1.
Automotive
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The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, some of them are called automakers. It is one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue, the term automotive was created from Greek autos, and Latin motivus to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by Elmer Sperry, the automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, at that time the U. S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U. S. produced about 75 percent of auto production. In 1980, the U. S. was overtaken by Japan, in 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U. S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U. S. production, with 10.3 million units, from 1970 over 1998 to 2012, the number of automobile models in the U. S. has grown exponentially. Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, in the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies there is no risk of damage. Safety in the industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international. The standard ISO26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety. In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle and this procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material, however, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres of gasoline, the automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the generations of people no longer want to own a car anymore
2.
Auto Union
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Auto Union AG, Chemnitz, was an amalgamation of four German automobile manufacturers, founded in 1932 and established in 1936 in Chemnitz, Saxony, during the Great Depression. It is the predecessor of Audi as it is known today. As well as acting as a firm for its four constituent brands. The companys distinctive logo, of four interlocking rings to represent the four members of the Auto Union. Horch – founded 1904 by August Horch in Zwickau and it built cars starting from straight-two engines to luxury models with V8- and V12 engines. Audi – because of disputes with the CFO, August Horch in 1909 left his namesake enterprise and founded Audi across town, building inline-four-, six-, in 1928 Audi became a subsidiary of Zschopauer Motorenwerke. In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the US automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker, including the equipment for eight-. These engines were used in Audi Zwickau, Audi Imperator and Audi Dresden models, at the same time, six-cylinder and four-cylinder models were manufactured. Although all four continued to sell cars under their own names and brands. Auto Union chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen, wanted a project to announce the new brand. Ferdinand Porsche, who had work for him before. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had developed their Mercedes-Benz W25. It resulted in a heated exchange both on and off the track between the two companies until World War II. Having garnered state funds, Auto Union bought Porsches Hochleistungsfahrzeugbau GmbH and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 RM, the Auto Union racing cars types A to D were built as Grand Prix racing cars from 1934 to 1939. They resembled the earlier Benz Tropfenwagen, also built in part by Rumpler engineers, The only Grand Prix racers to wear Auto Unions four-ringed logo, they were particularly dominant in 1936. From 1935 to 1937, Auto Union cars car won 25 races, driven by Ernst von Delius, Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck Sr. and Achille Varzi. Much has been written about the handling characteristics of this car. The cars used supercharged engines, eventually producing almost 550 hp
3.
Zschopau
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Zschopau, is a town in the Erzgebirgskreis district of Saxony, Germany. The town is located on the slopes of the Ore Mountains. The highest point is Mt. Pilzhübel with an elevation of 597.8 m, the municipal area comprises the village of Krumhermersdorf, incorporated in 1999. Since German reunification, Zschopau has lost about one fourth of its population, Zschopau is famous for its motorcycle industry, particularly the DKW and MZ Motorrad- und Zweiradwerk GmbH brands, and the toy business VEB Plasticart. Zschopau has a parish church dedicated to St Martin, a town hall. Years 1750-19461750 -4.3001841 -6,1001871 -7.8771890 -7,4411900 -6,7481910 -6.7321925 -7.4551939 -8.8541946 -8. zschopau. de/ Official city homepage Zschopau
4.
Chemnitz
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Chemnitz, known from 1953 to 1990 as Karl-Marx-Stadt, is the third-largest city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitz is an independent city which is not part of any county, located in the northern foothills of the Ore Mountains, it is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region. The citys economy is based on the sector and manufacturing industry. Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students, Chemnitz is named after the river Chemnitz, a small tributary of the Zwickau Mulde. The word Chemnitz is from the Sorbian language, and means stony, the word is composed of the Slavic word kamen meaning stone and the feminine suffix -ica. It is known in Czech as Saská Kamenice and in Polish as Kamienica Saska, there are many other towns named Kamenica or Kamenice in areas with past or present Slavic settlement. An early Slavic tribes settlement was located at Kamienica, and the first documented use of the name Chemnitz was the 1143 site of a Benedictine monastery around which a settlement grew, circa 1170 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor granted it the rights of an imperial city. In 1307, the town became subordinate to the Margraviate of Meissen, in medieval times, Chemnitz became a centre of textile production and trade. More than one third of the worked in textile production. By the early 19th century Chemnitz had become an industrial centre, in 1913, Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and, like Leipzig and Dresden, was larger at that time than today. After losing inhabitants due to the first World War Chemnitz grew rapidly again, before the world economic crises, it was supposed that the city would keep on growing and would become a Millionenstadt by incorporating also fast growing smaller towns and municipalities around it. During World War II, Chemnitz contained factories that produced military hardware, 2/3–5 March, USAAF bombers attacked the marshalling yards. 5 March,760 RAF bombers attacked, the headquarters of the auto manufacturer Auto Union were also based in Chemnitz since 1932 and its buildings were also badly damaged. At the end of the war, the companys executives fled and relocated the company in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, the World War II bombings left most of the city in ruins, and post-war, the East German reconstruction included large low rise housing. Some tourist sites were reconstructed during the East German era and after German reunification and it was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945. After dissolution of the states in the GDR in 1952, Chemnitz became seat of a district, on 10 May 1953, the city was renamed by decision of the East German government to Karl-Marx-Stadt after Karl Marx. GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl said, The people who live here, do not look back and they look with love and devotion to the founder of the socialist doctrine, the greatest son of the German people, to Karl Marx. I hereby fulfill about the governments decision, I carry out the solemn act of renaming the city and declare, From now on, this city bears the proud name and mandatory Karl-Marx-Stadt
5.
Ingolstadt
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Ingolstadt is a city in the Free State of Bavaria, in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located along the banks of the River Danube, in the centre of Bavaria, as of 31 December 2014, Ingolstadt had 131,002 citizens. It is part of the Munich Metropolitan Area, which has a population of more than 5 million. The Illuminati, a Bavarian secret society, was founded in Ingolstadt in the late 18th century, Ingolstadt is a setting in the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, where the scientist Victor Frankenstein creates his monster. It is the site of the headquarters of the German automobile manufacturer Audi, defence aircraft manufacturer Airbus, Ingolstadt Central Station has been connected to Nuremberg by a high-speed rail link since May 2006. Ingolstadt also has a passenger station at Ingolstadt Nord. Covering an urban area of 133.35 square kilometres, Ingolstadt is geographically Bavarias fourth-largest city after Munich, at its largest point the city is about 18 km from east to west and from north to south about 15 km. The city boundary has a length of 70 km, the city boundary is about 14 km away from the geographic centre of Bavaria in Kipfenberg. The old town is approximately 374 metres above sea level and the highest point, the lowest point of the Schutter confluence with the Danube is at 362 m above sea level. Ingolstadt uses Central European Time as throughout Germany, the time lag is 14 minutes. The city is expanding at the northern and southern banks of the Danube in a flat bowl. The Ingolstadt basin borders the Jura foothills, located south and is to the north of the Donau-Isar-Hügelland, in the southwest is the Donaumoos while in the east the lowland forests of the Danube reach into the urban area. It is the second largest hardwood floodplain on the Danube, the Sandrach, the former Southern main branch of the Danube, partly forms the Southern city border. In the north, the Schutter flows through from the west reaching the Danube near to the Altstadt, Ingolstadt was first mentioned in a document of Charlemagne on 6 February 806 as Ingoldes stat, the place of Ingold. Circa 1250, Ingolstadt was granted city status, Ingolstadt was the capital of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt between 1392 and 1447. Ingolstadt was then united with Bavaria-Landshut, Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria ordered the building of the New Castle, whose form was strongly influenced by French Gothic architecture. In 1472 Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria founded the University of Ingolstadt which became the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, in 1800 it was moved to Landshut and eventually to Munich. The University of Ingolstadt was an important defender of the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation era, Ingolstadt is where William IV, Duke of Bavaria wrote and signed the Bavarian Reinheitsgebot in 1516
6.
Automobiles
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
7.
Motorcycle
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A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes, long travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2014, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda, Yamaha, and Hero MotoCorp, in developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, according to the United States Department of Transportation the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars. The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction, there are three major types of motorcycle, street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes, there is often a racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture, the first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen and it was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. The first commercial design for a cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, the vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over the driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a valve lever. No braking system was fitted, the vehicle was stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever, the driver was seated between the front wheels. It wasnt, however, a success, as Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing, many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the worlds first motorcycle
8.
Automobile
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
9.
Marque
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A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
10.
