved from Route 27 to Route 25, in 1953, the state highways running concurrent with US 1/9 in New Jersey were removed. In 1964, the approaches to the George Washington Bridge were upgraded into I-95, US1 and US9 begin their concurrency at a directional interchange in Woodbridge Township, Middlesex County. The combined US 1/9 runs northeast through business areas as a divided highway. From this interchange, the road continues as a road with some jughandles. A short distance later, US 1/9 crosses into Rahway, Union County, the highway turns more northeast, becoming known as Edgar Road in Linden. Following the intersection with CR615, the road enters more urbanized areas of homes and businesses, after passing near a couple of cemeteries, the highway runs to the west of the Bayway Refinery before passing under another Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad line. After this bridge, US 1/9 meets the terminus of I-278 at a partial interchange with a northbound exit. Past this interchange, US 1/9 continues into Elizabeth, where it intersects Route 439 at the Bayway Circle, at this point, US 1/9 splits from Edgar Road. The road continues north through urban neighborhoods as Spring Street, passing under another Conrail Shared Assets Operations line, the freeway comes to an interchange with the northern terminus of Route 81 and it continues around the west side of Newark Liberty International Airport. The US 1/9 freeway continues into Newark, Essex County, with ramps providing access to the airport as well as to McClellan Street
34.
Wittpenn Bridge
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The Wittpenn Bridge is a vertical-lift bridge that carries New Jersey Route 7 over the Hackensack River connecting Kearny and Jersey City, New Jersey. It is named after H. Otto Wittpenn, a mayor of Jersey City. The bridge comprises four 10-foot-wide lanes, extending 2,169 feet, Bridge construction commenced in 1927, and it was opened to vehicular traffic on November 5,1930. The bridge has an average daily traffic of nearly 50,000 vehicles. When raised, the bridge provides 100 feet of clearance for ships, raising the lift span takes 15 minutes. In 2005, the bridge was raised to accommodate 80 boats passing underneath, the New Jersey Department of Transportation is replacing the Wittpenn Bridge and all its approach ramps, a project estimated to cost $600 million, funded by federal dollars. The first phase of construction began in July 2011, and the project is expected to take 11 years to complete. The new bridge will be situated just north of the existing bridge, the reconstruction of the bridge is being partially funded by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and it will be fully operational in 2021. Once completed, the bridge carry the East Coast Greenway
35.
Main Line (NJ Transit)
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The Main Line is a rail line owned and operated by New Jersey Transit running from Suffern, New York to Hoboken, New Jersey, in the United States. It runs daily commuter service and was once the main line of the Erie Railroad. It is colored yellow on NJ Transit system maps, and its symbol is a water wheel, the Bergen County Line splits off the Main Line just west of the Secaucus Junction transfer station and rejoins it at Ridgewood. Trains on both lines are push-pull, powered by diesel locomotives, the Erie Railroads main line ran from Jersey City to Chicago via Binghamton, New York, Buffalo, Akron, Ohio, and Marion, Indiana, with a spur to Cleveland. The section in New Jersey and lower New York State saw frequent commuter service to the waterfront Pavonia Terminal, Jersey City, the final run of this route was on January 4,1970. The Erie Jersey City terminal was abandoned circa 1959 after all Erie service had moved to the Lackawanna Hoboken Terminal, service under Erie Lackawanna introduced new GE U34CH diesels and Comet I cars in 1970 which lasted under NJ DOT and Conrail into the NJ Transit era. Metro-North took over service north of Suffern in 1983, service was increased along with the opening of the Secaucus Transfer Station in late 2003. Midway through the tunnel there are air shafts allowing light through, exiting the tunnel, the train curves right onto the Main Line at West End interlocking in Jersey City. Until 1963 this was the DL&W Boonton Branch, about a mile ahead was the connection built circa 1956 with the Erie main line, two trains collided head-on here in 1996, killing two engineers and a passenger. New Jersey Turnpike Interchange 15X is now on the Erie alignment, at Secaucus Junction all trains stop for passengers to change to and from Northeast Corridor Line North Jersey Coast Line, Raritan