1.
Dallas
–
Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
2.
Texas
–
Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
3.
Light rail
–
Light rail, light rail transit or fast tram is urban public transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. A few light rail networks tend to have closer to rapid transit or even commuter rail. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets, Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U. S, Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term Stadtbahn was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. Light in this context is used in the sense of intended for light loads and fast movement, the infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. The Transportation Research Board defined light rail in 1977 as a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved, electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs. Light rail is a generic international English phrase for these types of rail systems, the use of the generic term light rail avoids some serious incompatibilities between British and American English. The word trolley is used as a synonym for streetcar in the United States. A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its trams except Blackpool after World War II, when these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it light rail to differentiate it from their existing streetcars since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Conventional rail technologies including high-speed, freight, commuter/regional, and metro/subway/elevated urban transit systems are considered heavy rail, people movers and personal rapid transit are even lighter, at least in terms of capacity. Monorail is a technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role. Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail, a system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called light rail are in very similar to rapid transit, in recent years. Some light rail systems, such as Sprinter, bear little similarity to urban rail, in the United States, light rail has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit, tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more
4.
Red Line (Dallas Area Rapid Transit)
–
The Red Line is a light rail line in Dallas, Texas operated by the Dallas Area Rapid Transit system. Along with the Blue Line, it is one of the two original Dallas light rail lines, the southwestern terminus of the Red Line is at Westmoreland Station in southwest Dallas at the intersection of Illinois Avenue and Westmoreland Road. The southwestern part of the Red Line runs on a private right-of-way with grade crossings, just before 8th & Corinth, the line merges with the Blue Line. The joint Red and Blue Line tracks then rise on to a viaduct that crosses Cedar Creek, the Trinity River, at Lamar Street, the line turns north at a wye where a pair of tracks leading to one of two train yards on the system diverges. The Red and Blue Lines continue north, crossing the Landry Freeway, travelling under the Dallas Convention Center, after crossing over Main Street, the lines turn east as they merge with the Green Line and Orange Line and enter downtown Dallas. At this point, the leave their right of ways. The four DART lines share a section of track through downtown, with four stops, West End, Akard Street, St. Paul Street. After Pearl Street, street running ends and the return to private right-of-ways. The lines exit the tunnel at Mockingbird, the Blue Line diverges from the Red Line and heads east, while the Red and Orange Lines turn north. The Red Line then travels through north Dallas, Richardson and Plano, most of the line runs at grade level with grade crossings, although portions of the route run on elevated viaducts. The line terminates at the Parker Road Station at Park Boulevard near Central Expressway in Collin County, the Red Line was part of the initial launch of DARTs light rail testing and service in 1996. At the time, the line ran from Westmoreland Station to Pearl Station in the northeast corner of downtown. In 1997, the Red Line was extended to Park Lane Station, on December 18,2000, Cityplace Station, the southwests first commercial subway station was opened along the Red Line underneath Cityplace Tower in the tunnel under the Central Expressway. In 2002, the Red Line extended into Richardson, ending at Galatyn Park Station, later that year, the line was opened to the Parker Road Station, an additional 3 miles of track, its current terminus. Listed from north to south Deep Ellum Station Baylor University Medical Center Station Fair Park Station Victory Station Full DART System Map
5.
Blue Line (Dallas Area Rapid Transit)
–
The Blue Line is a light rail line in the system of mass transit in Dallas, Texas, operated by the Dallas Area Rapid Transit system. Along with the Red Line, it is one of the modern rail lines in Dallas. The southern terminus of the line is currently at UNT Dallas in south Dallas at University Hills Blvd. just south of Camp Wisdom Rd, the line runs north, under the Dallas Convention Center and through downtown Dallas. After leaving Mockingbird, the line diverts to the northeast towards White Rock Lake, the line then goes north and then east into Garland, finally ending in Rowlett. The rail line was part of the launch of DARTs light rail service in 1996. At the time, the line ran from Illinois to Pearl in the northeast corner of downtown. In 1997, the Blue Line was extended south to Ledbetter and was extended along the Red Line to Mockingbird, on September 24,2001, the Blue Line extended to White Rock, just northwest of White Rock Lake. On May 6,2002, the Blue Line was extended to the LBJ/Skillman and it was extended to Downtown Garland on November 18,2002, and to its current northern terminus, Downtown Rowlett, on December 3,2012. The plan also includes a new Lake Highlands station near Skillman Street and Walnut Hill Lane, the extension will open for service on October 24,2016. Knox-Henderson Station in Uptown Map of the Blue Line Full DART System Map
6.
Green Line (Dallas Area Rapid Transit)
–
The Green Line is a 28. 6-mile light rail line in Dallas, United States, operated by the Dallas Area Rapid Transit authority. The US$1.7 billion project opened in phases, starting in 2009 and it operates in addition to the Blue, Red, and Orange lines. The southern terminus of the line is currently at Buckner in southeast Dallas near Buckner Boulevard, the line runs northwest to Fair Park Deep Ellum, before turning west and running through downtown Dallas. After leaving West End station, the line north, running parallel to Interstate 35 past the American Airlines Center. Trinity Mills Station, near the end of the line. This line connects Denton to Carrollton, with stops in Lewisville, the commuter train may stop in other Denton County cities, should they choose to join the DCTA. On February 9,2007, a trench collapsed during construction on the line killing one construction worker. On March 12,2007, the City of Dallas officials, effective June 17,2007, the Live Oak exit on was closed until 2009, as part of the Green Line Rail construction around the Bryan/Hawkins intersection. Two bridges in that area were removed and roads were lowered to street level, on June 8,2009, full-speed tests of the Green Line were conducted successfully with local officials and members of the media aboard. The route of the test included the four stations, then still under construction, that joined the DART light rail system in September 2009. The Green Line began operation on September 14,2009, with a route from downtown Dallas southeast to Fair Park, this short route was scheduled to open in time to service the 2009 State Fair of Texas. On December 6,2010 the line extended further to Pleasant Grove, as well as continuing northwest from Victory Station to Farmers Branch and Carrollton, listed from east to west and south to north Full DART System Map DART Expansion Plans Denton County Transportation Authority
7.
