1.
Lombe's Mill
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Lombes Mill was the first successful silk throwing mill in England. It was built on an island on the River Derwent in Derby and it was built after John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1717 and returned to England with details of the Italian silk throwing machines – the filatoio and the torcitoio – and some Italian craftsmen. Lombes Mill was built next to Thomas Cotchetts 1704 mill on the west bank of the River Derwent in Derby. At this point a weir had been constructed across the river, the tail race was also called a fleam or a leat. Thomas Cotchetts mill, built in Derby in 1704, was a failure, John Lombe had visited the successful silk throwing mill in Piedmont in 1716, an early example of industrial espionage. He returned to Derby with the knowledge and a group of Italians. He designed the mill, and with his half-brother Thomas Lombe instructed George Sorocold to build it and fit it with the new machines and it was built to the south of Cotchetts Mill. Thomas Lombe was given a 14-year patent to protect the design of the throwing machines, the King of Sardinia reacted badly to the commercial challenge, placing an embargo on the export of raw silk. It is speculated that he was responsible for John Lombes mysterious death, six years later, johns elder brother, Thomas, took over the business. When the patents lapsed in 1732, other mills were built in Stockport, an unpowered doubling shop was built to the north of the powered Italian works some time before 1739. The mill was sold to Thomas Wilson in 1739, an inventory was taken of the doubling shop, which still exists. Little of the mill remains. It was built of brick, in bond, and was 33. 5m long. It was built on a series of arches that allowed the waters of the River Derwent to flow through. The mill was 17m high, topped by a pitched roof. The throwing machines were two high and pierced the first floor. The winding machines were situated on the top three floors, all the machines were powered by Sorocolds 7 metres diameter, 2-metre wide external undershot waterwheel. Its axle entered the mill through a hole at first floor level
2.
Derby
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Derby is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire, at the 2011 census, the population was 248,700. Derby gained city status in 1977, Derby was settled by Romans – who established the town of Derventio – Saxons and Vikings, who made Derby one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw. Initially a market town, Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era, home to Lombes Mill, an early British factory, Derby has a claim to be one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution. It contains the part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site. With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Derby became a centre of the British rail industry, Toyota Manufacturing UKs automobile headquarters is south west of the city at Burnaston. The Roman camp of Derventio was probably at Little Chester/Chester Green, later the town was one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw, until it was captured by Lady Aethelflaed of Mercia in July 917, subsequent to which the town was annexed into the Kingdom of Mercia. The Viking name Djúra-bý, recorded in Old English as Deoraby and this popular belief is asserted by Tim Lambert who states, The name Derby is derived from the Danish words deor by meaning deer settlement. The name Derwent is Celtic and means a valley thick with oaks, the town name appears, nevertheless, as Darby or Darbye on early modern maps, such as that of Speed. Modern research into the history and archaeology of Derby has provided evidence that the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons probably co-existed, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that Derby is divided by water. These areas of land were known as Norþworþig and Deoraby, and were at the Irongate side of Derby, during the Civil War of 1642–1646, Derby was garrisoned by Parliamentary troops commanded by Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, who was appointed Governor of Derby in 1643. A hundred years later, Bonnie Prince Charlie set up camp at Derby on 4 December 1745, the prince called at The George Inn on Irongate, where the Duke of Devonshire had set up his headquarters, and demanded billets for his 9,000 troops. He stayed at Exeter House, Full Street where he held his council of war, a replica of the room is on display at Derby Museum in the city centre. He had received misleading information about a coming to meet him south of Derby. Although he wished to continue with his quest, he was over-ruled by his fellow officers and he abandoned his invasion at Swarkestone Bridge on the River Trent just a few miles south of Derby. Derby and Derbyshire were among the centres of Britains Industrial Revolution, in 1759, Jedediah Strutt patented and built a machine called the Derby Rib Attachment that revolutionised the manufacture of hose. This attachment was used on the Rev. Lees Framework Knitting Machine, it was placed in front of – and worked in unison with – Lees Frame, the partners were Jedediah Strutt, William Woollatt. The patent was obtained in January 1759, after three years, Bloodworth and Stafford were paid off, and Samuel Need – a hosier of Nottingham – joined the partnership
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Derwent Valley Mills
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Derwent Valley Mills is a World Heritage Site along the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England, designated in December 2001. It is administered by the Derwent Valley Mills Partnership, the modern factory, or mill, system was born here in the 18th century to accommodate the new technology for spinning cotton developed by Richard Arkwright. With advancements in technology, it possible to produce cotton continuously. The system was adopted throughout the valley, and later spread so that by 1788 there were over 200 Arkwright-type mills in Britain, Arkwrights inventions and system of organising labour was exported to Europe and the United States. Water-power was first introduced to England by John Lombe at his mill in Derby in 1719. His patent of a water frame allowed cotton to be spun continuously, to ensure the presence of a labour force, it was necessary to construct housing for the mill workers. Thus, new settlements were established by mill owners around the mills – sometimes developing a pre-existing community – with their own such as schools, chapels. Most of the still exists and is still in use. Along with the transport infrastructure form part of the site, a transport infrastructure was built to open new markets for the mills produce. Mills and workers settlements were established at Belper, Darley Abbey, Arkwright-type mills were so successful that sometimes they were copied without paying royalties to Richard Arkwright. The mills and their buildings are well preserved and have been reused since the cotton industry declined. Many of the buildings within the World Heritage Site are also listed buildings, some of the mills now contain museums and are open to the public. Within the site are mill complexes, settlements including workers housing, weirs on the River Derwent, and the transport network that supported the mills in the valley. The site consists of the communities of Cromford, Belper, Milford, and Darley Abbey, and includes 838 listed buildings, made up of 16 Grade I,42 Grade II*, a further nine structures are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The buildings are a mixture of mills, workers housing, the Cromford Canal and Cromford and High Peak Railway, which aided the industrialisation of the area, are also part of the World Heritage Site. In the late 17th century silk making expanded due to demand for silk as part of fashionable garments. In an attempt to increase production through the use of water power, although the experiment was unsuccessful, it convinced John Lombe – an employee of Cotchett – that if water power could be perfected there was a market for its produce. He engaged in espionage and gained plans of Italian machines
6.
George Sorocold
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George Sorocold was an engineer in Derby, England, in the eighteenth century. He was born in Lancashire in 1666, the son of James Sorocold and he obtained a degree at Cambridge and immediately started his first job in Derby. He married Mary, the daughter of Henry Franceys on 7 December 1684, by 1702 they had thirteen children, of whom eight then survived. Sometime between 1685 and 1687 Sorocold was involved with the supply to Macclesfield and in 1687, he took on the job of rehanging the bells in All Saints Church. In 1692, he constructed the towns first waterworks, using a waterwheel to pump through some four miles of pipe made of elm trunks, for these he developed a boring machine, which he later patented. In London he built Marchants Water Works, rebuilt London Bridge Water Works, among his many innovations were pumps worked by water‑wheels which rose and fell in accordance with the level of the stream. A patent was granted to his colleague, John Hadley, in 1693, in 1695 and 1699, he produced plans for improving navigation of both the Yorkshire and Derbyshire River Derwents. He was also involved in improvements to the Rivers Lea, Aire and he copied machines that were already in use by the Dutch spinners. Perhaps because they were less efficient than the Italian ones, or perhaps for business reasons, the project failed. The idea was taken up by John Lombe who, with his brother Thomas, engaged Sorocold to build a new, larger mill, based on the Italian pattern, on the site of the old one, completed in 1722. For Sorocold, who had previously engaged with pumps and water wheels. Lombes Mill, extensively reconstructed after a fire in 1910, is now the Derby Industrial Museum and it was very nearly the death of him. One day, while escorting a group of visitors to the mill, Sorocold missed his footing on the walkway, the force of the water carried him into the wheel between two of the paddles, one of which fortunately gave way, ejecting him into the mill-tail. He also improved the systems for mines, built iron forges. He also advised on dock engineering, possibly Howlands Dock in Surrey, Sorocold achieved national fame, and could be considered Britains first civil engineer. He was called the Great English Engineer by two of his contemporaries, and was the first non-military person to be styled engineer and his date of death is uncertain, but believed to be sometime after 1738
7.