Valley Line and Midtown Direct trains on the upper level. The Main Line then runs through a section of Secaucus. Shortly afterwards the Bergen County Line curves right on its new connection to the Erie alignment, the Main Line then crosses over the Hackensack River on the single-track Upper Hack Lift bridge, built in 1958. Double track resumes under the New Jersey Turnpikes western spur after 0.4 mile of single track, the train continues through the Meadowlands and passes the first grade crossing at Valley Brook Avenue in Lyndhurst. The line curves slightly and passes through the 1903 Kingsland tunnel, Kingsland station is shortly after the tunnel in an open cut. Just beyond Kingsland station is Lyndhurst station, on an embankment, after Lyndhurst the train crosses the Passaic River on a swing bridge that has been bolted shut, although it is required by Federal regulation to be opened on 24 hours notice. The train passes under Route 3 and approaches Delawanna station, next stop is Passaic, on an embankment. After Passaic, the Main Line has a stretch through some areas before the Clifton station. The Main Line passes under U. S. Route 46 and the Garden State Parkway before it crosses under and over several streets in south Paterson
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Bergen County Line
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The Bergen County Line is a commuter rail line and service owned and operated by New Jersey Transit in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The line loops off the Main Line between the Meadowlands and Glen Rock, New Jersey, with trains continuing in either direction along the Main Line and it is colored on NJT system maps in pale blue, and its symbol is a cattail. Some trains of Metro-North Railroads Port Jervis Line also operate over the line, the Norfolk Southern Railway provides freight service along the line via trackage rights. As on the Main Line, trains are powered by diesel locomotives operated push-pull and this portion was opened in 1833 by the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad and leased by the New York and Erie Rail Road in 1852. The rest of the line, from East Rutherford north to Glen Rock, until the late 1950s, the main function of the Eries Bergen County Cutoff was as a freight bypass of the at-grade Main Line through Passaic. In 1963 the Lackawanna Boonton Line up to Paterson became the new Erie Main Line and this was due to the abandonment of the Main Line section through downtown Passaic and also due to the fact that Interstate 80 construction used the old Boonton Line right-way in Paterson. The old Main Line up to Rutherford was now part of the Bergen Line. A curving track was built between the HX Draw at Hackensack River and the Main Line north of Secaucus Junction to allow Bergen County Line trains to use Secaucus Junction. Approaching Secaucus Junction, a train headed for the Bergen County Line will use the more northerly pair of tracks. West of the transfer, these tracks diverge from the Main Line over a new right-of-way opened in 2003, during this stretch, the Hackensack River is to the left, while industrial plants on Meadowlands Parkway are to the right. A former station, Harmon Cove was located nearby along the old Erie right-of-way, soon the train joins the old Erie Main Line right-of-way and crosses the Hackensack over HX Bridge, a two-track bascule draw. Here, the track parallels Berrys Creek and eventually crosses it just before passing below Route 3, beyond Route 3, the landscape changes to industrial. Office buildings line the side of the track, some serviced by sidings, the Pascack Valley Line soon splits off to the right at Pascack Junction, and the train then crosses Route 17 and approaches the Rutherford station. Soon, the form the border of Carlstadt and Wallington. Presently the train passes Wood-Ridge and South Hackensack before crossing the Saddle River into Garfield reaching the Garfield station, shortly after passing beneath U. S. Highway 46 the track becomes the border of Saddle Brook and Elmwood Park, once again crossing Midland Avenue. Interstate 80 passes above the train, which crosses the Garden State Parkway. The Broadway station in Fair Lawn straddles a border formed by the track, in Fair Lawn, the line is paralleled by Plaza Road, named for Radburn Plaza, the commercial area serving the Radburn development for which the boroughs more northerly station is named. The line crosses below Route 208 before reaching Radburn, beyond the station, the train passes housing to the right and industry to the left, with a spur to a Nabisco plant
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Pascack Valley Line
