1.
Gracht
–
Gracht is a Dutch word frequently encountered by non-Dutch people when confronted with several things related to the Netherlands, such as Dutch art, Dutch history or tourism. A vaart is a canal used for transport rather than, for instance. Like most kanalen, they are usually in the countryside, a gracht is a waterway in the city with streets on both sides of the water. The streets are lined with houses, often in a closed front, a singel is by origin a water-filled moat which surrounds a city for defense purposes. When the city expands, the singel is incorporated in the structure and cannot be distinguished any more from a gracht. As such, singels often encircle parts of the city, but in other cases regular grachten were dug in circles as well, like the famous grachtengordel of Amsterdam. Although the word gracht means canal or waterway in the sense, there is no exact equivalent for the term in English. Grachten were the life-lines of Dutch and Flemish cities and they were used for many purposes, for transportation, for draining, as water supply and as sewers, all at the same time. In heavily populated cities, these combined functions repeatedly proved to be detrimental to the public health, most Hanseatic cities have grachten to transport, to load and to land goods in and from ships. Sometimes grachten were made from older rivers, like in Groningen, there the older river called Drentse Aa was used as a natural part of the grachten. In Delft, the main gracht – the Oude Delft – started as a canal for reclaiming land in marshy surroundings. When it was still a Dutch colony, Cape Town had a network of grachten and these provided water and sanitation for the infant town. In the ensuing centuries, the grachten were covered over, there is currently a project to restore some of these historic waterways. A function in almost every city was drainage, usually they were also used as a sewer. Because these functions are not needed any more, many grachten have been filled in to access to road traffic. However, these new streets have retained the names of the grachts. The history of the city of Delft is an illustration of how the origins of the grachten coincide with the origin of a Dutch town. In a period roughly around the year 1100, a canal was delved here and this canal was called Delf, later on Delft, from the word “delven” that is akin to the verb to “delve” in English
Gracht
–
Grachten in
Amsterdam
Gracht
–
Gracht in
Groningen, locally referred to as diep
Gracht
–
Old map showing the grachten of
Bruges, the singels are clearly visible
Gracht
–
Example of half a gracht
2.
Nordhorn
–
Nordhorn is the district seat of Grafschaft Bentheim in Lower Saxonys southwesternmost corner near the border with the Netherlands and the boundary with North Rhine-Westphalia. Since the town lay north of Bentheim and its castle, it is said that this yielded the name Nordhorn, a horn, however, was also used by the boatmen on the river Vechte to warn each other of ships’ movements in fog. Indeed, since the 1970s, the Tuter, a memorial to the beginnings of inland shipping, has stood at the old harbour. Heinrich Specht pointed this out in his 1941 town chronicle in reference to the spur, or horn, a more fanciful story holds that the locals once worshipped the god Nod, Node or Nothe, the beginning of whose festival was heralded by blows on ox and cow horns. To pay homage to him, holy fire, called Nodfyr, was lit either by striking flintstones or by rubbing dry sticks together, from the gods name and the hornblowing, the towns name is said to have come. The name, of course, actually has nothing to do with any emergency horn or any god named Nod, nodhorn is perhaps similar to the Maas, Meus or Marsh river. That is what has caused the confusion, a silent r or a difficulty in pronouncing the r due to the proximity to France, Nordhorn is called Nothoorn or Notthöörntin in the local speech. In the compilation Werdener Heberigister, the name is recorded in 890 as Norhthornon. On town seals between 1400 and 1715 also appears the form Northorne, and only from 1827 forth does it become Nordhorn, the town lies in southwesternmost Lower Saxony, near the border with the Netherlands and the boundary with North Rhine-Westphalia, on the river Vechte. The nearest major city is Hengelo in the Netherlands, some 20 kilometres southwest of Nordhorn, the nearest German cities are Münster, about 75 km to the southeast, and Osnabrück, about 85 km to the east. The landscape in and around Nordhorn is marked by the Vechte, the Vechtesee, through which the Vechte flows, Nordhorn lies in the Mid-European Temperate Zone. The average yearly temperature is 8.5 °C, the air pressure is 761.5 hPa. The climate is Subatlantic with rather mild winters and fairly warm summers, through various amalgamations the towns area has grown to 14959 ha, only slightly smaller than the Principality of Liechtenstein. North of Nordhorn lie the town and joint community both called Neuenhaus, while the communities of Engden and Isterberg lie to the south, the towns western limit is also part of Germanys border with the Netherlands. Nordhorn is subdivided into 17 quarters, grouped here under older and newer, Altendorf The settlement of Nordhorn originally had its centre here, but on strategic grounds it was later moved to the island in the river Vechte. Town rights were granted in 1379, and this older centre was given the name Oude Dorp – Old Village, Bakelde The name comes from Bak and Lo. Bach Alte. Bimolten Called Bimolt in 1252 and Bimolte in 1213, opinions are divided over the names origin. Specht says it refers to heaps of earth, Reurik says it refers to a grove by the woods, Bookholt The name refers to a beech or birch grove
Nordhorn
–
View of the Povelberg
Nordhorn
Nordhorn
–
Market square Nordhorn
Nordhorn
–
The still functioning ancient well in the centre
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
4.
Infrastructure
–
Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. The word was imported from French, where it means subgrade, the word is a combination of the Latin prefix infra, meaning below, and structure. The military use of the term achieved currency in the United States after the formation of NATO in the 1940s and this crisis discussion contributed to an increase in infrastructure asset management and maintenance planning in the US. Public-policy discussions have been hampered by lack of a definition for infrastructure. A1987 US National Research Council panel adopted the public works infrastructure. The OECD also classifies communications as a part of infrastructure, the American Society of Civil Engineers has not defined the term, though issuing a US Infrastructure Report Card every 2-4 years. Hard infrastructure refers to the physical networks necessary for the functioning of an industrial nation. The term critical infrastructure distinguishes those infrastructure elements that, if damaged or destroyed. Similarly, a booking system might be critical infrastructure for an airline. These elements of infrastructure are the focus of efforts in the aftermath of natural disasters. The term infrastructure may be confused with the following overlapping or related concepts, service connections to municipal service and public utility networks would also be considered land improvements, not infrastructure. The term public works includes government-owned and operated infrastructure as well as buildings, such as schools. Public works generally refers to physical assets needed to deliver public services, public services include both infrastructure and services generally provided by government. Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by private companies, generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water distribution systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and telecommunications networks are privately owned. Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for taxes, tolls, or metered user fees. Major investment projects are financed by the issuance of long-term bonds. Government owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the sector or in public-private partnerships. As of 2008 in the United States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2. 3% and 3. 6% of GDP since 1950, many financial institutions invest in infrastructure
Infrastructure
–
Grand Coulee Dam
5.
Road
–
Roads consist of one or two roadways, each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a function as urban space easement. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel, historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In the United Kingdom there is ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for road users and this includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty, a use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, in the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled. The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of type of road origination. By about 10,000 BC, rough roads/pathways were used by human travelers, the worlds oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC. Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC, corduroy roads are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England. The Sweet Track, a timber causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating enabled very precise dating and it was claimed to be the oldest road in the world until the 2009 discovery of a 6, 000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London. Brick-paved streets were used in India as early as 3000 BC, in 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia, including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time. The road remained in use after Roman times, a hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank. From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, at its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads. In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire, the most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar
Road
–
Public infrastructure
Road
–
Transfăgărășan was named as "the best road in the world".
Road
–
The Porta Rosa is a
Greek street dating from the 3rd to 4th century BC in
Velia, with a
paved surface and
gutters.
Road
–
A paved Roman road in
Pompeii
6.
Street
–
A street is a public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact. A street can be as simple as a patch of dirt. Portions may also be smoothed with asphalt, embedded with rails, originally the word street simply meant a paved road. Examples of streets include pedestrian streets, alleys, and city-centre streets too crowded for road vehicles to pass, conversely, highways and motorways are types of roads, but few would refer to them as streets. The word street has its origins in the Latin strata, it is related to stratum. Ancient Greek stratos means army, Greeks originally built roads to move their armies, old English applied the word to Roman roads in Britain such as Ermine Street, Watling Street, etc. Later it acquired a meaning of straggling village, which were often laid out on the verges of Roman roads. In the Middle Ages, a road was a way people travelled, the street is a public easement, one of the few shared between all sorts of people. As a component of the environment as ancient as human habitation. Its roles are as numerous and diverse as its ever-changing cast of characters, streets can be loosely categorized as main streets and side streets. Main streets are usually broad with a high level of activity. Commerce and public interaction are more visible on main streets, side streets are quieter, often residential in use and character, and may be used for vehicular parking. Circulation, or less broadly, transportation, is perhaps a streets most visible use, the unrestricted movement of people and goods within a city is essential to its commerce and vitality, and streets provide the physical space for this activity. In the interest of order and efficiency, an effort may be made to different types of traffic. Le Corbusier, for one, perceived an ever-stricter segregation of traffic as an affirmation of social order—a desirable. To this end, proposals were advanced to build vertical streets where vehicles, pedestrians. Such an arrangement, it was said, would allow for denser development in the future
Street
–
Typical service street ("mews") in the
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in
London. Mews are typically found at the back of older housing terraces (rows of townhouses) in the UK, with a more elegant street in front of the terrace.
Street
–
Abbey Road,
London
Street
–
A city-centre street in
Frankfurt,
Germany.
Street
–
The Porta Rosa was the main street of
Elea, connecting the northern quarter with the southern quarter. The street is 5 meters wide and has an incline of 18 % in the steepest part. It is paved with limestone blocks, griders cut in square blocks, and on one side a small gutter for the drainage of rain water. The building is dated during the time of the reorganization of the city during the
Hellenistic age (4th–3rd centuries BC).
7.
