In navigation, dead reckoning is the process of calculating the current position of a moving object by using a previously determined position, or fix, and incorporating estimates of speed, heading, and elapsed time. The corresponding term in biology, to describe the processes by which animals update their estimates of position or heading, is path integration.
Dead reckoning navigation tools in coastal navigation
British P10 Magnetic Compass with dead reckoning navigation tools
Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation.
A navigation system on an oil tanker
Manual navigation through Dutch airspace
Radar ranges and bearings can be used to determine a position.
Poor passage planning and deviation from the plan can lead to groundings, ship damage and cargo loss.