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The Pascack Valley Line is a commuter rail line operated by the Hoboken Division of New Jersey Transit, in the United States. The line runs north from Hoboken Terminal, through Hudson County and Bergen County in New Jersey, service within New York State is operated under contract with Metro-North Railroad. The line is named for the Pascack Valley region that it passes through in northern Bergen County, the line parallels the Pascack Brook for some distance. The line is colored purple on system maps, and its symbol is a pine tree, the Pascack Valley Line runs between Spring Valley, New York, and Hoboken Terminal. The line is 31 miles long, of which the northernmost 6 miles are in New York State, the entire line is owned by NJ Transit, but the Pearl River, Nanuet and Spring Valley stations are leased to Metro-North Railroad. The line is single tracked, but sidings at points along the line, including the Meadowlands, Hackensack and Nanuet, a siding in Oradell was also planned for increased service and reliability, but the project was halted due to local opposition. Service on this line operates seven days a week, the line was originally chartered as the Hackensack and New York Railroad in 1856. It later became the New Jersey and New York Railroad, which was bought by the Erie Railroad in 1896, the New Jersey and New York Railroad continued to exist as an Erie subsidiary until the October 17,1960 merger that created the Erie Lackawanna Railroad. On April 1,1976 the Erie Lackawanna was merged with other railroads to create Conrail. In 1983, after years under operation by Conrail, operations of the Pascack Valley Line were transferred to NJ Transit Rail Operations. The line used to continue north of Spring Valley to Haverstraw and this portion of the line has been abandoned and most of the right-of-way has been sold off. Part of the line was part of the main Erie Railroad line from Piermont, New York to Buffalo. On September 29,2016, a Pascack Valley Line train crashed at Hoboken Terminal injuring over 100, all service on this line is diesel, using either GP40PH-2, PL42AC, or ALP-45DP locomotives. Comet series passenger cars are used on line, Bombardier MultiLevel coaches are occasionally used on this line. Some train sets use equipment owned by Metro-North, which are so marked, the Pascack Valley Line, A History of the New Jersey and New York Railroad, Wilson E. Jones, ISBN 0-941652-14-9 Pascack Valley Line History Some additional history
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Passaic and Harsimus Line
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Conrails Passaic and Harsimus Line serves freight in northeastern New Jersey, as an alternate to the mainly passenger Northeast Corridor. The line begins at a junction with Amtraks Northeast Corridor at Lane 40. 69188°N74. 1982°W /40.69188, -74. 1982 Interlocking near Waverly Yard 40. 695856°N74. 194566°W /40.695856, -74. 194566. It runs next to the Northeast Corridor, just to the east, after about a mile, the Greenville Secondary splits to the east to the Lehigh Valley Railroad Bridge, and the P&H Line passes under the Lehigh Line and turns east. After crossing the Passaic River on the Point-No-Point Bridge 40. 741672°N74. 121095°W /40.741672, -74. 121095, a track splitting just before the overpass accesses the area south of PATH. River Line in Hoboken and Weehawken is now used for the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail, the P&H Line, before passing to Conrail, was the Pennsylvania Railroads P&H Line
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West Hudson, New Jersey
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The Passaic River separates it from Newark and Belleville, and the Hackensack River separates it from Jersey City, the county seat. It was part of the area called Achter Col by New Netherlanders in the province of New Netherland during the 17th century and it was later given the name New Barbadoes Neck by British colonialists, and was originally part of Essex County. In 1710 it was part of New Barbadoes Township. It became part of Hudson County formed in 1840, portion of the Morris Canal ran through Kearny Point, unused portions which remain today. The Kearny Connection is a rail junction. The proposed high-speed rail line known as the Gateway Project will traverse the area, the West Hudson towns and Newark, particularly the Ironbound across the Passaic have had a long tradition of soccer. The Newark Portuguese were one of the many teams, the Red Bulls Stadium is in Harrison. List of bridges, tunnels, and cuts in Hudson County, New Jersey Meadowlands North Jersey Shared Assets Area Pulaski Skyway
40.