Motor vehicle
–
For legal purposes motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes including cars, buses, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, light trucks and regular trucks. These classifications vary according to the codes of each country. ISO3833,1977 is the standard for road vehicles types, terms, as of 2010 there were more than one billion motor vehicles in use in the world excluding off-road vehicles and heavy construction equipment. Global vehicle ownership per capita in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 1000 people, the United States has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world, with 239.8 million in 2010. Vehicle ownership per capita in the US is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 people. The Peoples Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world, with more than 78 million vehicles. In 2011, a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China, the US publisher Wards, estimate that as of 2010 there were 1.015 billion motor vehicles in use in the world. This figure represents the number of cars, light, medium and heavy duty trucks, and buses, the world vehicle population passed the 500 million-unit mark in 1986, from 250 million motor vehicles in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, the population doubled roughly every 10 years. Two US researchers estimate that the fleet will reach 2 billion motor vehicles by 2020. Navigant Consulting forecasts that the stock of light-duty motor vehicles will reach 2 billion units in 2035. The global rate of motorization increased in 2013 to 174 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, in developing countries vehicle ownership rates rarely exceed 200 cars per 1,000 population. The five largest markets, Germany, Italy, France, the UK, the EU-27 member countries had in 2009 an estimated ownership rate of 473 passenger cars per 1000 people. According to Wards, Italy had the second highest vehicle ownership per capita in 2010, Germany had a rate of motorization of 534 vehicles per 1000 people and the UK of 525 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, both in 2008. France had a rate of 575 vehicles per 1000 people and Spain 608 vehicles per 1000 people in 2007, portugal, between 1991 and 2002 grew up 220% on its motorization rate, having had in 2002,560 cars per 1000 people. Italy also leads in alternative fuel vehicles, with a fleet of 779,090 natural gas vehicles as of June 2012, sweden, with 225,000 flexible-fuel vehicles, has the largest flexifuel fleet in Europe by mid-2011. According to Wards, the United States has the largest fleet of vehicles in the world. Vehicle ownership per capita in the U. S. is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 inhabitants, or a ratio of 1,1.3 vehicles to people
Motor vehicle
–
The United States has the world's largest motor vehicle registered fleet, with almost 250 million vehicles.
Motor vehicle
–
The People's Republic of China became the world's largest new car market in 2009
8.
Controlled-access highway
–
A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads
Controlled-access highway
–
The interchange between US-131, M-6 and 68th Street in
Wyoming, Michigan, shows many of the features of controlled-access highways—opposing traffic on separate carriageways, no
at-grade intersections and no direct access to properties.
Controlled-access highway
–
French A10 near Orléans showing hard shoulder and emergency telephone. The broken demarcation line for the hard shoulder is specific to France, and serves as a safety reference mark for drivers: the advisory distance from the vehicle ahead is two dashes minimum.
Controlled-access highway
–
De Lucht Rest Area on the Dutch A2 - A typical rest area with services (fuel, refreshments and toilets). The only access is via the highway that it serves.
Controlled-access highway
–
Traffic congestion, such as this on the
Downtown Connector in
Atlanta, is tied to
photochemical smog.
9.
Bike paths
–
A bike path is a bikeway separated from motorized traffic and dedicated to cycling or shared with pedestrians or other non-motorized users. It may or may not have a center divider or stripe to prevent head-on collisions, in the UK, a shared-use footway or multi-use path is for use by both cyclists and pedestrians. Bike paths that follow independent rights-of-way are often used to promote recreational cycling, in Northern European countries, cycling tourism represents a significant proportion of overall tourist activity. Extensive interurban bike path networks can be found in such as Denmark or the Netherlands. These networks may use routes dedicated exclusively to cycle traffic or minor rural roads whose use is restricted to local motor traffic. The UK has recently implemented the National Cycle Network, where available these routes are often rail trails making use of abandoned railway corridors. A prominent example in the UK is the Bristol & Bath Railway Path, other UK examples include The Ebury Way Cycle Path, The Alban Way, the Hillend Loch Railway Path and the Nicky Line. In 2003 the longest continuous bike path in Europe was opened, along the Albacete-Valdeganga highway in Spain, bogotas Bike Paths Network, designed and built during the administration of Mayor Enrique Peñalosa attracts significant recreational use. The relative safety of bike paths that follow independent rights-of-way closed to motorized traffic is difficult to assess, in terms of car/bicycle collisions, this is clearly mediated by how the bike path network rejoins the main road network. As a general rule those bike paths with the highest perceived safety tend to be engineered on the assumption of vehicular rather than pedestrian traffic. Thus the most popular examples tend to be converted road or railway alignments or constructed to the standards used by road. In many jurisdictions bike paths are shared with pedestrians, but there is a variety of quality in helping to minimize cyclist-pedestrian conflicts. Media related to Bike paths at Wikimedia Commons
Bike paths
–
The Elliot Bay Trail in Seattle, Washington, USA.
Bike paths
–
Rail trail on a converted railway corridor between Daun and Wittlich, Eifel, Germany
Bike paths
–
The first completed stretch of a planned
recreational loop around
Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Bike paths
–
Part of the
Milton Keynes redway system runs along the disused track bed of the former
Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line.
10.
Bike lane
–
Bike lanes or cycle lanes are types of bikeways with lanes on the roadway for cyclists only. In the United Kingdom, an on-road cycle-lane can be restricted or advisory, in the United States, a designated bicycle lane or class II bikeway is always marked by a solid white stripe on the pavement and is for preferential use by bicyclists. There is also a class III bicycle route, which has roadside signs suggesting a route for cyclists, in France, segregated cycling facilities on the carriageway are called bande cyclable, those beside the carriageway or totally independent ones piste cyclable, all together voie cyclable. In Belgium, traffic laws do not distinguish cycle lanes from cyclepaths, cycle lanes are marked by two parallel broken white lines, and they are defined as being not wide enough to allow use by motor vehicles. e. A cycle lane/track which is marked rather than one which is identified by a road sign, in the Netherlands the cycle lane is normally called fietsstrook instead of fietspad
Bike lane
–
Cycle lane can be seen as part of the road on both sides separated by a solid white line (
Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada).
Bike lane
–
Utrecht has specially painted bicycle-only lanes.
Bike lane
–
Cycle lane in Počernická street in
Prague 10, Czech Republic
Bike lane
–
A bike lane on the side of a 30 km road in the Netherlands
11.
Cycle track
–
A cycle track, separated bike lane or protected bike lane, is an exclusive bikeway that has elements of a separated path and on-road bike lane. A cycle track is located within or next to the roadway, in the United States, an academic analysis of eight cycle tracks found that they had increased bike traffic on the street by 75 percent within one year of installation. Cycle tracks may be one-way or two-way, and may be at level, at sidewalk level. They all have in common some separation from motor traffic with bollards, car parking, barriers may include curbs, concrete berms, posts, planting/median strips, walls, trenches, or fences. They are often accompanied by an extension or other features at intersections to simplify crossing. In the UK, cycle track is a roadway constructed specifically for use by cyclists, in Ireland cycle track also covers cycle lanes marked on the carriageway but only if accompanied by a specific sign. In the UK, a track may be alongside a roadway for all vehicles or it may be on its own alignment. The term does not include cycle lanes or other facilities within an all-vehicle carriageway, Bikeway safety, including studies on the safety of cycle tracks Bikeway and legislation Cycling infrastructure Bikeway controversies
Cycle track
–
A parking-separated bike lane on Ames Street in
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Cycle track
Cycle track
–
Cycle tracks with concrete barriers in downtown
Ottawa, Canada in 2011.
Cycle track
–
Separate
traffic light for automobiles and bicycles on cycle track in
Denmark
12.
Sidewalk
–
A sidewalk or pavement, also known as a footpath or footway, is a path along the side of a road. A sidewalk may accommodate moderate changes in grade and is separated from the vehicular section by a curb. There may also be a strip or road verge either between the sidewalk and the roadway or between the sidewalk and the boundary. In some places, the term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that is not next to a road, for example. The term sidewalk is usually preferred in most of North America, the term pavement is more common in the United Kingdom, as well as parts of the Mid-Atlantic United States such as Philadelphia and New Jersey. Many Commonwealth countries use the term footpath, the professional, civil engineering and legal term for this in North America is sidewalk while in the United Kingdom it is footway. In the United States, the sidewalk is used for the pedestrian path beside a road. Shared use paths or multi-use paths are available for use by pedestrians and bicyclists. Walkway is a comprehensive term that includes stairs, ramps, passageways. In the UK, the footpath is mostly used for paths that do not abut a roadway. The term shared-use path is used where cyclists are able to use the same section of path as pedestrians. There is evidence that sidewalks were built in ancient times and it was claimed that the Greek city of Corinth was paved by the 4th-century, and the Romans were particularly prolific sidewalk builders – they called them semitas. However, by the Middle Ages, narrow roads had reverted to being used by pedestrians and wagons without any formal separation between the two categories. Early attempts at ensuring the maintenance of foot-ways or sidewalks were often made, such as the 1623 Act for Colchester. Following the Great Fire of London in 1666, attempts were made to bring some order to the sprawling city. Purbeck stone was used as a durable paving material. Bollards were also installed to protect pedestrians from the traffic in the middle of the road, the Corporation was also made responsible for the regular upkeep of the roads, including their cleaning and repair, for which they charged a tax from 1766. By the late 19th-century large and spacious sidewalks were constructed in European capitals
Sidewalk
–
Raised sidewalks beside a 2000-year-old paved road,
Pompeii,
Italy
Sidewalk
–
East India House,
Leadenhall Street, London, 1766. The sidewalk is separated from the main street by six
bollards in front of the building.
Sidewalk
–
Pedestrian traffic using a sidewalk in
London.
Sidewalk
–
Sidewalk with bike path
13.
Bicycle stand
–
A bicycle parking rack, usually shortened to bike rack and also called a bicycle stand, is a device to which bicycles can be securely attached for parking purposes. A bike rack may be standing or it may be securely attached to the ground or some stationary object such as a building. Indoor bike racks are used for private bicycle parking, while outdoor bike racks are often used in commercial areas. General styles of racks include the Inverted U, Serpentine, Bollard, Grid, the most effective and secure bike racks are those that can secure both wheels and the frame of the bicycle, using a bicycle lock. Bike racks can be constructed from a number of different materials, durability, weather resistance, appearance, and functionality are extremely important variables of the material of the bike rack. Construction materials include steel, steel, recycled plastic, or thermoplastic. Each material has advantages and disadvantages, and each is unique in appearance from the others and these factors will help increase usage of the bike rack, and assure cyclists their bike is securely parked. These are not very effective, since a thief need only detach the wheel in question from the bicycle to free the rest of the bicycle. They also do not offer support, and a row of bicycles in this type of stand are susceptible to all being toppled in a domino effect. These types of stand are known as wheel benders among cyclists, a modern version is known as the Sheffield rack or Sheffield stand after the city of Sheffield in England where these were pioneered. These consist of a metal bar or tube bent into the shape of a square arch. The top part is level with the top bar of the bicycle frame. The origin of the racks was when the citizens of Sheffield had to decide what to do with some old gas piping. Local cyclists suggested the cycle rack idea and two simple bends later, and a little concrete in the ground, the rack was born, at the time this was a revolution in a world of single-point holders that bent wheels and offered little lockability for frames. A version of this feature a second, lower horizontal bar to support smaller bikes. Since 1984 the City of Toronto has installed post and ring bicycle racks consisting of a steel bollard or post topped by a cast aluminium ring, in August 2006, it became publicly known that these stands could be defeated by prying the ring off with a two-by-four. In Amsterdam two-tiered bicycle stands are ubiquitous, bikes can be parked in a smaller area as the handlebars of every other one is at a different height. These racks are made of steel and have a bar to which the frame may be easily locked
Bicycle stand
–
White cycles for free use in
Hoge Veluwe National Park, the Netherlands
Bicycle stand
–
Super Awesome Bike Rack by Bike Arc
Bicycle stand
–
Simple grooved bicycle rack
Bicycle stand
–
Sheffield racks
14.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands in 5500 BC
Netherlands
–
Flag
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands in 500 BC
Netherlands
–
An oak figurine found in
Willemstad, North Brabant (4500 BC).