John Lombe
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John Lombe was a silk spinner in the 18th century Derby, England. Lombe was born in Norwich in approximately 1693, the son of a worsted weaver and he was a younger half-brother of Thomas Lombe, who after his death, would go on to amass a fortune as a silk merchant in Norwich and London. In the early 18th century, the centre for producing silk stockings by framework knitting had moved to the Midlands from London and the demand for spun silk was outstripping demand. Lombe had obtained employment at a silk mill built in Derby by George Sorocold for the silk spinner Thomas Cotchett of Derby. The Italians had been using power spinning since the early 15th century, leonardo da Vinci had sketched a similar model, but Zoncas was more complete, it is unknown if there was contact. Lombe was sent by his brother Thomas to investigate the Italian machines spinning organzine thread, william Hutton gave an account of Lombes time in Italy, in his History of Derby. In 1718, Thomas Lombe was able to obtain a patent for silk throwing machinery, John Lombe died suddenly, in 1722. According to legend, the King of Sardinia, having heard of the success of the Lombe’s undertaking, a bas relief sculpture of John Lombe is on Derbys Exeter Bridge. The Lombes engaged Sorocold to build a new and larger mill on the site of the old one in Derby, Lombes Mill was completed in 1722, transformation of a Valley, The Derbyshire Derwent Heinemann, republished 1991 Cromford, Scarthin Books
8.
River Derwent, Derbyshire
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The Derwent is a river in Derbyshire, England. It is 66 miles long and is a tributary of the River Trent, for half its course, the river flows through the Peak District. Much of the route, with the exception of the city of Derby, is rural. However the river has seen many human uses, and between Matlock and Derby was one of the cradles of the Industrial Revolution, providing power to the first industrial scale cotton mills. Today it provides a supply to several surrounding cities. Because of its qualities, the valley of the River Derwent sees many tourist visitors. The River Derwent rises at Swains Greave on the flank of Bleaklow, opposite Howden Moors. It flows through the Upper Derwent Valley, and for most of its first 6 miles forms the county boundary between Derbyshire, on its west bank, and South Yorkshire, on the east bank. Some 4 miles into its journey it reaches Howden Reservoir, the first of three consecutive such reservoirs, with Howden being followed by Derwent Reservoir and Ladybower Reservoir, the Derwent Reservoir is named after the now-submerged town of Derwent, which was named after the river. Once past Howden Reservoir, both banks of the river are in Derbyshire, and the remains in the county to its mouth. Howden Reservoir is also fed by the River Westend, whilst Ladybower Reservoir is also fed by the River Ashop, in both cases the former confluences of the two tributaries with the River Derwent are now submerged below the respective reservoirs. Further south, the Derwent passes by the village of Bamford, below this confluence, it flows through Hathersage, Grindleford, Calver and Baslow, and through the estate of Chatsworth House, before it is joined by the River Wye at Rowsley. After passing through Darley Dale, the Derwent reaches Matlock, where, at an oxbow and it then flows past the villages of Matlock Bath, Cromford, Whatstandwell, and Ambergate, where it is joined by the River Amber. Below Ambergate, the river flows by the town of Belper and the villages of Milford and Duffield and it then enters the city of Derby near Darley Abbey and flows through the centre of the city. The river ends at Derwent Mouth, 1-mile east of Shardlow, where it flows into the River Trent at a height of 30 metres above sea level and its course meanders somewhat, especially in its lower reaches, adding 16 miles to its apparent length of 50 miles. Its waters ultimately reach the North Sea via the Humber Estuary, the River Derwent is the habitat for many different animals such as otters, birds, insects, fish and crayfish. It is also a habitat for wild flowers, as exemplified by the Lower Derwent Trail. The lower river from Derwent Mouth upstream as far as Derby was made navigable under an Act of Parliament of 1720, traffic ceased about 1795 and the navigation was acquired by the owners of the competing Derby Canal
9.
Silk
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Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity, Silk is produced by several insects, but generally only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, Silk production also occurs in Hymenoptera, silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers, beetles, lacewings, fleas, flies, and midges. Other types of arthropod produce silk, most notably various arachnids such as spiders, the word silk comes from Old English sioloc, from Greek σηρικός serikos, silken, ultimately from an Asian source. Several kinds of silk, which are produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm, have been known and used in China, South Asia. However, the scale of production was far smaller than for cultivated silks. Thus, the way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious. Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread. Wild silks also tend to be difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm. Genetic modification of domesticated silkworms is used to facilitate the production of more types of silk. Silk fabric was first developed in ancient China, the earliest example of silk fabric is from 3630 BC, and it was used as wrapping for the body of a child from a Yangshao culture site in Qingtaicun at Xingyang, Henan. Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, Leizu, because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in demand, and became a staple of pre-industrial international trade. In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk textiles in a tomb in Jiangxi province, Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han
10.
Spinning wheel
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A spinning wheel is a device for spinning thread or yarn from natural or synthetic fibres. Spinning wheels were first used in India, between 500 and 1000 C. E, Spinning machinery, such as the spinning jenny and spinning frame, displaced the spinning wheel during the Industrial Revolution. The Spinning Wheel was invented in India, between 500 and 1000 C. E, in France the spindle and distaff were not displaced until the mid 18th century. The Spinning Wheel replaced the earlier method of hand spinning with a spindle, the first stage in mechanizing the process was mounting the spindle horizontally so it could be rotated by a cord encircling a large, hand-driven wheel. The great wheel is an example of type, where the fibre is held in the left hand. Holding the fibre at an angle to the spindle produced the necessary twist. The spun yarn was then wound onto the spindle by moving it so as to form an angle with the spindle. This type of wheel, while known in Europe by the 14th century, was not in use until later. The construction of the Great Wheel made it very good at creating long drawn soft fuzzy wools, Spinning wheels ultimately did not develop the capability to spin a variety of yarns until the beginning of the 19th century and the mechanization of spinning. In general, the technology was known for a long time before being adopted by the majority of people. In 1533, a citizen of Brunswick is said to have added a treadle, leonardo da Vinci drew a picture of the flyer, which twists the yarn before winding it onto the spindle. During the 16th century a treadle wheel with flyer was in use, and gained such names as the Saxony wheel. It sped up production, as one neednt stop spinning to wind up the yarn, on the eve of the Industrial revolution it took at least five spinners to supply one weaver. Lewis Paul and John Wyatt first worked on the problem in 1738, patenting the Roller Spinning machine, using two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, yarn could be twisted and spun quickly and efficiently. However, they did not have financial success. In 1771, Richard Arkwright used waterwheels to power looms for the production of cotton cloth, newer technologies that offer even faster yarn production include friction spinning, an open-end system, and air jets. Until the acceptance of rotor spinning wheel, all yarns were produced by aligning fibres through drawing techniques, with rotor spinning, the fibers in the roving are separated, thus opened, and then wrapped and twisted as the yarn is drawn out of the rotor cup. The tabletop or floor charkha is one of the oldest known forms of the spinning wheel, the charkha works similarly to the great wheel, with a drive wheel being turned by hand, while the yarn is spun off the tip of the spindle
11.
