1.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
2.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
5.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
6.
Denver Mavericks
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The Denver Mavericks were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the International Hockey League during the first half of the 1959–1960 season. They played at the Denver Coliseum in Denver, Colorado, the Mavericks were an expansion team and recruited most of its players at colleges in Colorado. The IHL pulled the franchise from the owners, Mile High Hockey Inc. The new ownership refinanced the team, but the changes did not solve the financial problems. On December 3,1959, the team moved becoming the Minneapolis Millers, the Mavericks were in Denver for only 34 days, and finished their tenure in Denver with a 10–8 record. History of the Mavericks Pictures of Denver Mavericks Pucks
7.
Denver Nuggets
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The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver, Colorado. The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association as a club of the leagues Western Conference Northwest Division. The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a franchise of the American Basketball Association. It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974, after the name change, the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976, losing to the New York Nets. The team has had periods of success, qualifying for the ABA Playoffs for all seasons from 1967 to the 1976 ABA playoffs where it lost in the finals. The team joined the NBA in 1976 after the ABA–NBA merger and qualified for the NBA playoffs in nine seasons in the 1980s. However, it has not made an appearance in a round since its last year in the ABA. The Nuggets play their games at Pepsi Center, which they share with the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League. In 1967, one of the ABAs charter franchises was awarded to a group in Kansas City, Missouri, however, Trindle was unable to find a suitable arena in the Kansas City area. League commissioner George Mikan suggested moving the team to Denver, after agreeing to name Denver native and former NBA player Vince Boryla as general manager, Trindle moved his team to Denver as the Denver Larks, named after Colorados state bird. The Trindle group was severely undercapitalized, leading Mikan to order the Larks to post a $100,000 performance bond or lose the franchise, hours before the deadline, Trindle sold a ⅔ controlling interest to Denver trucking magnate Bill Ringsby for $350,000. Ringsby then renamed the team the Rockets, after his companys long-haul trucks, playing at the Denver Auditorium Arena, the Rockets had early successes on the court, developing a solid fan base along the way. However, the team had a history of early playoff exits, early, they had a solid lineup led by Byron Beck and Larry Jones, then later by Beck and Ralph Simpson. Wright played four seasons with Denver, controversial rookie Spencer Haywood joined the team for the 1969–70 season. Haywood was one of the first players to turn pro before graduating from college, and the NBA initially refused to let him play in the league. Haywood averaged nearly 30 points and 19.5 rebounds per game in his only ABA season, being named ABA MVP, ABA rookie of the year, the team finished 51-33, winning their division, before exiting the playoffs in the 2nd round. Just before the start of the 1970–71 season, Haywood signed with the Seattle SuperSonics, the team tumbled to a 30-54 record and attendance suffered. Ringsby sold the team to San Diego businessmen Frank Goldberg and Bud Fischer in 1972
8.
Denver Spurs
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The Denver Spurs were a professional ice hockey team based out of Denver, Colorado. The Spurs began play in the Western Hockey League in 1968, the Spurs became the first professional sports team in Colorado to win a championship in 1971–72. After the WHL folded in 1974, the transferred to the Central Hockey League for the 1974–75 season. In June,1974, Ivan Mullenix, owner of the CHL Spurs, was awarded a conditional NHL franchise for the 1976-77 season, at the same time, the bankrupt Pittsburgh Penguins would be sold to a Seattle group who also held a conditional franchise. The proposed arrangement fell through, and with the continuing franchise difficulties, Mullenix then opted to move the Spurs to the WHA for the 1975-76 season. A Sports Illustrated preview on the upcoming WHA season noted that it was stalwart Gordie Howes 28th year in league hockey. The magazine picked the team to finish last in the WHAs Western Division. It also said that unless the Spurs drew well immediately, Denvers stay in big-league hockey could be exactly 27 years shorter than Gordie Howes, fans had been banking on an NHL team after three years of advertising, and did not consider the WHA to be a major league. As a result, fans stayed away in droves, the Spurs first exhibition game, against Howes Houston Aeros, proved to be a microcosm of their brief stay in the WHA. No beer was available because Mullenix was unable to get a license, there was no flag to face during the national anthem. The situation didnt get much better during the season, they only averaged 3,000 fans in a 16. The situation wasnt much better on the ice either, veteran Ralph Backstrom was one of the Spurs few experienced players, but at 38 his career was in decline. Still, he wound up leading the team with 50 points in 41 games and they could never find an answer in goal, one of their goalies ran up a staggering 15.00 goals-against average. The Spurs played their first regular game at home against the Indianapolis Racers. Before only 5,000 fans, the Spurs scored the first goal, by December 30, they were in the Western Division cellar with a 13–20–1 mark, despite an overtime win over the Racers that night in Denver. It would turn out to be the last game the Spurs would play in Colorado, rumors had abounded even before the Spurs got on the ice that the NHL was planning to move either the Seals or the Kansas City Scouts to Denver. By late December, Mullenix got word that the Scouts were in serious discussions about moving to Denver for the following season. Knowing he couldnt hope to compete with an NHL team, Mullenix began the process of selling the team to the Founders Club and he had initially begun negotiations with the Founders Club a month into the season, when the first rumors cropped up of a Scouts move to Denver
9.
Denver Rangers
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The Denver Rangers were a professional hockey team in Denver, Colorado for 1988–1989 season. They were a member of the International Hockey League, the team was originally the Indianapolis Checkers, but after the 1986–1987 season the team moved to Denver. The team was known as the Colorado Rangers for the 1987–1988 season. After the 1988–1989 season the team moved to Phoenix, Arizona and they were the IHL affiliate of the New York Rangers. Denver Rangers at the Internet Hockey Database
10.
Colorado Wildcats
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The Colorado Wildcats was a team in the Professional Indoor Football League in 1998. The Wildcats franchise was owned by Gary Kozacek, who also was head coach/owner of the same Wildcats team for the previous 9 years, as they competed in football in. The Wildcats played their games at the Denver Coliseum, with the team office also located in Denver. The teams colors were, Old Gold, Purple, and White, colorados head coach listed in the 1998 PIFL league media guide was Larry Jobe, but the actual head coach was Collins Sanders. The Wildcats played three preseason PIFL games in 98 and they struggled financially, even folding for two weeks before a new owner, Tom Shafer, bailed the team out and allowed them to finish the season. The Shivers, the Louisiana Bayou Beast owners, offered to pay expenses for the Wildcats to compete against the Beast. This would also be the Beasts chance to avenge the loss of the Bayou Beast season by defeating the Wildcats in the playoffs. The Bayou Beast did just that by winning 67-61, slamming Colorado wide receiver Matt Cinquanta to the turf as he made a miraculous catch just one shy of the endzone on the games last play. As a result, the Louisiana Bayou Beast advanced to the PIFL Championship game, unfortunately, that was the last anyone heard of the team, which returned to the semi-pro ranks for good
11.