15.
Street lights
–
A street light, light pole, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells that activate automatically when light is or is not needed, dusk, dawn and this function in older lighting systems could have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. Many street light systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to another, at that time oil lamps were used predominantly as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. The Romans had a word lanternarius, which was a term for a responsible for lighting the oil lamps in front of their villas. Before incandescent lamps, candle lighting was employed in cities, the earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir Henry Barton, in 1524, Paris house owners were required to have lanterns with candles lit in front of their houses at night, but the law was often ignored. Following the invention of lanterns with glass windows, which improved the quantity of light. Still, in 1662, it was a practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark. Lantern bearers were still common in Paris until 1789, in 1667, under King Louis XIV, the royal government began installing lanterns on all the streets. There were three thousand in place by 1669, and twice as many by 1729, lanterns with glass windows were suspended from a cord over the middle of the street at a height of twenty feet and were placed twenty yards apart. A much-improved oil lantern, called a réverbère, was introduced between 1745 and 1749 and these lamps were attached to the top of lampposts, by 1817, there were 4694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the French Revolution, the found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats. The first widespread system of lighting used piped coal gas as fuel. William Murdoch was the first to use the flammability of gas for the application of lighting. He first lit his own house in Redruth, Cornwall in 1792, in 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. In Paris, gas lighting was first demonstrated in November 1800 at a residence on the rue Saint-Dominique, and was installed on a covered shopping street. The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname The City of Light, the first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in Pall Mall, London on January 28,1807 by Frederick Albert Winsor. In 1812, Parliament granted a charter to the London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, less than two years later, on December 31,1813, the Westminster Bridge was lit by gas
Street lights
–
A street light at
dusk in
South Africa
Street lights
–
A wind powered street light in
Urmia,
Iran
Street lights
–
Street light at
Amerika Plads in
Copenhagen.
Street lights
–
William Murdoch 's house in
Redruth, UK, the first domestic house lit by gas in the world.
16.
Grid plan
–
The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. In the context of the culture of ancient Rome, the grid method of land measurement was called centuriation. The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures, by 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes, the cities and monasteries of Gandhara, dating from the 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs. Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan since 1959, was founded on the grid-plan of the nearby ruined city of Sirkap. A workers village at Giza, Egypt, housed a rotating labor force and was out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation, an axis from the royal palace. Hammurabi was a king of the Babylonian Empire who made Babylon one of the greatest cities in antiquity and he rebuilt Babylon, building and restoring temples, city walls and public buildings, and building canals for irrigation. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, the tradition of grid plans is continuous in China from the 15th century BC onward in the traditional urban planning of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into form in the Kaogongji during the Spring and Autumn period stated. Three gates on each side of the lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city. Teotihuacan, near modern-day Mexico City, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the Americas, the citys grid covered eight square miles. Perhaps the most well-known grid system is spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal Roman Grid was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade, although the idea of the grid was present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of Hippodamus of Miletus, the concept of a grid as the ideal method of town planning had become widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan, that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the points and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece. The Etruscan people, whose territories in Italy encompassed what would eventually become Rome and it was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main east-west and north-south axes of a town could first be seen in Italy
Grid plan
–
A simple grid plan road map (
Windermere, Florida).
Grid plan
–
Surveyor's plan of Salt Lake City, circa 1870s - an example of a typical, uniform, square-grid street network
Grid plan
–
Straight road in the
Province of Bergamo,
Italy, following line of
Roman Grid
Grid plan
–
Barcelona
17.
Utility cycling
–
Utility cycling encompasses any cycling done simply as a means of transport rather than as a sport or leisure activity. It is the original and most common type of cycling in the world, Utility or transportational cycling generally involves travelling short and medium distances, often in an urban environment. It includes commuting, going shopping and running errands, as well as heading out to see friends and it also includes economic activity such as the delivering of goods or services. Velotaxis can also provide a transport service like buses and taxicabs. Utility cycling is known to have social and economic benefits. In the Chinese city of Beijing alone, there are a four million bicycles in use. As of 2000, there were an estimated 80 million bicycles in Japan, accounting for 17% of commuter trips, the development of the safety bicycle was arguably the most important change in the history of the bicycle. It shifted their use and public perception from being a toy for sporting young men to being an everyday transport tool for men—and, crucially. By the start of the 20th Century, cycling had become an important means of transportation, bicycling clubs for men and women spread across the U. S. and across European countries. Cycling steadily became more important in Europe over the first half of the twentieth century, automobiles became the preferred means of transportation. Over the 1920s, bicycles gradually became considered childrens toys, for most of the twentieth century, the great majority of cycling in the UK took place on roads Utility bicycles have many standard features to enhance their usefulness and comfort. Chain guards and mudguards, or fenders, protect clothes and moving parts from oil, front-mounted wicker or steel baskets for carrying goods are often used. Rear luggage carriers can be used to carry such as school satchels. Panniers or special luggage carriers enable the transport of goods and are useful for shopping, parents sometimes add rear-mounted child seats and/or an auxiliary saddle fitted to the crossbar to transport children. Trailers of various types and load capacities may be towed to increase cargo capacity. In many jurisdictions bicycles must be fitted with a bell, reflectors, protective rain gear is often an essential part of the utility cyclists wardrobe, especially in countries with high rainfall levels. Many different factors combine to influence levels of utility cycling, in developing economies, a large amount of utility cycling may be seen simply because the bicycle is the most affordable form of vehicular transport available to many people. In richer countries, where people can have the choice of a mixture of transport types, in developed countries cycling has to compete with, and work with, alternative transport modes such as private cars, public transport and walking
Utility cycling
–
Cycling in Amsterdam
Utility cycling
–
Bike riders in
Beijing
Utility cycling
–
Mangoes for sale loaded on a
bicycle in
Guntur,
India
Utility cycling
–
A Dutch
Opafiets utility bicycle
18.
History of cycling infrastructure
–
By the end of the 19th century, cycling was growing from a hobby to an established form of transport. Cyclists campaigned to improve the existing, often poorly surfaced, roads, a US group was the Good Roads Movement, another the League of American Bicyclists. The UK equivalent was the Cyclists Touring Club, which distributed a treatise entitled Roads, Their construction, the first bicycle paths were built around this time. In 1896 the first bikeway in the United States was created by splitting the pedestrian way of Ocean Parkway, following this successful installation numerous bicycle paths separate from the roadway were constructed by bicycle path associations. In the United States the first was the nine-mile dedicated Cycle-Way built in 1897 to connect Pasadena and its right of way followed the stream bed of the Arroyo Seco and required 1,250,000 board feet of pine to construct. The roundtrip toll was 15¢ US and it was lit with lights along its entire length. The route did not succeed, and the right of way became the route for the Arroyo Seco Parkway. Cycling in the Netherlands began in 1870 and by the 1920s was the most popular mode of transportation, the first bicycle path was a 1.4 km stretch built in 1899 with two paved bicycle paths alongside the Breda-Tilburg cobblestone road. With the advent of the car, conflict arose between the increasingly powerful car lobby and bicycle users. By the 1920s and 1930s the German car lobbies initiated efforts to have removed from the roads so as to improve the convenience of motoring. In the UK, the lobby was attempting to remove motor vehicles from the roads by calling for the building of special motor roads to accommodate them. This idea was opposed by the Motorists Union, who feared that it would lead to losing the freedom to use public roads. Since the 1930s, the cycling lobby in the UK and Ireland has taken a critical and measured view of the utility. In 1947, in response to suggestions that cyclists should use cycle-tracks. The first dedicated roadside optional cycle tracks was built, as an experiment for the Ministry of Transport and it was thought that the prospect of cycling in comfort as well as safety would be appreciated by most cyclists themselves. However, the idea ran into trenchant opposition from cycling groups, local CTC branches organised mass meetings to reject the use of cycle tracks and any suggestion that cyclists should be forced to use such devices. In 1935, a general meeting of the CTC adopted a motion rejecting ministerial plans for cycle path construction. The CTC were listened to, and the use of cycle tracks largely fell out of favour in the UK until the early 1970s, in the UK, little use of separate cycle track systems took place except in the so-called new towns such as Stevenage and Harlow
History of cycling infrastructure
–
The California Cycle-Way, 1900
History of cycling infrastructure
–
Makeshift bike racks in Slovenia (1956)
History of cycling infrastructure
–
Center lanes on
Pennsylvania Avenue looking toward the U.S. Capitol
19.
Bicycle
–
A bicycle, often called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist, Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and as of 2003, more than 1 billion have been produced worldwide, twice as many as the number of automobiles that have been produced. They are the means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as childrens toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services. The basic shape and configuration of an upright or safety bicycle, has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and these have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling. The bicycles invention has had an effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. The word bicycle first appeared in English print in The Daily News in 1868, to describe Bysicles and trysicles on the Champs Elysées, the word was first used in 1847 in a French publication to describe an unidentified two-wheeled vehicle, possibly a carriage. The design of the bicycle was an advance on the velocipede, Other words for bicycle include bike, pushbike, pedal cycle, or cycle. In Unicode, the point for bicycle is 0x1F6B2. The entity 🚲, in HTML produces
Bicycle
–
The most popular bicycle model—and most popular
vehicle of any kind in the world—is the Chinese
Flying Pigeon, with 500 million produced.
Bicycle
–
Group of bicycles of various types and sizes (in
Buenos Aires).
Bicycle
–
Wooden
draisine (around 1820), the first two-wheeler and as such the archetype of the bicycle
Bicycle
–
Michaux's son on a velocipede 1868
20.