Orange Line (Dallas Area Rapid Transit)
–
The Orange Line is a 37-mile long light rail line operated by the Dallas Area Rapid Transit system in Dallas, Irving, Richardson and Plano, Texas. The lines current northwestern terminus is DFW Airport Station, located inside Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, the line proceeds southeast through Irving, providing service to the Irving Convention Center, Las Colinas, and the University of Dallas, before merging with the Green Line north of Bachman Station. Planned future Orange Line stations include a DFW North Station loop, on December 5,2007, the Dallas Morning News ran a story reporting that DART President Gary Thomas stated that a previous cost estimate of $988 million was too low. A new cost estimate for the 14 mile project was $1.8 – $1.9 billion, the $900 million overrun in costs has caused considerable outrage amongst political leaders in Irving, Texas, where the line passes on its way to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Irving leaders subsequently made inquiry as to the cost overruns, Texas State Representative Linda Harper Brown sent an official letter to Mr. Thomas also making inquiry into the projects substantial cost overruns. In February 2010 DART officials warned that the first two phases of the Orange Line may be delayed due to TXDOT problems along State Highway 114, utility relocation and road construction was expected to delay access to portions of the construction area where the rail line and highway intersect. In June 2010, DART placed new Orange Line construction on hold due to declining revenue. However, on September 15,2010, the said that due to cost savings and federal funds. The Orange Line started operation on December 6,2010, with peak service from the Parker Road Station to Bachman Station on stations shared with DARTs Red. The first Orange Line-exclusive stations opened with the extension to Irving Convention Center on July 30,2012, the current northwestern terminus, located at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, opened on August 18,2014. Peak-hour only service is highlighted Listed from East to West Lawnview Station Hatcher Station MLK, Jr
8.
Track gauge
–
In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
9.
Railway electrification system
–
A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure, selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas, some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation, Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network, some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own lines, switches and transformers. Power is supplied to moving trains with a continuous conductor running along the track usually takes one of two forms. The first is a line or catenary wire suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings. Locomotives or multiple units pick up power from the wire with pantographs on their roofs that press a conductive strip against it with a spring or air pressure. Examples are described later in this article, the second is a third rail mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding pickup shoe. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the rails as the return conductor. In comparison to the alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and they have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service, the limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. Possible lethal electric current due to risk of contact with high-voltage contact wires, overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly. These are independent of the system used, so that. The permissible range of voltages allowed for the voltages is as stated in standards BS EN50163. These take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation, railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electrified railways used DC and many still do, particularly rapid transit and trams
10.
Volt
–
The volt is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. One volt is defined as the difference in potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. It is also equal to the difference between two parallel, infinite planes spaced 1 meter apart that create an electric field of 1 newton per coulomb. Additionally, it is the difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. It can also be expressed as amperes times ohms, watts per ampere, or joules per coulomb, for the Josephson constant, KJ = 2e/h, the conventional value KJ-90 is used, K J-90 =0.4835979 GHz μ V. This standard is typically realized using an array of several thousand or tens of thousands of junctions. Empirically, several experiments have shown that the method is independent of device design, material, measurement setup, etc. in the water-flow analogy sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them with water-filled pipes, voltage is likened to difference in water pressure. Current is proportional to the diameter of the pipe or the amount of water flowing at that pressure. A resistor would be a reduced diameter somewhere in the piping, the relationship between voltage and current is defined by Ohms Law. Ohms Law is analogous to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, as both are linear models relating flux and potential in their respective systems, the voltage produced by each electrochemical cell in a battery is determined by the chemistry of that cell. Cells can be combined in series for multiples of that voltage, mechanical generators can usually be constructed to any voltage in a range of feasibility. High-voltage electric power lines,110 kV and up Lightning, Varies greatly. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of metals to produce electricity was zinc. In 1861, Latimer Clark and Sir Charles Bright coined the name volt for the unit of resistance, by 1873, the British Association for the Advancement of Science had defined the volt, ohm, and farad. In 1881, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission and they made the volt equal to 108 cgs units of voltage, the cgs system at the time being the customary system of units in science. At that time, the volt was defined as the difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. The international volt was defined in 1893 as 1/1.434 of the emf of a Clark cell and this definition was abandoned in 1908 in favor of a definition based on the international ohm and international ampere until the entire set of reproducible units was abandoned in 1948. Prior to the development of the Josephson junction voltage standard, the volt was maintained in laboratories using specially constructed batteries called standard cells
11.
Direct current
–
Direct current is a flow of electrical charge carriers that always takes place in the same direction. The current need not always have the magnitude, but if it is to be defined as dc. This contrasts with alternating current which varies the direction of flow, sources of direct current include power supplies, electrochemical cells and batteries, and photovoltaic cells and panels. The intensity, or amplitude, of a direct current might fluctuate with time, in some such cases the dc has an ac component superimposed on it. An example of this is the output of a cell that receives a modulated light communications signal. A source of dc is sometimes called a dc generator, batteries and various other sources of dc produce a constant voltage. This is called pure dc and can be represented by a straight, the peak and effective values are the same. The peak to peak value is zero because the instantaneous amplitude never changes, in some instances the value of a dc voltage pulsates or oscillates rapidly with time, in a manner similar to the changes in an ac wave. The unfiltered output of a wave or a full wave rectifier. In 1820, Hans Christian Orsted discovered that electrical current creates a magnetic field and this discovery made scientists relate magnetism to the electric phenomena. In 1879, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. He improved a 50-year-old idea using lower current electricity, a vacuum inside the globe and a small carbonized filament. At that time, the idea of lightning was not new. Edison not only invented an incandescent electric light, but an electric lighting system contained all the necessary elements to make the incandescent light safe, economical. Prior to 1879, direct current electricity had been used in lighting for the outdoors and it was in the 1880s when the modern electric utility industry began. It was an evolution from street lighting systems and from gas and it was located in Lower Manhattan, on Pearl Street. This station provided light and electricity to customers in a one square mile range, the station was called Thomas Edisons Pearl Street Electricity Generating Station. This station introduced four elements of an electric utility system, Efficient distribution, competitive price, reliable central generation
12.