Professional Indoor Football League (1998)
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The Professional Indoor Football League was the second league to successfully play indoor football as a paid pro-league sport, after the Arena Football League. Since the AFL had a patent given in 1990 on the gameplay of Arena Football, the PIFL played with mostly the same rules, the PIFL only lasted one season under that name. The PIFL was started by Richard Dick Suess, Suess was deeply involved in football on the semi-pro and minor league level, and was editor–publisher of the Minor League Football News. In 1996, he began shopping around the idea of the PIFL, the league was finally formed in late 1997 and began its first season in 1998. The league offices were located in Las Vegas, Nevada, the PIFL was rife with problems from the start. The Colorado Wildcats changed coaches during the preseason, by the third game, many teams were in serious financial trouble and started forfeiting games. The Minnesota Monsters folded after Week 5, many other teams missed payrolls and this resulted in many players, including some of the best players, quitting. In 1999, the PIFL essentially split into two leagues, keary Ecklund, owner of the Green Bay Bombers and Madison Mad Dogs, took his two teams and form the Indoor Football League. On January 4,1999, the teams of the PIFL renamed the league to the Indoor Professional Football League. Minnesota folded after starting 1-4 on the season, pF/PA are for four official games actually played, the other game, which was Minnesotas lone victory, was ruled a forfeit awarded to Honolulu and the points were not counted in standings. Texas folded after starting 2-8 on the season, pF/PA are for nine games played. Utah forfeited their last game of the season to Madison, pF/PA are for 13 games played. Win totals for other teams include seven forfeited games by Minnesota, standings do not include exhibition games played by any of the teams. August 15,1998 — #2 Madison Mad Dogs 41 at #1 Louisiana Bayou Beast 42 Following the championship game, Louisiana Bayou Beast The Professional Indoor Football League earlier announced its 1998 All-Star teams as chosen by the PIFL coaches. The Green Bay Bombers lead the list with five first team selections and he was joined on the offensive first team by teammates Chris Perry and Heath Garland, Louisianas Michael Lewis, Chris Cloud and Matt Huerkamp, Colorados Rob Satterly and Utahs Matt Meservy. Green Bay, Colorado and Madison each placed a pair of players on the defensive first team, the PIFL answered and denied the Arena Football Leagues allegations. Late in June 1998, the Arena Football League filed a Motion for Preliminary Injunction before Judge Harry Leinenweber in Federal Court in the Northern District of Illinois, the Motion was set for hearing on July 21,1998. On July 20,1998, the PIFL and its league members filed their response, on July 22,1998, the day after receiving the PIFLs legal papers, the Arena Football League withdrew its Motion for Preliminary Injunction in a lawsuit in Federal Court in Chicago
12.
Denver Aviators
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The Denver Aviators was a 2007 expansion member of the National Indoor Football League. They play their games at the Denver Coliseum in Denver. In their first game, they had a defeat at Wyoming Cavalry. Their second game was moved to a game the day of the game. This game is believed to be the cause of the league collapsing as Wyoming Cavalry showed up for the second game, the Monday after the game, the 9 independent team owners agreed to leave the league for the rest of the season
13.
National Indoor Football League
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The National Indoor Football League was a professional indoor football league in the United States. The NIFL, based in Lafayette, Louisiana, was founded by Carolyn Shiver, the league started operations in 2001, with many teams coming from Indoor Football League being bought the previous year and folding operations. In 2002, the league added in the teams from the Indoor Professional Football League,2003 was the most successful year for the league as 24 teams played a mostly complete schedule, with few cancellations. Before the 2005 season, nine teams left the league to form United Indoor Football and that same year though, the Intense Football League ceased operations and four teams from there joined the league. Those teams however, left the league before the 2006 season started, for the 2005 season, the NIFL had an agreement with NFL to handle referee assignment and training. The 2006 season, was the most chaotic for the league to that point, ten expansion teams were added to the league, but nine of them had problems that reflected badly on the league. The most notable situation was the owner of the Montgomery Maulers firing the entire team, none of the ten expansion teams returned to the league for the next season. The 2007 season started with the addition of several league-owned expansion teams, however, the teams were all poorly funded and had problems fielding teams. On May 11,2007, the ten independently owned franchises banded together and these ten teams played against each other as independents for the remainder of the 2007 season. Of these teams, seven have left the league for other leagues, the rest of the teams folded. No playoffs were held at the end of the season, the San Diego Shockwave were declared the official league champion, however, an unofficial championship game was played by Wyoming Cavalry and Fayetteville Guard, with Fayetteville winning. The league then officially folded prior to the 2008 season, in 2016, a new website announced that the league operations were relaunched by Carolyn Shiver with announced goal of bringing 34 teams into the former AFL markets starting in the 2017 season. As of June 2016, the league is looking for local team ownership under the business model. Beaumont Drillers – joined APFL in 2008 and has since folded, evansville BlueCats – joined United Indoor Football and folded following 2007 season. Everett Hawks – joined the af2 in 2007 and has since folded, Fayetteville Guard – moved to American Indoor Football Association, and have since folded. Fort Wayne Freedom – joined United Indoor Football, then had bought out by Fort Wayne Fusion of af2. Greenville Riverhawks – moved to American Indoor Football Association as Johnstown Riverhawks and have since folded, katy Copperheads – moved to af2 as Texas Copperheads and has since folded. Lexington Horsemen – Joined United Indoor Football then af2 later changed to Kentucky Horsemen, Montgomery Maulers – moved to American Indoor Football Association as Montgomery Bears and have since folded
14.
Denver Cutthroats
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The Denver Cutthroats were a minor league ice hockey team, as a member of the Central Hockey League, that began play in the 2012–13 season. They served as a team of the National Hockey Leagues Colorado Avalanche. Based in Denver, Colorado, the Cutthroats played their games at the Denver Coliseum. On August 20,2014, after two seasons in the CHL, the Cutthroats announced they would go dormant for the 2014–15 season. However, once the team was announced on April 10,2012. Finally, on May 17,2012, the Cutthroats officially announced their name, logo, with the addition of the Cutthroats, the CHL aligned to the one Berry Conference. The Cutthroats opened the season in Denver against the Missouri Mavericks on October 19, the Cutthroats first season saw them skate to 30 wins, and the 8th seed in the 2013 Ray Mirons Presidents Cup Playoffs. They faced the top seeded Allen Americans, and, after taking game 1, in the following 2013–14 season, a vastly improved Cutthroats team, with the help of CHL MVP Garett Bembridge, recorded 38 wins, and the 2nd seed in the Ray Mirons Presidents Cup Playoffs. The Cutthroats won their first playoff series in history, defeating the Tulsa Oilers in 6 games before advancing to the Finals after a 4,1 series win over the Arizona Sundogs. Marking the Cutthroats first berth in the Ray Miron Cup Final in only their second year of existence, in the Final, the Cutthroats once more faced the defending champions in the Allen Americans who had dispatched them a year earlier. After taking game 1, the Cutthroats again lost 4 straight games, after months of rumors, and speculation, on August 20,2014, the Denver Cutthroats announced an immediate suspension of operations and elected for dormancy for the 2014–15 season. All players of the Cutthroats were rendered free agents, however the Cutthroats planned to seek additional investors to re-join the league for the 2015–16 season, after their inaugural season, Armstrong was joined by former team-mate and Cutthroat Brad Smyth as an assistant coach and assistant of hockey operations. Denver Mavericks Denver Invaders Denver Spurs Denver Rangers Denver Grizzlies Colorado Eagles Rocky Mountain Rage Denver Cutthroats official site
15.
