1.
Nepal
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Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises,13 sub-metropolises,246 municipal councils and 481 village and it has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the worlds ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. It is a nation with Nepali as the official language. The territory of Nepal has a history since the Neolithic age. The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age, the era which founded Hinduism, in the middle of the first millennium BCE, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet, the Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilization. It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala, the Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valleys traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture, by the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, the country was never colonized but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India. In the 20th century, Nepal ended its isolation and forged ties with regional powers. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951, but was suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008, modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic. Nepal is a nation, ranking 144th on the Human Development Index in 2016. The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic and it also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty. Despite these challenges, Nepal is making progress, with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022
2.
Hill
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A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a summit, although in areas with scarp/dip topography a hill may refer to a particular section of flat terrain without a massive summit. The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is considered to be less tall. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defines hill as an upland with a height up to 200 m. Today, a mountain is usually defined in the UK and Ireland as any summit at least 2,000 feet high, some definitions include a topographical prominence requirement, typically 100 feet or 500 feet. In practice, mountains in Scotland are frequently referred to as no matter what their height, as reflected in names such as the Cuillin Hills. In Wales, the distinction is more a term of land use, for a while, the U. S. defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet or more tall. Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill, the United States Geological Survey, however, has concluded that these terms do not in fact have technical definitions in the U. S. A hillock is a small hill, other words include knoll and its variant, knowe. Artificial hills may be referred to by a variety of names, including mound. Various names used to describe types of hill, based on appearance and these include, Drumlin – an elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. Butte – an isolated hill with steep sides and a flat top. Kuppe – a rounded hill or low mountain, typical of central Europe Tor – a rock found on a hilltop, also used to refer to the hill. Puy – used especially in the Auvergne, France, to describe a conical volcanic hill, pingo – a mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic and Antarctica. For example, Ancient Rome was built on seven hills, protecting it from invaders, in northern Europe, many ancient monuments are sited in heaps. Some of these are structures, but others appear to have hardly any significance. In Britain, many churches at the tops of hills are thought to have built on the sites of earlier pagan holy places. The National Cathedral in Washington, DC has followed this tradition and was built on the highest hill in that city, Hills provide a major advantage to an army, giving them an elevated firing position and forcing an opposing army to charge uphill to attack them
3.
Geography of Nepal
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Nepal measures about 800 kilometers along its Himalayan axis by 150 to 250 kilometers across. Nepal has an area of 147,181 square kilometers, Nepal is landlocked by India on three sides and Chinas Tibet Autonomous Region to the north. West Bengals narrow Siliguri Corridor or Chickens Neck separate Nepal and Bangladesh, to the east are India and Bhutan. Nepal depends on India for goods facilities and access to the sea. For a small country, Nepal has tremendous geographic diversity, along a south-to-north transect, Nepal can be divided into three belts, Terai, Hill and Mountain Regions. In the other direction, it is divided into three major systems, from east to west, Koshi, Gandaki/Narayani and Karnali, all tributaries of the Ganges. The Ganges-Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra watershed largely coincides with the Nepal-Tibet border, however several Ganges tributaries rise inside Tibet, the Terai or Madhesh region begins at the Indian border and includes the southernmost part of the flat, intensively farmed Gangetic Plain called the Outer Terai. By the 19th century, timber and other resources were being exported to India, the Outer Terai is culturally more similar to adjacent parts of Indias Bihar and Uttar Pradesh than to the hill region of Nepal. Nepali is taught in schools and often spoken in government offices, however the population mostly uses Maithali, Bhojpuri. The Outer Terai ends at the base of the first range of foothills called the Siwaliks or Churia and this range has a densely forested skirt of coarse alluvium called the bhabhar. Below the bhabhar, finer, less permeable sediments force groundwater to the surface in a zone of springs, in Persian, terai refers to wet or marshy ground. Before the use of DDT this was dangerously malarial, Nepals rulers used this for a defensive frontier called the char kose jhadi. Above the bhabhar belt, the Siwaliks rise to about 700 metres with peaks as high as 1,000 metres and this range is composed of poorly consolidated, coarse sediments that do not retain water or support soil development so there is virtually no agricultural potential and sparse population. In several places beyond the Siwaliks there are dūn valleys called Inner Terai and these valleys have productive soil but were dangerously malarial except to indigenous Tharu people who had genetic resistance. In the mid-1950s DDT came into use to suppress mosquitos and the way was open to settlement from the land-poor hills, the terai ends and the Hills begin at a higher range of foothills called the Mahabharat Range. Situated south of the Mountain Region, the Hill Region is mostly betw altitude. This region begins at the Mahabharat Range where a system called the Main Boundary Thrust creates an escarpment 1,000 to 1,500 metres high. These steep southern slopes are nearly uninhabited, thus an effective buffer between languages and culture in the Terai and Hill regions, Hindu Paharis mainly populate river and stream bottoms that enable rice cultivation and are warm enough for winter/spring crops of wheat and potato
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Planet symbols