Water wheel
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A water wheel is a machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power, often in a watermill. A water wheel consists of a wheel, with a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outside rim forming the driving surface. Most commonly, the wheel is mounted vertically on a horizontal axle, vertical wheels can transmit power either through the axle or via a ring gear and typically drive belts or gears, horizontal wheels usually directly drive their load. Water wheels were still in use well into the 20th century. Uses included milling flour in gristmills, grinding wood into pulp for papermaking, hammering wrought iron, machining, some water wheels are fed by water from a mill pond, which is formed when a flowing stream is dammed. A channel for the water flowing to or from a wheel is called a mill race. The race bringing water from the pond to the water wheel is a headrace. In the mid to late 18th century John Smeatons scientific investigation of the water led to significant increases in efficiency supplying much needed power for the Industrial Revolution. Water wheels began being displaced by the smaller, less expensive and more efficient turbine, developed by Benoît Fourneyron, turbines are capable of handling high heads, or elevations, that exceed the capability of practical-sized waterwheels. The main difficulty of water wheels is their dependence on flowing water, modern hydroelectric dams can be viewed as the descendants of the water wheel, as they too take advantage of the movement of water downhill. The two main functions of water wheels were historically water-lifting for irrigation purposes and as a power source, when used for water-lifting power can be supplied by either human or animal force or by the water current itself. Water wheels come in two designs, either a vertical or a horizontal axle. The latter type can be subdivided, depending on where the hits the wheel. Engineers of the Hellenistic era Mediterranean region are credited with the development of the water wheel, Mediterranean engineers of the Hellenistic and Roman periods were also the first to use it for both irrigation and as a power source. The technological breakthrough occurred in the advanced and scientifically minded Hellenistic period between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE. This is seen as an evolution of the paddle-driven water-lifting wheels that had appeared in ancient Egypt by the 4th century BCE. According to John Peter Oleson, both the wheel and the hydraulic Noria appeared in Egypt by the 4th century BCE. This is supported by finds at Faiyum, where the oldest archeological evidence of a water-wheel has been found
12.
Leat
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A leat is the name, common in the south and west of England and in Wales, for an artificial watercourse or aqueduct dug into the ground, especially one supplying water to a watermill or its mill pond. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, leat is cognate with let in the sense of allow to pass through, other names for the same thing include fleam. In parts of northern England, for example around Sheffield, the equivalent word is goit, in southern England, a leat used to supply water for water-meadow irrigation is often called a carrier, top carrier, or main. Leats generally start some distance above the mill or other destination, a weir often serves to provide a reservoir of water adequate for diversion. The leat then runs along the edge or side of the valley, the gradient determines the flow rate together with the quality of the wetted surface of the leat. The flow rate may be calculated using the Manning formula, leats are used to increase the yield of a reservoir by trapping streams in nearby catchments by means of a contour leat. This captures part or all of the flow and transports it along the contour to the reservoir. Such leats are common around reservoirs in the uplands of Wales, leats were built to work lead, tin and silver ores in mining areas of Wales, Cornwall, Devon, the Pennines and the Leadhills/Wanlockhead area of Southern Scotland from the 17th century onwards. They were used to water for hushing mineral deposits, washing ore. Leats were also used extensively by the Romans, and can still be seen at many sites and they used the aqueducts to prospect for ores by sluicing away the overburden of soil to reveal the bedrock in a method known as hushing. They could then attack the ore veins by fire-setting, quench with water from a tank above the workings, and remove the debris with waves of water, the water supply could then be used for washing the ore after crushing by simple machines also driven by water. The Romans also used them for supplying water to the bath-houses or thermae, drakes Leat, constructed in 1591 under the management of Sir Francis Drake, as an agent of the Corporation of Plymouth, to carry water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. Devonport Leat constructed in the late 18th century to carry water to the naval dockyard at Devonport. Many leats on Dartmoor, mostly constructed to power for mining activities. The courses of many Dartmoor leats may still be followed, many leats used for tin mining are marked on the 1⁄50000 and 1⁄25000 Ordnance Survey maps, such as that serving the now-defunct Vitifer mine near the Warren House Inn. Acequia Aqueduct Flume Roman aqueduct Roman engineering Roman mining
13.
Assassination
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Assassination is the murder of a prominent person, often a political leader or ruler, usually for political reasons or payment. The word assassin is believed to derive from the word Hashshashin. It referred to a group of Nizari Shia Persians who worked against various Arab, founded by the Persian Hassan-i Sabbah, the Assassins were active in the fortress of Alamut in Iran from the 8th to the 14th centuries, and also controlled the castle of Masyaf in Syria. The group killed members of the Persian, Abbasid, Seljuq, the word for murder in many Romance languages is derived from this same root word. Assassination is one of the oldest tools of power politics and it dates back at least as far as recorded history. The Old Testament story of Judith illustrates how a woman frees the Israelites by tricking and assassinating Holofernes, a warlord of the rival Assyrians, with whom the Israelites were at war. King Joash of Judah was recorded as being assassinated by his own servants, Joab assassinated Absalom, King Davids son, chanakya wrote about assassinations in detail in his political treatise Arthashastra. His student Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire, later made use of assassinations against some of his enemies, other famous victims are Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, and Roman consul Julius Caesar. Emperors of Rome often met their end in this way, as did many of the Muslim Shia Imams hundreds of years later, the practice was also well known in ancient China, as in Jing Kes failed assassination of Qin king Ying Zheng in 227 BC. Whilst many assassination were performed by an individual or a small group, the earliest were the sicarii in 6 A. D. who predated the Middle Eastern assassins and Japanese ninjas by centuries. In the Middle Ages, regicide was rare in Western Europe, blinding and strangling in the bathtub were the most commonly used procedures. With the Renaissance, tyrannicide—or assassination for personal or political reasons—became more common again in Western Europe and this account is, however, contentious among historians, it being most commonly asserted that he died of natural causes. The myth of the Curse of King Zvonimir is based on the legend of his assassination, in 1192, Conrad of Montferrat, the de facto King of Jerusalem, was killed by an assassin. The reigns of King Przemysł II of Poland, William the Silent of the Netherlands, in Russia alone, two emperors, Paul I and his grandson Alexander II, were assassinated within 80 years. In the United Kingdom, only one Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has ever been assassinated—Spencer Perceval on May 11,1812. In the United States, within 100 years, four presidents—Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, there have been at least 20 known attempts on U. S. presidents lives. Huey Long, a Senator, was assassinated in September of 1935, the Polish Home Army conducted a regular campaign of assassinations against top Nazi German officials in occupied Poland. Adolf Hitler, meanwhile, was almost killed by his own officers, indias Father of the Nation, Mohandas K. Gandhi, was shot to death on January 30,1948, by Nathuram Godse
14.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
15.