Central Hockey League
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The Central Hockey League was a North American mid-level minor professional ice hockey league which operated in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Until 2013, it was owned by Global Entertainment Corporation, at which point it was purchased by the franchise owners. As of the end of its season in 2014, three of the 30 National Hockey League teams had affiliations with the CHL, the Dallas Stars, Minnesota Wild. Several teams of defunct leagues joined the CHL along its history, including the Southern Hockey League, Western Professional Hockey League and International Hockey League. After two teams suspended operations during the 2014 offseason, the seven were accepted as members of the ECHL in October 2014. The Central Hockey League was revived in 1992 by Ray Miron, both men were from hockey backgrounds. Miron had been manager of the Colorado Rockies, and had briefly been president of the previous Central Hockey League in 1976. After Levins died, the championship trophy was renamed the Levins Cup. After running the league for eight years, Miron retired in 2000, the Levins Cup was renamed the Ray Miron Presidents Cup. However, several years of contraction in the former WPHL markets claimed most of these teams in the ensuing years. The last active former WPHL team, the Fort Worth Brahmas, subsequently, in 2010, the International Hockey League folded and all five remaining IHL teams joined the CHL. As of the end of the 2013–14 season only the Quad City Mallards remain from the former IHL, brad Treliving, who co-founded the WPHL in 1996, became CHL commissioner following the merger, before leaving to join the Phoenix Coyotes. Duane Lewis was named the permanent commissioner in June 2008, in October 2013, the CHL appointed former president of the Pittsburgh Penguins Steve Ryan to succeed Lewis. On March 8,2013, the Central Hockey League announced a team in Brampton. The Brampton Beast would become the first Canadian team in the CHLs history, in October 2013, the Central Hockey League was purchased from Global Entertainment by all the team owners, putting the CHL business model in line with that of the NHL and AHL. On May 2,2014 the St. Charles Chill ceased operations, soon after, the Arizona Sundogs and Denver Cutthroats suspended operations. On October 7,2014, it was announced that the ECHL would absorb the Central Hockey Leagues remaining seven teams to play for the 2014–15 season. The Thunder, RiverKings and Oilers are the last of the CHLs original teams playing today, Hockey Night in Dixie, Minor Pro Hockey in the American South
16.
Arena
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An arena is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theater, musical performances, or sporting events. The word derives from Latin harena, a particularly fine/smooth sand used to absorb blood in ancient arenas such as the Colosseum in Rome and it is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators. The key feature of an arena is that the event space is the lowest point, arenas are usually designed to accommodate a large number of spectators. The term arena is used as a synonym for a very large venue such as Pasadenas Rose Bowl. The use of one term over the other has mostly to do with the type of event, the home of the Duke University mens and womens basketball teams would qualify as an arena, but the facility is called Cameron Indoor Stadium. Domed stadiums, which, like arenas, are enclosed but have the larger playing surfaces, such examples of these would be terms such as the arena of war or the arena of love or the political arena. In many fighting games, the stage that opponents are fought in is called an arena. Ice hockey arena Amphitheatre List of indoor arenas by capacity List of stadiums by capacity
17.
Disney on Ice
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Disney on Ice, originally Walt Disneys World on Ice, is a series of touring ice shows produced by Feld Entertainments Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice, Inc. under agreement with The Walt Disney Company. Aimed primarily at children, the shows feature figure skaters portraying the roles of Disney characters in performances derived from various Disney films, Feld Entertainment licensed the rights to Disney material for ice shows and includes shared merchandising revenue between Disney and Ice Follies. Soon after Mattels Irvin & Kenneth Feld Productions purchased Ice Follies and Holiday on Ice in 1979, Feld Productions licensed the rights to Disney material for ice shows. In 1981, they began productions under the name Walt Disneys World on Ice, in March 1982, Irvin & Kenneth Feld purchased back Feld Productions from Mattel including Ice Follies/Walt Disneys World on Ice. In 1987, Walt Disneys World on Ice made its debut in Japan with Happy Birthday Donald. In 1988, the company had 5 touring shows, the name was changed to Disney on Ice in 1998. By 2008, a new show is launched every year
18.
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus is a United States traveling circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. The Ringling brothers had purchased Barnum & Bailey Ltd. following Baileys death in 1906, in 1967, Irvin Feld and his brother Israel, along with Houston Judge Roy Hofheinz bought the circus from the Ringling family. In 1971, the Felds and Hofheinz sold the circus to Mattel, since the death of Irvin Feld in 1984, the circus has been a part of Feld Entertainment, an international entertainment firm headed by Kenneth Feld, with its headquarters in Ellenton, Florida. The show traditionally begins with the singing the national anthem. With weakening attendance and high operating costs, Feld Entertainment announced the circus would close in May 2017 after 146 years. In 1875, Dan Castello and William Cameron Coup persuaded P. T. Barnum to lend his name and financial backing to the circus they had created in Delavan. Barnums Great Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Hippodrome, the moniker Greatest Show on Earth was added later. Independently of Castello and Coup, James Anthony Bailey had teamed up with James E. Cooper to create the Cooper, Barnum attempted to buy the elephant. They eventually agreed to combine their shows on March 28,1881, in 1882, the combined Barnum & Bailey Circus was successful with acts such as Jumbo, advertised as the worlds largest elephant. Barnum died in 1891 and Bailey then purchased the circus from his widow, Bailey continued touring the eastern United States until he took his circus to Europe. That tour started on December 27,1897, and lasted until 1902, in 1884, five of the seven Ringling brothers had started a small circus in Baraboo, Wisconsin. This was about the time that Barnum & Bailey were at the peak of their popularity. Similar to dozens of small circuses that toured the Midwest and the Northeast at the time and their circus rapidly grew and they were soon able to move their circus by train, which allowed them to have the largest traveling amusement enterprise of that time. Baileys European tour gave the Ringling brothers an opportunity to move their show from the Midwest to the eastern seaboard, faced with the new competition, Bailey took his show west of the Rocky Mountains for the first time in 1905. He died the year, and the circus was sold to the Ringling Brothers. The Ringlings purchased the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth in 1907, by that time, Charles Edward Ringling and John Nicholas Ringling were the only remaining brothers of the five who founded the circus. They decided that it was too difficult to run the two circuses independently, and on March 29,1919, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows debuted in New York City, the posters declared, The Ringling Bros. Worlds Greatest Shows and the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth are now combined into one record-breaking giant of all exhibitions, Charles E. Ringling died in 1926, but the circus flourished through the Roaring Twenties
19.
