1.
Members of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors
–
The San Francisco Board of Supervisors is the legislative body of San Francisco, California. The body consists of members elected from single-member districts through ranked choice voting. From 1977 to 1979, and starting again in 2000, supervisors were elected from eleven single-member districts, prior to 1977 and from 1980 to 1998, members were elected at-large, all running on one ballot, with the top vote-getters winning office. Similar cases of supervisors elected to truncated terms happened in 1977 and 2000, several members were initially appointed by the mayor. A few members were elected to the board, but appointed to their seat by the mayor during the weeks between the election and the beginning of their term. This has generally been done when supervisors were elected to the state legislature, the most recent example occurred in 2008, when David Campos was elected to the District 9 seat held by Tom Ammiano. In the same election, Ammiano was elected to the California State Assembly, mayor Gavin Newsom appointed Campos to the seat on December 4,2008, a month before he would otherwise have taken office. The president of the Board of Supervisors presides over all meetings and appoints members to board committees. Board presidents are elected by their colleagues at the beginning of every odd-numbered year, no official list of supervisors in office prior to 1906 exists as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroyed all Board of Supervisors records. However, the names of San Francisco supervisors are recorded in many documents, the San Francisco Common Council was the predecessor of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. The Common Council was made up of the Board of Aldermen, the first elections to these posts took place on May 1,1850, and the Common Council took office on May 6,1850. The Common Council had authority only within the city limits, which stretched west to Divisadero and Castro streets, the first Board of Supervisors served only from July 8 to November 15,1856, and consisted of one justice of the peace for each of the citys four districts. These four men chose George J. Whelan as the citys mayor, Supervisors from the 19th century are listed in surviving copies of municipal reports, contemporary newspapers, and similar sources. Former mayors of the city were allowed non-voting seats on the board, members who served as president of the Board of Supervisors during part of their tenure on the board are denoted with an asterisk. Supervisors are elected on non-partisan ballots, but all current members of the Board of Supervisors are registered Democrats, supervisor Jane Kim was previously a member of the Green Party, but switched her registration to Democratic before running for supervisor. 1996 Charter of the City and County of San Francisco,1996 Charter of the City and County of San Francisco. AIDS activist Sheehy to succeed Wiener as SF supervisor
2.
San Francisco Board of Supervisors
–
The San Francisco Board of Supervisors is the legislative body within the government of the City and County of San Francisco, California, United States. The City and County of San Francisco is a consolidated city-county, being simultaneously a city and charter county with a consolidated government. Members of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors were paid $110,858 per year in 2015, there are 11 members of the Board of Supervisors, each representing a geographic district. How the Board of Supervisors should be elected has been a matter of contention in recent San Francisco history, but San Francisco, notwithstanding a population of over 700,000, was often an exception. Prior to 1977 and again from 1980 through 2000, the Board of Supervisors was chosen in at-large elections, the person who received the most votes was elected President of the Board of Supervisors, and the next four or five were elected to seats on the board. District elections were enacted by Proposition T in November 1976, district elections were repealed by Proposition A in August 1980 by a vote of 50. 58% Yes to 49. 42% No. An attempt was made to district elections in November 1980 with Proposition N. District elections were reinstated by Proposition G in November 1996 with a November runoff, runoffs were eliminated and replaced with instant-runoff voting with Proposition A in March 2002. Under the current system, supervisors are elected by district to four-year terms, a partial term counts as a full term if the supervisor is appointed and/or elected to serve more than two years of it. The terms are staggered so that half the board is elected every two years, thereby providing continuity. Supervisors representing odd-numbered districts are elected every fourth year counted from 2000, Supervisors representing even-numbered districts were elected to transitional two-year terms in 2000, thereafter to be elected every fourth year. Terms of office begin on the January 8th following the election for each seat. Each supervisor is elected on a basis and is required to live in his or her district. Although supervisors positions are non-partisan, as of 2016 all 11 supervisors are members of the Democratic Party, the most recent supervisoral elections were held on November 8,2016. The President of the Board of Supervisors, under the new system, is elected by the members of the Board from among their number. This is typically done at the first meeting of the new session commencing after the general election, members of the Board of Supervisors are elected from 11 single-member districts. The districts cover the following neighborhoods, approximately, the maps shown below lack markings for streets or street names. The City of San Francisco has detailed maps of each district available on its website, members of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors San Francisco Board of Supervisors website
3.
Long Beach, California
–
Long Beach is the 36th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. It is located on the Pacific Coast of the United States, as of 2010, its population was 462,257. Long Beach is the second largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the worlds largest shipping ports. The city also maintains a progressively declining oil industry with minor wells located both directly beneath the city as well as offshore, manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, automotive parts, electronic equipment, audiovisual equipment, petrochemicals, precision metals and home furnishings. Long Beach lies in the corner of Los Angeles County. Downtown Long Beach is approximately 22 miles south of Downtown Los Angeles, indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited the present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group were the Tongva people and they had at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxaanga was a settlement near the Los Angeles River, while Ahwaanga and Povuunga were coastal villages. Along with other Tongva villages, they were forced to relocate in the century due to missionization, political change. In 1784 the Spanish Empires King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto, the Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro and its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary, between the ranchos of Juan Jose Dominguez and Manuel Nieto. In 1843 Jonathan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos, having arrived in California in 1827 from New England and he built what is now known as the Los Cerritos Ranch House, a still-standing adobe which is a National Historic Landmark. Temple created a cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War. On an island in the San Pedro Bay, Mormon pioneers made an attempt to establish a colony. Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine, to manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Lewellyns brother Jotham Bixby, the Father of Long Beach. Three years later Bixby bought into the property and would form the Bixby Land Company
4.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
5.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
Golden Gate National Cemetery
–
Golden Gate National Cemetery is an United States national cemetery in California, located in the city of San Bruno,12 miles south of San Francisco. Because of the name and location, it is confused with San Francisco National Cemetery. Congress authorized construction of the facility in 1937, with the first interments in 1941, the cemetery was officially dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30,1942. California Attorney General Earl Warren was keynote speaker at the ceremony, Golden Gate is one of a large number of U. S. Army-planned cemeteries started in the 1930s and completed during the 1940s. They were designed specifically to provide abundant burial opportunities in locations around the nation in cities with very large veteran populations, as of 2005, the cemetery held 137,435 interments. Over the years, several attempts to expand Golden Gate National Cemetery were met with resistance from local residents, also notable is that the Golden Gate National Cemetery was the first cemetery to initiate the large flag display on Memorial Day. Flags are raised around the base of the hill in the center of the cemetery and this practice was created and put into effect by John T. Spelman, the superintendent of the cemetery at the time. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016, the American Veterans donated a Schulmerich carillon to the cemetery as part of their worldwide living memorial carillon program. The carillon was dedicated May 30,1958, corporal Edward A. Bennett, U. S. Army, Company B, 358th Infantry, 90th Infantry Division. Master Sergeant Vito R. Bertoldo, U. S. Army, Company A, 242nd Infantry, chief Gunner’s Mate John Joseph Clausey U. S. Navy. On board the USS Bennington, July 21,1905, corporal John O. Dahlgren, U. S. Marine Corps. Peking, China, June 20 – July 16,1900, private John Francis DeSwan, Company H, 21st U. S. Infantry. Santiago de Cuba, July 1,1898, private Mosheim Feaster, Company E, 7th U. S. Cavalry. Sergeant Paul H. Foster, U. S. Marine Corps Reserve, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, near Con Thien, Republic of Vietnam, October 14,1967. Sergeant Edward H. Gibson, Company M, 27th Infantry, San Mateo, Rizal, Philippine Islands, December 19,1899. Private First Class Harold Gonsalves, U. S. Marine Corps Reserve, captain Nelson M. Holderman, U. S. Army, 307th Infantry, 77th Division. Machinists Mate William R. Huber, U. S. Navy, on board the USS Bruce, June 11,1928. Boatswain’s Mate First Class Reinhardt J. Keppler, U. S. Navy, on board the USS San Francisco, November 12–13,1942
7.