Audi
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Audi is a German automobile manufacturer that designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes luxury vehicles. Audi is a member of the Volkswagen Group and has its roots at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, audi-branded vehicles are produced in nine production facilities worldwide. The modern era of Audi essentially began in the 1960s when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, the company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. Horch, meaning listen in German, becomes audi in Latin, the four rings of the Audi logo each represent one of four car companies that banded together to create Audis predecessor company, Auto Union. Audis slogan is Vorsprung durch Technik, meaning Advancement through Technology, however, since 2007 Audi USA has used the slogan Truth in Engineering. Audi, along with BMW and Mercedes are among the luxury automobile brands in the world. Originally in 1885, automobile company Wanderer was established, later becoming a branch of Audi AG, another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi, was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for Gottlieb Daimlers four-wheeler. On 14 November 1899, August Horch established the company A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne, three years later in 1902 he moved with his company to Reichenbach im Vogtland. On May, 10th,1904 he founded the August Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG, after troubles with Horch chief financial officer, August Horch left Motorwagenwerke and founded in Zwickau on 16 July 1909, his second company, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. His former partners sued him for trademark infringement, the German Reichsgericht in Leipzig, eventually determined that the Horch brand belonged to his former company. Since August Horch was prohibited from using Horch as a name in his new car business, he called a meeting with close business friends, Paul and Franz Fikentscher from Zwickau. At the apartment of Franz Fikentscher, they discussed how to come up with a new name for the company, during this meeting, Franzs son was quietly studying Latin in a corner of the room. Horch. in German means Hark. or hear, which is Audi in the imperative form of audire – to listen – in Latin. The idea was accepted by everyone attending the meeting. On 25 April 1910 the Audi Automobilwerke GmbH Zwickau was entered in the register of Zwickau registration court. The first Audi automobile, the Audi Type A 10/22 hp Sport-Phaeton, was produced in the same year, followed by the successor Type B 10/28PS in the same year. Audi started with a 2,612 cc inline-four engine model Type A, followed by a 3,564 cc model and these cars were successful even in sporting events
11.
Auto-Union
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Auto Union AG, Chemnitz, was an amalgamation of four German automobile manufacturers, founded in 1932 and established in 1936 in Chemnitz, Saxony, during the Great Depression. It is the predecessor of Audi as it is known today. As well as acting as a firm for its four constituent brands. The companys distinctive logo, of four interlocking rings to represent the four members of the Auto Union. Horch – founded 1904 by August Horch in Zwickau and it built cars starting from straight-two engines to luxury models with V8- and V12 engines. Audi – because of disputes with the CFO, August Horch in 1909 left his namesake enterprise and founded Audi across town, building inline-four-, six-, in 1928 Audi became a subsidiary of Zschopauer Motorenwerke. In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the US automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker, including the equipment for eight-. These engines were used in Audi Zwickau, Audi Imperator and Audi Dresden models, at the same time, six-cylinder and four-cylinder models were manufactured. Although all four continued to sell cars under their own names and brands. Auto Union chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen, wanted a project to announce the new brand. Ferdinand Porsche, who had work for him before. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had developed their Mercedes-Benz W25. It resulted in a heated exchange both on and off the track between the two companies until World War II. Having garnered state funds, Auto Union bought Porsches Hochleistungsfahrzeugbau GmbH and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 RM, the Auto Union racing cars types A to D were built as Grand Prix racing cars from 1934 to 1939. They resembled the earlier Benz Tropfenwagen, also built in part by Rumpler engineers, The only Grand Prix racers to wear Auto Unions four-ringed logo, they were particularly dominant in 1936. From 1935 to 1937, Auto Union cars car won 25 races, driven by Ernst von Delius, Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck Sr. and Achille Varzi. Much has been written about the handling characteristics of this car. The cars used supercharged engines, eventually producing almost 550 hp
12.
Engineer
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Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium, the work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical, he/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice, much of an engineers time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information. Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure and they also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects, Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines, numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering include ceramic, metallurgical, mechanical engineering cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as vehicles, or in one type of technology. Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time, that is, research suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work, technical work, social work, computer-based work, information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent work sampling study found that engineers spend 62. 92% of their time engaged in work,40. 37% in social work. The time engineers spend engaged in activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies, typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. When developing a product, engineers work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers, a mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators
13.
Saxony
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Its capital is Dresden, and its largest city is Leipzig. Saxony is the tenth largest of Germanys sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres, located in the middle of a large, formerly all German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, the area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony is divided into 10 districts,1. After a reform in 2008, these regions - with some alterations of their respective areas - were called Direktionsbezirke, in 2012, the authorities of these regions were merged into one central authority, the Landesdirektion Sachsen. The Erzgebirgskreis district includes the Ore Mountains, and the Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district includes Saxon Switzerland, the largest cities in Saxony according to the 31 December 2015 estimate. To this can be added that Leipzig forms a metropolitan region with Halle. The latter city is located just across the border to Saxony-Anhalt, Leipzig shares for instance an S-train system and an airport with Halle. Saxony has, after Saxony Anhalt, the most vibrant economy of the states of the former East Germany and its economy grew by 1. 9% in 2010. Nonetheless, unemployment remains above the German average, the eastern part of Germany, excluding Berlin, qualifies as an Objective 1 development-region within the European Union, and is eligible to receive investment subsidies of up to 30% until 2013. FutureSAX, a business competition and entrepreneurial support organisation, has been in operation since 2002. Microchip makers near Dresden have given the region the nickname Silicon Saxony, the publishing and porcelain industries of the region are well known, although their contributions to the regional economy are no longer significant. Today the automobile industry, machinery production and services contribute to the development of the region. Saxony is also one of the most renowned tourist destinations in Germany - especially the cities of Leipzig and Dresden, new tourist destinations are developing, notably in the lake district of Lausitz. Saxony reported an unemployment of 8. 8% in 2014. By comparison the average in the former GDR was 9. 8% and 6. 7% for Germany overall, the unemployment rate reached 8. 2% in May 2015. The Leipzig area, which recently was among the regions with the highest unemployment rate, could benefit greatly from investments by Porsche. With the VW Phaeton factory in Dresden, and many part suppliers, zwickau is another major Volkswagen location
14.
Two-stroke cycle
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A two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to an engine, which requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke, two-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the power band. Compared to four-stroke engines, two-stroke engines have a reduced number of moving parts. The first commercial two-stroke engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, however, unlike most later two-stroke engines, his had a separate charging cylinder. The crankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a pump, is generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day. The first truly practical two-stroke engine is attributed to Yorkshireman Alfred Angas Scott, gasoline versions are particularly useful in lightweight or portable applications such as chainsaws and motorcycles. In a two-stroke engine, the transfer from the engine to the cooling system is less than in a four-stroke. Two-stroke petrol engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki did the same in the 1970s. Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1980s in the West, eastern Bloc countries continued until around 1991, with the Trabant and Wartburg in East Germany. They are also common in power tools used outdoors, such as lawnmowers, chainsaws, with direct fuel injection and a sump-based lubrication system, a two-stroke engine produces air pollution no worse than a four-stroke, and it can achieve higher thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, the cycle has also been used in large diesel engines, most notably large industrial and marine engines, as well as some trucks. Although the principles remain the same, the details of various two-stroke engines differ depending on the type. The design types vary according to the method of introducing the charge to the cylinder, the method of scavenging the cylinder, piston port is the simplest of the designs and the most common in small two-stroke engines. All functions are controlled solely by the covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up. In the 1970s, Yamaha worked out some principles for this system. They found that, in general, widening an exhaust port increases the power by the amount as raising the port. However, there is a limit to the width of a single exhaust port
15.
Horch
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Horch was a car brand manufactured in Germany by August Horch & Cie, at the beginning of the 20th century. The company was established by August Horch and his first business partner Salli Herz on November 14,1899 at Ehrenfeld, August Horch had previously been a production manager for Karl Benz. Three years later in 1902 he moved the company to Reichenbach im Vogtland, on May, 10th,1904 he founded the Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG, a joint-stock company in Zwickau. The city of Zwickau was the capital of the South Western Saxon County, after troubles with the Horch chief financial officer, August Horch founded a second company on 16 July 1909, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH in Zwickau. He had to rename the company because Horch was already a registered brand, on 25 April 1910 the name Audi Automobilwerke was entered in the companys register at the Zwickau registration court. Audi is the Latin translation of horch, from the German verb Horchen, the Audi name was proposed by a son of one of his business partners from Zwickau. In 1932 both companies from Zwickau were unified with Zschopauer Motorenwerke J. S. Rasmussen and the Wanderer car production facilities to become the Auto Union corporation of Saxony, the company initially began producing 5 hp and 10 hp twin-cylinder engine automobiles near Cologne in 1901. The first Horch had a 4.5 hp engine, with an alloy crankcase and it had an open-body design, with lighting provided by lanterns with candles in them. In contrast with the cars of later years, the first Horch could barely reach a top speed of 32 km/h. It was significant at that time because it used a friction clutch, the firm soon ran into financial troubles, not surprising considering the pioneering nature of the automobile business at that time. Horch had to seek new partners, in March 1902, August Horch produced a 20 hp four-cylinder car with a shaft drive in Reichenbach in Vogtland. Horch cars were considered advanced and superior to those being then built by Mercedes or Benz. By 1903, Horch had built a car with a four-cylinder engine, in March of the following year, he introduced his new car at the Frankfurt Fair. In 1904, August Horch developed the first six-cylinder engine, which appeared in 1907, in 1906 a Horch automobile driven by Dr. Rudolf Stöss from Zwickau won the Herkomer Competition. In the 1920s, Moritz Stauss, a cosmopolitan Berliner, was the principal stockholder of the Horch company and he succeeded in making the Horch brand highly desirable by introducing art into the advertising of their products. He recognized that only a brand emphasising Horchs unique characteristics would be successful, in 1923, Paul Daimler worked for Horch as the chief engineer for 8-cylinder engines. Horch vehicles were subsequently the first to introduce 8-cylinder engines in series production, in 1909, the supervisory board of the corporation forced out Horch. Horch went on to found Audi as Audiwerke GmbH, which became effective on 25 April 1910, the name was a solution to the legal dispute with his old company over use of the Horch brand and a clever play of words
16.