Pow wow
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A pow wow is a social gathering held by many different American Indian communities. The word is derived from the Narragansett word powwaw, meaning spiritual leader, a similar gathering by California Indians, usually in the fall, is called a Big Time. A modern pow wow is a type of event for American Indian people to meet and dance, sing, socialize. Pow wows may be private or public, there is generally a dancing competition, often with significant prize money awarded. Pow wows vary in length from an event, to major pow wows called for a special occasion which can be up to one week long. In popular culture, such as older Western movies, the term has also used to describe any gathering of Indians, or to refer to any type of meeting. However, such use may be viewed as cultural appropriation and disrespectful, planning for a pow wow generally begins months, perhaps even a year, in advance of the event by a group of people usually referred to as a pow wow committee. A pow wow committee consists of a number of individuals who do all the prior to the event. If a pow wow has a sponsor, such as a tribe, college, or organization, the head staff of a pow wow are the people who run the event on the day or days it actually occurs. They are generally hired by the pow wow committee several months in advance, to be chosen as part of the head staff is an honor, showing respect for the persons skills or dedication. The arena director is the person in charge during the pow wow, sometimes the arena director is referred to as the whip man, sometimes the whip man is the arena directors assistant, and many pow wows dont have a whip man. The arena director makes sure dancers are dancing during the pow wow, If there are contests the arena director is ultimately responsible for providing judges, though he often has another assistant who is the head judge. The arena director is responsible for organizing any ceremonies that may be required during the pow wow, such as when an eagle feather is dropped. One of the duties of the arena director is to ensure that the dance arena is treated with the proper respect from visitors to the pow wow. The master of ceremonies, or MC, is the voice of the pow wow and it is his job to keep the singers, dancers, and public informed as to what is happening. The MC sets the schedule of events, and maintains the drum rotation, the MC is also responsible for filling any dead air time that may occur during the pow wow, often with jokes. The MC often runs any raffles or other contests that may happen during the pow wow, the head dancers lead the other dancers in the grand entry or parade of dancers that opens a pow wow. In many cases, the dancers are also responsible for leading the dancers during songs
20.
Christian
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A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christian derives from the Koine Greek word Christós, a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach, while there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict, they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. The term Christian is also used as an adjective to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a sense all that is noble, and good. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the worlds largest religion in 2050, about half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant. Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the worlds Christians, other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories,280 million Christian live as a minority. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, in other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish. The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26,28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4,16, which believers, Yet if as a Christian, let him not be ashamed. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames, in the Annals he relates that by vulgar appellation commonly called Christians and identifies Christians as Neros scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome. Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is Nazarenes which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24, the Hebrew equivalent of Nazarenes, Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian. A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian, denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of Christianity. Most Baptists and fundamentalists, for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian, in fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity. The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism, the term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי, a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מָשִׁיחַיים, the term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city, where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī from ṣalīb which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations
21.
Cheerleading
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Cheerleading ranges from chanting, to intense physical activity for sports team motivation, audience entertainment, or competition based upon organized routines. Competitive routines typically range anywhere from one to three minutes, and contain components of tumbling, dance, jumps, cheers, and stunting, Cheerleading originated in the United States, and remains predominantly in America, with an estimated 1.5 million participants in all-star cheerleading. The global presentation of cheerleading was led by the 1997 broadcast of ESPNs International cheerleading competition, Cheerleading began during the late 18th century with the rebellion of male students. After the American Revolutionary War, students experienced harsh treatment from teachers, in response to facultys abuse, college students violently acted out. The undergraduates began to riot, burn down buildings located on their college campuses, as a more subtle way to gain independence, however, students invented and organized their own extracurricular activities outside their professors control. This brought about American sports, beginning first with collegiate teams, in the 1860s, students from Great Britain began to cheer and chant in unison for their favorite athletes at sporting events. Soon, that gesture of support crossed overseas to America, on November 6,1869, the United States witnessed its first intercollegiate football game. It took place between Princeton and Rutgers University, and marked the day the original Sis Boom Rah. cheer was shouted out by student fans, organized cheerleading started as an all-male activity. As early as 1877, Princeton University had a Princeton Cheer, documented in the February 22,1877, March 12,1880 and this cheer was yelled from the stands by students attending games, as well as by the athletes themselves. Remains in use with modifications today, where it is now referred to as the Locomotive. Princeton class of 1882 graduate Thomas Peebles moved to Minnesota in 1884 and he transplanted the idea of organized crowds cheering at football games to the University of Minnesota. These students would cheer for the team also at football practices and it was not until 1898 that University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed a crowd in cheering Rah, Rah, Rah. Making Campbell the very first cheerleader, November 2,1898 is the official birth date of organized cheerleading. Soon after, the University of Minnesota organized a yell leader squad of six male students, in 1903, the first cheerleading fraternity, Gamma Sigma, was founded. In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women were permitted to participate in cheerleading, however, it took time for other schools to follow. In the late 1920s, many school manuals and newspapers that were published still referred to cheerleaders as chap, fellow, women cheerleaders were overlooked until the 1940s. In the 1940s, collegiate men were drafted for World War II, as noted by Kieran Scott in Ultimate Cheerleading, Girls really took over for the first time. During the 1950s, cheerleading in America also increased in popularity, by the 1960s, some began to consider cheerleading a feminine extracurricular for boys, and by the 1970s, girls primarily cheered at public school games
22.