San Bruno, California
–
San Bruno is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, incorporated in 1914. The population was 41,114 at the 2010 United States Census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.5 square miles, all of it land. San Bruno City Hall sits at an elevation of 41 feet above sea level. Portions of Mills Park, Crestmoor, and Rollingwood are very hilly, featuring canyons, creeks, many of them now in culverts, flow from springs in the hills toward San Francisco Bay. Just west of Skyline Boulevard and outside of city limits is San Andreas Lake, the lake is one of several reservoirs used by the San Francisco Water Department, providing water to San Francisco and several communities in San Mateo County, including San Bruno west of I-280. San Bruno enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate characterized by cool, dry summers and chilly, since 1927, the National Weather Service has maintained a weather station at the nearby San Francisco International Airport. According to the records, January is the coldest month with an average high of 55.9 °F. Frost occurs occasionally during the months, snowfall is very rare. Measurable snowfalls also occurred on December 11,1932, and February 5,1976, in recent years, traces of snow have been reported on December 27,1988, January 8,1989, and February 24,1996. Freezing temperatures occur on an average of only 1.3 days annually, the coldest winter temperature on record was 20 °F on December 11,1932, the same day 1.0 inch of snow fell. September is the warmest month with a high of 72.7 °F. Temperatures exceed 90 °F on an average of 4.0 days annually, fog and low overcast are common during the night and morning hours in the summer months, which are generally very dry except for occasional light drizzle from the fog. On rare occasions moisture moving up from tropical storms has produced thunderstorms or showers in the summer, gusty westerly winds are also common in the afternoon during the summer. The highest summer temperature was 106 °F on June 14,1961, a high of 105 °F was recorded on July 17,1988, and a high of 103 °F was recorded on September 14,1971. Until August 1,1993, it had never reached 100 °F in August, due to thermal inversions, summer temperatures in the higher hills are often much higher than at the airport. Thunderstorms occur several times a year, mostly during the winter months, the annual average days with measurable precipitation is 65.2 days. The most rainfall in a month at the airport was 13.64 inches in February 1998, nylund reported 6.09 inches in Crestmoor during a 24-hour period in January 1967. Winter storms are accompanied by strong southerly winds
8.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
9.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
United States Army
–
The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
11.
Sergeant
–
Sergeant is a rank in many uniformed organizations, principally military and policing forces. Its origin is the Latin serviens, one who serves, through the French term sergent, the term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant. In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad, in Commonwealth armies, it is a more senior rank, corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command. In the United States Army, sergeant is a junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader. More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant, for example staff sergeant, many countries use sergeant rank, whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language. The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqeeb, meaning overseer or watcher, in medieval European usage, a sergeant was simply any attendant or officer with a protective duty. Any medieval knight or military order of knighthood might have sergeants-at-arms, the etymology of the term is from Anglo-French sergant, serjant servant, valet, court official, soldier, from Middle Latin servientem servant, vassal, soldier. Later, a sergeant was a man of what would now be thought of as the middle class. Sergeants could fight either as heavy to light cavalry, or as well trained professional infantry, most notable medieval mercenaries fell into the sergeant class, such as Flemish crossbowmen and spearmen, who were seen as reliable quality troops. The sergeant class was deemed to be half of a knight in military value. A specific kind of military sergeant was the serjeant-at-arms, one of a body of armed men retained by English lords, the title is now given to an officer in modern legislative bodies who is charged with keeping order during meetings and, if necessary, forcibly removing disruptive members. The responsibilities of a sergeant differ from army to army, there are usually several ranks of sergeant, each corresponding to greater experience and responsibility for the daily lives of the soldiers of larger units. Sergeant is a rank in both the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force, the ranks are equivalent to each other and the Royal Australian Navy rank of petty officer. The Australian Army rank of sergeant is now redundant and is no longer awarded, due to being outside the rank equivalencies. Chief petty officers and flight sergeants are not required to call a warrant officer class two sir in accordance with Australian Defence Force Regulations 1952. The rank of sergeant exists in all Australian police forces and is more senior than a constable or senior constable, New South Wales Police Force, for example, has the additional rank of incremental sergeant. This is a progression, following appointment as a sergeant for seven years. An incremental sergeant rank is less senior than a senior sergeant but is more senior than a sergeant, upon appointment as a sergeant or senior sergeant, the sergeant is given a warrant of appointment under the commissioners hand and seal
12.
101st Airborne Division
–
The 101st Airborne Division is an elite modular specialized light infantry division of the United States Army trained for air assault operations. It is the most potent and tactically mobile of the U. S. Armys divisions and these particular operations are conducted by highly mobile teams and they are quite often executed behind enemy lines. Its unique battlefield mobility and high level of training have kept the Division in the vanguard of Americas land combat forces in recent conflicts, more recently, the 101st Airborne has been performing foreign internal defense and counter-terrorism operations within Iraq and Afghanistan. The 101st Airborne Division has a nearly century-long history, during the Vietnam War, the 101st Airborne Division fought in several major campaigns and battles including the Battle of Hamburger Hill in May 1969. In mid-1968 it was reorganized and redesignated as an airmobile division and these titles reflect the divisions shift from airplanes as the primary method of delivering troops into combat, to the use of helicopters. Many current members of the 101st are graduates of the U. S. Army Air Assault School, Division headquarters is at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. In recent years, the division has served in Iraq and Afghanistan, the division is one of the most highly decorated units in the United States Army and has been featured prominently in military fiction. The 101st is currently the only air assault division, capable, in a single lift, of a 4. It is supported by more than 280 helicopters and this includes three battalions of Apache attack helicopters. At times, additional air assets are assigned to the 101st Airborne during deployment, the 101st Airborne also comprises intelligence support, maintenance and operations elements, support personnel, and artillery specialists. Assisting the 101st Airborne Division is an array of support elements, equipment. The 101st is considered a versatile, very flexible. The 101st has the capability to move long distances, the 101st can put soldiers down on top of mountains, ridge lines, and behind the enemy forces and can sling-load in artillery pieces for indirect fire. It is considered a unit of choice and it has the ability to secure sites, airfields. The 101st Division headquarters was organized 2 November 1918 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, World War I ended 9 days later, and was demobilized on 11 December 1918. In 1921, the headquarters was reconstituted in the Organized Reserves. It was at time that the Screaming Eagle became associated with the division. As part of the reorganization of the 101st as a division in the Army of the United States
13.
Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
14.
Mayor of San Francisco
–
The Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco is the head of the executive branch of the San Francisco city and county government. The mayor has the duty to enforce city laws, and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. The mayor serves a term and is limited to two successive terms. There have been 42 individuals sworn into office, john W. Geary, elected in 1850, was the first mayor of the city. Charles James Brenham, who served as mayor during the 1850s, is the person who has served two non-consecutive terms. The previous mayor, Gavin Newsom resigned to become the Lieutenant Governor of California on January 10,2011, Ed Lee was appointed by the Board of Supervisors on the following day to finish out Newsoms term. Lee was elected to his own term on November 8,2011, the mayor of San Francisco is elected every four years, elections take place one year before United States presidential elections on election day in November. Candidates must live and be registered to vote in San Francisco at the time of the election, the mayor is usually sworn in on the January 8 following the election. The next election for the mayor will be in 2019, under the California constitution, all city elections in the state are conducted on a non-partisan basis. As a result, candidates party affiliations are not listed on the ballot, mayoral elections were originally run under a two-round system. If no candidate received a majority of votes in the general election. In 2002, the system for city officials was overhauled as a result of a citywide referendum. The new system, known as instant-runoff voting, allows voters to select, if no one wins more than half of the first-choice votes, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and second-choice votes are counted until a candidate captures the majority. This eliminates the need to hold a separate runoff election and saves money and this was first implemented in the 2004 Board of Supervisors election after two years of preparation. In 2007, the new system was implemented in the election for the first time. To date,42 individuals have served as mayor, there have been 43 mayoralties due to Charles James Brenhams serving two non-consecutive terms, he is counted chronologically as both the second and fourth mayor. The longest term was that of James Rolph, who served over 18 years until his resignation to become the California governor, the length of his tenure as mayor was largely due to his popularity. During his term, San Francisco saw the expansion of its system, the construction of the Civic Center
15.