James Boswell
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James Boswell, 9th Laird of Auchinleck, was a Scottish biographer and diarist, born in Edinburgh. Boswells surname has passed into the English language as a term for a constant companion and observer, Boswell was born in Blairs Land on the east side of Parliament Close behind St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh on 29 October 1740. He was the eldest son of a judge, Alexander Boswell, Lord Auchinleck, as the eldest son, he was heir to his familys estate of Auchinleck in Ayrshire. Boswells mother was a strict Calvinist, and he felt that his father was cold to him, as a child, he was delicate and suffered from some type of nervous ailment which appeared to be inherent and would afflict him sporadically all through his life. At the age of five, he was sent to James Mundells academy, an institution by the standards of the time. Boswell was unhappy there, and his sickliness began to manifest itself in the physical incidents associated with nightmares, in view of this, the now-eight-year-old was removed from the academy and educated by a string of private tutors who included John Dunn and a Mr. Fergusson. The former had more success than his successor, he versed his charge in the joys of literature. Dunn was also present during, if not directly involved in, Boswells serious affliction of 1752 and this afforded him his first experience of genuine society, and his recovery was rapid and complete. It may, however, have inculcated the notion that travel, at thirteen, Boswell was enrolled into the arts course at the University of Edinburgh, studying there from 1753 to 1758. Midway through his studies, he suffered a depression and nervous illness, but. Boswell had swarthy skin, black hair and dark eyes, he was of average height and his appearance was alert and masculine, and he had an ingratiating sense of good humour. Upon turning nineteen, he was sent to continue his studies at the University of Glasgow, while at Glasgow, Boswell decided to convert to Catholicism and become a monk. Upon learning of this, his father ordered him home, instead of obeying, though, Boswell ran away to London, where he spent three months, living the life of a libertine, before he was taken back to Scotland by his father. Upon returning, he was re-enrolled at Edinburgh University and forced by his father to sign away most of his inheritance in return for an allowance of £100 a year, on 30 July 1762, Boswell took his oral law exam, which he passed with some skill. Upon this success, Lord Auchinleck decided to raise his sons allowance to £200 a year and it was during his second spell there that Boswell wrote his London Journal and, on 16 May 1763, met Johnson for the first time. The pair became friends almost immediately, the first conversation between Johnson and Boswell is quoted in Life of Samuel Johnson as follows, Mr. Johnson, I do indeed come from Scotland, but I cannot help it. That, Sir, I find, is what a great many of your countrymen cannot help. It was around three months after this first encounter with Johnson that Boswell departed for Europe with the goal of continuing his law studies at Utrecht University
16.
Frederick William Fairholt
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Frederick William Fairholt was an English antiquary and wood engraver. His father, who was of a German family, was a tobacco manufacturer and he then worked as a drawing-master, and later as a scene-painter. Ink copies made by him of figures from William Hogarths plates led to his being employed by Charles Knight on several of his illustrated publications and his first published literary work was a contribution to Hones Year-Book in 1831. His life was one of almost uninterrupted quiet labour, carried on until within a few days of death, several works on civic pageantry and some collections of ancient unpublished songs and dialogues were edited by him for the Percy Society in 1842. In 1844 he was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and he published an edition of the dramatic works of John Lyly in 1858. These works are illustrated by numerous cuts, drawn on the wood by his own hand, Fairholt died in 1866 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Fairholt. Up the Nile, and Home Again, history of Jewish coinage, and of money in the Old and New Testament, by Frederic W. Madden. With 254 woodcuts, and a plate of alphabets, by F. W. Fairholt, Works by Frederick William Fairholt at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Frederick William Fairholt at Internet Archive Costume in England, Vol.2, Frederick William Fairholt,1885, 3rd edn
17.
William Hutton (historian)
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William Hutton was an English poet and historian. Originally from Derby, he moved to Birmingham and became the first significant historian of the city, a Unitarian nonconformist born in Derby, William Hutton went to school when five years old. Aged seven years he was employed in a Derby Silk Mill on a seven-year apprenticeship, in 1737 he took a second apprenticeship as a stocking maker in Nottingham under his uncle. In 1746, after his uncle had died, he taught himself bookbinding and this was not successful and he moved to Birmingham in 1750 and opened a small bookshop. Hutton married Sarah Cock from Aston-on-Trent in 1755 and they had three sons and a daughter, Catherine Hutton, who became a writer, in 1756, Hutton opened a paper warehouse – the first in Birmingham – which became profitable. He built a house on Bennetts Hill in Washwood Heath. He published his History of Birmingham in 1782 and was elected as Fellow of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland. He was elected overseer of the poor, and in 1787, to the Court of Requests, both Huttons houses were destroyed in the Birmingham Riots in 1791 leading to his historical account in Narrative of the riots. He managed to recover £5,390 in a claim for damages against the town. William Hutton is generally held to be the first person in modern times to walk the length of Hadrians Wall. Perhaps, I am the first man that ever traveled the length of this Wall. Hutton completed his autobiography The life of William Hutton just before his death in 1815, a memorial exists in St Margarets Church, Ward End. There is a portrait of William Hutton by an unknown artist in Derby Museum, J. Collingwood Bruces Handbook to the Roman Wall Works by William Hutton at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Hutton at Internet Archive The life of William Hutton at archive
18.
Cheshire
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Cheshire is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Wales to the west. Cheshires county town is Chester, the largest town is Warrington, other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Northwich, Runcorn, Widnes, Wilmslow, and Winsford. The county covers 905 square miles and has a population of around 1 million and it is mostly rural, with a number of small towns and villages supporting the agricultural and other industries which produce Cheshire cheese, salt, chemicals and silk. Cheshires name was derived from an early name for Chester. Although the name first appears in 980, it is thought that the county was created by Edward the Elder around 920, in the Domesday Book, Chester was recorded as having the name Cestrescir, derived from the name for Chester at the time. A series of changes occurred as English itself changed, together with some simplifications and elision, resulted in the name Cheshire. Because of the close links with the land bordering Cheshire to the west. The Domesday Book records Cheshire as having two complete Hundreds that later became the part of Flintshire. Additionally, another portion of the Duddestan Hundred later became known as Maelor Saesneg when it was transferred to North Wales. For this and other reasons, the Welsh name for Cheshire is sometimes used within Wales, after the Norman conquest of 1066 by William I, dissent and resistance continued for many years after the invasion. In 1069 local resistance in Cheshire was finally put down using draconian measures as part of the Harrying of the North, the ferocity of the campaign against the English populace was enough to end all future resistance. Examples were made of major landowners such as Earl Edwin of Mercia, William I made Cheshire a county palatine and gave Gerbod the Fleming the new title of Earl of Chester. When Gerbod returned to Normandy in about 1070, the king used his absence to declare the earldom forfeit, due to Cheshires strategic location on Welsh Marches, the Earl had complete autonomous powers to rule on behalf of the king in the county palatine. Cheshire in the Domesday Book is recorded as a larger county than it is today. It included two hundreds, Atiscross and Exestan, that became part of North Wales. At the time of the Domesday Book, it included as part of Duddestan Hundred the area of land later known as English Maelor in Wales. The area between the Mersey and Ribble formed part of the returns for Cheshire, an example is the barony of Halton. One of Hugh dAvranches barons has been identified as Robert Nicholls, Baron of Halton, in 1182 the land north of the Mersey became administered as part of the new county of Lancashire, thus resolving any uncertainty about the county in which the land Inter Ripam et Mersam was
19.
Tolpuddle Martyrs
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The rules of the society show it was clearly structured as a friendly society and operated as a trade-specific benefit society. At the time, friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the predominant role of trade unions, on 18 March 1834, the Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced to penal transportation to Australia. Before 1824 the Combination Acts had outlawed combining or organising to gain better working conditions, in 1824/25 these acts were repealed, so trade unions were no longer illegal. In 1833, six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the lowering of agricultural wages. These Tolpuddle labourers refused to work for less than 10 shillings a week, the society, led by George Loveless, a Methodist local preacher, met in the house of Thomas Standfield. Groups such as the Tolpuddle Martyrs would often use a painting as part of their initiation process. The newest member would be blindfolded and made to swear an oath of allegiance. The blindfold would then be removed and they would be presented with the skeleton painting and this was to warn them of their own mortality but also to remind them of what happens to those who break their promises. An example of this painting is on display at the Peoples History Museum. In 1834, James Frampton, a landowner and magistrate, wrote to Home Secretary Lord Melbourne to complain about the union. Melbourne recommended invoking the Unlawful Oaths Act 1797, a law promulgated in 1797 in response to the Spithead and Nore mutinies. They were found guilty and transported to Australia, when sentenced to seven years penal transportation, George Loveless wrote on a scrap of paper lines from the union hymn The Gathering of the Unions, God is our guide. James Loveless, the two Standfields, Hammett and Brine sailed on the Surry to Sydney, where arrived on 17 August 1834. George Loveless was delayed due to illness and left later on the William Metcalf to Van Diemens Land, of the five who landed in Sydney, Brine and the Standfields were assigned as farm labourers to free settlers in the Hunter Valley. Hammett was assigned to the Queanbeyan farm of Edward John Eyre, in Hobart, George Loveless was assigned to the viceregal farm of Lieutenant Governor Sir George Arthur. In England they became popular heroes and 800,000 signatures were collected for their release, when the pardon reached George Loveless some delay was caused in his leaving due to no word from his wife as to whether she was to join him in Van Diemen’s Land. On 23 December 1836, a letter was received to the effect that she was not coming and Loveless sailed from Van Diemen’s Land on 30 January 1837, a plaque next to the Mayflower Steps in Plymouths historical Barbican area commemorates the arrival. Although due to depart with the others, James Hammett was detained in Windsor, charged with an assault and it was not until March 1839 that he sailed, arriving in England in August 1839
20.