Overhead line
–
An overhead line or overhead wire is used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses, or trains. Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or more overhead wires situated over rail tracks, the feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid. Electric trains that collect their current from overhead lines use a device such as a pantograph and it presses against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire. Current collectors are electrically conductive and allow current to flow through to the train or tram, non-electric locomotives may pass along these tracks without affecting the overhead line, although there may be difficulties with overhead clearance. Alternative electrical power transmission schemes for trains include third rail, ground-level power supply, batteries and this article does not cover regenerative braking, where the traction motors act as generators to retard movement and return power to the overhead. To achieve good high-speed current collection, it is necessary to keep the wire geometry within defined limits. This is usually achieved by supporting the wire from a second wire known as the messenger wire or catenary. This wire approximates the path of a wire strung between two points, a catenary curve, thus the use of catenary to describe this wire or sometimes the whole system. This wire is attached to the wire at regular intervals by vertical wires known as droppers or drop wires. It is supported regularly at structures, by a pulley, link, the whole system is then subjected to a mechanical tension. As the contact wire makes contact with the pantograph, the insert on top of the pantograph is worn down. The straight wire between supports will cause the wire to cross over the whole surface of the pantograph as the train travels around the curve, causing uniform wear. On straight track, the wire is zigzagged slightly to the left. The movement of the wire across the head of the pantograph is called the sweep. The zigzagging of the line is not required for trolley poles. Depot areas tend to have only a wire and are known as simple equipment or trolley wire. When overhead line systems were first conceived, good current collection was only at low speeds. Compound equipment - uses a second wire, known as the auxiliary
13.
Dallas Area Rapid Transit
–
The Dallas Area Rapid Transit authority is a transit agency in Dallas, Texas. It operates buses, light rail, commuter rail, and high-occupancy vehicle lanes in Dallas and 12 of its suburbs, average daily ridership for DART has been in the vicinity of 200,000 riders per day over the last couple decades. In the 1st quarter of 1998, DARTs weekday ridership averaged 211,000 riders per day system-wide, in the 4th quarter of 2012, DART reported total ridership of 252,900 weekday riders on average. In the fourth quarter of 2014, DART reported that ridership had declined to 233,900 weekday riders. DTS resulted from a consolidation of various privately owned transit companies, prior to DTS, the company was formerly known as the Dallas Railway and Terminal Company when Dallas had an extensive streetcar system that spanned from Oak Cliff to north Dallas. The name was changed shortly after the last streetcar ran in January 1956, DART formally took over operations of the DTS in 1988. In 2000, DART employees restored a 1966 DTS bus to its original state, DART was created on August 13,1983 as a regional replacement for the DTS. Citizens of 15 area cities had voted to levy a 1% sales tax to join the system by the time it began services in 1984. In 1985, member cities Carrollton and Farmers Branch held elections to pull out of DART, just one suburb joined DART — the tiny community of Buckingham, which was later annexed by DART member city Richardson. In December 2007, DART revealed that it was facing a $1 billion shortfall in funds earmarked for the Blue Line rail service to Rowlett and Orange Line service to Irving, in January 2008, DART announced that it would divert monies from rail lines being built in Dallas. In late January 2008, DART Board chair Lynn Flint Shaw, in February, she surrendered to the police on charges of forgery. On March 10, Shaw and her husband, political analyst Rufus Shaw, were dead in their home in what turned out to be a murder suicide. On July 7,2016, four DART officers were among several people shot in a shooting targeting police officers at a peaceful Black Lives Matter protest. One of the officers, identified as seven-year veteran Brent Thompson, died from his injuries, the DART light rail system comprises 93 miles between its four lines — the Red Line, the Blue Line, the Orange Line and the Green Line. According to NCTCOG transit statistics, DARTs light rail system had a ridership of 109,511 average trips per weekday in October 2012 which is an increase of more than 81% since October 2010. The system utilizes light rail trains manufactured by Kinki Sharyo, with all trains being converted to Super LRVs which feature level boarding, All 163 of DARTs light rail vehicles have been converted and are now SLRVs. Before the 1983 election, DART had a plan for 160 miles of rail, after the election, the plan was pared down to 147 miles miles when Duncanville, Grand Prairie and Mesquite, which would have had rail lines, didnt opt to join the agency. DART chose light rail transit as its mode of rail transportation in 1984
14.
Southern United States
–
The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
15.
Kinki Sharyo
–
The Kinki Sharyo Co. Ltd. is an Osaka, Japan-based manufacturer of railroad vehicles. It is a company of Kintetsu Corporation. In business since 1920 and renamed The Kinki Sharyo Co and they have produced light rail vehicles used by a number of transportation agencies. Kinki Sharyo is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, bostons MBTA Green Line LAs Metro Blue, Expo, and Gold lines. SP1900/1950 EMU, serving the West Rail Line, Ma On Shan Line, extra SP1000/1950 carriages for the Sha Tin to Central Link, ordered 2014. Philippines Manila Light Rail Transit System Singapores Mass Rapid Transit system Egypts Cairo Metro Trans-Australian Express train coaches, alexandria, Egypt trams Kinki Sharyo also produces steel doors, known as the KJ series, for public housing in Japan. Cairo Metro M, N1 and N2 Cars for No.1 Line M, N1, N2 and T Cars for No
16.
Duncanville, Texas
–
Duncanville is a city in southern Dallas County, Texas, in the United States. Duncanvilles population was 38,524 at the 2010 census, the city is part of the Best Southwest area, which includes Duncanville, Cedar Hill, DeSoto, and Lancaster. Duncanville is located at 32°38′47″N 96°54′41″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.3 square miles, all of it land. Settlement of the began in 1845, when Illinois resident Crawford Trees purchased several thousand acres south of Camp Dallas. In 1880 the Chicago, Texas and Mexican Central Railway reached the area and built Duncan Switch, charles P. Nance, the communitys first postmaster, renamed the settlement Duncanville in 1882. By the late 19th century Duncanville was home to a dry goods stores, a pharmacy, a parlor. Between 1904 and 1933 the population of Duncanville increased from 113 to more than 300, during World War II, the Army Air Corps established a landing field for flight training on property near the present-day intersection of Main and Wheatland roads. Duncanville residents incorporated the city on August 2,1947 and it also housed the Air Force tracking radars for the region. When the towns population reached 5,000 in 1962, citizens adopted a charter with council-manager city government. Sometimes regarded as a white flight suburb in the 1960s and 1970s and its population increased from about 13,000 in 1970 to more than 31,000 in 1988. The Texas Historical Commission has designated the City of Duncanville as an official Main Street City, Duncanville recognizes the importance of the former Duncanville Air Force Station. The WWII-era barracks and some structures were initially re-purposed for civic. Over time the buildings were demolished, obliterating all signs of the historic base. But the history of the facility lives on in a monument which stands outside the library, the stone igloo, a spring house originally located near the intersection of Center Street and Cedar Ridge Road, was preserved in a unique way. Historic buildings include the city’s first Music Room, singer Elliott Smith moved to Duncanville after his parents divorced and stayed till age 14 when he went to live with his father in Portland, Oregon. Ex-pro football player Mean Joe Greene lived in Duncanville during the height of his pro career with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Greg Ostertag is a 1991 graduate of Duncanville High School. After his successful high school career, Ostertag joined the team at the University of Kansas from 1991-1995. Tamika Catchings, WNBA all-star, graduated from Duncanville High School in 1997 and she is the first person to achieve a quintuple double
17.