George Moscone
–
George Richard Moscone was an Italian-American attorney and Democratic politician. He was the 37th mayor of San Francisco, California from January 1976 until his assassination in November 1978, Moscone served in the California State Senate from 1967 until becoming Mayor. In the Senate, he served as Majority Leader, Moscone was born in the Italian-American enclave of San Franciscos Marina District, California. His father was George Joseph Moscone, a guard at nearby San Quentin. Moscone attended St. Brigids, and then St. Ignatius College Preparatory and he then attended College of the Pacific and played basketball for the Tigers. While in college, Moscone befriended John L. Burton, who would become a member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Moscone then studied at University of California, Hastings College of the Law and he met and married Gina Bondanza, in 1954. The Moscones would go on to have four children, after serving in the United States Navy, Moscone started private practice in 1956. John Burtons brother, Phillip, a member of the California State Assembly, though he lost that race, Moscone would go on to win a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1963. On the Board, Moscone was known for his defense of the poor, racial minorities, in 1966 Moscone ran for and won a seat in the California State Senate, representing the 10th District in San Francisco County. This alliance was known as the Burton Machine and included John Burton, Phillip Burton, soon after his election to the State Senate, Moscone was elected by his party to serve as Majority Leader. He was reelected to the 10th District seat in 1970 and to the newly redistricted 6th District seat, representing parts of San Francisco and San Mateo Counties and he successfully sponsored legislation to institute a school lunch program for California students. In 1974 Moscone briefly considered a run for governor of California, as a heterosexual, Moscone was considered ahead of his time as an early proponent of gay rights. In conjunction with his friend and ally in the Assembly, Willie Brown, the repeal was signed into law by California Governor Jerry Brown. Moscone decided in 1975 to run for Mayor of San Francisco, in a close race in November of that year, Moscone placed first with conservative city supervisor John Barbagelata second and moderate supervisor Dianne Feinstein coming in third. Moscone and Barbagelata thus both advanced to the runoff election in December where Moscone narrowly defeated the conservative supervisor by fewer than 5,000 votes. Liberals also won the other top executive offices that year as Joseph Freitas was elected District attorney. Members of the Peoples Temple leftist religious cult saturated San Francisco neighborhoods, distributing slate cards for Moscone, Joseph Freitas, the Peoples Temple also worked to get out the vote in precincts where Moscone received a 12 to 1 vote margin over Barbagelata
16.
Harvey Milk
–
Harvey Bernard Milk was an American politician who became the first openly gay person to be elected to public office in California, when he won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Milk moved from New York City to settle in San Francisco in 1972 amid a migration of gay men to the Castro District and he took advantage of the growing political and economic power of the neighborhood to promote his interests, and three times ran unsuccessfully for political office. His theatrical campaigns earned him increasing popularity, and Milk won a seat as a city supervisor in 1977, his election made possible by, and a key component of, a shift in San Francisco politics. Milk served almost 11 months in office and was responsible for passing a stringent gay rights ordinance for the city, despite his short career in politics, Milk became an icon in San Francisco and a martyr in the gay community. In 2002, Milk was called the most famous and most significantly open LGBT official ever elected in the United States, anne Kronenberg, his final campaign manager, wrote of him, What set Harvey apart from you or me was that he was a visionary. He imagined a world inside his head and then he set about to create it for real. Milk was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009, Milk was born in Woodmere, New York, to William Milk and Minerva Karns. He was the son of Lithuanian Jewish parents and the grandson of Morris Milk. As a child, Harvey was teased for his ears, big nose, and oversized feet. He played football in school, and developed a passion for opera, in his teens, he acknowledged his homosexuality to himself, under his name in the high school yearbook, it read, Glimpy Milk—and they say WOMEN are never at a loss for words. Milk graduated from Bay Shore High School in Bay Shore, New York, in 1947 and attended New York State College for Teachers in Albany from 1947 to 1951 and he also wrote for the college newspaper. One classmate remembered, He was never thought of as a possible queer—thats what you called them then—he was a mans man, after graduation, Milk joined the United States Navy during the Korean War. He served aboard the rescue ship USS Kittiwake as a diving officer. He later transferred to Naval Station, San Diego to serve as a diving instructor, in 1955, he was discharged from the Navy at the rank of lieutenant, junior grade. Milks early career was marked by frequent changes, in years he would take delight in talking about his metamorphosis from a middle-class Jewish boy. He began teaching at George W. Hewlett High School on Long Island, in 1956, he met Joe Campbell, at the Jacob Riis Park beach, a popular location for gay men in Queens. Campbell was seven years younger than Milk, and Milk pursued him passionately, Even after they moved in together, Milk wrote Campbell romantic notes and poems. Campbell and Milk separated after almost six years, it would be his longest relationship, Milk tried to keep his early romantic life separate from his family and work
17.
San Francisco City Hall
–
San Francisco City Hall is the seat of government for the City and County of San Francisco, California. The structures dome is taller than that of the United States Capitol by 42 feet, the present building replaced an earlier City Hall that was destroyed during the 1906 earthquake, which was two blocks from the present one. It was bounded by Larkin Street, McAllister Street, and City Hall Avenue, largely where the current Public Library and U. N. Plaza stand today. The principal architect was Arthur Brown, Jr. of Bakewell & Brown, whose attention to the finishing details extended to the doorknobs, browns blueprints of the building are preserved at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley. Brown also designed the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House, Veterans Building, Temple Emanuel, Coit Tower, the buildings vast open space is more than 500,000 square feet and occupying two full city blocks. It is 390 ft between Van Ness Avenue and Polk Street, and 273 ft between Grove and McAllister Streets and its dome, which owes much to Mansarts Baroque domes of the Val-de-Grâce and Les Invalides in Paris, rises 307.5 ft above the Civic Center Historic District. It is 19 ft higher than the United States Capitol, and has a diameter of 112 ft, resting upon 4 x 50 ton and 4 x 20 ton girders, each 9 ft deep and 60 ft. The building as a whole contains 7,900 tons of steel from the American Bridge Company of Ambridge. It is faced with Madera County granite on the exterior, and Indiana sandstone within, together with finish marbles from Alabama, Colorado, Vermont, much of the statuary is by Henri Crenier. The Rotunda is a space and the upper levels are public. Opposite the grand staircase, on the floor, is the office of the Mayor. A bust of former county supervisor Harvey Milk, who was assassinated in the building was unveiled on May 22,2008, MAYOR1931 The words were written by the previous Mayor Edward Robeson Taylor, and dedicated by Mayor James Rolph. The medallions in the vaults of the Rotunda are of Equality, Liberty, Strength, Learning and, as memorialized in the South Light Court display, Progress. The current City Hall building is a replacement for a building which was completed in 1899 after 27 years of planning. The original city hall was a larger building which also contained a smaller extension which contained the citys Hall of Records. The building was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, after Arthur Brown Juniors design was selected, construction started in 1913 and was completed by 1915, in time for the Exposition. The main rotunda had also served as the location of prominent state funerals. General Fredrick Funston, hero of the Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, joe DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe were married at City Hall in 1954
18.