Wanderer (car)
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Wanderer was a German manufacturer of bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, vans and other machinery. Winklhofer & Jaenicke was established in 1896 in Chemnitz and it built motorcycles from 1902 and automobiles from 1903. The Wanderer brand was chosen in 1911 for overseas exports and was adopted for domestic sales. The first two- or three-seater models used four-cylinder 1145 cc and 1220 cc engines, the 1220 cc model lasted until 1925. The first six-cylinder model appeared in 1928, motorcycle production continued in Chemnitz alone. During the Great Depression, in 1929, the owner, Dresdner Bank, sold the motorcycle business to František Janeček. The car division with its Siegmar factory became part of Auto Union together with Horch, Audi, in this quartet, Horch was positioned as the luxury brand, DKW built cheap two-stroke cars, Audi and Wanderer competed in different segments of mid-priced, technologically advanced small cars. Wanderers of Nazi period acquired a trademark radiator design, shaped as a heraldic shield, the next model W17 7/35 PS was propelled by a new 1692 cc OHV four-cylinder engine developed by Ferdinand Porsche. In 1933 the new Audi Front was equipped with the Wanderer W22 engine, the top model from 1936 to 1939 was W50, propelled by a 2257 cc six-cylinder engine. From 1937 on there were also sporting fours and another model of 2632 cc. Wanderer cars were always admired for their quality and sporting character. During World War II all civilian production was replaced in 1941 with licence-built military vehicles, a subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp, KZ Siegmar-Schonau, was operated during the war to provide slave labour for the Wanderer vehicle plants. From 1943 on the Auto Union Siegmar plant produced Maybach HL230 V12 engines, the Wanderer Siegmar plant of Auto Union were destroyed in early 1945, closing this chapter in the history of automobiles. List of automobile manufacturers List of German cars Auto Union Dates in the history of Wanderer - Audi USA AUTO UNION Sales Brochures 1939
17.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
18.
West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
19.
MZ Motorrad- und Zweiradwerk
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Motorenwerke Zschopau GmbH, former MZ Motorrad- und Zweiradwerk GmbH is a German motorcycle manufacturer located in Zschopau, Saxony. The acronym MZ since 1956 stands for Motorenwerke Zschopau GmbH, from 1992 to 1999 the company was called MuZ, an acronym for Motorrad und Zweiradwerk. 1949 Auto Union officially moves to Ingolstadt, Bavaria in West Germany,1950 The Zschopau works begin production of the RT125 model, developed before the war, under the trademark IFA. This model had become patent-free after World War II as part of war reparations and was developed in Britain, USA, Russia, Japan, Italy. 1952 The BK350 appears, the first two-stroke shaft drive,1956 The works is now called VEB Motorradwerk Zschopau, or MZ for short. 1962 Manufacture of the ES 125/ES150 begins and this was the first motorcycle with an asymmetric low beam headlight pattern. 1970 The millionth motorcycle rolls off the belt, an MZ ETS250 Trophy Sport 1972 MZ takes over manufacture of sidecars from Stoye. 1983 The two millionth motorcycle rolls off the belt, this time an MZ ETZ250. With disk brakes and 12-volt electrics the MZ had reached the standard in motorcycle design. 1989 MZ ceases manufacture of sidecars,1990 MZ is privatised on 18 December. 1993 MZ enters receivership, and the ETZ patent is sold to the Turkish firm Kanuni, the MuZ company is formed from the remnant. The old East German factory had become a club, called MZWerk in 1992. The production had moved to Hohndorf since 1995,2009 – Former Grand Prix stars Ralf Waldmann and Martin Wimmer together with his wife Dr. Martina Haeger buy the MZ motorcycle brand and found Motorenwerke Zschopau GmbH. The asset deal goes through on 23 March 2009 for a four million euros. The cash is put up Dr. Martina Häger 90% and Ralf Waldmann 10%, the new board consists of Martin Wimmer, Dr Martina Haeger, Ralph Waldmann, Helmut Lichtenberg and Otto Elbers. Wimmer takes the role of MZ Managing Director, the business plan consisted of building bicycles,125 cc motorcycles as well as developing block heating cogeneration stations of different sizes. There were plans for the firm to produce a 600 cc road bike based on the Moto2 GP project bike,2011 – It took two years until the local state bank guarantee was handed out in connection with the financing bank, Merkur Bank of Munich, Geemany. Also investor Peter Ertel, a shareholder since 2010, pays out Dr. Martina Haeger
20.
Daimler-Benz
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Daimler-Benz AG was a German manufacturer of automobiles, motor vehicles, and internal combustion engines, founded in 1926. Daimler had died in 1900, and Maybach had left in 1907, the inclusion of the name Mercedes in the new brand name honored the most important model series of DMG automobiles, the Mercedes series, which were designed and built by Wilhelm Maybach. They derived their name from a 1900 engine named after the daughter of Emil Jellinek and that race car later became known as the Mercedes 35 hp. The first of the series of production models bearing the name, Jellinek left the DMG board of directors in 1909. Karl Benz remained as a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz AG until his death in 1929, although Daimler-Benz is best known for its Mercedes-Benz automobile brand, during World War II it also created a notable series of aircraft, tank, and submarine engines. Daimler also produced parts for German arms, most notably barrels for the Mauser rifle, during World War II Daimler-Benz employed slave labour. In 1989 Daimler-Benz InterServices AG was created to handle data processing, financial and insurance services, in 1998, Daimler-Benz AG bought the American automobile manufacturer Chrysler Corporation, and formed DaimlerChrysler AG
21.
Volkswagen Group
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Volkswagen Group, or Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, shortly VW AG, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, in 2016, it was the largest automaker in the world with sales of 10.3 million units, overtaking Toyota. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades and it ranked seventh in the 2016 Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies. It is divided into two divisions, the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division, and has approximately 340 subsidiary companies. VW also has two major joint-ventures in China, the company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries. Volkswagen was founded in 1937 to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle, the companys production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf, the companys operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. It has been traded in the United States via American Depositary Receipts since 1988, Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The state of Lower Saxony holds 12. 7% of the companys shares, Volkswagen held a 19. 9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the back to Suzuki. Suzuki paid $3. 8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Volkswagen was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH by the National Socialist Deutsche Arbeitsfront. The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1 and this vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsches consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed Volkswagenwerk GmbH, only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces, however, no British car manufacturer was interested, the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car. It is quite unattractive to the average buyer, to build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise. In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, as part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers
22.
DKW F102
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The DKW F102 is a passenger car that was produced from August 1963 by the German manufacturer Auto Union. Superseding the Auto Union 1000, it was the last model branded as a DKW by the manufacturer and it was the last model developed before the Volkswagen take-over. Under Volkswagen control, the F102 provided the basis for the later Audi F103 models, the F102 featured state-of-the-art two-stroke technology for its time and a unibody of modern design. Nevertheless, the market of the 1960s shunned two-stroke engines as old-fashioned, the F102 in consequence sold below the companys expectations and was the source of huge financial losses. Due to this situation Volkswagen was forced to implement a change in 1965. The production of two-stroke-engines was ended, with the last F102s produced in March 1966, the F102 was redesigned to accommodate a four-cylinder-four-stroke-engine. At this point the name of DKW was abandoned, and the F102 mutated into the Audi F103, the first new Audi model since 1938
23.
Four-stroke
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A four-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the travel of the piston along the cylinder. The four separate strokes are termed, Intake, also known as induction or suction This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center and ends at bottom dead center. In this stroke the valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. Compression, This stroke begins at B. D. C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, in this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke. Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage, combustion, also known as power or ignition This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution, while the piston is at T. D. C. The compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a plug or by heat generated by high compression. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft, during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns from B. D. C. to T. D. C. While the exhaust valve is open and this action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve. Nikolaus August Otto as a man was a traveling salesman for a grocery concern. In his travels he encountered the internal combustion engine built in Paris by Belgian expatriate Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir, in 1860, Lenoir successfully created a double-acting engine that ran on illuminating gas at 4% efficiency. The 18 litre Lenoir Engine produced only 2 horsepower, the Lenoir engine ran on illuminating gas made from coal, which had been developed in Paris by Philip Lebon. In testing a replica of the Lenoir engine in 1861 Otto became aware of the effects of compression on the fuel charge, in 1862, Otto attempted to produce an engine to improve on the poor efficiency and reliability of the Lenoir engine. He tried to create an engine that would compress the fuel prior to ignition. Many other engineers were trying to solve the problem, with no success, in 1864, Otto and Eugen Langen founded the first internal combustion engine production company, NA Otto and Cie. Otto and Cie succeeded in creating an atmospheric engine that same year. The factory ran out of space and was moved to the town of Deutz, in 1872, Gottlieb Daimler was technical director and Wilhelm Maybach was the head of engine design
24.