Cycling in the Netherlands
–
Cycling has a modal share of 27% of all trips nationwide. In cities this is higher, such as Amsterdam which has 38%, though the smaller Dutch cities well exceed that, for instance Zwolle has 46%. By 1911, the Dutch owned more bicycles per capita than any country in Europe. Even so, the number of Dutch people cycling was very high compared to other European nations and this protest movement came to be known as the Stop de Kindermoord. This makes cycling itself convenient, pleasant, and safe, there is also a good network of bicycle shops throughout the country. Bike-friendly public policy, planning and laws The needs of cyclists are taken into account in all stages of urban planning, urban areas are frequently organised as woonerven, which prioritise cyclists and pedestrians over motorised traffic. The result of this is that cycling is made both objectively and subjectively safe, towns have been designed with limited access by cars and limited car parking. The resulting heavy traffic and very limited car parking makes car use unattractive in towns, a form of strict liability has been law in the Netherlands since the early 1990s for bicycle-motor vehicle accidents. If it can be proved that a cyclist intended to collide with the car, in the Netherlands, bicycle helmets are not commonly worn, they are mostly used by young children and sports cyclists who ride racing bikes or mountain bikes. In fact, the Dutch Fietsersbond summarized existing evidence and concluded that, for normal, everyday cycling, geography, built environment and weather The Netherlands is a relatively densely populated and very flat country, which means that journey distances tend to be short, even between towns. The cool climate of the Netherlands means that one can cycle short distances without breaking into a sweat. This means that people can cycle to work or school without having to shower or wash straight afterwards, as more often might have to do in warm. Practical bicycles and equipment The long-standing bike culture has meant that most bicycles are utility bicycles rather than sports bicycles, bicycle baskets, panniers and load-carrying trailers are common for carrying items to school or work or for carrying shopping items back home from the shops. Training The Dutch train their children to ride so they can ride in the roads when they are around 12 years of age. Only if they pass their traffic exam are awarded their Verkeersdiploma. This training is deemed necessary as 75% of secondary school students cycle to school, Dutch motorists are also trained for interaction with cyclists as part of their driver training when going for their driving licence. For example, trainee motorists are trained to check and re-check their right-hand side for cyclists before making a turn to the right and these factors together far outweigh the negative factors of wet and windy weather, strong headwinds due to the flat terrain, and frequent bicycle thefts. Over a quarter of all made in the Netherlands are by bicycle
Cycling in the Netherlands
–
Everyday cycling in the Netherlands (
Amsterdam).
Cycling in the Netherlands
–
A typical Dutch bike path, Rotterdam.
Cycling in the Netherlands
–
A typical bi-directional cycle path design (middle, in red), a roadway on the right with a green verge in between. There is a footpath (in grey) to the bike path's left.
Cycling in the Netherlands
–
Fietsstrook type cycle lanes (red) that may be used by motorists as well when other cars approach from the opposite direction. The cars must use them safely, however, and not crowd out the cyclists.
21.
Copenhagenization (bicycling)
–
There are many organisations worldwide whose primary mission is to advocate these goals. Most are non-profit organisations supported by donations, membership dues, established bicycle embassies include, the Dutch Cycling Embassy, the Cycling Embassy of Denmark and the Cycling Embassy of Great Britain. Copenhagenization is a strategy in which urban planning and design are centered on making a city more accessible to bicyclists and pedestrians. The term was popularised by Danish urban design consultant Jan Gehl, for more than 40 years, Mr. Gehl has systematically studied public spaces to see how they really work, using Strøget and Copenhagen as a laboratory for his research. The term has spread to Britain, to Europe. The Copenhagenize. com blog has inspired the creation of blogs with the same focus for cities such as Amsterdam, Portland, Lisbon, Hamburg. In North America the term Bicycle Ambassador arose to describe cycling advocates tasked with promoting bicycling in a community, such advocates can be employed by the national, provincial or city government and their tasks include networking extensively with other municipal offices whose activities effect cycling. Early Bicycle Ambassador programs began in Toronto in the late 1990s, other cities picked it up over the following decade, Chicago being the largest. Portland, Oregon, San Francisco, California, Seattle, Washington, Arlington, philadelphia, Washington, D. C. and New York City began programs most recently. Some programs are entirely youth focused, while others become a de facto part of the city Department of Transportation or other government agency. The World Bike Forum was organized in 2012 after the Critical Mass events in Porto Alegre in which an automobile driver deliberately collided and injured around 20 cyclists, during the Forum bicycle-based urban mobility is discussed and strategies to spread the use of bicycles in the hosting city are promoted. The Forum has taken place in the Southern Brazil cities of Porto Alegre, the 2015 edition will take place in the city of Medellín, Colombia
Copenhagenization (bicycling)
–
Rush hour cycle traffic in
Copenhagen
22.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
23.
Cycling in New York City
–
The citys large cycling population includes utility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services, cycling clubs for recreational cyclists, and, increasingly, commuters. Dozens of cyclists are killed each year, and hundreds injured in automobile related accidents. New York didnt produce as many bicycles as other cities, so imported many from elsewhere, including Freehold Township, as a spectator sport, six-day racing was popular and spurred the building of velodromes in suburbs including Washington Heights, Manhattan, and Jersey City, New Jersey. Weekly races were held in suburban roads, including Pelham Parkway, the biggest races were in inner city locations, notably at the original Madison Square Garden which had been designed for cycle racing and at the time was located adjacent to Madison Square. The Olympic sport, Madison Racing, is named after cycle races that became popular at Madison Square Gardens, several of the mid-20th century parkway projects of Robert Moses included bike paths, however, when more people could afford cars, bicycling declined and the bikeways fell into disrepair. Provisions for pedestrians and bicyclists were not included in the new bridges connecting Queens to the Bronx, late in the century, bicycling resurged. The Department of Parks and Recreation also added a program to provide hop on. The linked network of bicycle rentals is facilitated through concessions in Central Park, Riverside Park South, West Harlem Piers Park, electric bicycles are increasingly used for this service, their illegality being sporadically enforced. Proposals in the New York State Legislature in 2015 would define, legalize, Bicycle messengers use narrower wheels to carry lighter loads short distances. Specialized cargo bicycles and tricycles carry heavier loads, pedicabs became commonplace at the turn of the 21st century, offering novel travel over short distances, including guided tours of Central Park. In April 2007 the New York City Council voted to limit the number of pedicabs to 325, in 2007 the Department studied the prospects of a bicycle sharing system and announced in 2011 that kiosks would be built for the service to begin in 2012. S. Citigroup bought a five-year sponsorship and the system is therefore named Citi Bike. Stations in the first stage are between 59th Street in Manhattan, the Hudson River, Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and Bushwick Avenue, the system opened for business in May 2013 with 330 stations and 4,300 bikes. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University Polling Institute showed that, as of June 2013, some parks, including Central Park and Prospect Park, ban or restrict motor vehicles during certain weekday hours and all weekend to promote bicycling. Bike and Roll NYC operates bike rental stations in city parks and local bike shops also rent them. Less formal operators work on street corners or out of the back of a truck or in parking garages, additional services include paid guided tours. Several organizations, including Five Borough Bicycle Club and Bike New York, most are day trips for no fee, some larger or overnight tours require payment. New York City is host to several long annual recreational rides, New York Cycle Club and others specialize in fitness and speed
Cycling in New York City
–
Citi Bike bike share service, which started in May 2013
Cycling in New York City
–
Biking through
Chelsea, Manhattan
Cycling in New York City
–
Carrying freight on Madison Avenue
Cycling in New York City
–
Motorized delivery bike for a restaurant, with chain, lock, and plastic bags on handles to protect from winter wind
24.
Melbourne
–
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
Melbourne
–
(From top left to bottom right)
Melbourne City Centre,
Flinders Street Station,
Shrine of Remembrance,
Federation Square,
Melbourne Cricket Ground,
Royal Exhibition Building.
Melbourne
–
Melbourne Landing, 1840; watercolour by W. Liardet (1840)
Melbourne
–
"Canvas Town", South Melbourne in the 1850s depicting temporary accommodation for the thousands who poured into Melbourne each week during the gold rush.
Melbourne
–
Lithograph of the
Royal Exhibition Building, built to host the
Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880
25.
Ottawa
–
Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
Ottawa
–
Centre Block on Parliament Hill, the
National War Memorial in
downtown Ottawa, the
National Gallery of Canada, and the
Rideau Canal and
Château Laurier.
Ottawa
–
Bytown in 1853. Military Barracks on hill top was occupied by "A" Company of the
Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment, presently home to
Parliament Hill.
Ottawa
–
Centre Block on
Parliament Hill under construction in 1863
Ottawa
–
Looking east down
Rideau Street. In view: the
Union Station on the right, and the (now demolished)
Daly Building on the left. 1922
26.
Vancouver
–
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had 2,463,431 versus 2,313,328 in 2011, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
Vancouver
–
Clockwise from top: Downtown Vancouver as seen from the southern shore of False Creek, The
University of British Columbia,
Lions Gate Bridge, a view from the
Granville Street Bridge,
Burrard Bridge, The Millennium Gate (
Chinatown), and
totem poles in
Stanley Park
Vancouver
–
A portrait of the first Vancouver City Council meeting after the 1886 fire. The tent shown was on the east side of the 100 block Carrall.
Vancouver
–
Panorama of Vancouver, 1898
Vancouver
–
Kitsilano Beach is one of Vancouver's many beaches
27.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
–
San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
–
Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
–
1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
–
Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
28.
Montreal
–
Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
Montreal
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Montreal as seen from the
Champlain Bridge;
McGill University;
Saint Joseph's Oratory; the
Old Montreal featuring the
Montreal Clock Tower and the
Jacques Cartier Bridge during the
Montreal Fireworks Festival; a view of the
Notre-Dame Basilica from
Place d'Armes; and the
Olympic Stadium.
Montreal
–
The Montreal Harbour in 1889.
Montreal
–
Saint Jacques Street (formerly St. James Street), in 1910
Montreal
–
Bonsecours Market in autumn.
29.
Davis, California
–
Davis is a city in the U. S. state of California and the most populous city in Yolo County. It had a population of 65,622 in 2010, not including the population of the University of California, Davis. The city is a suburb of Californias capital, Sacramento, Davis grew into a Southern Pacific Railroad depot built in 1868. It was then known as Davisville, named after Jerome C, however, the post office at Davisville shortened the town name simply to Davis in 1907. The name stuck, and the city of Davis was incorporated on March 28,1917, from its inception as a farming community, Davis has been known for its contributions to agricultural policy along with veterinary care and animal husbandry. The farm, later renamed the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in 1922, was upgraded into the seventh UC general campus, the University of California, Davis, in 1959. Davis is located in Yolo County, California,11 mi west of Sacramento,70 mi northeast of San Francisco,385 mi north of Los Angeles, at the intersection of Interstate 80, neighboring towns include Dixon, Winters, and Woodland. Davis lies in the Sacramento Valley, the portion of the Central San Joaquin Valley, in Northern California. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.5 square miles. 10.4 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water, the topography is flat, which has helped Davis to become known as a haven for bicyclists. The Davis climate resembles that of nearby Sacramento and is typical of Californias Central Valley Mediterranean climate regime, dry, hot summers and cool, rainy and it is classified as a Köppen Csa climate. Average temperatures range from 46 °F in December and January to 75 °F in July, thick ground fog called tule fog settles into Davis during late fall and winter. This fog can be dense with visibility to nearly zero, as in other areas of northern California, the tule fog is a leading cause of road accidents in the winter season. Record temperatures range from a high of 116 °F on July 17,1925, Davis is internally divided by two freeways, a north–south railroad, an east-west mainline and several major streets. The city is divided into six main districts made up of smaller neighborhoods, Central Davis, north of Fifth Street and Russell Boulevard. East of SR113, and west of the tracks running along G Street. Within these boundaries is the officially denoted neighborhood of Old North Davis, Downtown Davis, roughly the numbered-and-lettered grid north of I-80, south of Fifth Street, east of A Street, and west of the railroad tracks, including the Aggie Village and Olive Drive areas. East Davis, north of I-80, south of Covell Blvd. North Davis, north of Covell Blvd
Davis, California
–
Downtown Davis
Davis, California
–
Logo
Davis, California
–
Part of the UC Davis Arboretum.