United States Geological Survey
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The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its resources. The organization has four science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology. The USGS is a research organization with no regulatory responsibility. The USGS is a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior, the USGS employs approximately 8,670 people and is headquartered in Reston, Virginia. The USGS also has major offices near Lakewood, Colorado, at the Denver Federal Center, the current motto of the USGS, in use since August 1997, is science for a changing world. The agencys previous slogan, adopted on the occasion of its anniversary, was Earth Science in the Public Service. Prompted by a report from the National Academy of Sciences, the USGS was created, by a last-minute amendment and it was charged with the classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain. This task was driven by the need to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the legislation also provided that the Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler surveys be discontinued as of June 30,1879. Clarence King, the first director of USGS, assembled the new organization from disparate regional survey agencies, after a short tenure, King was succeeded in the directors chair by John Wesley Powell. Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units, Other specific programs include, Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. The National Earthquake Information Center in Golden, Colorado on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines detects the location, the USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the United States under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System. The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and it also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards, USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast. The USGS National Geomagnetism Program monitors the magnetic field at magnetic observatories and distributes magnetometer data in real time, the USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online, since 1962, the Astrogeology Research Program has been involved in global, lunar, and planetary exploration and mapping. USGS operates a number of related programs, notably the National Streamflow Information Program. USGS Water data is available from their National Water Information System database
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The Record (Bergen County)
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The Record is a newspaper in North Jersey, United States. It primarily serves Bergen County, though it also covers Hudson, Essex and it has the second largest circulation of New Jerseys daily newspapers, behind The Star-Ledger. Its editor is Richard A. Green, the Record was under the ownership of the Borg family from 1930 on and the family went on to form North Jersey Media Group, which eventually bought its competitor, the Herald News. Both papers are now owned by Gannett Company, which purchased the Borgs media assets in July 2016, for years, The Record had its primary offices in Hackensack with a bureau in Wayne. Following the purchase of the competing Herald News of Passaic, both papers began centralizing operations in what is now Woodland Park, where The Record is currently located, in 1930 John Borg, a Wall Street financier, bought The Record. From 1952 to 1963 the circulation of The Record doubled and its changed from local to regional. It provided different local coverage for various areas in its distribution range. In 1983, the paper had a circulation of just over 149,000 with its readership described as upscale. On September 12,1988, its publication and delivery changed to early morning. When combined with more centralized distribution requiring carriers to have automobiles, the papers approach to coverage made it read like a magazine. Rather than a focus on breaking news on its front page, it featured The Patch and this became an iconic photo known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero. A follow-up story by Jeannine Clegg, a reporter for The Record, william A. Caldwell, Pulitzer Prize-winning former columnist Mike Kelly Robert Leckie, rejoined The Record after returning from World War II. John R. MacArthur John Tierney Kaavya Viswanathan The Records and North Jersey Media Group website The Record website
42.
Bergen-Lafayette, Jersey City
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Bergen-Lafayette is a section of Jersey City, New Jersey. As its name implies, Bergen-Lafayette is made of different neighborhoods and it lies west-southwest of Downtown and Liberty State Park. Its less-defined other borders overlap those of Greenville at Hudson-Bergen Light Rail to the south, Lincoln Park/West Bergen to the west, the name Bergen, used throughout Hudson County, is taken from the original Bergen, New Netherland settlement at Bergen Square. In 1862, it did a reverse takeover, absorbing the remaining portions Bergen Township, on April 14,1863, portions of the town were taken to form Greenville Township. Bergen was reincorporated as a city on March 11,1868, on May 2,1870, both Bergen City and Hudson City elected to merge with Jersey City. Monticello Avenue is a shopping district lined with many buildings with storefronts being brought back into use. The Fairmount Apartments and Temple Beth-El are a prominent landmark on Kennedy Boulevard, Lincoln the Mystic, a statue of a seated Abraham Lincoln by James Earle Fraser, is situated at its Boulevard entrance. As its name suggests West Bergen overlaps this neighborhood, the city is now defining this area with maps and other promotions to encourage use of the name McGinley Square. In 2005 the former Jersey City Medical Center was renovated and restored as The Beacon, the 14-acre site is located at the northwest corner of the district atop Bergen Hill east of McGinley Square. Communipaw Junction, or simply, The Junction, is where Communipaw, Summit Avenue and Garfield Avenue, the Bergen Hill Historic District is centered on Summit Avenue as it ascends from the Junction. Bergen Hill, or The Hill, refers to the emergence of the New Jersey Palisades, the district is not on National Register of Historic Places, but has a state designation. A prominent landmark being St Johns Church, Lincoln High School is on Crescent Avenue. The neighborhood sometimes called Claremont lies south of Arlington Park, where before discontinuation of service the Central Railroad of New Jersey maintained station, Lafayette Park gives its name to the lower, or eastern, portion of the district closest to Downtown Jersey City. Before land-filling in the twentieth century this area was located on the Upper New York Bay. The Hackensack Indian village of Communipaw and the 16th century New Netherland plantation of Jan Everts Bout, whitlock Cordage is an intact complex of industrial buildings built in the Lafayette section along the banks of the Morris Canal. The Housing Trust of America purchased the property to preserve the structures as affordable housing, parts of the neighborhood are part of the Communipaw-Lafayette Historic District. Berry Lane Park, which upon completion will be the largest municipal park in Jersey City, is under construction along Garfield Avenue, the Liberty State Park, Garfield Avenue, and Martin Luther King stations of the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail are on the periphery of the section. New Jersey Transit bus routes 6,43,81,87 to Journal Square, Exchange Place, nJ#981 provides rush-hour service to Grove Street PATH station along Pacific Avenue
43.