Grand Prairie, Texas
–
Grand Prairie is a city in Dallas County, Tarrant County, and Ellis County, Texas, in the United States. It is part of the Mid-Cities region in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, Grand Prairies name is from french language and means litterally Big Grassland. Grand Prairie has a population of 175,396 according to the 2010 census, the city of Grand Prairie was first established as Dechman by Alexander McRae Dechman in 1863. Prior to then, he resided in Young County near Fort Belknap, the 1860 U. S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules shows an A McR Dechman as having 4 slaves, ages 50,25,37 and 10. Dechman, learned that he could trade his oxen and wagons for land in Dallas County and he tried to establish a home on the property, but ran into difficulties, so he returned to his family in Birdville before joining in the Civil War. In 1867 he filed a plat consisting of 50 acres with Dallas County. After the war, he returned to Birdville for two years before selling that farm in 1867 and moving to Houston, where yellow fever broke out, in 1876, Dechman traded half his prairie property to the T&P Railroad to ensure the railroad came through the town. The railroad named the depot Dechman, prompting its namesake to relocate his home from Bryan to Dechman and his son Alexander had been living in Dechman and operating a trading post and farm. The first church in the area was the Good Hope Cumberland Sabbath School, the church was later renamed West Fork United Presbyterian Church and remains an active church. The first U. S. post office opened in 1877 under the name Deckman rather than Dechman, later that same year, after the Postal Service had adopted the Deckman name, confusion resulted from the T&P Railroad designation Grand Prairie. This name was based on maps drawn from around 1850 through 1858 that labeled the area between Dallas and Fort Worth the grand prairie of Texas, in order to alleviate the confusion, the Postal Service named the post office Grand Prairie. The town of Grand Prairie was eventually incorporated as a city in 1909, during World War I and since, Grand Prairie has had a long history with the defense and aviation industry. While the present-day Vought plant on Jefferson Avenue is part of a small strip within the Dallas city limits, during World War II the North American Aviation Plant B produced the Consolidated B-24 Liberator and the P-51C and K Mustang variants. After the war, Vought Aircraft took over the plant and this later became Ling Temco Vought and then eventually returned to the Vought moniker. The plant was the site for the F-8 Crusader and the A-7 Corsair II aircraft of the 1950-1989 time period. The LTV Missile and Space division produced missiles such as the Scout and this division was eventually sold to Lockheed Martin, which continues to operate in Grand Prairie. Grand Prairie was also the North American headquarters for Aérospatiale Helicopter and this company eventually became Airbus Helicopters, Inc. the U. S. subsidiary of Airbus Helicopters. Vehement debate ensued, and the pressure from cities like Arlington, Duncanville
18.
Mesquite, Texas
–
The city of Mesquite is a suburb located east of Dallas, Texas. Most of the city is located in Dallas County, as of the 2015 census, the population was 144,788 making it the twentieth most populous city in the state of Texas. According to legislative action, the city is the Rodeo Capital of Texas, as of 2016, Mesquite received a Playful City USA designation, for the fourth year in a row. The city was founded on March 14,1878, on land along the Texas & Pacific Railroad, the locals then named the town after Mesquite Creek. The city was incorporated on December 3,1887, after electing Mayor J. E. Russell. Mesquite prospered through the late 19th century and early 20th century as a community growing cotton, hay, corn and sugar. The town remained predominantly agrarian until after World War II when the boom also took root in Mesquite. The Ionies, were the tribe located close to present day Fort Worth. The Tawakonies, were in present-day Dallas, finally, the Caddo, were the native farmers of the Mesquite land. From 1680 to 1790, after harvest was over, these three tribes held a tournament and trading fair. Many outlaws resided in the area, but Sam Bass is historically known for his train robberies in Texas, in 1878 he robbed a train in downtown Mesquite, escaping with $30,000. The Mesquiter, was established in 1882 by R. S, kimbrough, and was Dallas Countys longest running newspaper. In 1958, the Mesquite ProRodeo was founded by Neal Gay, by the mid 1980s, the events were being broadcast by ESPN. In 1959, Big Town Mall opened as the first air conditioned shopping mall in the United States, the mall was demolished in the summer of 2006. By 1970, LBJ Freeway was constructed, connecting Mesquite to its neighbors, Garland to the north, also in 1971, Town East Mall was constructed. The mall was used by director Ron Howard to film portions of the movie Cotton Candy in 1978, the malls associated traffic and shops would continue to grow the town. By the 1990 census, the city had grown to 101,484 people, in 1986, the Mesquite Arena opened its doors as the new home for the Mesquite ProRodeo. By 1998, the facility was expanded to include a Convention Center, Exhibition Hall,2011 saw Mesquite pass a law that allows beer and wine sales in the city
19.
Southwestern United States
–
The population of the area is around 11 million people, with over half that in Arizona, the most populous cities are Phoenix, El Paso, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, and Tucson. Most of the area was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Spanish Empire before becoming part of Mexico and it became part of the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase. The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area, the two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River, running in the northern and western areas, and the Rio Grande, running in the south. Formed approximately 8000 years ago, the Chihuahuan Desert is a dry desert. The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the portion of the region, covering from southeastern Arizona, across southern New Mexico. While it is the second largest desert in the United States, only a third of the desert is within the United States, El Paso is the major city in this desert, with other smaller cities being Las Cruces and Roswell in New Mexico. The Chihuahuan is a rain shadow desert, formed two mountain ranges which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area. The most prolific plants in this region are agave, yucca and creosote bushes, when people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind. Rainfall averages between 4–12 inches per year, and the deserts most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus and it is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert, to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert. The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region. Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders, Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona. The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert, bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau, its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada, and the northwestern corner of Arizona. In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert, the Mojave is the smallest, driest and hottest desert within the United States. The Mojave gets less than six inches of rain annually, the most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree, which grow as tall as 40 feet, and are thought to live almost 1000 years. Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage, the Colorado Plateau varies from the large stands of forests in the west, including the largest stand of ponderosa pine trees in the world, to the Mesas to the east. Although not called a desert, the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert, the Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas, interspersed with canyons. The most dramatic example is the Grand Canyon, but that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau, which includes spectacular lava formations, painted deserts, sand dunes, and badlands. One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity, the Plateau can be divided into six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region
20.