Twinkie defense
–
Twinkie defense is a derisive label for an improbable legal defense. Whites defense was that he suffered diminished capacity as a result of his depression and his change in diet from healthful food to Twinkies and other sugary foods was said to be a symptom of depression. Contrary to common belief, Whites attorneys did not argue that the Twinkies were the cause of Whites actions, White was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. The expression derives from the 1979 trial of Dan White, a former San Francisco police officer and firefighter, and until just before the crime, on November 27,1978, White assassinated Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk. Furthermore, White had previously been a fanatic and health food advocate. As an incidental note, Blinder mentioned theories that elements of diet could worsen existing mood swings, another psychiatrist, George Solomon, testified that White had exploded and was sort of on automatic pilot at the time of the killings. Public protests over the verdict led to the White Night Riots, Twinkies were never mentioned in the courtroom during the White trial, nor did the defense claim that White was on a sugar rush and committed the murders as a result. However, one use of the term Twinkie defense became popular. The misunderstanding was mentioned at the end of Milk, Gus Van Sants 2008 biopic of Harvey Milk, in a bonus feature on the DVD version of The Times of Harvey Milk, a documentary on Milks life and death, Whites lawyers explain what they actually argued in court. In the American Broadcasting Companys 2017 docudrama, When We Rise, in stories covering the trial, satirist Paul Krassner had played up the angle of the Twinkie, and he would later claim credit for coining the term Twinkie defense. Dan White committed suicide seven years later, additionally, Californias statutory definitions of premeditation and malice required for murder were eliminated by the states legislature, with the return to common law definitions. By this time, the Twinkie defense had become such a term that one lawmaker had waved a Twinkie in the air while making his point during a debate. During oral Supreme Court arguments in United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez,548 U. S, I want a lawyer whos going to get me off. I want a lawyer who will invent the Twinkie defense, I would not consider the Twinkie defense an invention of a competent lawyer. But I want a lawyer whos going to win for me, high Court Debates Defendants Right to Counsel of Choice. Double Play, The Hidden Passions Behind the Double Assassination of George Moscone and Harvey Milk, ISBN 978-0-9825650-5-6 Snopes, The Twinkie Defense Myth of the Twinkie defense - San Francisco Chronicle, November 23,2003
19.
Visitacion Valley, San Francisco
–
Visitacion Valley, colloquially known as Viz Valley, is a neighborhood located in the southeastern quadrant of San Francisco, California. The streets of this neighborhood straddle the border between San Francisco and Daly City, hence Visitacion Valley partially blends in with the adjacent Daly City neighborhood of Bayshore, the grounds of the Cow Palace, straddling the San Francisco/Daly City border, are partially within Visitacion Valley. The term Visitation is derived from the Bible, Mary, bearing the child Jesus in her womb goes to visit her cousin Elizabeth who despite her advanced years is pregnant with John the Baptist. John who would become the greatest of prophets jumps in Elizabeths womb as Mary walks in the door, luke 1,39 The area is a largely family-oriented working-class neighborhood. Average Adjusted Gross Incomes for the area are at $38,802, median rents in 2007 for the neighborhood at $896 a month are also far below the citywide average at $1,141. The area was settled by Irish and Italian immigrants who worked in the nearby factories. The construction of the nearby Hunters Point Naval Shipyard during World War II, many settled in the Sunnydale Projects which were originally constructed as barracks to house workers. After the war ended, more African Americans relocated from the Fillmore District and the Western Addition because redevelopment programs provided inexpensive housing. The area still has a 30% African American population, however, the Black population is being supplanted by an influx of ethnic Chinese immigrants who now make up more than half of the neighborhoods population. The former barracks turned housing projects on Sunnydale Avenue, the Sunnydale Projects is the largest in San Francisco, the two high-rise apartment buildings, Geneva Towers, originally built as private housing in the 1960s, were converted to public housing in the 1970s. They suffered through dilapidation and poor throughout the 1980s, and were plagued by gangs. The City ordered the destruction of the buildings in 1998, and this project will feature a grocery store, condos, parks, and other new redevelopment designed to revitalize the neighborhood. The Chinese American residency has grown and more businesses have opened on Leland Avenue, redevelopment also came in the construction of a new Muni Metro line called the T Third Street, which terminates at Sunnydale Station. The neighborhood was featured in the movie Sucker Free City, one of the gangs featured in the movie called themselves The V-Dubs. The word Dub is not an abbreviation of W but means double, San Franciscans may notice the inaccuracy in this part of the film, as the gang in the film was actually located in the Bayview-Hunters Point neighborhood of the city. The Old Visitacion Valley Branch of San Francisco Public Library used to be at a small storefront located at 45 Leland Ave at Desmond Street, the newer one is now on Leland and Rutland and finished construction in the summer of 2011. Visitacion Valley TOD Project Visitacion Valley Community Development Corporation San Francisco Visitacion Valley Visitacion Valley Branch Library Visitacion Valley Facebook Fans Page
20.
Archbishop Riordan High School
–
Archbishop Riordan High School is a diocesan, all-boys Catholic high school established by the Society of Mary in San Francisco, California. It is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco, originally called Riordan High School, the school was named after Archbishop Patrick William Riordan, the second Archbishop of San Francisco, and opened in the fall of 1949. In 1990, Archbishop was officially added to the schools name, the school is known for its historically successful basketball, wrestling, track and field, football, marching band, concert band, and theatre programs. In an atmosphere of diversity and a family environment, Archbishop Riordan fosters development in faith, character, academics, technology, athletics. The school year is split into two semesters, the fall and spring, and students take four courses each semester, each class lasts 80 minutes, thus providing time for students and teachers to delve more deeply and actively into topics and activities. This e promotes greater understanding of skills, concepts, and ideas than the traditional 50-minute period allows, rather than depend on the traditional lecture to present material, Riordan teachers encourage active participation of students in their own learning. In addition, the 4 x 4 allows Riordan students to eight different 10-credit courses per school year rather than six. Over a four-year career Riordan students are able to take eight more classes than students in schools with traditional schedules, Archbishop Riordan High School offers a variety of Honors and Advanced Placement courses. As of 2015,426 AP tests were administered to 218 students, recent college acceptances include Stanford, University of Notre Dame, UC Berkeley, NYU, USC, Brown University, UCLA, Cornell and Dartmouth College. Archbishop Riordan began its 1,1 iPad program in 2012, many students were expected to buy an iPad and the required apps for the school year. The school was able to adapt to this new technology during the second semester. Many teachers now receive work from students via email, whereas reading assignments, all students are use this technology to supplement the learning experience. Every area of the school has internet for students to use, the 100% male student population ranges from 690 to 710. The student body is currently 25% Caucasian, 25% Hispanic, 15% Filipino, 10% Chinese, 13% multi-ethnic/other, 5% African American, 81% of the student body is Catholic. 18% of the student body is a different Christian denomination, a Riordan student is required to complete 100 community service hours before graduation. Four retreats are offered to students, with Kairos Retreats in the fall, winter and these aim to help students have a better understanding of the natural world and society. Each incoming freshman is given a Crusader Brother, either a senior, junior, or sophomore, sophomores and juniors have the chance to have an overnight retreat twice per year. Annual drives are held, such as the Every Penny Counts campaign for AIDS patients, the International Drive to support Our Lady of Nazareth, Nairobi, Kenya M. Primary School, Archbishop Riordan is number one in the Bay Area in donating blood
21.