Davis, California
–
Bikes in front of the Davis Amtrak station.
30.
Bicycle trail
–
A trail is usually a path, track or unpaved lane or road, though the term is also applied, in North America, to routes along rivers, and sometimes to highways. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland path or footpath is the term for a walking trail. There are also unpaved trails used by dirt bikes and other off-road vehicles, in some places, like the Alps, trails are used for moving cattle and other livestock. In the US, the term was used for a route into or through wild territory used by emigrants. In Australia, the track can be used interchangeably with trail. Walkway is used similarly in St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, in the United Kingdom, the term trail is in common usage. Longer distance walking routes, and government-promoted long distance paths, collectively known as National Trails, are frequently called ways, as in the Pennine Way. Generally the term footpath is preferred for pedestrian routes, including long distance trails, track is used for wider paths, often used for hiking. The terms bridleway, byway, restricted byway are all recognised legal terms, the increased popularity of mountain biking has led to a proliferation of mountain bike trails in many countries. Often these will be grouped to form complexes, known as trail centers. A particularly unusual use of the term is in the Canadian province of Alberta, Shared use may be achieved by sharing a trail easement, but within it maintaining segregated and sometimes also separated trail treads. This is common in rail trails, Shared use may also refer to alternate day arrangements, whereby two uses are segregated by being permitted on alternate days. The Trans Canada Trail can be used by hikers, walkers, cyclists, horseback riders, the network makes use of towpaths on river banks and disused railway or vicinal tramway lines. Old railway lines have been leased by the Walloon Government for 99 years using emphyteutic lease contracts, where necessary, new paths are created to link parts of the network. Thus the right to cycle exists even though it may be difficult to exercise on occasion, Cyclists using a bridleway are obliged to give way to other users on foot or horseback. The seawall in Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada is popular for walking, running, cycling, there are two paths, one for skaters and cyclists and the other for pedestrians. The lane for cyclists and skaters goes one-way in a counterclockwise loop, foreshoreway is a term used in Australia for a type of greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea open to both walkers and cyclists. A forest road is a type of access road, built mainly for the forest industry
Bicycle trail
–
A country track, or
fieldway, in
Slovenia
Bicycle trail
–
Mountain bike trail in the
Forest of Dean,
England.
Bicycle trail
–
Trail at the "
Serra dos Órgãos " National Park,
Petrópolis,
Brazil
Bicycle trail
–
An abandoned mining trail in the
Jinguashi mining area in
Taiwan
31.
Bicycle boulevard
–
Bicycle boulevards discourage cut-through motor-vehicle traffic but allow local motor-vehicle traffic. They are designed to give priority to bicyclists as through-going traffic and they are intended as a low-cost, politically popular way to create a connected network of streets with good bicyclist comfort and/or safety. These bikeway design elements are intended to appeal to casual, risk-averse, inexperienced, compared to a bike path or rail trail, a bicycle boulevard is also a relatively low-cost approach to appealing to a broader cycling demographic. A bicycle boulevard is generally marked with a sign at the beginning, also necessary for the road to be called a bicycle boulevard is coloring, in the Netherlands, the parts of the road where the cyclists ride on is marked in red. These sections of the road are called rabatstroken, motorists also ride on this section, yet also have a non-colored part of the road which they can drive on with one half of the car when they wish to pass a cyclist. Bicycle boulevards may use a variety of traffic calming elements to achieve a safe environment and this makes it difficult for motorists to use the street at a high speed. However, they do not block access to motor vehicles completely which would designate the route as segregated cycle facilities rather than a bicycle boulevard. Some bicycle boulevards have higher road surface standards than other residential streets, permeable barriers such as bollards are sometimes used to allow cycling traffic to continue through while diverting motorized traffic from using the street as a through street. It was named for Ellen Fletcher, a Holocaust survivor and one of Americas first bike activists, in Berkeley, boulevards are mostly residential streets, but some sections pass through commercial areas. Generally there are few cars on these streets, in part because of the pre-existing traffic calming devices that slow and/or divert traffic. Bicycle boulevards may or may not have bicycle lanes, in Minneapolis, a grant from the federal government within the Non-Motorized Pilot Program has helped to build a bike boulevard on Bryant Avenue, and the planning of others. Similarly in Columbia, Non-Motorized Pilot Program project has helped fund the first bike boulevard in the State along Ash, at least one other is being planned. In Wilmington, help from a Fit Community 2009 grant through the North Carolina Health, the bicycle boulevard runs from San Mateo Blvd SE, west along Silver Ave SE/SW to 14th St SW. It then continues north on 14th St to Mountain Rd NW, the last leg of the boulevard continues west on Mountain Rd NW to the Paseo del Bosque Recreation Trail which parallels the Rio Grande. In Madison almost every major artery has a lane in which bicycles have a protected place to bike in the street. In Seattle, the citys first cycle track is slated to open in the summer of 2013, the City of Berkeley, California, is credited with coining the phrase Bicycle Boulevard in the late 1980s, but not every jurisdiction has adopted this term. As of November 2011, the City of Boston has decided to use the term Neighborways instead of Bicycle Boulevards and this just adds to a growing list of terms for Bicycle Boulevards since Portland has been calling them Neighborhood Greenways and Seattle has named them simply Greenways. A fietsstraat in the Netherlands can link dedicated bike-only paths, service roads, with these, and many other, bike-friendly policies in place, Amsterdam has the highest rate of cycling of any capital city in the world
Bicycle boulevard
–
Bicycle boulevard on Ankeny Street in
Portland, Oregon
Bicycle boulevard
Bicycle boulevard
–
This diverter forces motor vehicles to turn, and allows through passage for bicyclists and pedestrians.
32.
Shared lane marking
–
A shared-lane marking or sharrow is a street marking installed at locations in Australia, Canada, Spain, or the United States. This marking is placed in the lane to indicate where people should preferably cycle. The US Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices says shared-lane markings may be used to, These markings are used in the USA, Australia and other countries. In US usage, the shape of the arrow, combined with the bike symbol. In the UK roughly the same function is served by a symbol without arrows. However, this tends to be used more as an indication of a cycle route rather than as an encouragement to share the road. The original bike in a house or man jumping barrels at home marking was developed by James Mackay, the hollow arrow surrounding the cyclist was intended to reinforce the correct direction of travel for bicyclists. In the process, the name sharrow was coined by Oliver Gajda, of the City and County of San Francisco Bicycle Program, and is a portmanteau of share and arrow. In a 2009 paper, Northeastern University researcher Peter G. Furth proposed the Bicycle Priority Lane and this marks a five-foot-wide zone in the center of the lane which bicyclists are encouraged to use. The city of Boston, Massachusetts began experimenting with these markings in 2013, however, another study published in the journal Injury Prevention based on hospital records shows no statistically significant reduction in injuries, and possibly a small increase. A2016 study commissioned by the Transportation Research Board conducted a comprehensive analysis of census block groups in Chicago. Block groups were categorized in one of 3 categories, block groups with bike lanes installed, block groups with sharrows only, the authors found that blocks with bike lanes experienced a significantly larger increase in bicycle commuters than block groups with sharrows or no infrastructure. The study concludes that these findings raise concerns on the effectiveness of sharrows as a safety measure, based on the San Francisco experimental data, in August 2004 the California Traffic Control Devices Committee approved the use of this marking in California. In the 2009 edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, the city of Seattle, Washington included extensive use of shared lane markings in its Bicycle Master Plan of early 2007. The concept has since been implemented by cities throughout the United States, Shared lane marking has been adopted in Canada, being used in localities ranging from Montreal to Vancouver. For several years, the rules of France have allowed shared lanes, there called voies partagées. One of those is obligatory, the one is not obligatory. All have the same pictograms on the surface, but are distinguished by roadside signs
Shared lane marking
–
Picture of a poorly-positioned shared lane marking in
Toronto, Canada. The marking is positioned, and the cyclist is riding, close to where the car door could open into the cyclist's path.
Shared lane marking
–
Shared-lane markings alternating with full bike lanes in
Grand Street (Manhattan).
Shared lane marking
–
Advisory lane (on the right) and shared lane (on the left) in
Vichy,
France
Shared lane marking
–
Cyklopiktokoridor in
Prague
33.
Greenway (landscape)
–
A greenway is a strip of undeveloped land near an urban area, set aside for recreational use or environmental protection. A greenway is a trail, found in urban and rural settings, that is frequently created, out of a disused railway, canal towpath, utility, or similar right of way. Rail trails are one of the most common forms of greenway, in Southern England the term also refers to ancient trackways or green lanes, especially those found on chalk downlands, like the Ridgeway. Some greenways include community gardens as well as typical park-style landscaping of trees and they also tend to have a mostly contiguous pathway. Greenways resemble linear parks, but the latter are found in an urban and suburban environment. Tom Turner analyzed greenways in London, looking for patterns among successful examples. He was inspired by the pattern language technique of architect Christopher Alexander, Turner concluded there are seven types, or patterns, of greenway which he named, parkway, blueway, paveway, glazeway, skyway, ecoway and cycleway. These routes should meet satisfactory standards of width, gradient and surface condition to ensure that they are both user-friendly and low-risk for users of all abilities. Charles Little, describes five general types of greenways, Urban riverside greenways, usually created as part of a redevelopment program along neglected, often run-down, city waterfronts. Recreational greenways, featuring paths and trails of various kinds, often relatively long distance, based on natural corridors as well as canals, abandoned rail beds, and public rights-of-way. Ecologically significant natural corridors, usually along rivers and streams and less often ridgelines, to provide for wildlife migration and species interchange, nature study, Greenways are vegetated, linear, and multi-purpose. They incorporate a footpath or bikeway within a linear park, in urban design they are a component of planning for bicycle commuting and walkability. Greenways are found in areas as well as urban. Corridors redeveloped as greenways often travel through both city and country, connecting them together, however, most examples are in Europe and North America. In Australia, a foreshoreway is a greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea, foreshoreways include oceanways, and resemble promenades and boardwalks. Foreshoreways are usually concerned with the idea of sustainable transport and the term is used to avoid the suggestion that the route favours either pedestrians or cyclists, a foreshoreway is accessible to both pedestrians and cyclists and gives them the opportunity to move unimpeded along the seashore. Dead end paths that offer public access only to the ocean are not part of a foreshoreway, the network includes 36 kilometres of poor, medium and high quality pathways. Others include, The Chicago Lakefront Trail, the Dubai Marina, the East River Greenway, New Plymouth Coastal Walkway, public rights of way frequently exist on the foreshore of beaches throughout the world
Greenway (landscape)
–
The Cross Vermont Trail, a greenway in New England, US.