May Day
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May Day is a public holiday usually celebrated on May 1. It is an ancient northern hemisphere spring festival and it is also a traditional spring holiday in many cultures. Dances, singing, and cake are usually part of the celebrations that the day includes, in the late 19th century, May Day was chosen as the date for International Workers Day by the Socialists and Communists of the Second International to commemorate the Haymarket affair in Chicago. International Workers Day may also be referred to as May Day and it is also associated with the Gaelic Beltane, most commonly held on April 30. The day was a summer holiday in many pre-Christian European pagan cultures. While February 1 was the first day of spring, May 1 was the first day of summer, hence, as Europe became Christianised, the pagan holidays lost their religious character and May Day changed into a popular secular celebration. A significant celebration of May Day occurs in Germany where it is one of days on which St. Walburga. The secular versions of May Day, observed in Europe and America, may be best known for their traditions of dancing around the maypole and crowning the Queen of May. Fading in popularity since the late 20th century is the giving of May baskets, small baskets of sweets or flowers, usually left anonymously on neighbours doorsteps. May 1 is also one of two feast days of the Catholic patron saint of workers St Joseph the Worker, a carpenter, husband to Mother Mary, and surrogate father of Jesus. Replacing another feast to St. Joseph, this date was chosen by Pope Pius XII in 1955 as a counterpoint to the communist International Workers Day celebrations on May Day. In the late 20th century, many neopagans began reconstructing traditions, traditional English May Day rites and celebrations include crowning a May Queen and celebrations involving a maypole. Historically, Morris dancing has been linked to May Day celebrations, much of this tradition derives from the pagan Anglo-Saxon customs held during Þrimilci-mōnaþ along with many Celtic traditions. May Day has been a day of festivities throughout the centuries. May Day is most associated with towns and villages celebrating springtime fertility and revelry with village fetes, seeding has been completed by this date and it was convenient to give farm labourers a day off. Perhaps the most significant of the traditions is the maypole, around which traditional dancers circle with ribbons, the spring bank holiday on the first Monday in May was created in 1978, May Day itself – May 1 – is not a public holiday in England. Unlike the other Bank Holidays and common law holidays, the first Monday in May is taken off from schools by itself and this is because it has no Christian significance and does not otherwise fit into the usual school holiday pattern. May Day was abolished and its celebration banned by Puritan parliaments during the Interregnum, may 1,1707, was the day the Act of Union came into effect, joining England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain
21.
Alfred John Keene
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Alfred John Keene was a British watercolour artist working in Derby. Keene was the son of photographer Richard Keene who published the Derby Telegraph and brother of watercolourist William Caxton Keene. Known as Jack, Keene trained at Derby Central School of Art from 1878 to 1895, Keene managed the family business with his brother Charles after their fathers death. Alfred John Keene was a member, in 1887, of the Derby Sketching Club with F Booty, William Swindell, George Thompson. This club late had Keene as its president and it still meets today, keenes paintings were collected by Alfred E. Goodey who eventually purchased 77 of them. Goodey gave his collection of paintings to Derby Museum in 1936
22.
Midland Railway
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The Midland Railway was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1844 to 1922, when it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. It had a network of lines managed from its headquarters in Derby. It became the third-largest railway undertaking in the British Isles, the Midland Railway Consolidation Act was passed in 1844 authorising the merger of the Midland Counties Railway, the North Midland Railway, and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway. These met at the Tri-Junct station at Derby, where the MR established its locomotive and later its carriage, leading it were George Hudson from the North Midland, dynamic but unscrupulous, and John Ellis from the Midland Counties, a careful businessman of impeccable integrity. James Allport from the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway found a place elsewhere in Hudsons empire with the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, though he later returned. Almost immediately it took over the Sheffield and Rotherham Railway and the Erewash Valley Line in 1845, passengers from Sheffield continued to use Rotherham Masborough until a direct route was completed in 1870. Meanwhile, it extended its influence in the Leicestershire coalfields, by buying the Leicester and Swannington Railway in 1846, after the merger, London trains were carried on the shorter Midland Counties route. The former Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway was left with the traffic to Birmingham and Bristol, the line south was the Birmingham and Bristol Railway, which reached Curzon Street via Camp Hill. These two lines had been formed by the merger of the standard gauge Birmingham and Gloucester Railway and they met at Gloucester via a short loop of the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway. In the event all that was necessary was for the later LNWR to share Birmingham New Street with the Midland when it was opened in 1854, the MR controlled all the traffic to the North East and Scotland from London. The LNWR was progressing slowly through the Lake District, and there was pressure for a line from London to York. Permission had been gained for the Northern and Eastern Railway to run through Peterborough and Lincoln, two obvious extensions of the Midland Counties line were from Nottingham to Lincoln and from Leicester to Peterborough. They were approved while the bill for the line was still before Parliament, forming the present day Lincoln Branch. The Leeds and Bradford Railway had been approved in 1844, by 1850 it was losing money but a number of railways offered to buy it. In spite of the objections of Hudson, for the MR and others, the London and York Railway led by Edmund Denison persisted, after Hudsons departure, the MR was in financial difficulties. Opposition to the Great Northern bill had cost a fortune, a deal of maintenance was overdue. Added to this, the Great Northern was taking much of the traffic from the North East, in 1851 the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway completed its line from Grantham as far as Colwick, from where a branch led to the MR Nottingham station. The Great Northern Railway by then passed through Grantham and both railway companies paid court to the fledgling line, meanwhile, Nottingham had woken up to its branch line status and was keen to expand
23.
Derby City Council
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Derby City Council is the local government unitary authority for Derby, a city in the East Midlands region of England. It is composed of 51 councillors, three for each of the 17 electoral wards of Derby, currently the council is controlled by the Labour Party. The council is led by Councillor Ranjit Banwait with Paul Robinson as chief executive, outside the city, responsibility is shared between Derbyshire County Council and various district or borough councils, such as Derbyshire Dales, High Peak, Erewash and Chesterfield. Derby City Council has 51 councillors, with three representing each of the 17 separate wards within the city. It operates a by thirds operation of elections, meaning that one third of the councillors are elected at local election for a four-year period. This results in there being local elections three years out of four, with a fourth fallow year. The council is led by a Labour administration comprising an Executive Leader. The council’s political composition is,26 Labour 18 Conservative 5 Liberal Democrat,2 UK Independence Party Derby Telegraph – Derby City Council in running for Council of the Year BBC News – Labour wins control of Derby City Council
24.