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A planet symbol is a graphical symbol either in astrology or astronomy representing either a classical planet or one of the eight modern planets. In alchemy, the symbols are used to represent the metals which are associated with the respective planets. The use of symbols is based in ancient Greco-Roman tradition. In certain cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables, the planet symbols are encoded by Unicode in the Miscellaneous Symbols block. The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri, early forms are also found in medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved. These cross-marks first appear in the late 15th or early 16th century, according to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods. Earth is not, of course, one of the classical planets and its status as planet is a consequence of the development of heliocentrism. Alternatively, there is the globus cruciger, now most commonly used as planetary symbol, the globus cruciger symbol is also used as an alchemical symbol of antimony. Uranus, The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery in 1781, one symbol, invented by J. G. This symbol also combines the symbols of Mars and the Sun because in Greek Mythology, Uranus represented heaven, and represents the power of Mars spear. Another symbol, was suggested by Lalande in 1784, in a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom. Neptune, Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had support in this from the observatory director, François Arago. However, this met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planets discoverer Sir William Herschel, professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburgh defended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol. Meanwhile, Struve presented the name Neptune on December 29,1846, in August 1847, the Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune, with Arago refraining from participating in this decision. Pluto was also considered a planet from its discovery in 1930 until its re-classification as a planet in 2007. The symbol used for Pluto was a ligature of the letters P and L
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Kami
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Kami are the spirits or phenomena that are worshiped in the religion of Shinto. They can be elements of the landscape, forces of nature, as well as beings and the qualities that these beings express, and include the spirits of venerated dead persons. Many kami are considered the ancient ancestors of entire clans, traditionally, great or sensational leaders like the Emperor could be kami. In Shinto, kami are not separate from nature, but are of nature, possessing positive and negative, good and they are manifestations of musubi, the interconnecting energy of the universe, and are considered exemplary of what humanity should strive towards. Kami are believed to be “hidden” from this world, and inhabit a complementary existence that mirrors our own, to be in harmony with the awe-inspiring aspects of nature is to be conscious of kannagara no michi. Though the word kami is translated in multiple ways into English, in this way, the ambiguity of the meaning of kami is necessary, as it conveys the ambiguous nature of kami themselves. Kami is the Japanese word for a god, deity, divinity and it has been used to describe mind, God, supreme being, one of the Shinto deities, an effigy, a principle, and anything that is worshipped. Although deity is the interpretation of kami, some Shinto scholars argue that such a translation can cause a misunderstanding of the term. The wide variety of usage of the word can be compared to the Sanskrit Deva and the Hebrew Elohim, some etymological suggestions are, Kami may, at its root, simply mean spirit, or an aspect of spirituality. It is written with the kanji 神, Sino-Japanese reading shin or jin, in Chinese, the character means deity. In the Ainu language, the word refers to an animistic concept very similar to Japanese kami. In his Kojiki-den, Motoori Norinaga gave a definition of kami. any being whatsoever which possesses some eminent quality out of the ordinary, because Japanese does not normally distinguish grammatical number in nouns, it is sometimes unclear whether kami refers to a single or multiple entities. When a singular concept is needed, -kami or -kamisama is used as a suffix. The logograms for kami-sama are those used for shén yàng in Pŭtōnghuà, kami-sama can be used for a divinity, or for a human, such as Tezuka Osamu. The term generally used to refer to multiple kami is kamigami, gender is also not implied in the word kami, and as such it can be used to reference either male or female. The word megami, the use of female kami is a new tradition. The Kojiki also includes descriptions of various kami, in the ancient Shinto traditions there were 5 defining characteristics of kami. They can nurture and love when respected, or they can cause destruction, Kami must be appeased in order to gain their favor and avoid their wrath
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Devata
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Deva is the Hindu term for deity, however, devata is a smaller, more focused deva. The term devata can also mean deva, there are male and female devatas. There are many kinds of devatas, vanadevatas, gramadevata, devatas of river crossings, caves, mountains, in Hinduism, the devatas that guard the eight, nine and ten cardinal points are called Lokapala or, more specifically in ancient Java tradition, Dewata Nawa Sanga. Every human activity has its devata, its spiritual counter part or aspect, Hindu devatas in the Konkan region are often divided into five categories, Grama devatas - or village deities, for example, Hanuman, Kalika, Amba, Bhairava. Sthana devatas - or local deities, for example, those in certain places of pilgrimage like Rama in Nasik, kula devatas - or family deities, like Khanderai. Ishta devatas - or Chosen deities Wastu devatas or Gruha devatas - or a class of deities that preside over the house, devatas often occur in Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and also some Buddhist holy scriptures. The island of Bali is nicknamed Pulau Dewata, because of its vivid Hindu culture, in Bali, there are many offerings dedicated to hyang, the guardian spirits associated with devata. Apsara Demigod Devata Gandharva Hyang Vidyadhara Lokapala Dewata Nawa Sanga Palani, newindpress on Sunday, April 26,2003. Chopra, Deepak, Life after Death, The Burden of Proof, Chapter 11 Guides, Devata. org - Research on Khmer Women in Divine Context Photos and Articles about Devata temples in Cambodia, Thailand & Laos
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House of Representatives (Nepal)
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The House of Representatives was the lower house of parliament during the 1990 Constitution in Nepal. It consisted of 205 members directly elected by the people and it had five-year terms, but it could be dissolved by the king on the advice of the prime minister before the ending of its term. The Pratinidhi Sabha was provisioned by the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1990 in October 1990, according to which the parliament was formed by the General Election held in April 1991. There were only three elections were held for the House of Representative, General Election 1991 Dissolved by PM Girija Prasad Koirala announcing Mid-term Election. Mid Term Election 1994 General Election 1999 Dissolved by PM Sher Bahadur Deuba announcing Mid-term Election which could not held later,1999 Elected parliament body reinstated by King Gyanendras address in April 2006 and transformed into Interim Legislature Parliament in January 15,2007. The House of Representative as well as the National Assembly has been dissolved on 1 February,2005 by King Gyanendra, political parties in Nepal have been agitating against the royal coup with demand of reinstatement of the parliament. There was a peoples uprising known as Peoples Movement 2006. Finally the king who was using extreme authority was compelled to step down, by the King Gyanendra Address in April 2006 Both houses were reinstated. On January 15,2007, the Pratinidhi Sabha was transformed into interim legislature, the new interim legislature was largely composed of former Pratinidhi Sabha MPs and 79 members from the rebel Communist Party Maoist
8.