Greenway (landscape)
–
Charles River Esplanade,
Boston,
Massachusetts, US
Greenway (landscape)
–
Railway Platforms on
Parkland Walk,
North London, England
Greenway (landscape)
–
Chicago Lakefront Trail
34.
Shared use path
–
A shared-use path typically has a surface that is asphalt, concrete, or firmly packed crushed aggregate. In the U. S. the 1999 AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities defines a path as being physically separated from motor vehicular traffic with an open space or barrier. Shared-use paths differ from exclusive bikeways in that shared-use paths are designed to include even if the primary anticipated users are cyclists. Some shared paths have been built as rail trails, shared-use paths sometimes provide different lanes for users who travel at different speeds, to prevent conflicts between user groups on high use trails
Shared use path
–
A shared-use path in Germany.
Regulatory sign says cyclists and pedestrians must use it and not the carriageway.
Shared use path
–
Share-use path with running track in Chicago
35.
Cycling infrastructure
–
Cycling infrastructure refers to all infrastructure which may be used by cyclists. The manner in which the road network is designed, built. The cycling network may be able to provide the users with direct, convenient routes minimizing unnecessary delay, settlements with a dense road network of interconnected streets tend to be viable utility cycling environments. A bikeway is a lane, route, way or path which in some manner is specifically designed, bike lanes demarcated by a painted marking are quite common in many cities. Cycle tracks demarcated by barriers, bollards or boulevards are quite common in some European countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark and they are also increasingly common in other major cities such as New York City, Melbourne, Ottawa, Vancouver and San Francisco. Montreal and Davis, California, which have had segregated cycling facilities with barriers for several decades, are among the earliest examples in North American cities, some share the roadway with motor vehicles—bicycle boulevard, sharrow, advisory bike lane—or shared with pedestrians—greenway, shared use path. The term bikeway is largely used in North America to describe all routes that have designed or updated to encourage more cycling or make cycling safer. There is no usage of segregation, in some cases it can mean the exclusion of motor vehicles. Thus, it includes bike lanes with solid painted lines but not lanes with dotted lines and it includes cycle tracks as physically distinct from the roadway and sidewalk. And it includes bike paths in their own right of way exclusive to cycling, there have been a lot of studies on the safety of all types of bikeways. Proponents say that segregation of cyclists from fast or frequent motorized traffic is necessary to provide a safe, opponents point out the increased risk from various types of infrastructure including shared use paths. Different countries have different ways to define and enforce bikeways. Controversies have surrounded bikeways, particularly in North America and the United Kingdom, proponents argue that dedicated bike lanes have been implemented in many cities and are both popular and safe. Jurisdictions have guidelines around the selection of the right bikeway treatments in order make routes more comfortable, a buffered bike lane is typically a lane with a wide painted buffer to demarcate a larger gap between the cycle lane and other traffic. A physically marked and separated lane dedicated for cycling that is on or directly adjacent to the roadway, bike paths are paths with their own right of way dedicated to cycling, though in many cases shared with pedestrians and other non-motorized traffic. A greenway is a long, narrow piece of land, often used for recreation and pedestrian and bicycle user traffic, a shared use path supports multiple modes, such as walking, bicycling, inline skating and people in wheelchairs. A bicycle boulevard is a low speed street which has been optimized for bicycle traffic, bicycle boulevards discourage cut-through motor vehicle traffic but allow local motor vehicle traffic. They are designed to give priority to cyclists as through-going traffic, an advisory bike lane is a bike lane which motorists may legally encroach
Cycling infrastructure
–
Cycling infrastructure being placed in Chicago, Illinois.
Cycling infrastructure
–
Signposted greenway, bordering on a
gracht in
Nordhorn, Germany
Cycling infrastructure
–
Cyclists use a segregated cut through of a busy interchange in
London at rush hour.
Cycling infrastructure
–
Segregated cycle facility in Karlsruhe, Germany. Fahrradstrasse means "bicycle street."
36.
Bike path
–
A bike path is a bikeway separated from motorized traffic and dedicated to cycling or shared with pedestrians or other non-motorized users. It may or may not have a center divider or stripe to prevent head-on collisions, in the UK, a shared-use footway or multi-use path is for use by both cyclists and pedestrians. Bike paths that follow independent rights-of-way are often used to promote recreational cycling, in Northern European countries, cycling tourism represents a significant proportion of overall tourist activity. Extensive interurban bike path networks can be found in such as Denmark or the Netherlands. These networks may use routes dedicated exclusively to cycle traffic or minor rural roads whose use is restricted to local motor traffic. The UK has recently implemented the National Cycle Network, where available these routes are often rail trails making use of abandoned railway corridors. A prominent example in the UK is the Bristol & Bath Railway Path, other UK examples include The Ebury Way Cycle Path, The Alban Way, the Hillend Loch Railway Path and the Nicky Line. In 2003 the longest continuous bike path in Europe was opened, along the Albacete-Valdeganga highway in Spain, bogotas Bike Paths Network, designed and built during the administration of Mayor Enrique Peñalosa attracts significant recreational use. The relative safety of bike paths that follow independent rights-of-way closed to motorized traffic is difficult to assess, in terms of car/bicycle collisions, this is clearly mediated by how the bike path network rejoins the main road network. As a general rule those bike paths with the highest perceived safety tend to be engineered on the assumption of vehicular rather than pedestrian traffic. Thus the most popular examples tend to be converted road or railway alignments or constructed to the standards used by road. In many jurisdictions bike paths are shared with pedestrians, but there is a variety of quality in helping to minimize cyclist-pedestrian conflicts. Media related to Bike paths at Wikimedia Commons
Bike path
–
The Elliot Bay Trail in Seattle, Washington, USA.
Bike path
–
Rail trail on a converted railway corridor between Daun and Wittlich, Eifel, Germany
Bike path
–
The first completed stretch of a planned
recreational loop around
Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Bike path
–
Part of the
Milton Keynes redway system runs along the disused track bed of the former
Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line.
37.
Bikeway
–
Cycling infrastructure refers to all infrastructure which may be used by cyclists. The manner in which the road network is designed, built. The cycling network may be able to provide the users with direct, convenient routes minimizing unnecessary delay, settlements with a dense road network of interconnected streets tend to be viable utility cycling environments. A bikeway is a lane, route, way or path which in some manner is specifically designed, bike lanes demarcated by a painted marking are quite common in many cities. Cycle tracks demarcated by barriers, bollards or boulevards are quite common in some European countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark and they are also increasingly common in other major cities such as New York City, Melbourne, Ottawa, Vancouver and San Francisco. Montreal and Davis, California, which have had segregated cycling facilities with barriers for several decades, are among the earliest examples in North American cities, some share the roadway with motor vehicles—bicycle boulevard, sharrow, advisory bike lane—or shared with pedestrians—greenway, shared use path. The term bikeway is largely used in North America to describe all routes that have designed or updated to encourage more cycling or make cycling safer. There is no usage of segregation, in some cases it can mean the exclusion of motor vehicles. Thus, it includes bike lanes with solid painted lines but not lanes with dotted lines and it includes cycle tracks as physically distinct from the roadway and sidewalk. And it includes bike paths in their own right of way exclusive to cycling, there have been a lot of studies on the safety of all types of bikeways. Proponents say that segregation of cyclists from fast or frequent motorized traffic is necessary to provide a safe, opponents point out the increased risk from various types of infrastructure including shared use paths. Different countries have different ways to define and enforce bikeways. Controversies have surrounded bikeways, particularly in North America and the United Kingdom, proponents argue that dedicated bike lanes have been implemented in many cities and are both popular and safe. Jurisdictions have guidelines around the selection of the right bikeway treatments in order make routes more comfortable, a buffered bike lane is typically a lane with a wide painted buffer to demarcate a larger gap between the cycle lane and other traffic. A physically marked and separated lane dedicated for cycling that is on or directly adjacent to the roadway, bike paths are paths with their own right of way dedicated to cycling, though in many cases shared with pedestrians and other non-motorized traffic. A greenway is a long, narrow piece of land, often used for recreation and pedestrian and bicycle user traffic, a shared use path supports multiple modes, such as walking, bicycling, inline skating and people in wheelchairs. A bicycle boulevard is a low speed street which has been optimized for bicycle traffic, bicycle boulevards discourage cut-through motor vehicle traffic but allow local motor vehicle traffic. They are designed to give priority to cyclists as through-going traffic, an advisory bike lane is a bike lane which motorists may legally encroach
Bikeway
–
Cycling infrastructure being placed in Chicago, Illinois.
Bikeway
–
Signposted greenway, bordering on a
gracht in
Nordhorn, Germany
Bikeway
–
Cyclists use a segregated cut through of a busy interchange in
London at rush hour.
Bikeway
–
Segregated cycle facility in Karlsruhe, Germany. Fahrradstrasse means "bicycle street."
38.