Roller derby
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Roller derby is a contact sport played by two teams of five members roller skating in the same direction around a track. Game play consists of a series of match ups in which both teams designate a jammer who scores points by lapping members of the opposing team. The teams attempt to hinder the opposing jammer while assisting their own jammer—in effect, Roller derby is played by approximately 1,250 amateur leagues worldwide, nearly half of them outside the United States. Professional roller derby quickly became popular, in 1940, more than five million spectators watched in about 50 American cities, in the ensuing decades, however, it predominantly became a form of sports entertainment where the theatrical elements overshadowed the athleticism. This gratuitous showmanship largely ended with the sports contemporary grassroots revival in the first decade of the 21st century, although some sports entertainment qualities such as player pseudonyms and colorful uniforms were retained, scripted bouts with predetermined winners were abandoned. Most modern leagues share a strong do it yourself ethic which combines athleticism, as of 2016, the Womens Flat Track Derby Association, had 397 full member leagues and 48 Apprentice Leagues. Contemporary roller derby has a set of rules, with variations reflecting the interests of a governing bodys member leagues. The summary below is based on a rule set developed by the Womens Flat Track Derby Association. In March 2010, Derby News Network claimed that more than 98% of roller derby competitions were conducted under WFTDA rules, thus, the rules described below are WFTDA rules. Roller derby is played by two teams of up to fourteen players, who both field up to five members for each two-minute jam, simultaneously skating counterclockwise on a circuit track, each team designates a scoring player, the other four members are blockers. One blocker can be designated as a pivot—a special blocker who is allowed to become a jammer in the course of play, the jammer wears a helmet cover bearing two stars, the pivot wears a striped cover, the remaining members helmets are uncovered. The bout is played in two periods of 30 minutes, point scoring occurs during jams, plays that last up to two minutes. During a jam, points are scored when a jammer on a scoring pass laps members of the opposing team, each teams blockers use body contact, changing positions, and other tactics to assist its jammer to score while hindering the opposing teams jammer. Certain types of blocks and other play are violations, referees call penalties, play begins by blockers lining up on the track anywhere between the rear jammer line and the front pivot line. The jammers start behind the line, a second starting line 30 feet behind the pivot line. Jams begin on a short whistle blast, upon which both jammers and blockers may begin engaging immediately. The pack is the largest single group of blockers containing members of both teams skating in proximity, arranged such that each are within 10 feet of the next. The first jammer to exit the front of the pack, having passed all blockers at least once
23.
Elyria-Swansea, Denver
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Elyria-Swansea is a neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. It is located in East Denver, on the northeast side of the city, in 2007, the neighborhood had 7,218 residents and 1,787 households. The racial makeup of the neighborhood in 2000 was,9. 9% non-Hispanic white,5. 31% African American,83. 02% Hispanic or Latino,0. 7% Native American, the northern border of the neighborhood is the boundary with Adams County. The eastern border is Colorado Boulevard, the southern border is 38th Street and 40th Avenue, and the western border is the South Platte River. The southwestern corner of the neighborhood is home to the Denver Coliseum, Interstate 70 in the form of a viaduct runs east–west through the neighborhood. The Nestlé Purina PetCare Company operates a manufacturing facility in the center of the neighborhood. The facility is just south of Interstate 70 and dominates the skyline of the area, the neighborhood contains Elyria Park and Swansea Park, both maintained by the City of Denver. A major railroad line traverses the neighborhood from southwest to northeast, both Elyria and Swansea each began as separate, incorporated towns. Swansea was founded by Kayden Steinhour and annexed to Denver in two phases, one in 1883 and one in 1902, Elyria was founded by Brandon Gasaway and annexed to Denver in 1902. Elyria-Swansea Neighborhood Plan and National Western Stock Show Station Area Plan Elyria Vision Plan 2020
24.
McNichols Sports Arena
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McNichols Sports Arena was an indoor arena located in Denver, Colorado. It was named after Denver mayor William H. McNichols, Jr. who served from 1968 to 1983, a small-scale scandal surrounded the naming, because McNichols was in office at the time. The 1986 renovations also saw the original Stewart-Warner end-zone scoreboards, which each had color matrix screens, upgraded by White Way Sign with new digits and to include new color video screens. The arena remained closed after the Nuggets and Avalanche moved to Pepsi Center and was demolished in 2000 to make space for a parking lot surrounding Sports Authority Field at Mile High. McNichols hosted the NCAA Final Four in 1990, won by UNLV over Duke University and the West Regional Semifinal in 1996. It was also host to the 1976 ABA All-Star Game, in which the host Nuggets defeated the ABA All-Stars, games 1,2, and 5 of the 1976 ABA finals, and the 1984 NBA All-Star Game. It also hosted games one and two of the Stanley Cup Finals in 1996, where the Colorado Avalanche defeated the Florida Panthers in four games to bring Denver its first major sports championship. UFC1, the first event of the Ultimate Fighting Championship, was there in 1993. Another notable event at McNichols took place on December 13,1983, the game, still to date, is the highest-scoring game in NBA history, and also holds the record for the most players to score 40 or more points in a single game. However, the game was not televised in the Denver area and was attended by just over 9,300 people and this game has since been broadcast on NBA TV and ESPN Classic. The Grateful Dead made a stop here on their Fall Southwest Tour on Oct 9th,1977, the Bee Gees played here on July 2,1979 as part of their highly successful Spirits Having Flown Tour. Rolling Stones guitarists Keith Richards and Ron Wood performed as The New Barbarians at the arena in 1979, REO Speedwagons concert from 1981 was performed here, as MTVs first ever live concert. The arena played host to Amnesty Internationals A Conspiracy of Hope Benefit Concert on June 8,1986, the show was headlined by U2 and Sting and also featured Bryan Adams, Peter Gabriel, Lou Reed, Joan Baez and The Neville Brothers. Parts of U2s half-live rockumentary Rattle and Hum, came from two concerts filmed in the arena, on the leg of the bands 1987 Joshua Tree Tour. Def Leppard recorded one of their shows here in February 1988 and released it as Live, In the Round, pop Superstar Michael Jackson performed 2 consecutives sold-out shows in front of 40.251 people during his Bad World Tour in March 23,241988. Phish performed and recorded their show, on November 17,1997, ZZ Top performed at the venues final concert on September 12,1999. They were the first rock band to play the arena on August 27,1975, though the arena was only 24 years old when it was demolished, like most arenas of the 1970s, it was narrow and dark in the concourse level corridors. In addition, the rooms and shower facilities were not updated to NBA
25.
Pepsi Center
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Pepsi Center is an American multi-purpose arena located in Denver, Colorado. The arena is home to the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association, the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League, when not in use by one of Denvers sports teams, the building frequently serves as a concert venue. The arena is named for its corporate sponsor, PepsiCo. The complex was constructed to be readily accessible, the arena is situated at Speer Boulevard, a main thoroughfare in downtown Denver, and is served by 2 nearby exits off Interstate 25. A light rail station is on the side of the complex. Ground was broken for the arena on November 20,1997 and its completion in October 1999 was marked by a Celine Dion concert. Also included in the complex are a practice facility used by the Nuggets, and the Shock Top Lodge. The atrium of the houses a suspended sculpture depicting various hockey. Coincidentally, prior to the Avalanche relocating to Denver, the then-Quebec Nordiques played at another arena to which Pepsi owned naming rights, Pepsi Center hosted the 2001 NHL All-Star Game, the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals, and the 2005 NBA All-Star Game. From 2004 to 2006, the hosted the Mountain West Conference mens basketball tournament. The National Collegiate Athletic Association Mens ice hockey Frozen Four West Regional was hosted on March 24, the Centrix Financial Grand Prix of Denver was held in the parking lot from 2002 to 2006. In 2004, Denver, Colorado was selected as one of five cities in the U. S. to host the Dew Action Sports Tour, titled the Right Guard Open, the inaugural event was held at Pepsi Center from July 6 to July 10. The Dew Action Sports returned to Denver for its year in 2006 during July 13–16. During the week of July 2–8,2007, the hosted the International Convention and Contests of the Barbershop Harmony Society. The NCAA Mens ice hockey Frozen Four tournament was held at the arena on April 10, Pepsi Center also hosted games of the NCAA Mens Basketball Tournament in 2004,2008 and 2011. In 2012, the NCAA Womens basketball Final Four was held here, a backup generator was installed that has the capacity to power the entire city of Pueblo, Colorado. Roughly 12 miles of optical fiber cables were installed for the communication needs of the convention. In 2011 and 2012, it played host to a UFC event, prior to the 2013-14 season, the octagonal scoreboard that was in use since the arenas opening was replaced with a new four-sided rectangular scoreboard
26.