Audi F103
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F103 is the internal designation for a series of car models produced by Auto Union GmbH in West Germany from 1965 to 1972, derived from the earlier DKW F102. To signify the change from a two-stroke to four-stroke engine, the DKW marque was dropped in favour of Audi, the first model was launched simply as the Audi, later being renamed the Audi 72, also known as hp/m. The more powerful Audi 80 and Audi Super 90 sports saloons appeared in 1966, the Audi 75 replaced both the Audi 72 and the Audi 80 from 1969 onwards. In 1972 the F103 series was discontinued in favour of the B1 Audi 80, the F103 series were equipped exclusively with four-cylinder four-stroke engines. To avoid this, it was recommended to run a hotter spark plug in the front cylinder than in the other three. The engines of the F103 series were a development of Daimler-Benz for a project that never came into being. They were dubbed the Mitteldruckmotor because of their unusually high BMEP values, the engines had spiral-formed intake channels that gave the fuel-air mixture a good swirl. The engine had Heron-type combustion chambers with broad bands, further enhancing the mixture swirl. These features made it possible to use very high compression ratios for the time. The initial engine version had a CR of 11.2 to 1 for 98 RON fuel and even the intended for 92 RON fuel had a CR of 9 to 1. The car came with a manual transmission. Inboard mounted front disc brakes were featured, which was unusual in the mid-size car market at this time. The rear brakes followed the more conventional drum configuration, the F103 bodyshell was a development of the earlier DKW F102. The engine compartment had to be extended so that the new engine could be accommodated. All Audi F103 models were offered as sedans with two and four doors, the two-door saloon/sedan, however, was not sold in markets such as Italy and Britain with little demand for two-door cars of this size. With the exception of the Audi Super 90, the F103 series were also as three-door station wagon models. Visually the car changed little, but keen eyed observers would have noticed a discreetly modernised rear from August 1970, with slightly larger rear lights. Inside the 1970 upgrade also involved a reconfigured dashboard, manufacturers figures except where stated Good overview of the development of the DKW F103 to the Audi 60 A Super 90 at a vintage rally Website Audi60. com
25.
Two-stroke engine
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A two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to an engine, which requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke, two-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the power band. Compared to four-stroke engines, two-stroke engines have a reduced number of moving parts. The first commercial two-stroke engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, however, unlike most later two-stroke engines, his had a separate charging cylinder. The crankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a pump, is generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day. The first truly practical two-stroke engine is attributed to Yorkshireman Alfred Angas Scott, gasoline versions are particularly useful in lightweight or portable applications such as chainsaws and motorcycles. In a two-stroke engine, the transfer from the engine to the cooling system is less than in a four-stroke. Two-stroke petrol engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki did the same in the 1970s. Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1980s in the West, eastern Bloc countries continued until around 1991, with the Trabant and Wartburg in East Germany. They are also common in power tools used outdoors, such as lawnmowers, chainsaws, with direct fuel injection and a sump-based lubrication system, a two-stroke engine produces air pollution no worse than a four-stroke, and it can achieve higher thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, the cycle has also been used in large diesel engines, most notably large industrial and marine engines, as well as some trucks. Although the principles remain the same, the details of various two-stroke engines differ depending on the type. The design types vary according to the method of introducing the charge to the cylinder, the method of scavenging the cylinder, piston port is the simplest of the designs and the most common in small two-stroke engines. All functions are controlled solely by the covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up. In the 1970s, Yamaha worked out some principles for this system. They found that, in general, widening an exhaust port increases the power by the amount as raising the port. However, there is a limit to the width of a single exhaust port
26.
DKW Typ P
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The DKW Typ P was the first motor car made by DKW. It was a design with a unit body made of wood. It was powered by a two stroke inline twin engine, the first Type P was ready on 7 May 1928. The model was developed by Rudolf Slaby, the owner of the Spandau based automaker Slaby-Beringer which DKW had purchased in 1924. The original Typ P was made from 1928 to 1929 and was available as a convertible or a roadster, the engine produced 15 metric horsepower and the car was referred to as the DKW P15 as a result. Power was transmitted via a three speed gear box to the rear wheels. Even at this stage the mechanically operated foot brake worked on all four wheels, a reduced wheelbase sports roadster derivative, the PS600, with an engine producing 18 metric horsepower, was made from December 1929 till 1931. Experts remarked on its look and the uncultivated noise from the two-stroke engine. The two-stroke fuel mixture of gasoline/petrol with oil was expensive, and it had a prodigious appetite for spark plugs. A relatively short operating life was anticipated also on account of the quality of the synthetic leather that coated the timber body frame. Astonishingly, with approximately 2,000 produced, DKWs first car nevertheless found many customers, the Story of Veteran & Vintage Cars
27.
DKW F1
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The DKW F1 was a small car produced by DKW between 1931 and 1932. It was launched at the Berlin Motor Show in February 1931, the F1 was the first of a line of front wheel drive DKWs assembled at the manufacturer’s Zwickau plant, while the larger rear wheel drive DKWs continued to be built in the Berlin district of Spandau. Rasmussen also specified front wheel drive, independent suspension and a chassis with a low centre of gravity. The car should be popular and cheap, after just six weeks the team designed a 2 +1 seater roadster which weighed 450 kg with the 25 litre fuel tank full, and which offered exceptional driving qualities. In addition to undertaking the work, the team had already prepared three test vehicles. This would be the car appeared at the Berlin Motor Show in February 1931 with an open topped steel body. By the time, later in the year, that cars were available for sale the design had acquired a stronger drive shaft mechanism. Light weight and low cost remained priorities, the car cost approximately 1700 RM. In addition to the 494 cc engine, a slightly larger 584 cc was offered, in the event, no DKW F1 “Type F500” fitted with the smaller engine was ever sold. The approximately 4,000 F1s that were sold all came powered by the larger “Type 600” engine, nevertheless, sales brochures dating from the summer of 1932 still included both engine sizes, which enabled the manufacturer to advertise an eye catchingly low starting price for the car. As was normal at this time even for small cars. At an enthusiasts’ meeting at the Nürburgring in the 1970s it was reported that a single seater sports bodied DKW F1 recorded a top speed of 120 km/h, the F1s body was assembled at the Spandau factory which had been acquired by Rasmussen in 1924 with the purchase of SB-Automobil-GmbH. The timber bodies were transported the approximately 300 kilometers to Zwickau by train. The Zschopau plant was close to Zwickau and had originated in 1906 as a factory established by Berthold Ruppe. Its inclusion in what would become the Auto Union dated from Rasmussens work with Ruppes son, Hugo, in establishing at the plant the Zschopauer Motorenwerke J. S. Rasmussen AG. By 1931 this plant had become home to the largest manufacturer of motorcycles in the world, approximately 4,000 DKW F1s were sold between 1931 and 1932 which would have equated to a market share of approximately 8% in a depressed passenger car market. Rauch, Siegfried, DKW – Die Geschichte einer Weltmarke, staatsarchiv Chemnitz, In Fahrt Autos aus Sachsen. Various authors, Von 0 auf 100 and this entry is based on information from the German Wikipedia DKW F1 article
28.
DKW F8
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The DKW F8 compact front-wheel drive two-stroke engined saloon was introduced in 1939. The F8 was slightly shorter than its predecessor despite having an increased wheelbase. The base model, known as the Reichsklasse, was manufactured only till 1940, in addition to the saloons, cabriolet versions were offered. The F in the name stood for Front which referred to its front wheel drive configuration. After the war the car reappeared in 1949 as the IFA F8, the factory and operation was reorganized as a Volkseigener Betrieb Automobilwerke Zwickau. The base ‘Reichsklasse’ model had the two-stroke twin-cylinder engine from its predecessor, engine capacity was now 589 cc. Claimed output and top speed were as before at and 18 bhp and 80 km/h. The ‘Meisterklasse’’ version of the DKW F8 also inherited its predecessor’s similarly configured engine of 692 cc, for this engine 20 bhp was claimed with a top speed of 85 km/h. It was this engine that reappeared in the IFA F8 in 1949. Power was delivered to the front wheels by means of a manual gear box with a lockable freewheel mechanism on all three ratios. The engine was started using a Dynastart device, which was a combination self-starter / alternator, the body was mounted on a box frame chassis which facilitated the fitting of different body options, such as the light vans and trucks produced during the IFA period. The outer skin of the car comprised a combination of panels and, for the central portion. After 1953 key panels were made from duroplast, reducing the weight of the car, the Swiss coachbuilding firm of Holka produced their own bodies for the imported F8 chassis. Importations of F8 chassis began in 1939, and continued till 1944 in small numbers, in 1944, Holka even designed and produced their own version of a cabriolet, formerly imported. The final Holka-bodied car was finished in January 1945, the F8 had replaced the DKW F7 after only a two year model life. The small DKWs were among the best selling cars in Germany during the 1930s. It seems that the F8 was itself scheduled for relatively rapid replacement by the steel bodied DKW F9, war intervened, however, and production of the Reichsklasse and Cabriolet was ended in 1940. Production of the Meisterklasse continued till 1942, by 1942, when passenger car production at Zwickau was ended, approximately 50,000 F8s had been produced. Sales of new F8 cars and chassis continued until 1944, and that firm even introduced a new cabriolet in 1944, though only a small number were produced
29.