Commuter rail
–
Trains operate following a schedule, at speeds varying from 50 to 200 km/h. Distance charges or zone pricing may be used and they primarily serve lower density suburban areas, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. Some services operate only during peak hours and others uses fewer departures during off peak hours, average speeds are high, often 50 km/h or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved, some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones. The general range of commuter trains distance varies between 15 and 200 km, sometimes long distances can be explained by that the train runs between two or several cities. Distances between stations may vary, but are much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centers the train either has a station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on trains and in stations. Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs, however, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network. Most such trains run on the standard gauge track. Some light rail systems may run on a narrower gauge, some countries, including Finland, India, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco in the USA and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries further complicates matters, most S-bahns typically behave like commuter rail with most trackage not separated from other trains, and long lines with trains running between cities and suburbs rather than within a city. The distances between stations however, are usually short, in larger systems there is usually a high frequency metro-like central corridor in the city center where all the lines converge into. Typical examples of large city S-Bahns include Munich and Frankfurt, S-Bahns do also exist in some mid-size cities like Rostock and Magdeburg but behave more like typical commuter rail with lower frequencies and very little exclusive trackage. A similar network exists in Copenhagen called the S-tog, in Hamburg and Copenhagen, other, diesel driven trains, do continue where the S-Bahn ends. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does, Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities and it provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions or at larger towns along the line. Alternative names are local train or stopping train, examples include the former BRs Regional Railways, Frances TER, Germanys DB Regio and South Koreas Tonggeun services
21.
Irving, Texas
–
Irving is a principal city located in Dallas County in the U. S. state of Texas. According to a 2013 estimate from the United States Census Bureau, Irving is part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. In January 2011 the city completed the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas, part of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport lies inside the city limits of Irving. Irving was founded in 1903 by J. O and it is believed that literary author Washington Irving was a favorite of Netta Barcus Brown, and consequently the name of the town site, Irving, was chosen. Irving originally began in 1889 as an area called Gorbit, Irving was incorporated April 14,1914, with Otis Brown as the first mayor. By the late nineteenth century the Irving area was the site of churches, the Irving district public school system dates back to the 1909 establishment of Kit and Lively schools. Population growth was slow and sometimes halting, with only 357 residents in 1925, by the early 1960s the city had a population of approximately 45,000. A number of manufacturing plants operated in Irving, along with transportation, retail, the University of Dallas in Irving opened in 1956, and Texas Stadium was completed in 1971 as the home field of the Dallas Cowboys. Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashed in Irving on August 2,1985, Irvings population reached 155,037 in 1990 and the United States Census estimated 236,607 residents in 2016, a 3.5 percent population increase over 2013 census estimates. Joseph Rice recorded the history of Irving in his 1989 book, Irving, Rice explored Irvings past and culture in his treatment of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 67.7 square miles. The warmest month on average is July, and the highest recorded temperature was 112 °F in 1980, the average coolest month is January, and the lowest recorded temperature was −8 °F in 1899. Irving is considered to be part of the subtropical region. May is the average wettest month, as of the census of 2000, there were 191,615 people,76,241 households, and 46,202 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,850.2 people per square mile, there were 80,293 housing units at an average density of 1,194.3 per square mile. Non-Hispanic Whites were 48. 2% of the population, down from 88. 9% in 1980,31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 3.19. In the city, the population was out with 25. 2% under the age of 18,11. 9% from 18 to 24,39. 4% from 25 to 44,17. 4% from 45 to 64
22.
Dallas Cowboys
–
The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Cowboys compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference East division. The team is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, and plays its games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season, the Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960. The teams national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs, the Cowboys streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games began in 2002. This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships, most in the NFC, the Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons, in which they only missed the playoffs twice, an NFL record that remains unchallenged. In 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable team in the world. The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U. S. sports team. Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys, there had not been an NFL team south of Washington, D. C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952. Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas, Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958. An agreement was struck, but as the deal was about to be finalized and this infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal. Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas, since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time, Marshalls position would prevent Murchison from joining the league. Marshall had an out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin. Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song Hail to the Redskins, Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchisons plight to get an NFL franchise. Angry with Marshall, Breeskin approached Murchisons attorney to him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959. Murchison purchased Hail to the Redskins for $2,500, before the vote to award franchises in 1959, Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games. After a few Marshall expletives, Murchison gave the rights to Hail to the Redskins to Marshall for his vote, the one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time. From 1970 through 1979, the Cowboys won 105 regular season games, in addition, they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls, at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons
23.
Jerry Jones
–
Jones was born in Los Angeles, California. His family moved to North Little Rock, Arkansas and Jones was a back at North Little Rock High School. He attended college at the University of Arkansas where he was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity and he was also a co-captain of the 1964 National Championship football team. He was an all-Southwest Conference offensive lineman for Hall of Fame coach Frank Broyles, other notable teammates were Glen Ray Hines, a consensus All-American offensive tackle, Ken Hatfield, Jim Lindsey, and future Outland Trophy winner Loyd Phillips. Jones is one of a small number of NFL owners who had a significant level of success as a football player. When that venture failed, Jones was given a job at his fathers insurance company Modern Security Life of Springfield and he received his masters degree in business in 1970. After several other business ventures, he began an oil and gas exploration business in Arkansas, Jones Oil and Land Lease. His privately held company currently does natural resource prospecting, on February 25,1989, Jones purchased the Cowboys from H. R. Bum Bright for $140 million. Soon after the purchase, he fired longtime coach Tom Landry, to point the only coach in the teams history, in favor of his old teammate at Arkansas. A few months later, he fired general manager Tex Schramm. The Cowboys won the Super Bowl at the close of two seasons in 1992 and 1993, Johnson then departed and was replaced by Barry Switzer. During Switzers tenure, the Cowboys also won the Super Bowl in the 1995 season, at the time of the sale, the financially troubled Bright claimed to be losing $1 million per month on the franchise. During Jones tenure, the Cowboys have appreciated in value to an estimated $4.2 billion, much of the leagues financial success since 1989 has been credited to Jones himself. Increased television revenues have played a role in securing the NFLs place as the worlds richest sports league. In an online poll from October 8,2003, Jones was named the least favorite sports personality by Sports Illustrated and he is often vilified by fans who remain bitter at Jones unceremonious firing of fan-favorite Landry. Over the years of Joness tenure, Cowboys fans have organized a number of efforts aimed at displacing Jones from his position. Jones is the subject of the 2008 book Playing to Win by David Magee, in the book, Jones admitted he handled the firing of Tom Landry poorly and accepted some blame for the disintegration of his relationship with Landrys successor, Jimmy Johnson. Jerry Jones became involved in the St. Louis Rams move back to Los Angeles with Stan Kroenke in 2016, Jones support and role in the negotiations has been criticized by some fans and sports media in St. Louis
24.
