1.
Lyndhurst, Hampshire
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Lyndhurst /lɪndhərst/ is a large village and civil parish situated in the New Forest National Park in Hampshire, England. The nearest city is Southampton, about nine miles to the north-east, as of 2001 Lyndhurst had a population of 2,973, increasing to 3,029 at the 2011 Census. The name derives from an Old English name, comprising the words lind, known as the Capital of the New Forest, Lyndhurst houses the New Forest District Council. The first mention of Lyndhurst was in the Domesday Book of 1086 under the name Linhest, the Court of Verderers sits in the Queens House in Lyndhurst. The church of St. Michael and All Angels was built in the 1860s, local folklore records Lyndhurst as the site of a Dragon-slaying, and as being haunted by the ghost of Richard Fitzgeorge de Stacpoole, 1st Duc de Stacpoole. Alice Liddell, the inspiration for Alice in Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland, is buried there, the name Lyndhurst is an Old English name, meaning Wooded hill growing with lime-trees. The name comprises the words lind and hyrst, the first mention of Lyndhurst was in the Domesday Book of 1086 under the name Linhest. It was part of the lands of the New Forest. Herbert may have been the ancestor of the Lyndhurst family, beginning with Herbert Lyndhurst, the manor was back in the hands of the king before 1362, and it was granted to various noble families over the course of the following century. Between 1467 and 1581 it was in the hands of the Earls of Arundel, the estate was once again passed to various noble families until 1667, when Charles II granted it to Charles Paulet, 1st Duke of Bolton. He was followed successively by his son and grandson, but by the mid 18th century it was back in royal hands, being held successively by Prince William Henry, a royal park was attached to the manor of Lyndhurst from a very early date. It was unusual for being a Kings Park within a Kings Forest, in 1299 it covered an area of 500 acres, the profits from the honey gathered there amounting to 2 shillings per annum. It was actively worked during the 14th and 15th centuries when payments were made for the fencing and repairing of the palings, the old Park of Lyndhurst is where the Parkhill Hotel now stands, the new park being on the A337 Brockenhurst road. The village is the capital of the New Forest, with the district council based in the village. The Court of Verderers sits in the Queens House in Lyndhurst, the church of St. Michael and All Angels is a major landmark, built of many different colours of brick, on one of the highest points in the village. Lyndhurst is also home to the New Forest Centre, which includes the New Forest Museum and it was established in February 1922 following the marriage of president Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood. The headquarters of the privately owned British chemicals company Ineos is located in the village, the civil parish includes the hamlets of Bank and Emery Down. Lyndhurst is surrounded by varied forest, from the heathland of Parkhill to the bog of Matley, and the open forest with its ancient oak and beech to the enclosures of softwoods
2.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
3.
Trinity College, Cambridge
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Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. With around 600 undergraduates,300 graduates, and over 180 fellows, by combined student numbers, it is second to Homerton College, Cambridge. Members of Trinity have won 32 Nobel Prizes out of the 91 won by members of Cambridge University, five Fields Medals in mathematics were won by members of the college and one Abel Prize was won. Other royal family members have studied there without obtaining degrees, including King Edward VII, King George VI, along with Christs, Jesus, Kings and St Johns colleges, it has also provided several of the well known members of the Apostles, an intellectual secret society. In 1848, Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing private schools such as Westminster drew up the first formal rules of football, Trinitys sister college in Oxford is Christ Church. Like that college, Trinity has been linked with Westminster School since the schools re-foundation in 1560, the college was founded by Henry VIII in 1546, from the merger of two existing colleges, Michaelhouse, and Kings Hall. At the time, Henry had been seizing church lands from abbeys, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, being both religious institutions and quite rich, expected to be next in line. The King duly passed an Act of Parliament that allowed him to any college he wished. The universities used their contacts to plead with his sixth wife, the Queen persuaded her husband not to close them down, but to create a new college. The king did not want to use royal funds, so he combined two colleges and seven hostels to form Trinity. Contrary to popular belief, the lands granted by Henry VIII were not on their own sufficient to ensure Trinitys eventual rise. In its infancy Trinity had owed a great deal to its college of St Johns. Its first four Masters were educated at St Johns, and it took until around 1575 for the two colleges application numbers to draw even, a position in which they have remained since the Civil War. Bentley himself was notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Masters Lodge, most of the Trinitys major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Thomas Nevile, who became Master of Trinity in 1593, rebuilt and this work included the enlargement and completion of Great Court, and the construction of Neviles Court between Great Court and the river Cam. Neviles Court was completed in the late 17th century when the Wren Library, in the 20th century, Trinity College, St Johns College and Kings College were for decades the main recruiting grounds for the Cambridge Apostles, an elite, intellectual secret society. In 2011, the John Templeton Foundation awarded Trinity Colleges Master, Trinity is the richest Oxbridge college, with a landholding alone worth £800 million. Trinity is sometimes suggested to be the second, third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK – after the Crown Estate, the National Trust, in 2005, Trinitys annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million
4.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