Woodrow Wilson Classical High School
–
Woodrow Wilson Classical High School is a secondary school in Long Beach, California. It is part of the Long Beach Unified School District and opened in 1926, Woodrow Wilson Classical High School was established in 1925 as the second school in the city, and ultimately opened for classes in 1926. In 2007 Gina Piccalo of the Los Angeles Times described it as one of the school districts jewels, in 2005 Woodrow Wilson High School was recognized as a California Distinguished School for the second time. The school is a high school, in that it exceeds LBUSD standards. Piccalo stated that during the years the film was set in, in April 2009, the Wilson Engineering Club received a $100,000.000 grant from the Lemelson–MIT InvenTeam program. They invented a power generation system for semi-tractor trailer trucks. The goal of the project is to provide truck drivers the ability to meet the power needs of their cabs without having to idle their engines. Erin Gruwell, a teacher who worked from 1994–1998, known for compiling The Freedom Writers Diary, millicent Borges Accardi, poet, NEA award, California Arts Council Tony Azevedo, driver for the Mens US Olympic Water Polo team and Stanford University. 1961 CIF Baseball Player of the Year, al Brightman, former NBA player with the Boston Celtics Jeff Burroughs, former MLB player and father of Sean Burroughs. 1974 American League Most Valuable Player,1969 CIF 4-A Baseball Player of the Year. Sean Burroughs, MLB player and son of Jeff Burroughs,1998 CIF Division 1 Baseball Player of the Year. Jody Campbell, All-American & Olympian water polo star, don Coscarelli, motion picture director, best known for the Phantasm series of horror films. In 2007 he scored three birdies in the last four holes at the Sony Open in Hawaii to claim victory, captured the 1996 *Bay Hill Invitational. Bobby Grich, former MLB player with the California Angels from 1977–1986, jessica Hardy, world record holder in 100 meter breast stroke, member of USA National Team. Won gold medal at 2012 London Olympic Games,2006 Pan Pacific Championships, aaron Hicks, MLB player for New York Yankees. Gabriel Iglesias, comedian, associated with three specials on Comedy Central, bob Lemon, MLB pitcher, MLB manager. World Series winner as a player with the Cleveland Indians in 1948, CIF & State Player of the Year in 1938. Camryn Manheim, television and film actress, best known as co-star of The Practice, bruce McCandless II, NASA astronaut Pat McCormick, two-time Olympic platform and springboard gold medal diver
22.
Valedictorian
–
The chosen valedictorian is often the student with the highest ranking among their graduating class. So the valedictory address generally is considered a farewell to classmates. In Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland, India, and the United Kingdom, in Australia, the title is sometimes awarded to a member of a graduating university class on the basis of contribution to the school rather than academic success. The highest-ranking student in a class is often referred to as dux. In France the term Major de promotion is used, although the term is not related to any ceremonial role, how an individual school confers the title is typically based upon the highest grade point average. Some institutions confer the title on the class chosen to deliver the final graduation address, regardless of the speakers academic credentials. Generally, the graduate deemed to be the highest academically ranked student in the class, historically and traditionally, however, schools confer the title upon the highest ranking graduate of the class, who thereby earns the honor of delivering the valedictory address. In other schools, the position may be elected by the body or appointed directly by the school administration based on various systems of merit. Some schools may feature co-valedictorians in lieu of conferring the title on an individual from among the graduating class. This may occur in the case of a tie in grade point averages. The awarding of the valedictorian honor may be the subject of heated controversy, some schools have dropped the honor or changed the rules to allow multiple recipients. In turn, such changes have led to complaints that it is unfair to change the rules after a competition has begun. The New Jersey Commissioner of Education, for example, required schools to make changes to valedictorian award policy effective only for the freshman class. Another New Jersey case raised the question of whether accommodations for students under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and related laws should affect valedictorian honors. In Hornstine v. Township of Moorestown, a U. S. District Court judge blocked the Moorestown Superintendent of Schools from retroactively changing school policy to deny a disabled student sole honors. The valedictory address, or valediction, is the closing or farewell statement delivered at a graduation ceremony and it is an oration at commencement exercises in U. S. and some Canadian high schools, colleges, and universities delivered by one of the graduates. The mode of discourse generally is inspirational and persuasive, the various aims of this address are to inspire the graduates and to thank individuals responsible for their successes while reflecting on youthful frivolity and the accomplishments of the class. Class rank Dux Grade inflation Latin honors Salutatorian
23.
Dimond High School
–
A. J. Dimond High School is a public four-year high school in Anchorage, Alaska, and is a part of the Anchorage School District. It has been accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, Dimond serves students in the Sand Lake, Kincaid, and Bayshore areas of suburban Anchorage, and had an enrollment of 1,709 as of November 25,2016. Named for the territorial-era Congressional delegate and judge Anthony J. Dimond, following its construction, causeways between each of the building segments were created to allow for winter access to the different sections of the school. The original Dimond High School had over 160 exits due to these causeways, the original school contained gymnasiums, a pool, a pellet gun range, a planetarium, a small and large theater, and a shared library. The original building housed both Dimond High and Jane Mears Junior High School, Mears, the sister of Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, was a teacher in the early years of Anchorages public school system. Her husband, Colonel Frederick Mears, headed the Alaska Engineering Commission during the construction of the Alaska Railroad and was the railroads first general manager once it began operating, prior to the completion of the separate junior high, the two schools shared the hours of operation. Mears students attended classes on the west side of the campus, in April 1999, Anchorage voters approved the construction of a new building for Dimond High School. The new building opened in the fall of 2003, during the 2003-2004 school year Dimond classes were held in the new building and a small west wing of the old building, with the rest of the building used for Mears Middle School. In the summer of 2004 the old building was demolished and in the location of the old Dimond High school is now the parking lot of the new building. However, the building housed the gym, weight room. In the summer of 2008, its exterior was remodeled, Dimond High School was the Alaska State winner for the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement. As of 2009-10, Dimond offers 22 Advanced Placement courses. P, courses are weighted, so that an additional mark point is added on the 4.0 scale. In 2008, Dimond began an Engineering Academy, which follows the curriculum of Project Lead the Way, Dimond is also home to the last four years of the Japanese immersion program that began at Sand Lake Elementary and continued at Mears Middle School. An Army Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps program is offered at Dimond. In 2007-08, the Dimond JROTC unit received the highest Cadet Formal Inspection rating in Alaska, in 2005 a Freshman House was created in hall 2B. Freshman participate in Battle of the Books, National History Day, beginning January 30,2006, Dimond High incorporated a Professional Learning Community every Monday morning with classes starting 45 minutes later and the school operating under a shorter schedule. Dimond also has a Debate/Drama/Forensics team, World Language Declamation Contest participants, since then, for a total of three consecutive years, the Dimond volleyball team has won the state championship twice more, each year producing a State winner for the Gatorade Player of the Year award. In 2006, the foundation got 750-thousand dollars from the Alaska Legislature and 250 thousand dollars from the Anchorage School District to put in an artificial football field
24.
Anchorage, Alaska
–
Anchorage is a unified home rule municipality in the U. S. state of Alaska. All together, the Anchorage metropolitan area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough, had a population of 401,635 in 2016. Anchorage is located in the portion of Alaska at the terminus of the Cook Inlet on a peninsula formed by the Knik Arm to the north. The city limits span 1,961.1 square miles encompass the urban core. Due to its location on the globe, being almost equidistant from New York City, Tokyo, Anchorage has been named an All-America City four times, in 1956,1965, 1984–85, and 2002, by the National Civic League. It has also named by Kiplinger as the most tax-friendly city in the United States. Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century, in 1867, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from Imperial Russia for $7.2 million. His political rivals lampooned the deal as Sewards folly, Sewards icebox, by 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm. Alaska became a United States territory in 1912, Anchorage, unlike every other large town in Alaska south of the Brooks Range, was neither a fishing nor mining camp. The area surrounding Anchorage lacks significant economic metal minerals, a number of Denaina settlements existed along Knik Arm for years. By 1911 the families of J. D. Bud Whitney, jack Brown, and his bride, Nellie, in 1912 to have lived in the Ship Creek valley in the 1910s prior to the large influx of settlers. The city grew from its choice as the site, in 1914, under the direction of Frederick Mears. The area near the mouth of Ship Creek, where the headquarters was located. A town site was mapped out on higher ground to the south of the tent city, greatly noted in the years since for its order and rigidity compared with other Alaska town sites. In 1915, territorial governor John Franklin Alexander Strong encouraged residents to change the name to one that had more significance. In the summer of year, residents held a vote to change the citys name. However, the government ultimately declined to change the citys name. Anchorage was incorporated on November 23,1920, construction of the Alaska Railroad continued until its completion in 1923
25.