Dadhichi
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Dadhichi, also known as Dadhyancha or Dadhyanga, is a central character in Hindu mythology. Dadhichi is primarily known for sacrificing his life so the Devas, or benevolent Gods, after being driven out from Svarga, or heaven, by the serpent king Vritra, the Deva needed a powerful weapon to aid their fight. By making use of the vajra, made from the sage Dadhichis bones, Dadhyancha or Dadhyanga in Sanskrit is a conjunction of two words Dadhya + anch, which means body parts taking strength from Curd. The name Dadhichi is a form of Dadhyanga or Dadhyancha. By defeating Vritra, the personification of drought, the Deva also released water to the beings who were innocent victims of the evil Asura. By helping the Deva defeat the Asura through his sacrifice, Dadhichi became revered among the Rishi, or Hindu sages, Dadhichi symbolizes the notion that no sacrifice is too great in order to help defend the defenseless from evil. This symbolization has inspired the Param Vir Chakra, Indias highest military award for gallantry, Dadhichi is also known as a devotee of Lord Shiva. After Shiva was separated from Shakti, a goddess personifying the sacred feminine, the annual festival of Maha Shivratri marks the first time Lord Shiva appeared as a Rishi to his devotees, including Dadhichi and his disciples, who had been offering prayers to Shiva. In the Bhagavata Purana, Dadhichi was the son of the sage Atharvan, Atharvan is said to be the author of Atharvaveda, which is one of the four Vedas. Chitti was the daughter of the sage Kardam, the Dadheech Brahmins, a Brahmin clan primarily found in Rajasthan, later migrating to other parts of the world, are his descendants. The names of Dadhichis wife and son were Swarcha and Pippalada, Pippalada was a rishi associated with the Pippalada school of thought in Hinduism, he is known for creating the Praśna Upanishad. Dadhichi had established his ashram in Misrikh, in Naimisharanya near Lucknow, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, Naimisharanya is cited in all of the puranas as the location of his ashram, which is still in existence. The current place of the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahemdabad is also one of the ancient sites of his ashram, in Ancient India, sages often traveled long distances. It may be that he stayed near Sabarmati River for some time and his name is found in the 1st mandala of the Rigveda. Dadhichi is mentioned also in the hymns of Rigveda. Dadhichi is believed to have written the Narayana Kavacham, a hymn in southern India, sung for power. Dadhichi is associated with many Hindu legends and is portrayed as having a horses head. Dadhichi is said to have been a master of a Vedic art known as Brahmavidya that would enable one to attain immortality
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Tropical climate
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A tropical climate in the Köppen climate classification it is a non-arid climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures of at least 18 °C. In tropical climates there is only two seasons, a wet season and a dry season. Tropical climates are frost-free and changes in the angle are small. In tropical climates temperature remains constant throughout the year. Within the tropical climate there are distinct varieties based on precipitation, In the Tropical rainforest climate. These climates usually occur within 5–10° latitude of the equator, in some eastern coast areas, they may extend to as much as over 26° away from the equator. This climate is dominated by the doldrums Low Pressure System all year round and it is dominated by the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month with less than 60 millimetres. Examples, Southern part of Arabian Peninsula, mountaintops within the tropics, e. g. Mount Kenya, can be cold. However, like lowlands in the tropics, there is seasonal variation of temperature. Because of the effect of sun angle on climate most areas within the tropics are hot year-round, the ITCZ is shown, for July average, in the graphic. Areas of ascending air have heavy rainfall, areas of descending air are dry, the ITCZ somewhat follows the solar equator throughout the year, but with geographical variations, and in some areas is heavily influenced by local large-scale monsoons
Listen (help·info)) a part of Karnali province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Dailekh as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,502 km² and had a population of 225,201 in 2001[2] and 261,770 in 2011.[3]