Second World War
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
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Front wheel drive
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Front-wheel drive is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature an engine, rather than the conventional longitudinal engine arrangement generally found in rear-wheel-drive. Rear-engined layouts are possible, but rare, according to various sources, sometime between 1895 and 1898 Gräf & Stift built a voiturette with a one-cylinder De Dion-Bouton engine fitted in the front of the vehicle, powering the front axle. It was thus arguably the worlds first front-wheel-drive automobile, but it never saw mass production, in 1898, Latil, in France, devised a front-wheel-drive system for motorising horse-drawn carts. In 1898/9 the French manufacturer Société Parisienne patented their front-wheel drive articulated vehicle concept which they manufactured as a Victoria Combination and it was variously powered by 1.75 or 2.5 horsepower De Dion-Bouton engine or a water cooled 3.5 horsepower Aster engine. The engine was mounted on the front axle and so was rotated by the tiller steering and it also known as the Eureka. By 1899 Victoria Combinations were participating in motoring events such as the 371 km Paris-St Malo race, finishing 23rd overall, in October a Victoria Combination won its class in the Paris-Rambouillet-Paris event, covering the 100 kilometre course at 26 km/h. In 1900 it completed 240 kilometres non-stop at 29 km/h, when production ceased in mid-1901, over 400 copies had been sold for 3,000 Francs each. J. Walter Christie of the United States patented a design for a front-wheel-drive car and he promoted and demonstrated the vehicle by racing at various speedways in the United States, and even competed in the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup and the French Grand Prix. In 1912 he began manufacturing a line of wheeled fire engine tractors which used his front-wheel-drive system, the next successful application of front-wheel drive was the supercharged Alvis 12/50 racing car designed by George Thomas Smith-Clarke and William M. Dunn of Alvis Cars of the United Kingdom. This vehicle was entered in the 1925 Kop Hill Climb in Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire on March 28,1925, however, the idea of front-wheel drive languished outside of the motor racing arena as no major auto manufacturer attempted the same for production automobiles. Market experiments in the United States were left to small endeavors such as the Ruxton, neither automobile maker was particularly successful on the open market. Alvis Cars introduced a commercial model of the Alvis 12/50 in 1928. The first successful consumer application came in 1929, the BSA produced the unique front-wheel-drive BSA three-wheeler. Production continued until 1936 during which time sports and touring models were available, in 1931 the DKW F1 from Germany made its debut. Buckminster Fuller adopted rear-engine, front wheel drive for his three Dymaxion Car prototypes, other German car producers followed, Stoewer offered a car with front-wheel drive in 1931, Adler in 1932 and Audi in 1933. In 1934, the very successful Traction Avant cars were introduced by Citroën of France, the Cord 810 of the United States managed a bit better in the late 1930s than its predecessor one decade earlier. These vehicles featured a layout that places the engine behind the transmission, another result of this design is a lengthened chassis
31.
Transversely mounted engine
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A transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engines crankshaft axis is perpendicular to the long axis of the vehicle. Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use this engine mounting configuration, the Critchley light car, made by the Daimler Motor Company in 1899, had a transverse engine with belt drive to the rear axle. A1911 front-wheel drive car had an engine with a clutch at each end. The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder DKW Front series of cars, after the Second World War, SAAB used the configuration in their first model, the Saab 92, in 1947. The arrangement was used for Borgwards Goliath and Hansa brand cars. However, it was with Alec Issigoniss Mini, introduced by the British Motor Corporation in 1959, Issigonis incorporated the cars gearbox into the engines sump, producing a drivetrain unit narrow enough to install transversely in a car only four feet wide. Coupled to the much greater interior space afforded by the layout this made the Mini a genuine alternative to the small family car. This design reached its ultimate extent starting with Dante Giacosas elaboration of it for Fiat and he connected the engine to its gearbox by a shaft and set the differential off-center so that it could be connected to the gearbox more easily. The axleshafts from the differential to the wheels therefore differed in length, Giacosas lay-out was first used in the Autobianchi Primula in 1964 and later in the wide-selling Fiat 128. With the gearbox mounted separately to the engine cars were by neccesity larger than the Mini. The Giacosa lay-out also provided superior refinement, easier repair and was better-suited to adopting five-speed transmissions than the original Issigonis in-sump design, now most small and small/medium-sized cars built throughout the world use this arrangement. The Lamborghini Miura used a transverse, mid-mounted 4 and this has also allowed for improved safety in a frontal impact, due to more front to back engine compartment space being created. The result is a front crumple zone. Transverse engines have also widely used in buses. In the United States they were offered in the early 1930s by Twin Coach and they were also used in the British Leyland Atlantean and in many transit buses and nearly all modern double decker buses. They have also widely used by Scania, MAN, Volvo. Motorcycles with a V-twin engine mounted with its crankshaft mounted in line with the frame, most Ducatis since the 1970s and most Harley-Davidsons, are said to have longitudinal engines. This convention uses the longest horizontal dimension of the engine as its axis instead of the line of the crankshaft, modern Motorcycle Technology, How Every Part of Your Motorcycle Works
32.
Crankshaft
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A crankshaft—related to crank—is a mechanical part able to perform a conversion between reciprocating motion and rotational motion. In a reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion, whereas in a reciprocating compressor, a Roman iron crank of yet unknown purpose dating to the 2nd century AD was excavated in Augusta Raurica, Switzerland. The 82.5 cm long piece has fitted to one end a 15 cm long bronze handle, the accompanying inscription is in Greek. The crank and connecting rod mechanisms of the other two archaeologically attested sawmills worked without a gear train, al-Jazari described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water-raising machines. His twin-cylinder pump incorporated a crankshaft, though the device was unnecessarily complex, the Italian physician Guido da Vigevano, planning for a new crusade, made illustrations for a paddle boat and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels. In Renaissance Italy, the earliest evidence of a crank and connecting-rod is found in the sketch books of Taccola. A sound grasp of the motion involved is demonstrated a little later by Pisanello. One of the drawings of the Anonymous of the Hussite Wars shows a boat with a pair of paddle-wheels at each end turned by men operating compound cranks. Crankshafts were also described by Konrad Kyeser, Leonardo da Vinci and his wind-powered sawmill used a crankshaft to convert a windmills circular motion into a back-and-forward motion powering the saw. Corneliszoon was granted a patent for his crankshaft in 1597, large engines are usually multicylinder to reduce pulsations from individual firing strokes, with more than one piston attached to a complex crankshaft. Many small engines, such as found in mopeds or garden machinery, are single cylinder and use only a single piston. A crankshaft is subjected to stresses, potentially equivalent of several tonnes of force. The crankshaft is connected to the fly-wheel, the block, using bearings on the main journals. An engine loses up to 75% of its energy in the form of friction, noise and vibration in the crankcase. The remaining losses occur in the heat and blow by. The crankshaft has a linear axis about which it rotates, typically with several bearing journals riding on replaceable bearings held in the engine block. As the crankshaft undergoes a great deal of sideways load from each cylinder in an engine, it must be supported by several such bearings. This was a factor in the rise of V8 engines, with their shorter crankshafts, the long crankshafts of the latter suffered from an unacceptable amount of flex when engine designers began using higher compression ratios and higher rotational speeds
33.
DKW Typ 4=8
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The DKW Typ 4=8 is a small rear-wheel drive two-stroke V4 engined car produced at the company’s Spandau plant by DKW. The name “Sonderklasse” which the car used between 1932 and 1934 does not translate comfortably into English, but one translation of “Sonder” is “special” and one translation of “Klasse” is class. The name “Sonderklasse” became associated with unfortunate publicity involving car body failures and the car was renamed in 1934, the car launched in 1929 had a 4-cylinder V4 engine of 980cc mounted at the front and fed by two fuel pumps. Power, maximum output of which was claimed at 25PS, was transmitted to the wheels via a 3-speed manual transmission controlled from a lever in the middle of the floor. The wheels were attached to rigid axles suspended on a traditional transverse leaf spring. Like its smaller predecessor the car came with a timber frame body coated with synthetic leather, at this stage the only body offered was a two-door four seater “limousine” sedan/saloon with a perpendicular style characteristic of the period. When it became clear that fuel and spark-plug consumption were still excessive, a replacement model was introduced in 1930 and this had a smaller 782cc engine and only 20 PS of claimed power. The performance of the car was reduced, but not the fuel consumption, the engine tended to overheat, even in cold weather, and could become very jerky in operation. The car was now offered either as a two-door “cabrio-limousine” or as a two seater cabriolet. In 1931 engine capacity was increased again, now to 990cc, the name changed to DKW 4=8 Typ V1000. 1931 was also the year that the mechanically operated brake system was replaced by a hydraulically controlled one, an interim replacement in 1932 was primarily distinguished by reshaped front wheel arches and slightly more stylish bodywork at the front. The car also acquired a new name and a new gear box, the wheel base was also moderately lengthened from 2,700 mm to 2,760 mm. Later in 1932, in October, the car appeared with a further lengthened wheel base, the name was modified to DKW1001 Sonderklasse and the rear suspension was redesigned, now featuring a “floating axle” suspended from a high level laterally mounted leaf spring. The wheelbase was lengthened, this time from 2,760 mm to 2,850 mm. Engine capacity now increased to 1054cc and claimed power output to 32 PS and this was not a “completely new engine”, however, the stroke length of 68.5 mm remained unchanged as did the 2-stroke 4-cylinder configuration. The Schwebeklasse came with a more streamlined silhouette than its predecessor, with longer front. The choice of bodies was now between a four-seater “limousine” and a four seater “cabrio-limousine”, a two-seater cabriolet was no longer offered. The name DKW Sonderklasse returned in 1937, the engine and suspension were unchanged from those on the previous year’s car
34.