June Haver
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June Haver was an American film actress. Once groomed by 20th Century Fox to be the next Betty Grable, but she never achieved Grables popularity. Havers second husband was the actor Fred MacMurray, whom she married after she retired from show business, born June Stovenour, June Haver was born in Rock Island, Illinois. She later took the last name of her stepfather Bert Haver, after the family moved to Ohio, seven-year-old Haver entered and won a contest of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. At age 10, she moved back to Rock Island, where she began performing for Rudy Vallee and her mother being an actress and her father being a musician, Haver often doubted who she - careerwise - wanted to follow. At age eight, she won a film test by imitating famous actresses including Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn, Havers mother, however, prohibited her daughter from becoming a child actress in the film industry, feeling she was too young. Working regularly as a singer by her teens, she performed with the Ted Fio Rito Orchestra for $75 a week. Other bandleaders she worked for were Dick Jurgens and Freddy Martin, furthermore, she became a well-known child star on the radio. In the summer of 1942, Haver moved to Hollywood, where she finished high school and she acted in plays in her spare time and during a performance as a southern belle, she was discovered by a scout from 20th Century Fox. In 1943, Haver signed a $3,500 a week contract with the studio and she was dropped shortly after, because the studio executives felt that she looked too young, but was later re-signed, after her costume and hairstyle were changed. 20th Century Fox had plans to mold Haver as a glamour girl stand-in for the two biggest stars, Alice Faye and Betty Grable. She debuted on screen in a role as Cri-Cri in Home in Indiana. According to the actress, she had just turned seventeen years old when her scenes were filmed, even before Home in Indiana was released, she was assigned to replace Alice Faye in the Technicolor-musical, Irish Eyes Are Smiling. Later that year she co-starred with future husband, Fred MacMurray, which was the only time the pair appeared together in a film. During her career at Fox, Haver was originally groomed to be the next Betty Grable and she even co-starred with Grable in the 1945 film, The Dolly Sisters, a film for which she had to put on weight. I try to be nice to her, and she reciprocated by being just as nice to me and its silly to think two girls cant work together without quarreling. Im the ham between the bread and butter — the middle sister — and I understand girls pretty well, Betty likes to talk about her baby, so we talk about her baby. In 1946, she starred and received first-billing in Wake Up and Dream and Three Little Girls in Blue, the following year, the role of Katie was written into the film I Wonder Whos Kissing Her Now just for Haver
27.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
28.
Grateful Dead
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The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Their music, writes Lenny Kaye, touches on ground that most other groups dont even know exists and these various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world. The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue, the Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide. The Grateful Dead was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area amid the rise of the counterculture of the 1960s, the founding members were Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Ron Pigpen McKernan, Phil Lesh, and Bill Kreutzmann. Members of the Grateful Dead had played together in various San Francisco bands, including Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions, Lesh was the last member to join the Warlocks before they became the Grateful Dead, he replaced Dana Morgan Jr. who had played bass for a few gigs. Drummer Mickey Hart and nonperforming lyricist Robert Hunter joined in 1967, with the exception of McKernan, who died in 1973, and Hart, who took time off from 1971 to 1974, the core of the band stayed together for its entire 30-year history. The other official members of the band are Tom Constanten, John Perry Barlow, Keith Godchaux, Donna Godchaux, Brent Mydland, pianist Bruce Hornsby was a touring member from 1990 to 1992, as well as guesting with the band on occasion before and after the tours. After the death of Jerry Garcia in 1995, former members of the band, along with musicians, toured as the Other Ones in 1998,2000, and 2002, and the Dead in 2003,2004. In 2015, the four surviving core members marked the bands 50th anniversary in a series of concerts that were billed as their last performances together. There have also been several spin-offs featuring one or more members, such as Dead & Company, Furthur, the Rhythm Devils, Phil Lesh & Friends, RatDog. The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks, a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto, the bands first show was at Magoos Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park, California, on May 5,1965. They were initially known as the Warlocks, coincidentally, the Velvet Underground was also using that name on the East Coast, the show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved. Gigging as a bar band, the group changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name had signed a recording contract. The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose, California on December 4,1965, at one of Ken Keseys Acid Tests. Earlier demo tapes have survived, but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have recorded by the bands fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8,1966. Later that month, the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival, the name Grateful Dead was chosen from a dictionary. According to Phil Lesh, in his autobiography, picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary. In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, Hey, man, the definition there was the soul of a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial
29.
World Championship Wrestling
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WCW Inc. was an American professional wrestling promotion, historically based in Atlanta, Georgia. Immediately after the buyout, the business was renamed the Universal Wrestling Corporation, WCW also developed a popular cruiserweight division. WCW eclipsed the WWF in popularity throughout the United States for much of the latter-1990s, however, numerous financial, Turner owned WCW until 2001, when selected assets were purchased by the WWF. Since 2001, WCW images and video footage have been distributed in WWE-owned media. Two separate subsidiary companies exist as successors to WCW, WCW, Inc. is the WWE subsidiary established in Delaware in late 2000, initially as W. Acquisition Company, which holds the rights to the WCW video library and other intellectual property. The former WCW entity, which retained liabilities not acquired by WWE, was renamed back to the Universal Wrestling Corporation, the name World Championship Wrestling was first used as a brand and television show title in 1982. Jim Barnett came to Atlanta in the 1970s during a struggle over Georgia Championship Wrestling. Barnett ultimately became majority owner of the promotion, and began using his previous name for his new promotions television program in 1982. The promotion was purchased by Jim Crockett Promotions. However, it was not until November 2,1988 that an actual, National Wrestling Alliance -affiliated promotion called World Championship Wrestling appeared on the national scene and this entity was under the ownership of media mogul and cable-TV pioneer Ted Turner, based in Atlanta, Georgia. WCW went through changes in business and creative leadership during its existence. Once Bischoff was relieved of his duties in 1999, Vince Russo, the two, however, did not get along well and Bischoff soon resigned from the sinking company. It was only a few months later that Russo would also depart after suffering from a concussion at the hands of Bill Goldberg, following Russos departure, the creative needs of the WCW were handled by a booking committee which included Johnny Ace and Terry Taylor. From 2000 to 2001, Monster Jam had a series of trucks based on wrestlers names. These include nWo, Sting, Nitro Machine, Madusa and Goldberg, the first to go was nWo, which only ran for a season. Next, all but Goldberg, Nitro, and Madusa were retired after the WCW sponsorship was lost, Nitro then became Flashfire, and then was converted into Inferno. Madusa has stayed the same since its creation, because it is driven by former WCW wrestler Debrah Miceli, as for Goldberg, it was changed to Team Meents in 2002, then into Maximum Destruction, which debuted in 2003 and continues to compete in the series. WCW also had a presence in NASCAR from the mid-1990s to 2000, sponsoring the #29 team in the Busch Grand National Series full-time and the #9 Melling Racing team in the Winston Cup Series part-time
30.