Texas Stadium
–
Texas Stadium was an American football stadium located in Irving, Texas, a suburb west of Dallas. Opened in October 1971, it was the field of the NFLs Dallas Cowboys for 38 seasons, through 2008. In 2009, the Cowboys moved to the $1.15 billion AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas Stadium was demolished on April 11,2010 by a controlled implosion. The Cowboys had played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas since their inception in 1960, Murchison was denied a request by mayor Erik Jonsson to build a new stadium in downtown Dallas as part of a municipal bond package. Murchison envisioned a new stadium with sky boxes and one in which attendees would have to pay a personal seat license as a prerequisite to purchasing season tickets. With two games left for the Cowboys to play in the 1967 season, Murchison and Cowboys general manager Tex Schramm announced a plan to build a new stadium in the northwest suburb of Irving. Texas Stadium, along with Arrowhead Stadium, Rich Stadium, More so than its contemporaries, Texas Stadium featured a proliferation of luxury boxes, which provided the team with a large new income source exempt from league revenue sharing. It hosted its first game on October 24,1971, a 44–21 victory over the New England Patriots, the Cowboys entered the season as defending NFC champions and won their first world title in Super Bowl VI in January 1972. The field was surrounded by a blue wall emblazoned with white stars, Texas Stadiums field alignment was southwest-to-northeast, perpendicular to the Cotton Bowl, which is southeast-to-northwest. The most distinctive element of Texas Stadium was its partial roof, the roof was originally supposed to be the first retractable roof in the NFL. However, it was discovered that the structure could not support the additional weight and this resulted in most of the stands being enclosed but not the playing field itself. This design prompted Cowboys linebacker D. D. Lewis to make his now-famous quip Texas Stadium has a hole in its roof so God can watch His favorite team play. This meant that weather could become a factor in games, perhaps most famously in the Thanksgiving Day game against the Miami Dolphins in 1993, which saw the field covered with snow. The roof at Texas Stadium, whose worn paint had become unsightly in the early 2000s, was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the city of Irving and it was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened. The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered, the stadium hosted neutral-site college football games and was the home field of the SMU Mustangs for eight seasons, from 1979 through 1986. After the school returned from an NCAA-imposed suspension in 1988, school officials moved back to the schools on-campus Ownby Stadium to signify a clean start for the football program. The 2001 Big 12 Football Championship Game was held at the site, the 1973 Pro Bowl was held at Texas Stadium in front of 47,879 spectators. In November and December, Texas Stadium was a venue for high school football
25.
Downtown Dallas
–
Downtown Dallas is the Central Business District in Dallas, Texas USA, located in the geographic center of the city. The square miles, population and density figures in the adjacent table represent the data for this traditional definition, however, the strong organic growth of Downtown Dallas since the early 2000s and continuing into the present has now resulted in Downtown Dallas, Inc. In total there are 15 districts that now form the definition of Downtown, Downtown Dallas achieved notoriety on November 22,1963, with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Both President Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally were shot as their motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in what is now the West End Historic District, part of the former Texas School Book Depository is now the Sixth Floor Museum, with exhibits about Kennedy and the assassination. Nearby is the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial, the building boom of the 1970s and 1980s produced a distinctive contemporary profile for the downtown skyline, influenced by nationally prominent architects. Downtown Dallas has also gained more recent national attention, as it was the location of the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, the area is undergoing a transition as dozens of residential conversions and new high rise condos bring more permanent residents to the downtown area. As of mid-2013, there were approximately 4980 residences available in downtown Dallas and its redeveloped Main Street has recently become more of a place for Dallasites to play after several restaurants, hotels, and residential towers opened their doors along the strip. The city has invested $160 million of funds in downtown Dallas for residential development that attracted $650 million of private investment. Additionally, the $200 million 42-story Museum Tower residential skyscraper in the Downtown Dallas Arts District was completed in 2013, importantly, The Trinity River Corridor is poised to undergo a significant transformation into a giant urban park. The park is expected to include a center, lakes, trails. Funding over the years, however, has been a constant problem, though serious work on the project now appears eminent, with the first two bridges having received significant private backing. Downtown Dallas has undergone a series of important changes that city officials believe will drastically improve the citys core and these changes are located in four downtown areas, Victory Park, the Arts District, the Trinity River, and the Convention center corridor. Also currently under construction in Victory Park is the new Perot Museum of Nature and Science, One of the prominent attractions in the Arts District is the Dallas Museum of Art. Of all the changes in downtown Dallas, the Trinity River corridor is undergoing the most dramatic, dubbed the Trinity River Project by local officials, plans are also in place for improved levies to protect downtown from possible flooding. Separated from Victory Park and the Arts District by the Downtown Central Business District, is the Convention Center corridor, the Omni Dallas Hotel is a new 23-story convention center hotel that opened in 2011. The park is called an urban oasis due to its unique location. AT&T is headquartered at the Whitacre Tower in Downtown Dallas, AT&T moved to Dallas from San Antonio, mayor of Dallas Tom Leppert said in 2008 that he hoped that AT&T would stay in the central city. Comerica is headquartered in the Comerica Bank Tower, TM Advertising has its headquarters in the same building
26.
Mockingbird station
–
Mockingbird Station is a DART Light Rail station located in north Dallas, Texas at Mockingbird Lane and North Central Expressway. Mockingbird Lane has the highest density population within three miles of any mass transit station in Texas and it is also the northernmost DART station serving both the Red and Blue lines, from this point the lines diverge with the Red line heading north and the Blue line heading northeast. Texas first Transit Oriented Development took place around this station, a few years after it was built, developers got together and designed the master plan for Mockingbird Station. This included an outdoor mall surrounding the station, which is one of the key points about the whole station and this brought new life to the area, spurring more development around the station. What has done most to kindle interest in Dallas’s growing suburbs is the TOD success story at Mockingbird Station, North of downtown Dallas, the Mockingbird Station capitalized on private developer initiative, a good site, strong local demographics, and an abundance of adjacent regional attractions. Mockingbird Station offers retail, restaurants, services, and entertainment options for travelers, along with loft apartments, events are held on a regular basis and are open to the public. DTZ manages the property and Madison Marquette manages leasing initiatives, Dallas Area Rapid Transit - Mockingbird Station www. MockingbirdStation. com - the adjoining residential and retail development
27.