V4 engine
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A V4 engine is a type of four-cylinder engine, a V engine with four cylinders. A V4 engine typically has three main bearings, usually one bank of cylinders will comprise cylinders # 1&3, and the other bank # 2&4. For reasons of packaging, the Honda VFR1200 has a 1&4, a disadvantage is that, as with a V-twin, it is more difficult to locate ancillaries, inlet systems, and exhaust systems. A V4 is usually expensive to produce than an equivalent in-line four. Also, while a V-4 is essentially two V-twins side-by-side, a V4 can have a couple that is not present in a V-twin. The compact 60° V4 is not perfectly smooth and needs a balance shaft, one of the earliest V4 internal combustion engines was that designed by Émile Mors of Paris to power his motor-car of 1897. The 90 degree V-angle with central camshaft and spark ignition meant its layout is much more modern engines. At the time the lack of vibration from this layout was a key selling point, the V4 engine has not been widely used in cars. AMC, Ford, Lancia and ZAZ were the companies to manufacture such an engine. Lancia produced several narrow-angle V4 engines from the 1920s through 1960s for cars like the Lambda, Augusta, Artena, Aprilia, Ardea, Appia and this engine was unsuitable for regular passenger car use, mainly due to its relatively small displacement and power output. Ford of Europe produced two totally different V4 engines with a shaft, one in the UK and one in Germany, The British Ford Essex V4 engine, mainly used in the Ford Transit. The German Ford Taunus V4 engine The Ukrainian manufacturer ZAZ used an air-cooled V4 with a shaft, produced by MeMZ and used in Zaporozhets. In 2014, Porsche announced that their 919 Hybrid Le Mans Prototype would use a small-capacity, in modern cars with V8 engines and variable displacement technology, the engine will enter V4 mode during light load conditions such as highway cruising. This technology is known as Active Fuel Management in the Chevrolet Corvette, in the 1930s, the Matchless Silver Hawk used a narrow-angle V4, while Puch used a very wide-angle V4. V4 engines are more recently found in motorcycles, typically transversely mounted and this engine design enjoyed particular popularity during the mid-to-late 1980s, especially in Honda motorcycles. Honda VFR400R Honda VFR750F Honda VFR1200F Motus MST with a longitudinal engine, the company discontinued its water-cooled versions by 1939, and manufactured only air-cooled V4 petrol engines in various displacements for industrial, agricultural, and stationary applications. Farm equipment manufacturers sourced Wisconsin V4s as they offered compact size, in 1968, the largest in the Wisconsin gasoline line was the new V-465D, a 177 cu in V4 rated at 65.9 hp at 3000 rpm. Standard features include controlled pressurized lubrication to provide full-time oiling to all working parts, Wisconsin Motors continues to produce V4 engines for specialized applications
35.
Forced induction
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Forced induction is the process of delivering compressed air to the intake of an internal combustion engine. A forced induction engine uses a gas compressor to increase the pressure, temperature, an engine without forced induction is considered a naturally aspirated engine. Forced induction is used in the automotive and aviation industry to increase engine power, a forced induction engine is essentially two compressors in series. The compression stroke of the engine is the compression that every engine has. An additional compressor feeding into the intake of the engine causes forced induction of air, a compressor feeding pressure into another greatly increases the total compression ratio of the entire system. This intake pressure is called boost and this particularly helps aviation engines, as they need to operate at higher altitudes with lower air densities. Higher compression engines have the benefit of maximizing the amount of useful energy evolved per unit of fuel, therefore, the thermal efficiency of the engine is increased in accordance with the vapour power cycle analysis of the second law of thermodynamics. The reason all engines are not higher compression is because for any given octane and this is called preignition, detonation or knock and can cause severe engine damage. High compression on a naturally aspirated engine can reach the detonation threshold fairly easily, however, a forced induction engine can have a higher total compression without detonation because the air charge can be cooled after the first stage of compression, using an intercooler. One of the concerns in internal combustion emissions is a factor called the NOx fraction. This level is government regulated for emissions as commonly seen at inspection stations, high compression causes high combustion temperatures. High combustion temperatures lead to higher NOx emissions, thus forced induction can give higher NOx fractions, two commonly used forced-induction compressors are turbochargers and superchargers. A turbocharger is a centrifugal compressor driven by the flow of exhaust gasses, superchargers use various different types of compressors but are all powered directly by the rotation of the engine, usually through a belt drive. The compressor can be centrifugal or a Roots-type for positive displacement compression, an example of an internal compressor is a screw-type supercharger or a piston compressor. A turbocharger relies on the volume and velocity of exhaust gases to spin the turbine wheel, the boost pressure made can be regulated by a system of release valves and electronic controllers. This delay in power delivery is referred to as turbo lag, any given turbo design is inherently one of compromise, a smaller turbo will spool quickly and deliver full boost pressure at low engine speeds, but boost pressure will suffer at high engine RPM. A larger turbo, on the hand, will provide improved high-rev performance at the expense of low-end response. Other common design issues include limited turbine lifespan, due to the high exhaust temperatures it must withstand, superchargers have almost no lag time to build pressure because the compressor is always spinning proportionally to the engine speed
36.
V6 engine
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A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the crankshaft in two banks of three cylinders, usually set at either a 60 or 90 degree angle to each other. The V6 is one of the most compact engine configurations, usually ranging from 2.0 L to 4.3 L displacement, shorter than the inline 4, because of its short length, the V6 fits well in the widely used transverse engine front-wheel drive layout. The V6 engine has become widely adopted for medium-sized cars, often as an engine where an inline 4 is standard. Modern V6 engines commonly range in displacement from 2.0 to 4.3 L, though larger and smaller examples have been produced, such as the 1991 Mazda MX3, some of the first V6-powered automobiles were built in 1905 by Marmon. This firm became something of a V-engine specialist, beginning with V2 engines, then V4s, V6s, V8s, and, in the 1930s, Marmon was one of the few automakers of the world to offer a V16-powered automobile. From 1908 to 1913 the Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik produced benzene electric train sets used a V6 as generator engine. Another V6-powered car was designed in 1918 by Leo Goosen for Buick Chief Engineer Walter L. Marr, only one prototype Buick V6 car was built in 1918, it was long used by the Marr family. The first series-production V6 was introduced by Lancia in 1950 with the Lancia Aurelia model, Lancia sought a smoother and more powerful engine that would fit into an existing narrow engine bay. A Lancia engineer, Francesco De Virgilio, began analyzing the vibration of alternative V-angles for a V6 engine in 1943 and he found that a V6 with its cylinders positioned at a 60° V-angle could be made uniquely smooth-running in comparison with other possible V-angles. There was resistance to his conclusion, because the V6 was a virtually unknown engine type in the 1950s and his design featured four main bearings and six crankpins, resulting in evenly spaced firing intervals and low vibrations. Other manufacturers took note and soon other V6 engines were designed, the use of the sweet spot of 60 degrees V-angle maximized power while minimizing vibration and exterior dimensions of the engine. In short, GMC introduced a compact V6 design at a time when the engine was considered the pinnacle of 6-cylinder design. To save design time and expense, it was much like a V8 that had two cylinders chopped off. This uneven firing caused harmonic vibrations in the train that were perceived as a rough-running engine by the buyers. GM sold the tooling to Kaiser-Jeep in 1967, later, as a result of the 1973 oil crisis. In 1977, Buick introduced a split pin crankshaft to implement a version of this engine in which cylinders fired consistently every 120°. The V6 does not have the inherent freedom from vibration that the inline-six and flat-six have, counterweights on the crankshaft and a counter rotating balance shaft are required to compensate for the first order rocking motions. This causes an end-to-end rocking motion at crankshaft speed in a straight-three engine and this results in an engine which is short, light, and relatively smooth, but too wide for most engine compartments
37.
Spark plug
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A spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator. The central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by an insulated wire to the output terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plugs shell is screwed into the engines cylinder head. Spark plugs may also be used in applications such as furnaces wherein a combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In this case, they are referred to as flame igniters. In 1860 Étienne Lenoir used a spark plug in his gas engine. Early patents for spark plugs included those by Nikola Tesla, Frederick Richard Simms, helen Blair Bartlett also played a vital role in making the insulator in 1930. The plug is connected to the voltage generated by an ignition coil or magneto. As current flows from the coil, a voltage develops between the central and side electrodes. Initially no current can flow because the fuel and air in the gap is an insulator, once the voltage exceeds the dielectric strength of the gases, the gases become ionized. The ionized gas becomes a conductor and allows current to flow across the gap, spark plugs usually require voltage of 12, 000–25,000 volts or more to fire properly, although it can go up to 45,000 volts. They supply higher current during the process, resulting in a hotter. As the current of electrons surges across the gap, it raises the temperature of the channel to 60,000 K. The intense heat in the channel causes the ionized gas to expand very quickly. This is the click heard when observing a spark, similar to lightning and thunder. The heat and pressure force the gases to react with each other, the size of this fireball, or kernel, depends on the exact composition of the mixture between the electrodes and the level of combustion chamber turbulence at the time of the spark. A small kernel will make the run as though the ignition timing was retarded. A spark plug is composed of a shell, insulator and the central conductor, spark plugs are specified by size, either thread or nut, sealing type, and spark gap
38.