National Western Stock Show
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The National Western Stock Show is held every January at the National Western Complex in Denver, Colorado. In 1905, several forward-thinking agriculturalists realized the need to hold a stock show to demonstrate better breeding and feeding techniques to area stockmen. First held in 1906, it is the worlds largest stock show by number of animals and offers the world’s only carload, originally limited to the western United States, the show was expanded by 1908 to include entrants from around the world. A horse show was included as an event in 1908. By 1925, the 4-H Roundup event was held in conjunction with the stock show. By 1981 the organization owned numerous buildings, more than twenty acres of stockyards, several acres of parking, proceeds from the National Western Stock Show go to the National Western Scholarship Trust. The Trust awards 64 scholarships annually to students studying agriculture and medicine to practice in areas at colleges and universities in Colorado. The Professional Bull Riders also holds its Touring Pro Division Finals at the show every January. The National Western Stock Show celebrated its Centennial Anniversary in 2006 with record crowds, more historical information is available in Ten Days Every January, a History of the National Western Stock Show by Willard E. Simms. The organization produced a Business Plan, a Facilities Plan and a Financing Plan, official Website - National Western Stock Show Historic Denver - National Western Stock Show Historical timeline
31.
Women's boxing
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Reports of women entering the ring go back to the 18th century. Womens boxing goes back at least to the early 18th century, billing herself as the European Championess, she fought both men and women. In those days, the rules of boxing allowed kicking, gouging, during the 1920s, Professor Andrew Newton formed a Womens Boxing Club in London. However women’s boxing was hugely controversial, in early 1926, Shoreditch borough council banned an arranged exhibition match between boxers Annie Newton and Madge Baker, a student of Digger Stanley. The Home Secretary Sir William Joynson-Hicks was among those opposing the match, the story was reported across the country and even internationally. Womens boxing first appeared in the Olympic Games at a bout in 1904. Its revival was pioneered by the Swedish Amateur Boxing Association, which sanctioned events for women in 1988, the British Amateur Boxing Association sanctioned its first boxing competition for women in 1997. The first event was to be between two thirteen-year-olds, but one of the boxers withdrew because of media attention. Four weeks later, an event was held between two sixteen-year-olds, although women fought professionally in many countries, in the United Kingdom the B. B. B. C. Refused to issue licences to women until 1998, by the end of the century, however, they had issued five such licenses. The first sanctioned bout between women was in November 1998 at Streatham in London, between Jane Couch and Simona Lukic, in October 2011 the 2011 Womens European Union Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Women were allowed to box for the first time at the Olympics during the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2015 the World Boxing Federation unified various womens titles to have one title holder, during the 1970s, a popular female boxer named Cathy Cat Davis came out of the United States Northwest, and a few of her fights were televised. Cathty Davis was the boxer to appear on the cover of Ring Magazine. But a scandal broke out where it was said some of her fights had been fixed. Marian “Tyger” Trimiar and Jackie Tonawanda were pioneers as they were the first women in the United States to get a license for boxing in the United States, during the 1980s, womens boxing briefly resurfaced in California under the wings of sisters Dora and Cora Webber. The twin sisters were world champions and packed crunching punching power, Womens boxing has experienced more television and media exposure, including the major motion picture Million Dollar Baby. There are a few organizations that recognize world championship bouts, during her battle to win the right to box as an amateur, she passed the age of 36, the maximum age for amateur fighters
32.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
33.
Allen Event Center
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The Allen Event Center is an American 6,275 fixed-seat multi-purpose arena located in Allen, Texas, a northern suburb of Dallas. The arena opened in November 2009, the center hosts the home games of the ECHLs Allen Americans, Champions Indoor Footballs Texas Revolution, and the relaunched Dallas Sidekicks of the Major Arena Soccer League. Since 2012, the center hosts the Lone Star Conference Mens and Womens Basketball Championships in early March. The Miss Texas pageant relocated to the center for 2012 and 2013, the arena opened along with the entire Village at Allen power center on November 6,2009. Reba McEntire played a concert that night to open the arena, other events, including monster truck racing, appeared over the course of 2010
34.
BOK Center
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The BOK Center, or Bank of Oklahoma Center, is a 19, 199-seat multi-purpose arena and a primary indoor sports and event venue in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States. Ground was broken on August 31,2005 and a ceremony involving Tulsa musicians Garth Brooks. The arenas schedule of concerts and other events began on August 31 with a community choir hosted by Sam Harris, designed by César Pelli, the architect of the Petronas Towers in Malaysia, the BOK Center is the flagship project of Tulsa Countys Vision 2025 long-range development initiative. Local firm, Matrix Architects Engineers Planners, Inc, is the architect, the arena is managed and operated by SMG and named for the Bank of Oklahoma, which purchased naming rights for $11 million. The facility will also host NBA preseason games and college basketball matchups on a regular basis, Tulsa city officials asked César Pelli to create an arena that would be an architectural icon. To achieve this, Pelli employed cultural and architectural themes of the city, including Native American, art deco and he made heavy use of swirling circular elements in the exterior and interior designs of the building. A 103-foot, 600-foot long iconic glass facade featuring 1,600 350-pound panels wrap around the building in an escalating motion leaning at a five-degree angle,33,000 stainless steel panels produced and installed by Zahner continue the upward spiraling path around the circumference of the structure. The interior follows the motion, with staircases that wrap around a portion of the building from the main lobby. In total, the design required 350,000 square feet of exterior stainless steel panels,75,000 square feet of glass,30,000 cubic yards of concrete. The arena encompasses 565,000 square feet and reaches a height of 134 feet. Inside, the bowl areas ceiling rests 120 feet over the base floor, There are 17,343 fixed seats, each ranging from 20 inches to 22 inches wide—an average width greater than the industry standard, including that of Chesapeake Energy Arena in Oklahoma City. The bowl areas second floor, an exclusive carpeted level with a bar, houses press areas and 37 luxury suites, each with 15 22-inch seats and furnished gathering. In the main concourse, more than 130,000 square feet of terrazzo flooring has aggregate that contains 70% mother of pearl, the BOK Center holds 37 public restrooms—12 men’s restrooms,16 women’s restrooms, and 9 family restrooms—with 300 toilets and urinals. Designed by Forty Forty Agency and manufactured by Daktronics, the project received $3.6 million in private donations, There are 14 concession outlets, seven of which belong to Tulsa-area restaurants that supplement typical arena food. Restaurant branches within the building are Billys On the Square, Mazzios, Papa Johns, Doc Popcorn, and The Dog House. Nearly $1.5 million was allocated to artwork within the building in light of a city ordinance mandating that at least 1% of construction costs for any municipal project be used for public art. Tulsas Arts Commission selected five artists out of nearly 300 applicants to decorate the interior of the building with the intention of capturing the spirit of the city and state. Of their pieces, the largest is a cloud-like cloth sculpture designed by Kendell Buster that weighs 5,000 pounds, the city of Tulsa owns the arena but has a five-year management contract worth $950,000 with SMG property management, the largest arena manager in the world
35.