Transit village
–
Portland, Oregon has actively pursued transit village style development along the Portland area light rail known as Metropolitan Area Express. California is also exploring transit village development options for its evolving transit systems, miami, Florida has placed large affordable housing complexes at its two least used Metrorail stations, one is known as the Brownsville Transit Village and the other is Santa Clara Apartments. Miami-Dade Transit has its headquarters in the Overtown Transit Village building at one of its downtown stations, the effort is termed Transit Village Initiative. New Jersey has become a leader in promoting Transit Village development. Transit village development must also preserve the integrity of historically significant buildings. org
28.
Cityplace/Uptown station
–
Cityplace/Uptown is a DART Light Rail station located in the Cityplace district of Dallas, Texas beneath North Central Expressway at Haskell Avenue. As an infill DART station, it opened on December 18,2000 as the first public station in the Southwest. The station is tri-level in design, reaching depths of 120 feet beneath North Central Expressway, the south end of the platforms are reached from the surface via stairs, three pairs of escalators, or elevators. The station is shared between the Red, Orange, and Blue lines, the east entrance is located at the base of Tower at Cityplace, serving that tower and surrounding retail. The west entrance serves West Village, the M-line Streetcar and Uptown area, original station plans allowed for another set of entrances at the north end of the platforms, which could serve future development north of Haskell Boulevard. Cityplace remains the only station on the DART rail system. The other two remaining stations for the tunnel are Pearl Station and Mockingbird Station, both of these stations are outside the tunnel. Dallas Area Rapid Transit - Cityplace Station DART Train departing CityPlace Station photo, west surface entrance photo, view from inclined elevator
29.
Tower at Cityplace
–
The Tower at Cityplace is a 42-story building located at 2711 North Haskell Avenue at North Central Expressway in the Cityplace district of Uptown Dallas, Texas. The building is 560 feet tall and has 1,400,000 square feet of office space and its also the tallest building outside of Downtown Dallas. The building was designed by Cossutta & Associates of New York to be the headquarters for Southland Corporation. Formerly named CityPlace East, it was conceived as the first phase of the 135-acre Cityplace development, a twin tower, later canceled, was planned across North Central Expressway with a skybridge connection over the highway. Several mid-rise buildings were planned around the base of both towers. Construction began in December 1984 and the tower opened in 1988 after one year of delays, during this time and as a result of Southlands buyout in 1987, the need for headquarters space was reduced by 50%, leaving the lower 19 floors vacant. Because of the buildings unique floorplate, converting the space to office space was a challenge. Despite opening during the Savings and Loan crisis and resulting real estate crash in Dallas, Cityplace East was renamed Cityplace Tower and was the last major skyscraper built in Dallas during the 1980s. Although neighborhood blocks were demolished in the mid-80s to make way future phases of Cityplace, in 1989, Southland sold land on the west side of North Central Expressway. Today this area is home to the West Village development, enough Brazilian red granite was ordered and cut for the twin tower and office buildings, it remains for sale in a south Dallas County storage yard. 7-Eleven moved to One Arts Plaza in 2007, leaving half of the building vacant, ashkenazy & Agus Ventures bought the property for $125 million and spent $7 million in upgrades. There were plans to turn the top of the tower into luxury apartments, the building was renamed Tower at Cityplace. In 2008 UCR Urban proposed new development on the ground sites previously reserved for mid rise office towers. Costing almost $300 million for construction and improvements, the 42-story Cityplace skyscraper was the most expensive project ever built in Dallas. Constructed as a corporate headquarters, the lower floors were devoted to facilities not commonly found in multitenant buildings. The ground floor contains a 38, 000-square-foot conference center with a 175-seat auditorium, a large cafeteria, There are seven, 5-story atrium lobbies spaced throughout the tower with glass windows at each end. This unique design provides clear views of downtown and East Dallas, the second and third floors, along with a basement-level concourse, were built with space for retail tenants. Below the tower is a 3, 400-car underground parking garage, the façade of the building is of Brazilian red granite, and the first four floors are finished in pink and white marble, imported wood paneling and decorative tile
30.
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
–
The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad was a Class I railroad in the United States. It was also known as the Rock Island Line, or, in its final years, at the end of 1970 it operated 7183 miles of road on 10669 miles of track, that year it reported 20557 million ton-miles of revenue freight and 118 million passenger-miles. The song Rock Island Line, a spiritual from the late 1920s first recorded in 1934, was inspired by the railway, construction began October 1,1851, in Chicago, and the first train was operated on October 10,1852, between Chicago and Joliet. Construction continued on through La Salle, and Rock Island was reached on February 22,1854, the Mississippi river bridge between Rock Island and Davenport was completed on April 22,1856. In 1857, Abraham Lincoln represented the Rock Island in an important lawsuit regarding bridges over navigable rivers, the suit had been brought by the owner of a steamboat which was destroyed by fire after running into the Mississippi river bridge. Lincoln argued that not only was the steamboat at fault in striking the bridge, the M&M was acquired by the C&RI on July 9,1866, to form the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Company. The railroad expanded through construction and acquisitions in the following decades, the Rock Island stretched across Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota and Texas. The easternmost reach of the system was Chicago, and the system also reached Memphis, Tennessee, west, it reached Denver, Colorado, and Santa Rosa, New Mexico. Southernmost reaches were to Galveston, Texas, and Eunice, Louisiana while in a direction the Rock Island got as far as Minneapolis. The heaviest traffic was on the Chicago-to-Rock Island and Rock Island-to-Muscatine lines, in common with most American railroad companies, the Rock Island once operated an extensive passenger service. The primary routes served were, Chicago-Los Angeles, Chicago-Denver, Memphis-Tucumcari, the Rock Island ran both Limited and Local service on those routes as well as locals on many other lines on its system. In 1937, the Rock Island introduced Diesel power to its passenger service, in competition with the Santa Fe Chiefs, the Rock Island jointly operated the Golden State Limited with the Southern Pacific Railroad from 1902–1968. On this route, the Rock Islands train was marketed as a low altitude crossing of the Continental Divide, the Rock Island did not concede to the Santa Fes dominance in the Chicago-Los Angeles travel market and re-equipped the train with new streamlined equipment in 1948. At the same time, the Limited was dropped from the trains name, the local run on this line was known as the Imperial. The 1948 modernization of the Golden State occurred with some controversy, in 1947, both the Rock Island and Southern Pacific jointly advertised the coming of a new entry in the Chicago-Los Angeles travel market. The Golden Rocket was scheduled to match the Santa Fes transit time end-to-end and was to have its own dedicated trainsets, one purchased by the Rock Island. As the Rock Islands set of streamlined cars was being finished. The Rock Islands cars were delivered and would find their way into the Golden States fleet soon after delivery, the Golden State was the last first-class train on the Rock Island, retaining its dining cars and sleeping cars until its last run on February 21,1968
31.