Prototype
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A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from. It is a used in a variety of contexts, including semantics, design, electronics. A prototype is used to evaluate a new design to enhance precision by system analysts. Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real, working system rather than a theoretical one, in some design workflow models, creating a prototype is the step between the formalization and the evaluation of an idea. The word prototype derives from the Greek πρωτότυπον prototypon, primitive form, neutral of πρωτότυπος prototypos, original, primitive, from πρῶτος protos, first and τύπος typos, a Working Prototype represents all or nearly all of the functionality of the final product. A Visual Prototype represents the size and appearance, but not the functionality, a User Experience Prototype represents enough of the appearance and function of the product that it can be used for user research. A Functional Prototype captures both function and appearance of the design, though it may be created with different techniques. A Paper Prototype is a printed or hand-drawn representation of the interface of a software product. In some cases, the final production materials may still be undergoing development themselves, process - Mass-production processes are often unsuitable for making a small number of parts, so prototypes may be made using different fabrication processes than the final product. Differences in fabrication process may lead to differences in the appearance of the prototype as compared to the final product, verification - The final product may be subject to a number of quality assurance tests to verify conformance with drawings or specifications. These tests may involve custom inspection fixtures, statistical sampling methods, prototypes are generally made with much closer individual inspection and the assumption that some adjustment or rework will be part of the fabrication process. Prototypes may also be exempted from some requirements that apply to the final product. Engineers and prototype specialists will attempt to minimize the impact of these differences on the role for the prototype. Engineers and prototyping specialists seek to understand the limitations of prototypes to exactly simulate the characteristics of their intended design and it is important to realize that by their very definition, prototypes will represent some compromise from the final production design. Due to differences in materials, processes and design fidelity, it is possible that a prototype may fail to perform acceptably whereas the design may have been sound. In general, it can be expected that individual prototype costs will be greater than the final production costs due to inefficiencies in materials. Prototypes are also used to revise the design for the purposes of reducing costs through optimization and it is possible to use prototype testing to reduce the risk that a design may not perform as intended, however prototypes generally cannot eliminate all risk. As an alternative, rapid prototyping or rapid application development techniques are used for the prototypes, which implement part
39.
Straight-three engine
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A straight-three engine, also known as an inline-triple, or inline-three, is a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with three cylinders arranged in a straight line or plane, side by side. Straight-three engines generally employ a crank angle of 120° and this gives perfect first and second order balance on reciprocating mass, but an end-to-end rocking motion is induced because there is no symmetry in the piston velocities about the middle piston. The use of a balance shaft reduces this undesirable effect, an inline three-cylinder engine with 180° crankshaft can be found in early examples of the Laverda Jota motorcycle made by Italian manufacturer Laverda. In these engines, the outer rise and fall together like a 360° straight-two engine. The inner cylinder is offset 180° from the outer cylinders, in these engines, cylinder number one fires, then 180° later cylinder number two fires, and then 180° later cylinder number three fires. There is no power stroke on the final 180° of rotation and this unusual crank angle came to be due to lack of proper tooling at the factory, which also made vertical twin engines that utilized a 180° crankshaft. After 1982, this engine had the regular 120° crank angle, the smallest inline-three, four-stroke automobile engine was the 543 cubic centimetres Suzuki F5A, which was first used in the 1979 Suzuki Alto/Fronte. Smart currently produces a diminutive 799 cubic centimetres diesel engine. Most inline-three engines fall below 1.2 litres, with a 1,198 cubic centimetres Volkswagen Group unit seen as the largest inline-three petrol engine. A1,779 cubic centimetres diesel engine was produced by VM Motori for the 1984 Alfa Romeo 331.8 TD, detroit Diesel Series 71 and Series 53 engines were available in 3 cylinder form for trucks and farm tractors. Basic versions of the Suzuki Swift used a 993 cc inline-three-cylinder engine, the same engine was also used in the Suzuki Wagon R+, with multi-point injection. The Opel models previously used a 973 cc engine, which was featured on the second generation of the Opel Corsa. Some Daihatsu cars use straight-three engines, the Charade and the Mira/Cuore uses this engine type. Three-cylinder 1. 0-litre diesel and turbodiesel engines were offered in Daihatsu Charades. Korean cars Daewoo Tico, based on the 1988 Suzuki Alto, the Volkswagen Group is known for using three-cylinder petrol and diesel engines, in the Audi A2, Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Fox, Volkswagen Lupo, SEAT Ibiza, SEAT Córdoba and Škoda Fabia. It was used in the 3L versions of the Audi A2, another three-cylinder engine is the 1.2 TDI diesel launched with the fifth generation of Volkswagen Polo, that uses common rail injection. Subaru used an engine in the Subaru Justy, and the export version of the Subaru Sambar, called the Subaru Sumo. Mitsubishi has made use of three-cylinder engines, which have also been used in the Smart ForTwo, since 2004 on the Mitsubishi Colt
40.
Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau
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Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau, usually abbreviated as IFA, was a conglomerate and a union of companies for vehicle construction in the former East Germany. IFA produced bicycles, motorcycles, light vehicles, automobiles, vans. All East German vehicle manufacturers were part of the IFA, including Barkas, EMW, IWL, MZ, Multicar, Robur, Sachsenring, IFA cars were based on pre-war DKW designs and made in the former Horch factory in Zwickau. The F8 had a two-cylinder 684 cc engine, and the F9 had a three-cylinder 804 cc unit, the F8 bodies were straight copies of the pre-war models, and rapidly looked old-fashioned, but some had more modern coachwork by Baur of Stuttgart, then in West Germany. The three cylinder cars had not got into production before war broke out in 1939, and so had more up to date bodies similar to the West German DKWs, more than 26,000 F8s and 30,000 F9s were built. IWL produced W50 and L60 trucks and Robur light trucks and vans, the IFA badge was dropped from cars in 1956, and the F8s became Zwickau P70s, and the F9 was rebodied to become the Wartburg and production transferred to Eisenach. UK-based official Wartburg, Trabant and IFA owners club
41.
Wartburg (car)
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The Wartburg was a car marque manufactured in East Germany. The name Wartburg derives from Wartburg Castle on one of the hills overlooking the town of Eisenach where the cars were manufactured, from the 1950s, Wartburgs had a three-cylinder two-stroke engine with only seven major moving parts. The marque dates back to 1898 when a car made by Automobilwerk Eisenach was named the Wartburgwagen and it consisted of a two-seating cane chair, four mudgards, two headlamps, and a two-cylinder, 765-cc engine. Its top speed was 25 mph, the name was dropped in 1904 when the company changed hands but re-appeared briefly in the early 1930s on the BMW 3/15 DA-3 Wartburg, which was BMWs first sports car. The name was revived in 1956 by VEB Automobilwerk Eisenach and given to a version of their IFA F9 car which had been in production since 1950. The new car had a powerful version of the three-cylinder two-stroke engine driving the front wheels. By this time, Germany had been divided into two countries and the Wartburg factory was in the communist East, exports to West Germany started in 1958, and by the early 1960s the car was exported to many other countries, including the United Kingdom and United States. Right hand drive models were first made in 1963 and exported to Cyprus, however, just 550 examples were sold in the UK. These were well equipped two-tone luxury models sold at the price as a basic Austin Mini. The 311 model was manufactured in a number of variations, including pickup, estate, a convertible was advertised in the GDR in 1957 but its production never exceeded 350 units. The engine was enlarged to 992 cc in 1962 and a new body was manufactured after 1966. This version, the 353, was sold as the Wartburg Knight in several countries, including the UK and it remained on sale until 1976, by which time nearly 20,000 had been sold. This marked the end of right-hand drive Wartburgs, but left-hand drive versions continued to be imported to the UK, because the engine was a two stroke unit, it relied on the passage of the petrol mixture to lubricate the engine. With the freewheel device disabled, the engine could be starved of lubricant, nevertheless, disengaging the freewheel device was recommended to give engine braking in snowy or icy conditions. The 353W modification had a new, round-shaped dashboard and black-coloured grille and it was also fitted with disc brakes on the front axle. The 353S modification featured new rectangular headlights integrated into the grille of a new shape, in the De Luxe version you can see electronic ignition, 5-speed gearbox, front and back fog lights, alarm system and central lock door. Usually this model can reach around 150-155 km/h, moreover, the radiator was moved from behind the engine to the classic position behind the grille. The engine of the car was with 50,55 or 57 HP, fuel economy was barely acceptable for run-about driving
42.