Derby Museum and Art Gallery
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Derby Museum and Art Gallery was established in 1879, along with Derby Central Library, in a new building designed by Richard Knill Freeman and given to Derby by Michael Thomas Bass. The collection includes a gallery displaying paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby, there is also a large display of Royal Crown Derby and other porcelain from Derby. Further displays include archaeology, natural history, geology and military collections, the Art Gallery was opened in 1882. The museum can trace its start to the formation of the Derby Town and County Museum, the society was housed by Full Street Public Baths but it was a private society funded by its members subscriptions. Its collections were created by donations initially from Dr Forrester who had been a President of Derby Philosophical Society, the patron of the Museum Society was William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, and the President was Sir George Crewe who was a keen naturalist. Col. George Gawler contributed a collection of minerals and exotic stuffed birds which included an albatross from his time as governor in South Australia, in 1839 a major exhibition was held at the Mechanics Institute which contained many items including those from Joseph Strutts collection. Many of these made their way into Derby Museums collection, the society moved in 1840 to the Athenaeum in Victoria Street. The societys collections grew in 1856 and they were first offered for incorporation into the town by William Mundy, in 1857, Llewellyn Jewitt became secretary and the museum was opened to the general public on Saturday mornings. In 1858 the Derby Philosophical Society moved to a house on the Wardwick in Derby as it merged with what was called the Derby Town and County Museum and this move included the societys library of 4,000 volumes, mathematical and scientific apparatus and its collection of fossils. In 1863 the botanist Alexander Croall was appointed the first Librarian and Curator, Croall left in 1875 to become the curator of the Smith Institute in Stirling. The Derby Town and County Museum was finally transferred into the ownership of Derby Corporation in 1870, after placing all the artefacts into storage for three years, the museum was finally opened to the public on 28 June 1879. The Art Gallery opened in 1882 and in 1883 the museum had electricity supplied for new lighting, in 1936 the museum was given a substantial collection of paintings by Alfred E. Goodey who had been collecting art for 50 years. At his death in 1945 he left £13,000 to build an extension to the museum, the extension, which now houses the museum, was completed in 1964. Refurbishment to parts of both the new and old buildings were undertaken in 2010–11, Derby was significant in the eighteenth century for its role in the Enlightenment, a period in which science and philosophy challenged the divine right of kings to rule. The Lunar Society included Erasmus Darwin, Matthew Boulton, Joseph Priestley, Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin, started the Derby Philosophical Society when he moved to Derby in 1783. It was this society which helped to found the first library in Derby, some of the paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby, which are renowned for their use of light and shade, are of Lunar Society members. The Derby Gallery possesses over 300 sketches and 34 oil paintings by Wright, one of the paintings is entitled The Alchymist in Search of the Philosophers Stone and it depicts the discovery of the element phosphorus by German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669. A flask into which a quantity of urine has been boiled down is seen bursting into light as the phosphorus
25.
Francis Leggatt Chantrey
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Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey RA was an English sculptor. He became the leading sculptor in Regency era Britain, producing busts. He left the Chantrey Bequest or Chantrey Fund for the purchase of works of art for the nation, Chantrey was born at Jordanthorpe near Norton, where his father had a small farm. His father, who dabbled in carpentry and wood-carving, died when Francis was twelve. In 1802 Chantrey paid £50 to buy out of his apprenticeship with Ramsay and immediately set up a studio as a portrait artist in Sheffield. For several years he divided his time between Sheffield and London, studying intermittently at the Royal Academy Schools, in the summer of 1802 he travelled to Dublin, where he fell very ill, losing all his hair. He exhibited pictures at the Royal Academy for a few years from 1804, but from 1807 onwards devoted himself mainly to sculpture. Asked later in life, as a witness in a case, whether he had ever worked for any other sculptors, he replied, No. His first recorded marble bust was one of the Rev. James Wilkinson and his first imaginative sculpture, a head of Satan was shown at the Royal Academy in 1808. Three of them were shown at the Royal Academy that year, on 23 November 1809 he married his cousin, Mary Ann Wale at St Marys Church, Twickenham. He also bought land to two more houses, a studio and offices. In 1811 he showed six busts in the Royal Academy, the subjects included Horne Tooke and Sir Francis Burdett, two political figures he greatly admired, his early mentor John Raphael Smith, and Benjamin West. Joseph Nollekens placed the bust of Tooke between two of his own, and the given to it is said to have had a significant influence on Chantreys career. In the wake of the exhibition he received commissions amounting to £2,000, in 1813 he was able to raise his price for a bust to a hundred and fifty guineas, and in 1822 to two hundred. He visited Paris in 1814, and again in 1815, this time with his wife, Thomas Stothard, in 1819 he went to Italy, accompanied by the painter John Jackson, and an old friend named Read. In Rome he met Thorvaldsen and Canova, getting to know the latter especially well, in 1828 Chantrey set up his own foundry in Eccleston Place, not far from his house and studio, where large-scale works in bronze, including equestrian statues, could be cast. His assistants would make a clay model based on the drawings. A plaster cast would be made of the model
26.
Ernest Ellis Clark
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Ernest Ellis Clark was a Derby born artist who became an artist for Crown Derby. Several of his paintings are in Derby Museum and Art Gallery, Clark was born in Derby and after studying art at evening classes he started work at Royal Crown Derby and rose to be an arts instructor and later Arts Master at Derby College of Art. He won many prizes for art including becoming a National Silver Medallist in Ornament, in his forties he served in the Royal Field Artillery during the first world war. His only book was a guide for his students to design based on plant forms, in the book he supplied the designs but refrained from showing how to make decorations from them. It cannot be too frequently urged upon students that the right way for them is to make their own studies direct from nature. He has several painings in Derby Museum and three of his paintings are there after being gifted by Alfred E. Goodey. The painting of Green Lane records a time three years before the Hippodrome Theatre was built on the left and on the right is the College of Art where Clark trained, Clark died aged 63 in Derby in 1932 and his work was free from copyright in 2002
27.
W. J. Coffee
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William John Coffee was an internationally renowned English artist and sculptor who worked in porcelain, plaster, and terra cotta. He also worked in oil paint, although this was not the medium for which he became famous and his early career was as a modeller for Duesbury at the china factory on Nottingham Road in Derby, England. The latter part of his life was spent in America, Coffee worked for William Duesbury in Derby, but he also worked at Pinxton Porcelain and potteries at Friar Gate in Derby and at the village of Church Gresley. During his time in Derby, Coffee made busts of some of the local dignitaries and this bust is a fine example of Coffees modelling skills and is now on display at Derby Museum. Coffee also produced a terra cotta copy of the Florentine Boar, the boar was destroyed during World War II but has been recently replaced. Joseph Strutts garden was given to the town as Derby Arboretum in 1840 complete with statues, Coffee emigrated from England to New York City in 1816, where he became famous as a sculptor for American historical figures such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. He also made the ornamental plaster mouldings for Jeffersons house and for the University of Virginia, Coffee also sculpted a stature of Winfield Scott which later served as a model for an engraving of Scott on a U. S. Postage stamp, issued in 1870
28.
Derby Sketching Club
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The Derby Sketching Club is a members club now meeting in Littleover, Derby, England. It was founded in 1887, and still today, providing members with facilities so they and others can work. They set a fee of two shillings and sixpence. The first exhibition of their work was held in January 1889, in 1922, the Derby Ladies Art Group was formed and it was only in 1951, for the Festival of Britain, that the two groups first held a joint Exhibition. The art collector Alfred E. Goodey, amassed the work of Derby Sketching Club members, and in the 1940s presented it to Derby Museum and Art Gallery. There are regular sessions for members- for lifedrawing, and portrait painting, there are guest lectures and exhibitions and members use the website to promote their work. Ernest Townsend, R. W. Bardill, Harold Gresley and J. P. Wale
29.
