In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire faced threats on numerous frontiers from multiple industrialised European powers as well as internal instabilities. Outsider influence, internal corruption and
The decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries
Mustafa Reşid Pasha, the principal architect of the Edict of Gülhane
The green color marks the territories that were ceded to Russia following the wars with Turkey from the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century.
The Armenian national movement
Tanzimat
Videos
The Tanzimat was a period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Musta
Mustafa Reşid Pasha, chief architect of the Tanzimat reform
Cenab Şehabeddin was known for his liberal ideals and poetry influenced by French Symbolism.
Diplomat Mehmed Cemil Bey wearing a frock coat and a bow tie.
Necip Ahmed Pasha, career officer and composer in French-inspired uniform.