Federal Highway Administration
–
The Federal Highway Administration is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agencys major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program and its role had previously been performed by the Office of Road Inquiry, Office of Public Roads and the Bureau of Public Roads. The organization has several organizations and a complicated history. The Office of Road Inquiry was founded in 1893, in 1905 that organizations name was changed to the Office of Public Roads which became a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The name was changed again to the Bureau of Public Roads in 1915 and it was then shifted to the Federal Works Agency which was abolished in 1949 when its name reverted to Bureau of Public Roads under the Department of Commerce. With the coming of the bicycle in the 1890s, interest grew regarding the improvement of streets, the traditional method of putting the burden on maintaining roads on local landowners was increasingly inadequate. New York State took the lead in 1898, and by 1916 the old system had been discarded everywhere area, demands grew for local and state government to take charge. With the coming of the automobile after 1910, urgent efforts were made to upgrade, the American Association for Highway Improvement was organized in 1910. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, in 1916, federal-aid was first made available to improve post-roads, and promote general commerce. Congress appropriated $75 million over a period, with the Secretary of Agriculture in charge through the Bureau of Public Roads. There were 2.4 million miles of rural dirt rural roads in 1914,100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, the rapidly increasing speed of automobiles, and especially trucks, made maintenance and repair high-priority item. Concrete was first used in 1893, and expanded until it became the dominant surfacing material in the 1930s, from 1917 through 1941,261,000 miles of highways were built with federal aid, and cost $5.31 billion. Federal funds totaled $3.17 billion, and state-local funds were $2.14 billion, the FHWA was created on October 15,1966. In 1967 the functions of the Bureau of Public Roads were transferred to the new organization and it was one of three original bureaus along with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety and the National Highway Safety Bureau. The FHWA’s role in the Federal-aid Highway Program is to oversee federal funds used for constructing and maintaining the National Highway System and this funding mostly comes from the federal gasoline tax and mostly goes to state departments of transportation. FHWA oversees projects using these funds to ensure that requirements for project eligibility. The FHWA also publishes the “Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices”, the MUTCD specifies such things as the size, color and height of traffic signs, traffic signals and road surface markings. The Federal Highway Administration is overseen by an Administrator appointed by the President of the United States by, the Administrator works under the direction of the Secretary of Transportation and Deputy Secretary of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
–
Federal Highway Administration
39.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
–
These specifications include the shapes, colors, and fonts used in road markings and signs. In the United States, all control devices must legally conform to these standards. The manual is used by state and local agencies as well as construction firms to ensure that the traffic control devices they use conform to the national standard. While some state agencies have developed their own sets of standards, including their own MUTCDs, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices advises the FHWA on additions, revisions, and changes to the MUTCD. However, each highway had its own set of signage, usually designed to promote the highway rather than to assist in the direction, in fact, conflicts between these automobile clubs frequently led to multiple sets of signs—sometimes as many as eleven—being erected on the same highway. They reported their findings to the Mississippi Valley Association of Highway Departments and these suggestions included the familiar circular railroad crossing sign and octagonal stop sign. In 1927, the American Association of State Highway Officials, or AASHO, published the Manual and Specifications for the Manufacture, Display, standard Road Markers and Signs to set standards for traffic control devices used on rural roads. This was followed by the Manual on Street Traffic Signs, Signals, and Markings, the MUTCD was first released in 1935, and set standards for both road signs and pavement markings. In 1966, Congress passed the Highway Safety Act, P. L. 89-564,72 Stat,885, which is now codified at 23 U. S. C. §401 et seq. The penalty for noncompliance was a 10% reduction in funding, in turn, taking advantage of broad rulemaking powers granted in 23 U. S. C. §402, the Department simply adopted the entire MUTCD by reference at 23 C. F. R, thus, what was formerly a quasi-official project became an official one. States are allowed to supplement the MUTCD but must remain in substantial conformance with the national MUTCD, most of the repainting to the 1971 standard was done between 1971 and 1974, with a deadline of 1978 for the changeover of both the markings and signage. Comments were accepted until July 31,2008, the new edition was published in 2009. Proposed additions and revisions to the MUTCD are recommended to FHWA by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, the NCUTCD also recommends interpretations of the MUTCD to other agencies that use the MUTCD, such as state departments of transportation. NCUTCD develops public and professional awareness of the principles of safe traffic control devices and practices, the NCUTCD is supported by twenty-one sponsoring organizations, including transportation and engineering industry groups, safety organizations, and the American Automobile Association. Each sponsoring organization promotes members to serve as voting delegates within the NCUTCD, compared to the Vienna Convention, the MUTCD stresses a consistent color scheme and relatively large, verbose warning signs. MUTCD guide signs tend to be less verbose than their equivalents in Vienna Convention countries, the MUTCD has become widely influential outside the United States, for example, the use of yellow stripes to divide opposing traffic has been widely adopted throughout the Western Hemisphere. Many U. S. states produce their own standards, which take the form of either a manual or supplement to the federal MUTCD
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
–
Cover of 2009 edition
40.
Bikeway safety
–
Dedicated or segregated cycle facilities are controversial, in particular concerning safety. Proponents say that segregation of cyclists from fast or frequent motorized traffic is necessary to provide a safe, a 2010 Montreal study found that cycle tracks resulted in fewer injuries when compared to comparable parallel roads with no cycling facilities. Studies into the risks and benefits of dedicated cycling facilities have drawn differing conclusions, a 2006 report by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program in the US concludes that bicycle safety data are difficult to analyze, mostly because bicycle trip data are hard to uncover. A1997 study by Moritz of North American bicycle commuters calculated a relative danger of different facilities based on the results of divided by the. The other category which mostly included sidewalks had a danger of 5.32. Moritz made it clear that this was ot a statistical or random sample of BCs, a large study undertaken by S. U. The cycle tracks constructed have resulted in increases in accidents and injuries of 9–10% on the reconstructed roads, the number of accidents and injuries increased at intersections but decreased mid-block. These changes in road safety have been estimated taking both general trends in safety and changes in car and cycle traffic into account. For instance, recent planning guidelines in the US advise that cycle tracks drop to a lane before arriving at an intersection to increase the visibility of cyclists. They found such bike-only facilities had lower risk than cycling on-road with motor traffic as well as off-road with pedestrians on sidewalks or multi-use paths, the highest risk of crashes and injuries were found to be on sidewalks and unpaved off-road trails. The New York City Department of Transportation implemented a bicycle path and traffic calming pilot project for Prospect Park West in Brooklyn in 2010 and it created a two-way bicycle path with a three-foot parking lane buffer and the removal of one lane from motor vehicles. Without a marked bike lane, there appears to be a lot of uncertainty about how much space each person needs—even when adequate road space is provided, in the 1970s, the California Statewide Bicycle Committee commissioned Kenneth D. Cross to study car-bike collisions. The Committee had supposed that many collisions would occur when cars overtook bicycles, unexpectedly, Cross found that only 0. 5% of car-bike collisions had occurred between straight-ahead cyclists and overtaking straight-ahead motorists. Cross in 1977 had a contract with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to produce a study. Wrong-way sidewalk bicyclists are at greater risk, and sidewalk bicycling appears to increase the incidence of wrong-way travel. And Separation of bicycles and motor vehicles leads to conflicts at these intersections. This conclusion is in accord with the 1981 and 1991 AASHTO Guides, aultman-Hall et al. produced a 1998 study based on a survey of Ottawa commuter cyclists and a survey of Toronto commuter cyclists. The surveys were conducted to create estimates of travel exposure on roads, off-road paths and they found that the relative rates for falls and injuries suggest it is safest to cycle on-road followed by off-road paths and trails, and finally least safe on sidewalks
Bikeway safety
–
Dedicated cycling facility in New York City
Bikeway safety
–
Diagram showing relative increases in collision rates for users of a common type of segregated cycle path
41.
Bikeway and legislation
–
One of the potential pitfalls for observers trying to interpret the operation of bikeways is that the same legal assumptions do not apply in all environments. For instance, in contrast to most English speaking countries, some European countries, including Germany, France, Denmark, Belgium, thus there is a legal assumption that motorists are automatically considered liable in law for any injuries that occur if they collide with a cyclist. This may hold regardless of any fault on the part of the cyclist, in some countries it is legal for cyclists to overtake motor-vehicles on the inside, and cyclists doing so may enjoy the protection of the law. In this case, the use of segregated cycle facilities conforms to existing traffic law, in other jurisdictions similar undertaking manoeuvres by cyclists are illegal. Such distinctions form the basis of the claim by John Forester that segregated cycle facilities encourage behaviours that flout existing traffic law, cyclists in some countries are also given separate rules and light phases at traffic signals and cyclist-specific traffic lights. For instance, in Germany and elsewhere at junctions with segregated facilities all the traffic in a given direction may get a signal at the same time. Turning motor traffic is obliged to wait for cyclists and pedestrians to clear the junction before proceeding, in this situation all the transport modes get equal green time. In contrast, UK and Irish practice restricts pedestrians to a dedicated signal phase, separate from, if cyclists were to be segregated and treated in a similar manner this would imply a significant reduction in green time for cycle traffic at every junction. A similar example occurred in a Parisian bikepath scheme in 1999, cyclists faced twice the number of traffic signals as motorised traffic and were expected to wait over one minute to get seven seconds of green time. Cycle tracks typically exclude all motorized vehicles for most countries, some exceptions are made, such as in the Netherlands, for light motorbikes. Some jurisdictions require cyclists to use cycle tracks if present or allow cyclists to use the cycle track or a parallel roadway. In the United Kingdom, cycletracks are defined as cycleways physically separated from the carriageway and their usage is not obligatory, I. e. cyclists may also ride on the parallel cariageway. They may not ride on the sidewalk, but pedestrians are allowed to walk on the cycletrack, in the Netherlands, most major roads have cycletracks and most cycletracks exclude motorized vehicles and cyclists are required to use them if available. Light motorbikes are allowed and obliged to use cycle tracks marked as fiets- en bromfietspaden. Non-obligatory cycletracks are rare but where they exist, they are indicated by using the word fietspad instead of a bicycle logo. In Belgium, the law does not distinguish roadside cycletracks from cyclelanes on the carriageway. All roadside cycletracks exclude motorized vehicles and cyclists are obliged to use them, in France, cycletracks and cycle lanes exclude all motorized traffic. Until 1998 cyclists were obligated to use them if present, by law, most cycletracks ought to be facilitative, but most local authorities are delaying the replacement of round panels by rectangular ones
Bikeway and legislation
–
exclusive and obligatory cycletrack
42.