Zwickau
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Zwickau (German pronunciation, Sorbian, Šwikawa, Czech Cvikov, is a town in Saxony, Germany, it is the capital of the district of Zwickau. Zwickau is situated in a valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge mountains and is within the Saxon triangle, the town has approximately 100,000 inhabitants, but has a regional catchment area of over 480,000 people. From 1834 until 1952 Zwickau was the seat of the government of the region of Saxony. Zwickau, known as the city of automobiles, is the centre of the Saxon automotive industry, well known beyond Germanys borders are car makers such as Horch, Audi, Auto Union, Trabant and Volkswagen. Since 2000 its history has been presented in the August-Horch Museum, the University of Applied Sciences Zwickau trains automotive engineers. The valley of the 166 kilometres long Zwickauer Mulde river stretches from the Vogtland to Colditz Castle at the other end, the Silver Road, Saxonys longest tourist route, connects Dresden with Zwickau. The ADAC City Guide 2005 wrote, The town of Zwickau has transformed itself over the years from a mining town into an elegant Art Nouveau town. Zwickau can be reached by car via the nearby Autobahns A4 and A72, the region around Zwickau was settled by Slavs as early as the 7th century. The name Zwickau is probably a Germanisation of the Sorbian toponym Šwikawa, which derives from Svarozič, in the 10th century, German settlers began arriving and the native Slavs were Christianized. A trading place known as terretorio Zcwickaw was mentioned in 1118, the settlement received a town charter in 1212 and hosted Franciscans and Cistercians during the 13th century. Zwickau was an imperial city from 1290–1323, but was subsequently granted to the Margraviate of Meissen. Although regional mining began in 1316, extensive mining increased with the discovery of silver in the Schneeberg in 1470, because of the silver ore deposits in the Erzgebirge, Zwickau developed in the 15th and 16th centuries and grew to be an important economic and cultural centre of Saxony. Its nine churches include the Gothic church of St. Mary, with a spire 285 ft. high, the church contains an altar with wood carvings, eight paintings by Michael Wohlgemuth and a pietà in carved and painted wood by Peter Breuer. The late Gothic church of St. Catharine has an altar piece ascribed to Lucas Cranach the elder, the town hall was begun in 1404 and rebuilt many times since. The municipal archives include documents dating back to the 13th century, in 1520 Martin Luther dedicated his treatise On the Freedom of the Christian Man to his friend Hermann Muehlpfort, the Lord Mayor of Zwickau. The Anabaptist movement of 1525 began at Zwickau under the inspiration of the Zwickau prophets, after Wittenberg, it became the first city in Europe to join the Lutheran Reformation. The late Gothic Gewandhaus, was built in 1522–24 and is now converted into a theatre, the city was seriously damaged during the Thirty Years War. The old city of Zwickau, perched on a hill, is surrounded by heights with extensive forests, in the Old Town the Cathedral and the Gewandhaus originate in the 16th century and when Schneeberg silver was traded
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East Germany
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East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
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Saab Automobile
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Saab Automobile AB /ˈsɑːb/ was a manufacturer of automobiles that was founded in Sweden in 1945 when its parent company, SAAB AB, began a project to design a small automobile. The first production model, the Saab 92, was launched in 1949, in 1968 the parent company merged with Scania-Vabis, and ten years later the Saab 900 was launched, in time becoming Saabs best-selling model. In the mid-1980s the new Saab 9000 model also appeared, in 1989, the automobile division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB. In 2010 GM sold Saab Automobile AB to the Dutch automobile manufacturer Spyker Cars N. V, on 13 June 2012, it was announced that a newly formed company called National Electric Vehicle Sweden had bought Saab Automobiles bankrupt estate. According to Saab United, the first NEVS Saab 9-3 drove off its line on 19 September 2013. NEVS lost its license to manufacture automobiles under the Saab name in the summer of 2014, Saab AB, Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget, a Swedish aerospace and defence company, was created in 1937 in Linköping. The company had established in 1937 for the express purpose of building aircraft for the Swedish Air Force to protect the countrys neutrality as Europe moved closer to World War II. As the war drew towards a close and the market for fighter planes seemed to weaken, an automobile design project was started in 1945 with the internal name X9248. The design project became known as Project 92, the 92 being next in production sequence after the Saab 91. In 1948, a site in Trollhättan was converted to allow automobile assembly and the project moved there, along with the car manufacturing headquarters. The company made four prototypes named Ursaab or original Saab, numbered 92001 through to 92004, before designing the production model, the Saab 92 went into production in December 1949, selling 20,000 cars through the mid-1950s. The 92 was thoroughly redesigned and re-engineered in 1955, and was renamed the Saab 93, the cars engine gained a cylinder, going from two to three and its front fascia became the first to sport the first incarnation of Saabs trademark trapezoidal radiator grill. A wagon variant, the Saab 95, was added in 1959, the decade also saw Saabs first performance car, the Saab 94, the first of the Saab Sonetts. 1960 saw the major revision to the 92s platform in the Saab 96. The 96 was an important model for Saab, it was the first Saab to be exported out of Sweden. It proved very popular, selling nearly 550,000 examples, even more important to the companys fortunes was 1968s Saab 99. The 99 was the first all-new Saab in 19 years, and unlike its predecessors, the 99 had many innovations and features that would come to define Saabs for decades, wraparound windscreen, self-repairing bumpers, headlamp washers and side-impact door beams. The design by Sixten Sason was no less revolutionary than the underlying technology, in 1969, Saab AB merged with the Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer Scania-Vabis AB to form Saab-Scania AB, under the Wallenberg family umbrella
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Saab two-stroke
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The first Saab two-stroke engine was based on a DKW design. The SAAB engine, a two-cylinder with 764 cc engine displacement and 25 hp was transversally placed in the 1950 -1956 Saab 92, with the 1954 model engine output was raised to 28 hp. It had some features found in modern cars such as one ignition coil per cylinder. The second type of SAAB two stroke engine was a longitudinally placed 3 cylinder of 748 cc and initially 33 hp. This engine was used in the Saabs 93,94, Saab Sonett II,95,96, Saab GT750, the Saab Formula Junior, the engine is fitted with a belt driven DC dynamo combined with a coolant water pump. The 1958-59 Sports version of the 93B had 48-50 hp in base version and 57 hp in super version and this model had triple carburetors and a motor oil injection system, rather than oil pre-mixed with the petrol. From 1959 displacement was raised to 841 cc with 38 hp, for model year 1966, the standard 3-cylinder two-stroke engine was fitted with triple carburetors. From model year 1967 it began to be replaced with the Ford Taunus V4 engine, a special version was built for the United States 1968 model year, sleeved down to 795 cc to avoid new emission regulations which exempted engines under 50 cu in. SAAB also made some experimental V6 engines, by mounting two three cylinder two-stroke engines together, at an angle, one had carburetors on the outside, while another was more conventional, with a carburetor in between the two blocks
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Saab 92
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Saab 92 is the first production automobile from Saab. The design was very aerodynamic for its time, with a drag coefficient ) of 0.30, the entire body was stamped out of one piece of sheet metal and then cut to accommodate doors and windows. Full-scale production started December 12,1949, based on the prototype Ursaab, all of them were of the Deluxe version. A standard version was advertised, but nobody was interested in buying it so no standard versions were produced. The engine was a mounted, water-cooled two-cylinder, two-stroke 764 cc,25 hp thermosiphon engine based on a DKW design. The transmission had three gears, the first unsynchronised, in order to overcome the problems of oil starvation during overrun for the two-stroke engine, a freewheel device was fitted. The suspension was by torsion bars, all early Saab 92s were painted in a dark green colour similar to British racing green. According to some sources, Saab had a surplus of green paint from wartime production of airplanes, Saabs rally history already started two weeks after the 92 was released, when Saabs head engineer Rolf Mellde entered the Swedish Rally and came second in his class. Only 7001950 models were made, in 1951, the German VDO instruments were replaced by American Stewart-Warner components. In 1952 Greta Molander won the Coupe des Dames of the Monte Carlo Rally in a 92, in 1953, the 92B arrived with a much larger rear window and larger luggage space. It was now available in grey, blue-grey, black and green, in 1954 the Saab 92 got the new Solex 32BI carburetor and a new ignition coil giving 28 hp. The US headlights were replaced with Hella units, another novelty was that a textile roof was offered as an option. The colour maroon was also introduced this year, in 1955, it acquired an electric fuel pump and square tail lights installed in the rear fenders. The colours were grey, maroon and a new color, moss green and this was reputedly the first-ever Saab car imported to the UK. The Saab 93 was introduced in December 1955, but both the 92B and 93 were produced at the time, for a while. The last 92 was assembled in late 1956–early 1957, two new colours, grey-green and beige, were available. A total of 20,128 Saab 92s were made, the Saab 92 appears on a Swedish postage stamp. In May 2010, Spykers CEO Victor Muller stated the firm was planning a new small car, tear-drop shaped and inspired by the Saab 92 model
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Rally Finland
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Rally Finland is a rally competition held in Jyväskylä in the Finnish Lakeland in Central Finland. The rally is driven on wide and smooth gravel roads, featuring blind crests and it is the fastest event in the World Rally Championship and has been dubbed the Grand Prix of Rallying and the Grand Prix on Gravel. Rally Finland is among the largest annually organised public events in the Nordic countries, Rally Finland was first held under the name Jyväskylän Suurajot in 1951. With increasing international attention, it part of the European Rally Championship programme in 1959. After the start of the World Rally Championship in 1973, the event became the Finnish round in the series, Rally Finland is now among the most popular and prestigious rallies in the championship. The difficulty of this rally for non-Nordic drivers made notable competitors such as Walter Rohrl, previously, the entries had been decided in the Hanko Run in Southern Finland. The regulations in this race were not close to those of the Monte Carlo Rally, in July 1951, Pentti Barcks proposal for an annual competition in Jyväskylä was accepted. The first-ever rally began on 1 September 1951 as Jyväskylän Suurajot,26 entrants tackled the 1,700 kilometre route that stretched to Rovaniemi in Lapland, through Kokkola and Oulu, and back to the rally headquarters in Jyväskylä. The 1952 event included Helsinki as a starting point and the field expanded to 48 entries. Eino Elo was the driver to finish the route and the acceleration. In 1953, Oulu was added as a starting point. The 1954 running of the saw the introduction of the international name The Rally of the Thousand Lakes. There were now eleven starting cities, one of which was Sundsvall in neighbouring Sweden, in 1955, the event became increasingly closer to the format of a modern rally competition, the number of special stages was increased to eleven, marking the highest amount in any European rally. Elo and Peugeot became the first two-time winners of the event, the 1956 rally featured 19 stages totaling 1,800 kilometres. In 1957, the rally had a number of entries from foreign countries. The event also started the Finland-Sweden international in rallying, comparable to the traditional Finland-Sweden athletics international, Swedens Erik Carlsson drove his Saab 93 to victory as the first non-Finn. In the 19581000 Lakes, documented by a 20th Century Fox film crew, brothers Osmo and Eino Kalpala took a record third win in an Alfa Romeo Giulietta TI, which marked the first victory for an Italian car. In 1959, the 1000 Lakes Rally was included in the European Rally Championship calendar and it was also one of the four rallies that counted towards the first-ever Finnish Rally Championship