Harry Fidler
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Harry Fidler was a British painter known for including farm animals and especially horses in his impressionistic paintings, typically using heavy impasto. He married Laura Clunas, who was an artist with a similar style, Fidler was born to a farming career in Wiltshire in 1856, in Teffont Magna. He did not train as an artist until his early thirties and he was the ninth of ten children with a number of artistically gifted siblings. Fidler attended Herkomers School at Bushey which was a Hertfordshire school later known for animal painting. Herkomer boasted of the variety of styles of his students who were encouraged to paint from life. His students included William Nicholson and Lucy Kemp-Welch, on a second visit to Bushey in 1898, Fidler met and married Laura Clunas. Fidler had a studio in an old Methodist Chapel in Teffont Magna and he and his wife visited the Art Society in St Ives, Fidler painted there and they may have been members. Fidler frequently included farm animals and especially working horses in his paintings with a heavy style and he frequently used poor quality canvas and inadequate ground which means that his work can require early restoration. He joined the Royal Institute of Oil Painters and the Royal Society of British Artists and he successfully exhibited several large canvases at the Royal Academy. Fidler died at Stoke near Andover in 1935 and he has paintings in several public collections including Derby Museum, the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery, Watford Museum, the Smith Art Gallery at Brighouse and the Grundy Art Gallery in Blackpool. Harry and his wife Laura have paintings at Cartwright Hall, the art gallery in Bradford, Laura Fidler died in 1936 and her work has on occasion been wrongly attributed to her husband
30.
Harold Gresley
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Harold Gresley was a British artist, following his father and grandfather. He was a painter of landscapes and portraits in watercolour and oil and he served in the Royal Fusiliers in the First World War and was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. He has a number of paintings in Derby Museum and Art Gallery. Gresley was born in Derbyshire and studied at Derby School of Art and he was the son of Frank Gresley and grandson of James Stephen Gresley both of whom were notable artists. He interrupted his studies when the First World War broke out, during the war he fought in the Balkans and in France. For his gallantry in France in late 1918, he was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal and his citation reads, G/16514 Sjt. H. Gresley, 1st Bn. R. Fus. Throughout the operations in October and November,1918 and he repeatedly went forward well in advance of our troops and brought back very valuable information. On 7th November,1918, after the battalion had been held up at St. Vaast La Valee, he went forward with the wave under a barrage. After the war he continued his studies in Nottingham under Arthur Spooner, though the Gresleys are principally known for their landscapes, Harold was a highly accomplished portrait painter too. He lived at Chellaston, near Derby until he died in 1967, some of his work is presented in Derby Museum and Art Gallery after 77 of his paintings were donated by art collector Alfred E. Goodey. Harold Gresley Auction Price Results Invaluable
31.
Richard Hurleston
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Richard Hurlstone or Richard Hurleston was a British portrait painter known for being a pupil of Joseph Wright of Derby. He went to Italy with Wright and his wife and he returned and died young after being hit by lightning on Salisbury Plain. Hurlstone may have born in 1746 in St Martin in the Fields as someone of that name was baptised there on 9 March that year. Hurlstone was born to William and Mary Hurlstone who lived in Lincolns Inn Fields, Hurleston was trained at the Royal Academy starting in 1769 as a result of a premium given by the Society of the Arts. Hurlestone became a pupil of Joseph Wright of Derby and he set sail in 1773 with Wright, a pregnant Ann Wright and their ship took shelter for three weeks in Nice before they completed their outward voyage in Livorno in Italy in February 1774. They journeyed on to Rome and Hurlestone was there in 1775 and 1776, in 1776 he also recreated some of the masterpieces in the Uffuzi Gallery in Florence. Known paintings by him include a portrait of his master Joseph Wright, a character called Maria appears in both Tristam Shandy and A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy by Sterne. Hurlestons painting of Maria was exhibited in 1780 and is now in the Derby Museum and that gallery has other paintings based on Laurence Sternes novels by Joseph Wright. Wright painted a first version of The Captive in Hurlestones lifetime, other paintings should include those he exhibited at the Royal Academy before he left for Italy. Hurleston died young after being hit by lightning whilst riding on Salisbury Plain, some sources give his date of death as 1777 and others report 1780. Hurlestons nephew was a proprieter of the Morning Chronicle newspaper and his son, Frederick Yeates Hurlstone, was also a notable painter
32.
Henry Lark Pratt
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Henry Lark Pratt was an English painter who trained in the porcelain industry. Pratt was born in the parish of St Peters in Derby on 16 February 1805, Pratt would have completed his apprenticeship in 1824. He stayed in Derby until 1830, after that he worked for Mintons from 1831 to November 1836 as a painter. Six months before he left Mintons he married Margaret Windsor of Stoke on Trent, Henry and Margaret had children with the first in 1837 and the first five in Stoke. A son was born in 1839 who confusingly was given his fathers name as he was to also become an artist. In 1841 Pratt described his profession as artist in the census and he was then employed to sketch baronial halls in nearby counties. He enjoyed painting and was keen on landscapes and particularly the valley of Dovedale on the Derbyshire and Staffordshire border, patrons of his art included the Dukes of Devonshire and Queen Victoria who bought a dinner service with views of Windsor Castle that Pratt had painted. He moved back to Derby in 1851 where he was making a living from his artistic skills that kept his wife. In 1861 he described himself as a Landscape painter on China and he died on 3 March 1873 in Stoke on Trent. Pratt’s son Henry Lark Pratt changed his name to Hinton to try to avoid confusion with his father, Pratt went on to exhibit a painting at the Royal Academy in 1867 and six years later he had another painting accepted by the Society of British Artists. He died in 1875 at the age of 36, Henry Lark Pratt has several paintings in his home town’s art gallery as well as paintings at the gallery in Newcastle under Lyme
33.
David Payne (artist)
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David Payne was a Scottish landscape painter. Payne was born in Annan in the old county of Dumfriesshire and he was educated at Annan Academy. He initially made his living as a painter before becoming an artist. Payne moved to Derby in 1869 and was recorded as living at several places in the county of Derbyshire in the 1880s including Duffield, Payne was a student of George Turner Derbyshires John Constable) who also lived in Barrow upon Trent. Paynes carving of two won the 1882 Derby Art Gallery medal for industrial art and the sculpture and medal have now been repurchased by the gallery. Payne became a landscape and trompe loeil artist. He exhibited at the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists, the Nottingham Museum and Art Gallery and he is regarded as one of the best of the 19th-century Birmingham artists. In 1891, Queen Victoria visited Derby to lay the foundation stone of the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, the scene in the market place where hundreds of people, soldiers, horses and bunting turned out to meet Queen Victoria was captured by Payne. This painting is now in Derby Museum and Art Gallery, Payne married and had 14 children. He died in Sheffield in 1894, today Payne has paintings in several British institutions including Derby Museum, the Defence Academy and Southampton City Art Gallery. David Payne David Payne David Payne David Payne
34.
Ronald Pope
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Ronald Pope was an English sculptor and artist. Pope was born in 1920 and after his studies moved to Derbyshire to work as an engineer and he started at the Rolls Royce factory in Derby. He was at Rolls-Royce throughout the war as a tool maker, Pope learnt and gained experience in techniques such as welding and brazing which he exploited later for artistic reasons. After the end of the war he went to London to study sculpture at the Slade School of Fine Art with Prof. F. McWilliam, Pope continued studying ceramics afterward at Woolwich Polytechnic with the ceramist Heber Matthews. Pope lived and worked as an artist in Melbourne, Derbyshire and he was inspired by his love of the countryside, particularly the Derbyshire High Peak, the Derbyshire Dales, the Lake District and Snowdonia. The influence of rock formations can be seen in a number of his sculptures, Pope used various materials for his artwork, wood, stone and metal. Some of his works look austere, but this is due to their abstract form. Apart from sculptures, Pope also created paintings and drawings, in 2008 Derby Museum and Art Gallery held an exhibition of his works entitled Ronald Pope - Sculpture from the Museums Collection
35.