Family Arena
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The Family Arena is a multi-purpose arena in St. Charles, Missouri, built in 1999. The arena seats 9,643 for hockey,9,755 for football,10,467 for basketball,6,339 for half-house concerts and up to 11,522 for end-stage concerts. In addition to sporting events, concerts, circuses and ice shows the arena is used for trade shows with a total of 39,900 square feet of exhibit space. It was formerly the home of the Missouri River Otters and St. Charles Chill ice hockey teams, the RiverCity Rage indoor football team, and the St. Louis Steamers indoor soccer team. Currently it is home to the River City Raiders of Arena Pro Football, the Family Arena has served as an annual location for one of many world wide regional Bible conventions hosted, admission free with no parking or collection ever taken up, by Jehovahs Witnesses. The Family Arena also hosted Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Recommitment to Ethics Day in 2005 and 2006 for Greater St. Louis, since 2008, the Family Arena has been host to the Missouri Valley Conference Womens Basketball Championship Tournament. Until Chaifetz Arena opened in 2008, Family Arena was the St. Louis stop for the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, Disney on Ice and Champions on Ice. The latter moved to Chaifetz that year while the circus and Disney on Ice moved to Scottrade Center to replace the St. Louis Billikens, the Family Arena has also been host to nationally televised professional wrestling events. The arena was the site of the Extreme Championship Wrestlings Wrestlepalooza 2000 event on April 16,2000, the arena also hosted Total Nonstop Action Wrestlings Lockdown pay-per-view on April 15,2007 and the 2010 edition on April 18,2010. The Christian rock band MercyMe performed at Family Arena annually from 2007 until 2013
36.
Independence Events Center
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The Silverstein Eye Centers Arena is a 5, 800-seat multi-purpose arena in Independence, Missouri, United States. It was opened in November 2009 and it currently hosts the home games of the Missouri Mavericks in the ECHL and the Kansas City Comets of the Major Arena Soccer League. The Center which is owned by the city of Independence is just southeast of the Interstate 70/Interstate 470 interchange, the privately owned Independence Center shopping center is just north of it across Interstate 70
37.
Intrust Bank Arena
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Intrust Bank Arena is a 15, 004-seat multi-purpose arena, located in downtown Wichita, Kansas, United States. The arena features 22 suites,2 party suites, and over 300 premium seats and it is home to the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL and the Wichita Force of the CIF. It is the second largest indoor arena in the state of Kansas, behind Allen Fieldhouse, nearby arenas in neighboring states seat 17,839,18,203, and 18,972. On November 9,2004, Sedgwick County voters approved the downtown arena at a construction cost of $183,625,241 by a 52-48% margin. On April 4,2005, Governor Kathleen Sebelius signed the Intrust Bank Arena tax bill authorizing Sedgwick County to collect a 1% sales tax beginning July 1,2005 for 30 months, on January 10,2008, Sedgwick County announced it had reached a 25-year, $8. The Intrust Bank Arena cracked Pollstars Top 50 Arena Venues for ticket sales during the first quarter of 2010, Intrust Bank Arena ranked 22nd in the United States and 45th worldwide. In 2010, net profit was $2,010,736 with depreciation of $4.4 million, in 2011, net profit was $389,659. In 2012, net profit was $703,000
38.
TaxSlayer Center
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The iWireless Center is a 12, 000-seat multi-purpose arena located in Moline, Illinois. The arena has garnered numerous architectural awards since its construction. The facility opened in May 1993, under the name The MARK of the Quad Cities with the singer Neil Diamond as the opening act and it is home to the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL. The arena has hosted NCAA Division 1 college basketball games in addition to several NHL, the now-defunct Quad City Thunder basketball team played all their home games at the iWireless Center from 1993 until the Continental Basketball Association folded eight years later. Hockey has also played at the arena since 1995. The first 12 years by the Quad City Mallards of the United Hockey League then two years as the Quad City Flames of the American Hockey League before moving to Abbotsford, British Columbia. After the Flames left, the Quad City Mallards were reincarnated in June 2009, in 2009, Western Illinois Universitys club hockey team, the Fighting Leathernecks, became the most recent inhabitants of the arena. They are still playing there even though they are only allowed 4 games per season at the venue. From 2000 to 2009, the arena played host to football as the home of the af2s Quad City Steamwheelers. The arena seats up to 12,000 for end-stage concerts along with center-stage concerts and it takes only six hours to convert the center into a theater. The seating capacity is 3,000 for theater shows, including Broadway shows, concerts and family shows, the attendance record was set in 1996, when more than 12,000 people viewed Neil Diamonds concert. In August 2005, iWireless announced a 10-year agreement with The MARK, the name change to the iWireless Center occurred July 19,2007
39.
Powerade Centre
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The Powerade Centre is a 5, 000-seat multi-purpose arena in Brampton, Ontario, Canada. It was built in 1998, and officially opened the year on October 7. Its main arena is home to the Brampton Beast of the ECHL, the venue was once scheduled to host the wrestling events of the 2015 Pan-American Games. The stadium also hosts the Canadian International Kabaddi tournament, also called the Canada Kabaddi World Cup. In the main arena the seats are purple, with private suites located around the top of seating area, the club seats are on the penalty box side of the arena. There is a scoreboard that was added for the Brampton Beasts inaugural season. Fans cannot walk all the way around the arena in a circle because the loading dock, storage, the main arena is part of larger community complex that includes three smaller ice pads and outdoor softball diamonds. It is located at 7575 Kennedy Road, on the south-side of the city, official site OHL Arena & Travel Guide, Powerade Centre