San Francisco Police Department
–
The San Francisco Police Department is the city police department of the City and County of San Francisco, California. The departments motto is the same as that of the city and county, Oro en paz, fierro en guerra, archaic Spanish for Gold in peace, iron in war. The SFPD should not be confused with the San Francisco Sheriffs Department and it is the 11th largest police department in the United States. The SFPD began operations on August 13,1849, during the Gold Rush under the command of Captain Malachi Fallon, at the time, Chief Fallon had a force of one deputy captain, three sergeants and thirty officers. In 1851, Albert Bernard de Russailh wrote about the nascent San Francisco police force, As for the police, the police force is largely made up of ex-bandits, and naturally the members are interested above all in saving their old friends from punishment. Policemen here are quite as much to be feared as the robbers and you pay them well to watch over your house, and they set it on fire. In short, I think that all the people concerned with justice or the police are in league with the criminals, the city is in a hopeless chaos, and many years must pass before order can be established. In a country where so many races are mingled, a severe and inflexible justice is desirable, on October 28,1853, the Board of Aldermen passed Ordinance No. 466, which provided for the reorganization of the police department, sections one and two provided as follows, The People of the City of San Francisco do ordain as follows, Sec.1. The Police Department of the City of San Francisco, shall be composed of a day and night police, consisting of 56 men, each to be recommended by at least ten tax-paying citizens. There shall be one Captain and one assistant Captain of Police, who shall be elected in joint convention of the Board of Aldermen and assistant Aldermen. The remainder of the force, viz.54 men, shall be appointed as follows, By the Mayor,2, by the City Marshal,2, by the City Recorder,2, in July 1856, the Consolidation Act went into effect. This act abolished the office of City Marshal and created in its stead the office of Chief of Police, the first Chief of Police elected in 1856 was James F. Curtis a former member of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance. The SFPD is known for being one of the forces for modern law enforcement. In early August 1975, the SFPD went on strike over a pay dispute, the city quickly obtained a court order declaring the strike illegal and enjoining the SFPD back to work. The court messenger delivering the order was met with violence and the SFPD continued to strike, only managers and African-American officers remained on duty, with 45 officers and 3 fire trucks responsible for a city population of 700,000. Supervisor Dianne Feinstein pleaded Mayor Joseph Alioto to ask Governor Jerry Brown to call out the National Guard to patrol the streets, when enraged civilians confronted SFPD officers at the picket lines, the officers arrested them. Again, the SFPD ignored the court order, on August 20 a bomb detonated at the Mayors home with a sign reading Dont Threaten Us left on his lawn
26.
SF Weekly
–
SF Weekly is a free alternative weekly newspaper in San Francisco, California. The newspaper, distributed throughout the San Francisco Bay Area every Wednesday, is published by the San Francisco Newspaper Company, founded locally in the mid-1980s and bought by Village Voice Media in 1995, SF Weekly has garnered notable national journalism awards. The paper sponsored the SF Weekly Music Awards, also known as the Wammies, in 2014, San Francisco Media Co. became fully owned by Black Press. News, includes local, regional and sometimes short and longform news stories. Arts and Entertainment, includes a calendar, city events listings, a music section with a weekly music column, several music features, show previews. Online Offerings, The Snitch news blog, All Shook Down music blog, the SFoodie food blog, All offer daily news and posts. The Weeklys former web editor David Downs responded by musing If there was a genocide, the SF Weekly was the subject of ethical controversy in Jan. 2006, when a column about the AVN porn awards misidentified the events location, the papers editor had apparently altered a column about a different event from years before. The Guardian won the suit in March,2008, and was granted a $6.2 million in damages, after the verdict, the Guardian obtained court orders allowing it to seize and sell the Weekly′s two delivery trucks and collect half of the Weekly′s ad revenue. SF Weekly currently occupies Suite 550,835 Market St, previous locations included, Suite 710225 Bush Street,55 Francisco Street, Suite 3800 of 185 Berry Street and 425 Brannan Street
27.
San Francisco Fire Department
–
The San Francisco Fire Department provides fire and emergency medical services to the City and County of San Francisco, California. Volunteer companies were first formed in the city in 1850, Fire Chief Dennis T. Sullivan suffered mortal wounds in his home by a falling chimney early in the disaster and subsequently died in the hospital. They have recently gotten another fireboat, the SFFD has two fireboats that are docked at Pier 22 1⁄2. Fireboat 1, the Phoenix, was constructed in 1954 and is fitted with three monitors, a water town and two under pier monitors. Fireboat 2, the Guardian, was constructed in 1950 and is the oldest fireboat in the fleet, both boats are 89-foot and outfitted with two 500 horsepower engines giving them top speeds of 12.5 knots and 15 knots. A third new 85-foot fireboat is as yet unnamed and it was delivered to SFFD on July 25,2016 and is planned to be unveiled and put into service sometime in October 2016. A contest for children Grades K-8 was held to name the vessel, below is a full listing of all fire station and company locations in the City & County of San Francisco according to division and battalion. There are also three SFFD-operated fire stations located at the San Francisco International Airport in San Mateo County, all apparatus at SFO go by the Rescue call sign, whether Engine, Truck, ARFF Crash, Medic Unit, or Command SUV. The film cast many actual firefighters from the department and used many actual SFFD fire trucks during the filming, Fire Station 38 was also shown in the filming. The exterior shots were done at the Bank of America Building,555 California, the SFFD was also used in the Dirty Harry film series, particularly Rescue Squad 2 in Dirty Harry. The depicted fire station, Fire Station 53, is a fictitious station, the exterior of the station was represented by Fire Station 1 of the Los Angeles Fire Department. The SFFD was featured in two Emergency, Television movies in 1978 and 1979, where L. A. County firefighter/paramedics Gage and DeSoto run calls with the firefighters of Rescue Squad 2, the NBC Television show Trauma followed the fictional lives of SFFD paramedics, EMTs and flight medics. The department is featured in the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill, the station was Station #9, built in 1915. San Francisco Fire Department official website San Francisco Fire Museum History of the San Francisco Fire Department at the SF Museum SFFD Fire Reserve website
28.
San Francisco Chronicle
–
It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
29.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
30.
Marijuana
–
Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
31.
Baptism
–
Baptism is a Christian sacrament of admission and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally. The canonical Gospels report that Jesus was baptized—a historical event to which a degree of certainty can be assigned. Baptism has been called a sacrament and an ordinance of Jesus Christ. In some denominations, baptism is also called christening, but for others the word christening is reserved for the baptism of infants, Baptism has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the candidate to be immersed, in v.16, Matthew will speak of Jesus coming up out of the water. The traditional depiction in Christian art of John the Baptist pouring water over Jesus head may therefore be based on later Christian practice, other common forms of baptism now in use include pouring water three times on the forehead, a method called affusion. Martyrdom was identified early in Church history as baptism by blood, later, the Catholic Church identified a baptism of desire, by which those preparing for baptism who die before actually receiving the sacrament are considered saved. Today, some Christians, particularly Christian Scientists, Quakers, The Salvation Army, and Unitarians, do not see baptism as necessary, among those that do, differences can be found in the manner and mode of baptizing and in the understanding of the significance of the rite. Most Christians baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, much more than half of all Christians baptize infants, many others hold that only believers baptism is true baptism. Some insist on submersion or at least partial immersion of the person who is baptized, others consider that any form of washing by water, as long as the water flows on the head, is sufficient. The term baptism has also used to refer to any ceremony, trial, or experience by which a person is initiated, purified. The Greek verb baptō, dip, from which the verb baptizo is derived, is in turn hypothetically traced to a reconstructed Indo-European root *gʷabh-, the Greek words are used in a great variety of meanings. John the Baptist, who is considered a forerunner to Christianity, the apostle Paul distinguished between the baptism of John, and baptism in the name of Jesus, and it is questionable whether Christian baptism was in some way linked with that of John. Christians consider Jesus to have instituted the sacrament of baptism, though whether Jesus intended to institute a continuing, the earliest Christian baptisms were probably normally by immersion, complete or partial. Though other modes may have also been used, at the hour in which the cock crows, they shall first pray over the water. When they come to the water, the water shall be pure and flowing, that is, then they shall take off all their clothes. The children shall be baptized first, all of the children who can answer for themselves, let them answer. If there are any children who cannot answer for themselves, let their parents answer for them, after this, the men will be baptized
32.