Bikeway controversies
–
Other dissenters say safety is better served by using the road space for parking. Proponents argue that segregated cycle facilities have been implemented and are popular and safe. However, this is contradicted by members of the Royal Dutch Cycling Union, the Danish Roads Directorate state that the cycle track system functions best when cyclists travel at relatively low speeds but what is meant by relatively low speeds is not made clear. There are instances where cycle tracks / sidepaths can accommodate fast cycling as evidenced in this video of a velomobile on a Dutch cycle track, as more cycle tracks are built in North American cities, more research is being conducted on the uptake and safety of cycle tracks. North American cities that have recently installed cycle tracks have seen significant growth in using these roads. It is useful, therefore, to use North American examples of cycle tracks/side paths and this will provide better data using cyclists on similar terrain and presumably similar bicycles and experience. Cycling activists in favour of vehicular cycling have opposed cycle tracks, the UK’s Sustrans guidelines for the National Cycle Network are based on recreational use with a design user who is an unaccompanied twelve-year-old. The Dublin Transportation Office has advertised their cycle facilities as being based on an unaccompanied ten-year-old design user and this raises the issue of what happens if different cyclist types find themselves forced onto such devices either by legal coercion or as a result of motorist aggression. This issue is captured in a 1996 review of the Sustrans approach from the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Some locales have issues with debris in the paths, such as Milton Keynes, UK. In Ireland some cyclists have demanded simultaneous commitment to maintenance and sweeping as cycle paths are built, in areas subject to high leaf-fall in autumn, or high snowfall in winter, any cycle facilities must be subject to regular clearing if they are to remain usable. Danish guidance specifies three different categories of cycle track, category A tracks must be kept clear of snow 24 hours a day, category B tracks are swept or cleared daily, and category C receive less regular winter maintenance. In 2007 the city of Copenhagen spent DKK9.9 million annually on maintaining its cycle track network, german federal law requires local authorities to declassify cycle tracks that do not conform to strict design and maintenance criteria. In the UK, facilities for non-motorized traffic are not normally salted or gritted in icy conditions, Cycle lanes avoid this problem, as they are part of the road and can be easily accessed by maintenance vehicles operating on that road, incurring no extra cost. They only becomes filled with debris if the road is not maintained or the lane is purposely avoided, tracks used at night can be illuminated by conventional means, or by paving with glowing material. There are many factors, such as tracks and other cycling infrastructure. A number of cities have demonstrated that particular cycle tracks will increase bike traffic on routes, as shown, for example, in Montreal, New York City. Bike usage increased by 40% in areas of Montreal where the city invested in bike paths, in Copenhagen bike traffic increased by about 20% because of the construction of cycle tracks
Bikeway controversies
–
A minivan merging into cycling traffic on Foothill Expressway in Los Altos, California.
Bikeway controversies
–
Debris in a cycle lane
Bikeway controversies
–
An obstructed cycle lane in New York City.
43.
Bikeway selection
–
Several manuals and procedures are available to aid jurisdictions in planning roadway treatments and cycling infrastructure. Sustrans Design Manual provides guidelines on both the type and level of service required for a cycling route, both motor vehicle traffic volume and speed influence the decision on the need to segregate cyclists from other traffic. In some cases restraint of traffic speeds and volumes through traffic calming measures may be used to create conditions to encourage new. If route is an identified main cycle route it will be given a level of service than other cycle routes. Main cycle routes are likely to have segregation and wider widths to accommodate higher volumes of people cycling. With average car traffic speeds above 40mph or with traffic volumes above 10,000 motor vehicles per day, and on roads that exceed both, the recommendation is to provide physical separation with a road verge. In 1996, the British Cyclists Touring Club and the Institute for Highways and Transportation jointly produced the document Cycle-friendly infrastructure, Guidelines for planning and design. This defined a hierarchy of measures for cycling promotion in which the goal is to convert a more or less cyclist-hostile roads infrastructure into one which encourages and facilitates cycling, can motor traffic levels, particularly of heavy vehicles, be reduced. Can speed be reduced and driver behaviour modified and these measures include, Urban traffic control systems designed to recognise cyclists and give them priority. Exempt cyclists from banned turns and access restrictions, provide contra-flow cycle lanes on one-way streets. Junction alterations, roundabouts with cycle paths around them, cycle-friendly junction design, redistribution of the carriageway -such as by marking wide curb lanes or shared bus/cycle lanes. Having considered and implemented all the above, what cycle tracks or cycle lanes are considered necessary and it is standard practice in the Netherlands to provide physical separation of cyclists from motor traffic except for on the quietest local streets and those designated as bicycle streets. The Netherlands has thousands of kilometres of paths and cycle tracks, more often the former. Traffic signals are rare on most peoples cycle journeys in smaller municipalities and are slightly more frequent in larger cities. Most traffic light controlled intersections have some sort of curb to create cycle paths on the junctions themselves, cycle lanes usually transition into cycle paths at junctions
Bikeway selection
–
2-way bike lane on 1-way street
Bikeway selection
–
Bike path
44.
Contraflow lane
–
In transport engineering nomenclature, a counterflow lane or contraflow lane is a lane in which traffic flows in the opposite direction of the surrounding lanes. Contraflow lanes are used for bicycles or bus rapid transit on what are otherwise one-way streets. Thus, the functions as two-way for buses, but one-way for all other vehicles. Contraflow lanes can also be used to extend the capacity of separated limited-access roads when there are physical constraints, for example, part of the southbound HOV lane on I-5 between Seattle and Tacoma is a contraflow lane on what is otherwise the northbound side of the highway. In certain situations, reversible lanes will be contraflow for a portion of the day, the Lincoln Tunnel XBL to the Lincoln Tunnel is a contraflow exclusive bus lane for buses during the morning peak period. The XBL lane is fed by the New Jersey Turnpike at Exits 16E and 17, the XBL serves over 1,800 buses, which transport more than 65,000 persons, each morning and is a major component of the morning inbound commutation crossing the Hudson River. When lanes on motorways are closed for repair and maintenance, a contraflow lane may be set up on the side of the central reservation. Government buses use a contraflow lane on Macquarie St in Hobart. Authorised buses, emergency vehicles and taxis use a contraflow lane on Petrie Tce, Brisbane, Queensland, tram lanes are an extension to this system found in cities with curbside streetcar networks. For example, tram lanes in Zagreb can be used only by trams, buses, contraflow is a common part of decent cycling infrastructure and is often seen on one-way streets. Another example is the same as the above but there is only one lane, the contraflow lane. This solution would be suited to very narrow roads or ones with light traffic. In this case, a cycle lane is often marked in paint, with dotted white lines and ideograms of a bicycle, either all the way along the street if busy. Contraflow cycling is often assumed to be associated with higher accidents risks, contraflow lane reversal Reversible lane Single track road
Contraflow lane
–
Bicycle contraflow lane in Caen, France
Contraflow lane
–
Roadsign in Rennes indicating a street which is one-way for motorised vehicles but two-way for bicycles
45.
Dronning Louises Bro
–
Dronning Louises Bro is a bridge across The Lakes in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It joins Frederiksborggade in Indre By with Nørrebrogade in Nørrebro and separates Sortedam Lake to the northeast from Peblinge Lake to the south west, the bridge was designed by Vilhelm Dahlerup, and constructed between 1885 and 1887. The bridge is named after Queen Louise, King Christian IXs wife, a bridge ) located close to the site of the current bridge is mentioned in 1562. It provided a link between Copenhagens North Gate and the Nørrebro Road In 1618-20, Christian IV built a combined embankment, the crossing was improved in the 1720s. The embankments in each end was reinforced with stones and the central bridge section was replaced by a drawbridge. Blichfeld pointed out that the extension of Frederiksborggade had developed into a shopping street with no vacant shops. His proposal was featured in the magazine Ude og Hjemme in 1883 where it was described as practical and artistically well-designed. Construction began in 1885 and the bridge opened on 7 September 1887, the bridge became known as the Peblinge Bridge. Queen Louises Bridge is built of granite and has three arches, the cast iron railings are decorated by four identical bronze cartouches featuring Copenhagens coat of arms surrounded by weapons, helmets and lions. The railing integrates eight lampposts and four flagpoles
Dronning Louises Bro
–
Dronning louises Bro
Dronning Louises Bro
Dronning Louises Bro
–
Peblinge Bridge
Dronning Louises Bro
–
A cisualization of Vlichfeldt's proposal
46.
Copenhagen
–
Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
Copenhagen
–
From upper left:
Christiansborg Palace,
Frederik's Church,
Tivoli Gardens and
Nyhavn.
Copenhagen
–
Reconstruction of Copenhagen c. 1500
Copenhagen
–
The
Tøjhus Arsenal (
1604)
Copenhagen
–
The
Børsen, former stock exchange (completed
1640)
47.
Denmark
–
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
Denmark
–
The gilded side of the
Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age.
Denmark
–
Flag
Denmark
–
The
Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.
Denmark
–
Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by
Harald Bluetooth.
48.
Knippelsbro
–
Knippelsbro is a bascule bridge across the Inner Harbour of Copenhagen, Denmark, connecting Børsgade on Zealand-side Slotsholmen to Torvegade on Christianshavn. It is one of two bridges to carry motor vehicles across the harbour in central Copenhagen, the other being Langebro. The bridge, the fifth on the site, is 115 metres long and was inaugurated in 1937, the first bridge between Copenhagen and Christianshavn was constructed in 1618-20 by Christian IV in connection with the foundation of Christianshavn. The bridge was called the Great Amager Bridge or the long bridge, a new wooden bridge was built in the same location in 1712. It was decoated with four Hercules sculptures by the artist Johan Christopher Sturmberg, neither the sculptures or images of them exist today. The bridge was replaced by a new, wooden bridge in 1861, the bridge had two gates which were decorated with four wooden sculptures of The Four Winds. They were created by the sculptor Frederik Christian Willerup and are now owned by the Museum of Copenhagen, in 1868-69, Burmeister & Wain constructed a railway bridge based on renderings from the groceers J. Adolphs and Christian August Broberg. It ran from Slotsholmsgade ro Torvegade and it was possible to use the old bridge while it was built. It openered on 1 August 1869, a new railway bridge was built In 908. It was designed by the architect Axel BergAxel Berg and had two characteristic pavilions and it was built by the Port Authoritys building master H. C. V. Møller and opened ion 30 December 1908. It ran from Børsgade to Torvegade, in the first half of the 1930s, it was once again decided to build a new bridge. It was decided to build it at the site as the old one. It was in use from 1934 to 1937, the current Knippelsbro was inaugurated on 17 December 1947. It was designed by Kaj Gottlob and built by Wright, Thomsen & Kier in collaboration with Burmeister & Wain, the bridge was originally known as Store Amager Bro or Langebro and from around 1700 Christianshavns Bro is seen. The current name stems from Hans Knip who became bridge caretaker in 1641, in charge of operating the bridge and his house became known as Knippenshus and during the 17th century the bridge became known as Knippensbro. The current form of the name is seen from the half of the 19th century but has never been officially approved. Listing by the Danish Heritage Agency G. Lorenz
Knippelsbro
–
Knippelsbro
Knippelsbro
–
View along the bridge from Christianshavn
Knippelsbro
–
One of the control towers
49.
Metelen
–
Metelen is a municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the river Vechte in the district of Steinfurt, metelen Land station is located on the Münster–Enschede railway and has an hourly train service to Münster in one direction and to Enschede in the other direction. The town history dates back to 889 AD, when it was first mentioned in an official document and it is most well known for being the former hometown of Canadas famous Moddemann family. Metelen is known for its aviary and, as the whole Münsterland region, as a great cycling area
Metelen
–
Metelen Land Railway Museum
Metelen
Metelen
–
Metelen, church