Beacon, Jersey City
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It is located on a 14-acre site on Bergen Hill, a crest of the Hudson Palisades and one of the highest geographical points in Jersey City, in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It creates the northeastern corner the Bergen Lafayette Section and is just east of McGinley Square and it includes 2,000,000 square feet of residential and retail space, approximately 1,200 luxury residences and 80,000 square feet of retail space. The redevelopment stalled after a down-turn in the market, but was completed by April 2016, the hospital began as the Charity Hospital by the Board of Aldermen of Jersey City who bought land at Baldwin Avenue and Montgomery Street in 1882 for a new hospital. The locale was chosen to remove the hospital from the development at Paulus Hook. This building is now the Medical Center building and it was renamed the Jersey City Hospital in 1885 and had expanded to 200 beds. In 1909, the hospital building was reserved for men. When Frank Hague became mayor of Jersey City in 1917, he planned to expand the hospital and he had the original building renovated, and by the late 1920s started construction on a new 23-story structure for surgery. The new facility opened in 1931, and George OHanlon was the first director, the original main hospital building was demolished to make way for two new hi-rise structures. The formal dedication of the Medical Center Complex, including the new B. S. Pollack Hospital building, was on October 2,1936, with Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicating the building. During the 1950s, JCMC was the home of the school of Seton Hall University. Oversized and understaffed, in 1988 the Medical Center declared bankruptcy and became a private, the hospital and offices moved to a new complex in 2004. Prior to that, one building of the complex,591 Montgomery Street had been converted for senior assisted-living residence, metrovest Equities was designated the redeveloper of the property in 2003 and officially closed on it in 2005. The rehabilitation of The Beacon represents a massive recycling and adaptive reuse effort, the existing buildings are listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places, and are the largest concentration of Art Deco buildings in the state. This included rebuilding and restoring the buildings’ entire façades using the strictest of methods and materials, the first buildings to be renovated were the Rialto and Capitol buildings, which now serve as residential condominiums and entertainment spaces. The restoration of two buildings alone was estimated over $133 million and it took over 4 years to complete. One building of the complex at 591 Montgomery Street had been converted for senior assisted-living residence before Metrovests involvement, the company completed the conversion of the first two buildings by 2008. On the second floor are a restored theater/event space with catering kitchen, other restored spaces include a poker room, reading gallery and a billiards hall. The next residential phase opened in 2012, the Mercury building features 126 rental residences
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Bergen Section, Jersey City
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The name Bergen, used throughout Hudson County, is taken from the original Bergen, New Netherland settlement at Bergen Square. While there was discussion of building a county long road as early as the 1870s, in the early automobile age it became part of the route of the Lincoln Highway and one of the busiest roads in the state. Bergen Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the city running south from Journal Square along the ridge of the diminishing Hudson Palisades known as Bergen Hill. Monticello Avenue, which takes its name from mid 19th suburban development, is a shopping district lined with many buildings with storefronts being brought back into use. As its name suggests West Bergen overlaps this neighborhood, the section retains much of the character that at one time made it the premiere 20th century residential district of the city. A variety of styles can be found along the Boulevard, Bergen Avenue. Many of the buildings are pre-war, built during the period of expansive growth in the 1920s and 1930s. Including The Hague, residence of one of the citys best-known mayor, among the many landmarks in the area are the Fairmount Apartments, Temple Beth-El, and the former Jersey City YMCA. Lincoln the Mystic, a statue of a seated Abraham Lincoln by James Earle Fraser is situated at the entrance to the park bears the presidents name. And is one of the Hudson Countys largest public green spaces, in 1997, the New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office listed part of the neighborhood the West Bergen Historic District on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places. It describes it as significant with a diverse collection of mostly residential building built between 1880s and 1930s. There are approximately 300 to 400 contributing property, some of which are large homes not found in the other historic districts. In 2014 The Jersey City Landmarks Conservancy proposed an area which is larger than the one called the West Bergen-East Lincoln Park Historic District. Approval was required by the city, and the ordinance was passed in June 2015, West Side Avenue local southbound to Droyers Point and Hudson Mall and north bound to Journal Square. Crosstown service along West Side Avenue and Montgomery Street to McGinley Square and Exchange Place