Dianne Feinstein
–
Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein is the senior United States Senator from California. A member of the Democratic Party, she has served in the Senate since 1992 and she also served as the 38th Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988. Born in San Francisco, Feinstein graduated from Stanford University in 1955 with a B. A. in history, in the 1960s she worked in city government, and in 1970 she was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She served as the boards first female president in 1978, during which time the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone, during her tenure as San Franciscos first female mayor she led a revamp of the citys cable car system and oversaw the 1984 Democratic National Convention. After a failed campaign in 1990, she won a 1992 special election to the U. S. Senate. Feinstein was first elected on the ballot as her peer Barbara Boxer. Feinstein was the author of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban which expired in 2004, in 2013 she introduced a new assault weapons bill, which failed to pass. Feinstein is the first and only woman to have chaired the Senate Rules Committee and the Select Committee on Intelligence from 2009 to 2015 and she is the only woman to have presided over a U. S. presidential inauguration. At the age of 83, Feinstein is the oldest currently serving United States Senator, Feinstein was born Dianne Emiel Goldman in San Francisco, to Betty, a former model, and Leon Goldman, a surgeon. Feinstein graduated from Convent of the Sacred Heart High School, San Francisco in 1951, prior to elected service, Feinstein was appointed by then-California Governor Pat Brown to serve as a member of the California Womens Parole Board. Feinstein also served as a fellow at the Coro Foundation in San Francisco, in 1969, Feinstein was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She remained on the Board for nine years and she was elected president of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1978 with initial opposition from Quentin Kopp. Feinstein was close by in City Hall at the time of the shootings and discovered Milks body after hearing the gunshots, both Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk have been shot and killed. Feinstein appears in footage and is credited in the Academy Award-winning documentary film The Times of Harvey Milk. She appears again briefly in footage, announcing the death of Moscone. Feinstein and her position as President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors are also alluded to several times in the movie, as President of the Board of Supervisors upon the death of Moscone, Feinstein succeeded to the mayoralty on December 4,1978. Feinstein served out the remainder of Moscones term and she made no staffing changes to his team until she was elected in her own right in 1979. She was re-elected in 1983 and served a second term
33.
Juvenile crime
–
Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors. Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as detention centers. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically below 18 years of age, depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for people under 18 to be charged and treated as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses, to property crimes, however, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior. This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, repeated and/or violent offending is likely to lead to later and more violent offenses. When this happens, the offender often displayed antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence, according to the developmental research of Moffitt, there are two different types of offenders that emerge in adolescence. Juvenile delinquency occurrences by males are largely disproportionate to the rate of occurrences by females and this great gap between the crimes reinforce the connotations of traditional masculinity to be the center of violence, aggression, and competition. This is largely based on the notion that as males, it is their duty to take what they feel they deserve through these means to define themselves and play the role of provider and independent figure. Because aggression is not a characteristic, it has caused more commotion when females perform crimes that are often attributed to males. The acts of delinquency begin with the expectations of their perceived roles through the direction of adults of both genders. Sandra Lee Bartky expresses these claims thoroughly in her work Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power by examining close observation of diction, action, and decorum. Boys learn to take as much space as possible when sitting, dress appropriately to stand out, thus, delinquent behavior is expressed as an outlet especially to those of lower socioeconomic backgrounds that cannot gain precedence through conventional means. Gender role for females is to become more unnoticeable, a follower that does not need to stand out, because of their condition to be more docile and dependent, the instinctive need to gain precedence is not as highly valued. Even respect comes in the form of different terms, as it is through how appropriately she conducts herself that seems innocent and this is also influenced by fellow peers such as mothers and other female figures apart from the authoritative male figure. In this instance, there is no need to urge to commit delinquency as the female is expected to rely on the male for his role as provider. It is through the act of needing to become dependent that enforces the feminine characteristics to seem as an alternative to delinquency, in fact, it has been largely stated that while masculinity induces such violent behavior, femininity is seen as the antithesis to delinquency. The answers were predominantly that males were to provide through aggressive terms, while females should be the more docile, the bipolarity assumption suggests that masculinity and femininity are opposites, and the assumption of unidimensionality implies that gender differences form a single scale. Interestingly, the impact of feminism has because the formation of a new trend as female delinquency has gone up
34.
Pier 39
–
Pier 39 is a shopping center and popular tourist attraction built on a pier in San Francisco, California. At Pier 39, there are shops, restaurants, an arcade, street performances, the Aquarium of the Bay, virtual 3D rides. The marina is home to the floating Forbes Island restaurant. A two-story carousel is one of the more dominant features, although it is not directly visible from the street. The family-oriented entertainment and presence of marine mammals make this a popular tourist location for families with kids, the pier is located at the edge of the Fishermans Wharf district and is close to North Beach, Chinatown, and the Embarcadero. The area is accessible via the historic F Market streetcars. From the pier one can see Angel Island, Alcatraz, the Golden Gate Bridge, blue & Gold Fleets bay cruises leave from Pier 39. Pier 39 was first developed by entrepreneur Warren Simmons and opened October 4,1978, California sea lions have always been present in San Francisco Bay. They started to haul out on docks of Pier 39 in September 1989, before that they mostly used Seal Rock for that purpose. Ever since September 1989 the number of sea lions on Seal Rock has been steadily decreasing, some people speculate that sea lions moved to docks because of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but the earthquake occurred months after the first sea lions had arrived at Pier 39. It is likely that the sea lions feel safer inside the Bay, once the project was completed, boat owners returned, but did their best to navigate around the sea lions, no efforts were made to encourage the new guests to leave. By the end of year, less than a dozen sea lions frequented the docks at Pier 39. By January 1990, their numbers had increased to 150 animals, owners of the 11 boats docked there began to complain about having to avoid the animals who can weigh up to half a ton, and odor and noise complaints began to pour in. Press releases caught national attention, and the sea began to attract tourists. Advice from The Marine Mammal Center was to abandon the docks to the animals, volunteers and staff at The Marine Mammal Store and Interpretive Center monitor the sea lion population each day, and educational information is provided to tourists who visit from around the world. Scientists continue to collect information there, adding to knowledge about sea lion health, dietary habits, a handful of sea lions did return in February, and by late May several hundred could once again be seen on Pier 39. It remains unknown exactly where they went and why, 49-Mile Scenic Drive The World Famous Bushman Official site
35.