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Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was born Mahesh Prasad Varma and became known as Maharishi and Yogi as an adult. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi became a disciple and assistant of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, the Maharishi credits Brahmananda Saraswati with inspiring his teachings. In 1955, the Maharishi began to introduce his Transcendental Deep Meditation to India and his first global tour began in 1958. His devotees referred to him as His Holiness, and because he often laughed in TV interviews he was referred to as the giggling guru. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Maharishi achieved fame as the guru to the Beatles, The Beach Boys, in the late 1970s, he started the TM-Sidhi programme that claimed to offer practitioners the ability to levitate and to create world peace. The Maharishis Natural Law Party was founded in 1992, and ran campaigns in dozens of countries and he moved to near Vlodrop, the Netherlands, in the same year. In 2000, he created the Global Country of World Peace, a non-profit organization, in 2008, the Maharishi announced his retirement from all administrative activities and went into silence until his death three weeks later. His initiatives include schools and universities with campuses in countries including India, Canada, the United States. The Maharishi, his family and close associates created charitable organisations and for-profit businesses including health clinics, mail-order health supplements and organic farms. The birth name, birth date, and caste of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi are not known with certainty, in part because of the tradition of ascetics, many accounts say he was born Mahesh Prasad Varma into a Kayastha family living in the Central Provinces of British India. A different name appears in the Allahabad University list of distinguished alumni, Srivastava. and an obituary says his name was Mahesh Srivastava. Various accounts give the year of his birth as 1911,1917 or 1918, authors Paul Mason and William Jefferson say that he was born 12 January 1917 in Jabalpur, Central Provinces. The place of birth given in his passport is Pounalulla India, Mahesh came from an upper-caste family, being a member of the Kayastha caste, a high-status caste whose traditional profession is writing. Mahesh studied physics at Allahabad University and earned a degree in 1942, Coplin refers to bala brahmachari as both a title and a name, and considers that it identified him as a fully dedicated student of spiritual knowledge and life-long celibate ascetic. The Maharishi recalls how it took two and a half years to attune himself to the thinking of Brahmananda Saraswati and to gain a very genuine feeling of complete oneness. At first Brahmachari Mahesh performed common chores but gained trust and became Guru Devs personal secretary and he was trusted to take care of the bulk of Swami Brahmananda Saraswatis correspondence without direction, and was also sent out to give public speeches on Vedic themes. Brahmachari Mahesh remained with Swami Brahmananda Saraswati until the latter died in 1953, although Brahmachari Mahesh was a close disciple, he could not be the Shankaracharyas spiritual successor because he was not of the Brahmin caste. The Shankaracharya, at the end of his life, charged him with the responsibility of travelling and teaching meditation to the masses, later the technique was renamed Transcendental Meditation
5.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
6.
The Messenger (sculpture)
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The Messenger is a statue by the English sculptor David Wynne, OBE of a horse and rider. It was installed in the centre of Sutton in Greater London. The statue features a horse and rider, created in bronze with very dark patination and it is located directly outside the main entrance to Quadrant House, adjacent to Sutton railway station. The horse, with a raised left leg, looks towards the station. The rider, seated bareback, raises his hand in the air above his head and his right hand to his mouth. It is fully life-size and mounted on a 7-foot plinth of marble, the total height is 150 inches. The statue was commissioned by the then Business Press International Ltd, and upkeep of the work now falls to Reed Business Information, the company had initially considered that the work should be installed high up, above the entrance lobby. However, Wynne advised against this, feeling that the distance created would militate against the engagement he wanted people to have with the work and it would be perceived as two-dimensional, depriving people of the full three-dimensions they would feel by walking around it. So the statue was installed at ground level in front of the entrance to the building, enabling people to get close up to it. Having agreed the overall idea that the work was to convey, on his back a carefree boy, wild as the horse, calling out to his friends, who have forgotten that they too are heirs to his kingdom. As part of his preparation, Wynne visited Italy to see the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome, will they be surprised, pleased, disappointed or even appalled when the cover comes off. Too late to change it now, in his introductory essay in the book The Messenger, Lucius Noël notes Wynnes dislike for statues where the horse is shown as merely the support for the rider. Noël notes the way that Wynne highlights the interrelationship between horse and rider in the work, as he did in his previous two horse and rider sculptures, while noting the greater reality in the work than its two equestrian predecessors, he stresses the strong symbolism in the work. He writes, The rider, a man, is giving his message to his audience. But the horse is just as important as the man and his is, in fact, more conscious than the man, and has his feet firmly planted on the ground, one hoof pointing to the centre of the earth. They are a team, and the impression is that each needs the other, man needs the horse. Noël notes how this ties in with Wynnes wider views about animals, We must share the Earth with the animals. To find a way to live in peace with the animals is our duty, Sutton twin towns mural Sutton armillary Sutton Heritage Mosaic Media related to The Messenger by David Wynne at Wikimedia Commons