Trinity Railway Express
–
The Trinity Railway Express is a commuter rail line in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It was established by an agreement between Dallas Area Rapid Transit and the Fort Worth Transportation Authority. Each transit authority owns a 50% stake in the joint rail project, the TRE began operating in December 1996. As of the quarter of 2014, the TRE has an average weekday ridership of 8,200 passengers per day and is the fifteenth most-ridden commuter rail system in the United States. In 2014, the TRE carried 2,293,500 passengers, before 2006, the TRE was typically shown as a green line on DART maps and therefore was sometimes referred to as the Green Line, but this was not an official designation. In 2006, DART chose green as the color for its new rail route. Since 2006, the TRE has been shown as a blue line on DART maps. On September 18,2000, the line was extended to the Richland Hills Station and, for the first time, on November 13,2000 the West Irving Station also opened. On December 3,2001, the TRE was extended to its current terminus at the T&P Station in downtown Fort Worth, the eastern terminus of the TRE line is Dallas Union Station on the west side of downtown Dallas. There are a total of ten regular station stops, including a stop at Victory Station, not all trains are through trains - a number of trains either terminate or originate at the CentrePort/DFW Airport Station. TRE has a fleet of 9 locomotives, EMD F59PH IV There are seven EMD F59PH IV locomotives that were acquired from GO Transit. The original numbers for these were #525, #527-528 and #565-568 and these were overhauled in late 2010 by the Norfolk Southern Railroad and RELCO Locomotive to meet EPA standards and renumbered 120-126. EMD F59PHI There are two EMD F59PHI locomotives that were purchased from EMD, the numbers for these are #569 and #570. TRE owns 13 Budd Rail Diesel Cars, which were purchased from Via Rail Canada in 1993, in 2010-11 ten cars were leased to DCTA for the A-train, but all have been returned and are in storage at TRE shops in Irving, TX. Typically, one or two coach cars are included between the locomotive and cab car. Each cab car has a restroom and passengers may move between cars during the trip, the trip from Union Station to T&P Station takes just over an hour, with scheduled trip times ranging from one hour, three minutes to one hour, eleven minutes. Track improvements are currently underway which should offer an improvement in travel times by double-tracking certain stations and sections of the route
32.
Dallas Union Station
–
The structure is a Dallas Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The station is served by Amtraks Texas Eagle with Chicago as the northern terminus, the light rail station serves as a stop on the Red and Blue lines as well as the TRE. The first floor is occupied by an Amtrak ticketing window, waiting room, the second floor contains the restored Grand Hall and several meeting rooms named after railroads that previously serviced Dallas. The second floor and a mezzanine are operated by Wolfgang Puck Catering, at the peak of its usage, as many as 80 trains stopped each day at the station. It was designed by Jarvis Hunt, who designed other large train stations, in 1954, the building served as a temporary library while the Dallas Public Library system built a new central library to replace the original Carnegie Library. Originally, the 2nd level waiting room was connected to platforms via an overhead walkway. Escalators were added, but the Grand Hall was finally abandoned in favor of renovated ticketing, also, an underground corridor replaced the overhead walkway, with ramps at each platform. The last privately owned passenger train to serve Union Station, the Missouri Pacific Railroads Texas Eagle, Amtrak service began on March 14,1974 with the Inter-American between St. Louis and Laredo, the train evolved into todays Texas Eagle. DARTs light-rail service began at the station on June 14,1996, the stations upper-level waiting room was re-purposed into meeting and convention space for the Hyatt Regency Dallas, which is connected via an underground walkway. They had painted them on the walls of the lobby at the old Dallas City Hall Building. In 1954, the murals were destroyed when City Hall relocated. When the station was renovated to accommodate light rail usage, the murals were partially recreated by Phillip Lamb along the platforms at Union Station. In October 2016, the station was renamed the Eddie Bernice Johnson Union Station in honor of US
33.
Parking
–
Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of a road is permitted, though sometimes with restrictions. Some buildings have parking facilities for use of the buildings users, countries and local governments have rules for design and use of parking spaces. In the U. S. after the first public parking garage for vehicles was opened in Boston, May 24,1898. In cities of the Eastern US, many former livery stables, with lifts for carriages, the following terms give regional variations. All except carport refer to outdoor multi-level parking facilities, in some regional dialects, some of these phrases refer also to indoor or single-level facilities. Elsewhere, the ramp would apply to the inclines between floors of a parking garage, but not to the entire structure itself. Multi-storey car park Car park Parking structure Parking garage Parking building Carport Cycle park Parkade In addition to basic car parking/parking lots variations of serviced parking types exist. Common serviced parking types are, Park and ride Valet Parking Airport Parking Meet and Greet Parking Park, Parking lots specifically for bicycles are becoming more prevalent in many countries. These may include bicycle parking racks and locks, as well as modern technologies for security. For instance, one parking lot in Tokyo has an automated parking system. Urban parking spaces can have a value where the price of land is high. In Boston in 2009 a single parking space sold for $300,000, in congested urban areas parking of motor vehicles is time-consuming and often expensive. Urban planners who are in a position to override market forces must consider whether, the costs or subsidies of such parking accommodations can become a heated point in local politics. For example, in 2006 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors considered a controversial zoning plan to limit the number of vehicle parking spaces available in new residential developments. Heated social discourse sometimes revolves around the sense of ownership that informally arises, many use parking chairs and other markers, usually without approval of municipal authorities. For example, during the winter of 2005 in Boston, the practice of some people saving convenient roadway for themselves became controversial. At that time, many Boston districts had a convention that if a person shoveled the snow out of a roadspace
34.
CityLine/Bush station
–
CityLine/Bush Station is a DART Light Rail station located in Richardson, Texas at the President George Bush Turnpike near US75. It opened on December 9,2002 as a station on the Red Line, the Orange Line was added in 2010. The station is planned to be an intersection between those lines and the future Cotton Belt Rail Line. In January 2016, DART announced that the station would be renamed as CityLine/Bush Station on March 14 as part of the service changes, due to the enlargement of the CityLine development zone
City of Dallas