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Bergen Hill, Jersey City
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For lower Hudson Palisades, see, Bergen Hill. The name is taken from the original 17th-century New Netherland settlement of Bergen, the neighborhood radiates from Communipaw Junction, at the intersection of Communipaw Avenue, Summit Avenue, and Grand Street where the toll house for the Bergen Point Plank Road was once situated. The avenues ascend the hill to the West Side, north to Five Corners, to the east is Communipaw-Lafayette and Liberty State Park. It includes Summit Avenue and side streets which feature a mix of late 19th/early 20th architecture that includes brick rowhouses, brownstones, Queen Anne style apartment buildings, at the foot of avenue is Library Hall, a renovated 1866 building, now residences. Lincoln High School is on Crescent Avenue which, as it its name suggests, to the south Grand Street ascends along Arlington Park, at the top of which is located the St. Patricks Parish and Buildings at Bramhall Avenue. MLK Drive, formerly Jackson Avenue, has long been a street for the southern part of the neighborhood. The Claremont neighborhood lies south of Arlington Park, where before discontinuation of service the Central Railroad of New Jersey maintained station, buses travelling southbound through The Junction are the R&T4, NJT4, NJT81 through Greenville to Curries Woods, with the 81 continuing to Bayonne. On some trips on the NJT6 alternates it routes along the Lafayette Loop, northbound the NJT6 travels to Journal Square, while the R&T4 and the NJT81 travel through Downtown Jersey City to Exchange Place. On the top of the hill, at MLK Drive and Monticelo Avenue the NJT87 runs south along to Curries Woods and north to Journal Square, Jersey City Heights, and Hudson Place. The nearest stations of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail are located along the periphery of the neighborhood at Garfield Avenue
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Communipaw
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Communipaw is an unincorporated community and neighborhood located within Jersey City in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It is located west of Liberty State Park and east of Bergen Hill, and it gives its name to the historic avenue which runs from its eastern end near LSP Station through the neighborhoods of Bergen-Lafayette and the West Side that then becomes the Lincoln Highway. Communipaw Cove at Upper New York Bay, is part of the 36-acre state nature preserve in the park and one of the few remaining tidal salt marshes in the Hudson River estuary. Communipaw was part of Bergen City, New Jersey during its brief incarnation between 1855-1870 before merging with Jersey City, and was urbanized during the half of the 19th century. Some streets of the neighborhood are part of the Communipaw-Lafayette Historic District, whitlock Cordage is an intact complex of industrial buildings built in the Lafayette section along the long ago filled Morris Canal. The Housing Trust of America purchased the property to preserve the structures as affordable housing, the section near Johnston Avenue was the site of a stop on the Underground Railroad and African-American burial ground. Fickens Warehouse, once the site of Bergen Citys main post office, is on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, berry Lane Park was formerly an industrial area. At the time of European settlement in the 17th century, Communipaw was the site of the summer encampament and they, along with the Raritan, Tappan, Wecquaesgeek, Canarsee and other groups who circulated in the region were collectively known as the River Indians by the immigrating population. It is likely that the name is based in the Algonquian language Lenape, henry Hudson, commissioned by the Dutch East India Company, anchored along the shore at Communipaw in 1609 during his explorations of the Upper New York Bay, North River and Hudson Valley. On September 12 he sailed up to Communipaw, where Robert Juet, his mate, wrote in the log that it was. a very good land to fall in with, and a pleasant land to see. In 1634 one of the first bouweries, or homesteads, in