Willie Brown (politician)
–
Willie Lewis Brown, Jr. is an American politician of the Democratic Party. He served over 30 years in the California State Assembly, spending 15 years as its speaker, and later served as the 41st mayor of San Francisco, the first African American to do so. Under the current California term-limits law, no Speaker of the California State Assembly will be permitted to have a longer tenure than Browns, the San Francisco Chronicle called Brown one of San Franciscos most notable mayors who had celebrity beyond the citys boundaries. Brown was born in Mineola, Texas and graduated from Mineola Colored High School in 1951 and he moved to San Francisco in 1951, attending San Francisco State University and graduating in 1955 with a degree in liberal studies. Brown earned a J. D. from University of California and he spent several years in private practice before gaining election in his second attempt to the California Assembly in 1964. Brown became the Democrats whip in 1969 and speaker in 1980 and he was known for his ability to manage people and maintain party discipline. According to The New York Times, Brown became one of the countrys most powerful state legislators and his long tenure and powerful position were used as a focal point of Californias initiative campaign to limit the terms of state legislators, which passed in 1990. During the last of his three allowed post-initiative terms, Brown maintained control of the Assembly despite a slim Republican majority by gaining the vote of several Republicans, near the end of his final term, Brown left the legislature to become mayor of San Francisco. Brown served as San Francisco mayor from January 8,1996 until January 8,2004 and his tenure as mayor is marked by a significant increase in real estate development, public works, city beautification, and other large-scale city projects. He presided over the era at a time when San Franciscos economy was rapidly expanding. Brown presided over the city’s most diverse administration with more Asian Americans, women, Latinos, gays and he increased San Franciscos funding of Muni by tens of millions of dollars and ended the citys policy of punishing people for feeding the homeless. The SF Board of Supervisors opposed Browns agenda and some of his initiatives, in particular office, Brown was restricted by term limits from running for mayor and was succeeded by a political protege, Gavin Newsom. Brown was born in Mineola, a segregated town in east Texas marked by racial tensions, to Minnie Collins Boyd. Brown was the fourth of five children, during Browns childhood, mob violence periodically erupted in Mineola, keeping African Americans from voting. His first job was as a boy in a whites-only barber shop. He later worked as a janitor, fry cook, and field hand and he learned his work ethic at a young age from his grandmother. He graduated from MacFarland High School, a school he later described as substandard. Brown originally wanted to attend Stanford University and his interviewer from Stanford also taught at San Francisco State and was surprised by Brown’s ambition
36.
Carol Ruth Silver
–
Carol Ruth Silver is an American lawyer and activist. She was a Freedom Rider, arrested and incarcerated for 40 days in Mississippi, Silver grew up in a Jewish family in Worcester, Massachusetts. She attended the University of Chicago, earning a degree in 1960. She was a fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and she recalled in 2011, On June 2,1961, I got on a bus in New York bound for Jackson. The bus went to Nashville, where we wrote our wills, when we arrived in Jackson, on June 7, I went into the bus station waiting room marked Colored. I took three steps and was arrested and transported to the city jail, Silver was sentenced to six months in jail but was released after serving 40 days. In 2011, on the 50th anniversary of the Freedom Riders, in 2014, she published a book, Freedom Rider Diary, Smuggled Notes from Parchman Prison. What is already clear is that the New York officials denouncing him misconceive the law of self-defense, a subway rider attacked by armed criminals has every right to shoot in self-defense. Rational gun control is a necessity, but New York Citys long history of prohibiting ordinary, responsible adults the only realistic means of self-defense is not rational. I dont like it, San Francisco Police Chief Con Murphy said about Silvers views on guns, keeping guns at home creates more problems than it solves. It creates a sense of security. Women could not live alone for fear of predation by males, so they lived with a male protector and accepted his dictation of their role, either as a condition of receiving his protection, or because he would impose it upon them by physical force, or both. Access to firearms gives women, for the first time in history, Silver moved to California and served on the faculties of Golden Gate University, Lone Mountain College, and San Francisco State. She served with the California Rural Legal Assistance program and she began her political career in 1970, running for city auditor in Berkeley. She then moved to San Francisco and ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Silvers 1977 election was part of a shift toward diversity on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, she was described as the boards first unwed mother. As a colleague of Harvey Milk, our legacy was to shift the balance of power to younger. We were the first district-elected supervisors who had roots in the communities of the city. Falzon said White told him he planned to not just Milk and Moscone
37.
Metal detector
–
A metal detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects and they often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a tone in earphones. Usually the device gives some indication of distance, the closer the metal is, another common type are stationary walk through metal detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a persons body. The simplest form of a metal detector consists of a producing a alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, if another coil is used to measure the magnetic field, the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. The first industrial metal detectors were developed in the 1960s and were used extensively for mineral prospecting, uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal detectors are used to detect foreign bodies in food. Towards the end of the 19th century, many scientists and engineers used their knowledge of electrical theory in an attempt to devise a machine which would pinpoint metal. The use of such a device to find ore-bearing rocks would give an advantage to any miner who employed it. Early machines were crude, used a lot of battery power, in 1874, Parisian inventor Gustave Trouvé developed a hand-held device for locating and extracting metal objects such as bullets from human patients. The modern development of the detector began in the 1920s. Gerhard Fischer had developed a system of radio direction-finding, which was to be used for accurate navigation, the system worked extremely well, but Fischer noticed there were anomalies in areas where the terrain contained ore-bearing rocks. He reasoned that if a radio beam could be distorted by metal, in 1925 he applied for, and was granted, the first patent for a metal detector. Although Gerhard Fischer was the first person granted a patent for a detector, the first to apply was Shirl Herr. His application for a hand-held Hidden-Metal Detector was filed in February 1924, Herr assisted Italian leader Benito Mussolini in recovering items remaining from the Emperor Caligulas galleys at the bottom of Lake Nemi, Italy in August 1929. Herrs invention was used by Admiral Richard Byrds Second Antarctic Expedition in 1933 and it was effective up to a depth of eight feet. These units were still heavy, as they ran on vacuum tubes
38.
Diminished capacity
–
The defenses acceptance in American jurisdictions varies considerably. The majority of states have adopted it by statute or case decision, some American states restrict the defense to the charge of murder only where a successful defense will result in a manslaughter conviction instead of murder. Until recently, the Republic of Ireland did not accept the partial defense, the Irish Supreme Court had rejected the existence of the defense in DPP v OMahony. The case was recently abrogated, however, by enactment of the Criminal Law Act 2006, the act, in pertinent part, specifically adopted the partial defense for the charge of murder where a successful defense will result in a manslaughter conviction instead of murder. Diminished capacity is a defense to charges that require that the defendant act with a particular state of mind. This does not mean that the defendant is entitled to an acquittal, the defendant still might be convicted of second degree murder which only requires that the defendant act with general malice. The defense is to be contrasted with insanity which is a complete, as noted a successful insanity defense will result in acquittal although a number of jurisdictions have adopted the guilty but insane verdict. The defense of insanity and diminished capacity although clearly distinct are not inconsistent defenses and this is an aspect of a more general insanity defense. The defense was first recognized by Scottish common law to reduce the punishment of the partially insane and it developed from the practice of juries in the 19th century of returning verdicts of guilty with a recommendation as to mercy or mitigation of sentence to reflect any extenuating circumstances. An example of a diminished capacity might be extremely low intelligence, in the English case of R v Raven, a man who had a physical age of 22 years but a mental age of only 9 years felt provoked by homosexual advances and killed his perceived attacker. The rationale of the defense is that, as a precondition to punishment, if something interferes with the capacity of the individual to choose to break the law, this should be reflected by an excuse or exculpation. The law should balance the need to be fair to the individual wrongdoer, the effect of the defense varies between the jurisdictions. In some, it will result in full excuse and therefore produce a verdict of not guilty, in others, it offers only exculpation to a degree, resulting in the substitution of a lesser offence or a mitigated sentence. California was the first state in the U. S. to adopt the diminished capacity defense, beginning with People v. Wells and People v. Gorshen. The doctrine would soon be abolished by ballot initiative in 1982 following the publicity surrounding the case of Dan White. One participant in the debate over diminished capacity rulings waved a Twinkie in the air to make his point, currently, the California Penal Code states, The defense of diminished capacity is hereby abolished. There shall be no defense of diminished capacity, diminished responsibility, during the course of the 20th century the courts began to limit the mental conditions falling within diminished responsibility. In other words, the prisoner in question must be only partially accountable for his actions, and I think one can see running through the cases that there is implied
United States
United States Army