the colony of New Netherland was built at Communipaw as part of Pavonia, a patroonship of Amsterdam businessman Michael Pauw. For a time it bore the name of the Dutchman who settled there, Jan Everts Bout. and was called Jan de Lachers Hoeck. or Jan the Laughers Point, plantations, worked by enslaved Africans, spread across the low-lying areas between the shoreline and the hill. It was here that Tappan and Wecquaesgeek fleeing dominant tribes from the north had taken refuge in 1643 and they were attacked in the incident known as the Pavonia Massacre, subsequently leading to Kiefts War. Originally, the village of Communipaw was part of the colony under the jurisdiction to the Dutch West India Company, in 1653, became part of the Commonality of New Amsterdam, a separate village in 1658, under the jurisdiction of the Bergen, established at contemporary Bergen Square. By 1669, regulated ferry service to New Amsterdam was established, after the last English takeover of New Netherland in 1674 it became part of the Province of New Jersey, in the county of Bergen, though it retained its Dutch character for hundreds of years. Washington Irving visited it often for inspiration, writing in the early 19th century, he often referred to Communipaw as being the stronghold of traditional Dutch culture. John Quidor, an American Romantic painter, created works inspired the village, Embarkation from Communipaw, originally, the waters of the Upper New York Bay facing the village hosted vast oyster beds that were harvested well into the 19th century. Communipaw Terminal, officially known as the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, was the waterfront terminus and this monument, along with the Statue of Liberty National Monument recalls the period of massive emigration to the United States
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Jackson Hill, Jersey City
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Jackson Hill is a neighborhood in the Bergen-Lafayette and Greenville sections of Jersey City, New Jersey. It is part of the citys Ward F, the neighborhood is situated on Bergen Hill which also lends its name to the Bergen Hill Historic District just north of Communipaw Avenue. The district has long been the heart of the African American community in Jersey City, during the Civil War the Jackson property became a safe house and critical link of the Underground Railroad. Martin Luther King Drive was once called Jackson Avenue, with a short block not included in a street realignment still bearing the name. In 1976 it was renamed in honor of the civil right leader Martin Luther King. At the time of the renaming there was whether the street had originally been named for the Jackson brothers or for US President Andrew Jackson. A1924 Jersey Journal newspaper article ascribes it to Jeremiah Jackson, historically, the avenue was one of the citys major shopping districts. Among the notable sites in the Jackson Hill are two listed on National Register of Historic Places, St. Patricks Parish and Buildings and Fickens Warehouse, both on Grand Street. The name Claremont appears in mid-19th century maps of Greenville Township, neighbouring Bergen City, and Jersey City, the area was laid out on Bergen Hill west of Bergen Point Plank Road, now Garfield Avenue. Todays Claremont Avenue created the border of what has become known as the Greenville, the Central Railroad of New Jersey maintained a station by the name south of the junction of its main and Newark branch line until service was discontinued in 1967. Claremont Bank, which become part of the Trust Company of New Jersey. The Claremont Branch Library opened in 1954, and was renamed the Cunningham Branch in 2004, Claremont Terminal east of the neighbourhood is a maritime facility created from tidal flats in the Upper New York Bay opened in 1923. The Hub is a shopping center just south of Martin Luther King Drive station of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail which has been the border between Bergen-Lafayette and Greenville. Over the years MLK Drive and some adjacent residential side streets deteriorated as a result of economic disinvestment, since 1975 the Municipal Council of Jersey City has adopted a numbers of resolutions and ordinances aimed at revitalizing sections of avenue. They include Jackson Avenue Renewal Plan, original MLK Plan, the Turnkey Redevelopment Plan, the current MLK Redevelopment Plan was first adopted in 1993. MLK Drive is runs for 26 blocks south of Communipaw Avenue, open in 2000, is one of citys most ambitious economic revitalization projects. Primarily funded by the Jersey City Economic Development Corporation, a significant investment of capital has been the catalyst for private investment in the area. The success of the project is questionable since rentals have been erratic, in 2014, a new postal facility at the Hub was designated in honour of Shirley Tolentino