Samuel Rayner
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Samuel A. Rayner was an English landscape artist, known for his paintings of buildings and their interiors, including abbeys, churches and old mansions. He achieved the distinction of having a work accepted for exhibition at the Royal Academy at only 15 years of age and his wife, Ann Rayner, was an engraver on Ashford Black Marble and six of their children went on to be professional artists. Samuel Rayner was born in 1806 at Colnbrook in Buckinghamshire, afterwards the family moved to Marylebone in London where he was trained by his grandfather. By the age of fifteen Rayner was training as a draughtsman with the antiquary John Britton when Rayner had a picture of Malmesbury Abbey accepted by the Royal Academy, a fellow student and artistic influence was George Cattermole. Samuel Rayner and his wife, Anne Manser Rayner, founded a painting family, in 1823 he eloped with Anne Manser, who was four years older than him and already known as an artist. They married in 1824 and their first child was born in London, six of their children became painters in turn. Rayners house was a museum in Matlock Bath in the 1830s where Louise, William Henry, the engraving by Arthur Jewitt illustrated shows Rayners house in Matlock Back in 1832. There are two extended entrance ways to museums in the picture, the museum on the right was John Mawes museum whilst on the left was Vallances Royal Centre Museum. Vallance and Rayner were in partnership, there is a view of Matlock Bath engraved by Ann Rayner which also shows their house and it is now in Buxton Museum. This engraving was made by Samuels wife with a diamond on Ashford Black Marble which was mined locally, Rayners painting of the 1839 Derby Exhibition which illustrates the early years of what to become Derby Museum and Art Gallerys collections. This painting includes Joseph Wright of Derbys painting Romeo and Juliet, Louise Rayner is the best known of Samuel and Anns children, her siblings were Ann, Margaret, Rose, Frances, and Richard. Nancy Rayner was influenced by Octavius Oakley and she was the first to be recognised as a distinguished artist, Samuel was elected an associate of the Society of Painters in Water Colours in 1845 but was excluded from the Society in 1851 after a financial scandal. Some of his work can be seen at Derby Museum and Art Gallery, family history at the Louise Rayner Artist website
36.
Louise Rayner
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Louise Ingram Rayner was a British watercolour artist. Rayner was born in Matlock Bath in Derbyshire and her parents Samuel Rayner and Ann Rayner were both noted artists, Samuel having been accepted for exhibition at the Royal Academy when he was 15. Four of Louises sisters — Ann, Margaret, Rose and Frances —, the family lived in Matlock Bath and Derby until 1842 when they moved to London. Her first exhibited work, an oil painting entitled The Interior of Haddon Chapel, was shown at the Royal Academy in 1852 and she lived in Chester in the county of Cheshire but travelled extensively, painting British scenes, during the summers in the 1870s and 1880s. Her paintings are detailed and highly picturesque populated street scenes capturing the olde worlde character of British towns. Her paintings are popular today as prints and on jigsaw puzzles. Around 1910 she moved with her sister to Tunbridge Wells, and later to St Leonards, where she died in 1924
37.
Thomas Smith (English painter)
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Thomas Smith was a landscape painter and father of John Raphael Smith of Derby. Smith painted many landscapes including historic houses like Chatsworth and views of the Lake District, with George Perry he designed views of Coalbrookdale, which were engraved by François Vivares. These are among the earliest industrial landscapes, smiths 1751 painting An Extensive Landscape with Hunting Party was sold for over $67,000 at an auction at Sothebys. He painted the picture in 1751, a year before his son was born, there are several of his paintings and those of his son in Derby Art Gallery and examples too in British institutions like Bradford Museum and Galleries and in the Government Art Collection. Sketch by famous Derby artist sparks a mystery Works by Thomas Smith
38.
William Tate (painter)
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William Tate was an English portrait painter who was a student of Joseph Wright of Derby. Richard was a painter and was well connected. William Tate then became Wrights student and it was with Joseph Wright in 1772 that William Tate first exhibited at the Society of Artists in London where he became a fellow. Over the next twenty years Tate exhibited in Manchester, Liverpool, both Tate and Joseph Wright quarrelled with the Academy of Art which cannot have assisted Tates career. In LIverpool however he enjoyed support and in 1784 his work was exhibited in Liverpool with the same prominence as Joshua Reynolds. In 1787 William Tate moved to Manchester where he enjoyed a number of commissions for portraits. Daniel Daulby had himself and both of his wives painted by Tate and he moved south to Bath in 1804 where he died in 1806. The Walker Art Gallery has a number of William Tates portraits of men and women of the day including Daniel Daulby. There are also paintings of his nephew Thomas Moss Tate and his niece Elizabeth Williamson, wife of Joseph Williamson
39.
Ernest Townsend
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Ernest Townsend was a portrait artist from Derby in England. Townsend studied at Derby College of Art, Heatherleys in Chelsea, among his works were a 1915 portrait of the Right Hon. Winston Churchill when he was First Lord of the Admiralty and this picture now hangs in the National Liberal Club in London. Townsend was commissioned to create a design for the roofs of the Rolls-Royce aircraft engine factories in Derby so that they would appear to German bombers to be no more than a village, Ernest Townsend was born in Parliament Street in Derby, the youngest of James Townsends five children. His father was a builder with Holmes of Derby. Coach building had been the Townsend profession practised for at least three generations, James father, William, had moved to Derby from Bitton in Gloucestershire in the late 1850s. However, by the age of eight, Townsends caregiver was his elder sister and his brother William George Paulson Townsend was later the editor of the Art Workers Quarterly. His early education was at Abbey Street School and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a firm of architects, Wright and Thorpe, practising at 23 St James St, Derby. Thomas Harrison Thorpe, the partner, recognised Townsends artistic ability immediately. Townsends early promise was justified and eventually he left architecture altogether and he then moved to a five-year course at the Royal Academy Schools. He was enrolled as a student in the School of Painting at the Royal Academy from 28 January until January 1907, amongst his tutors at the Academy Schools were John Singer Sargent and Lawrence Alma-Tadema. His friends included Aubrey Beardsley, Alfred Munnings, Augustus John, Townsend exhibited 15 paintings at the Academy between 1910 and 1937, as shown below. Ernest supplemented his income with design work for magazines, in particular for The Art Workers Quarterly, of which his brother was founder. After some time in Paris and the Netherlands, he returned to Derby, in 1912, Townsend, like his friends, Alfred Munnings and Laura Knight, represented Great Britain in the Olympic Games in Stockholm by entering a painting in the Olympic Art exhibition. At the age of 25, Townsend was commissioned to paint his former headmaster at the School of Art and this painting was later accepted by the Royal Academy for its 1910 Summer Exhibition. Perhaps it was this success led to another commission from the Town for a portrait of the Libraries Museum and Art Gallery Director, William Crowther. Many more official commissions were to come from the Town for the remainder of Townsends life, Townsends 1915 portrait of the Right Hon. Winston Churchill when he was First Lord of the Admiralty was commissioned anonymously and this picture now hangs in the National Liberal Club in London, but it was not hung until 1944
40.
George Turner (artist)
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George Turner was an English landscape artist and farmer who has been dubbed Derbyshires John Constable. Turner was born in Cromford, Derbyshire in England, but then moved to Derby with his family and he showed an early talent for music and art - encouraged by his father Thomas Turner, who although a tailor by profession was also an art enthusiast. Turner was largely self-taught and went on to become a professional painter, Turner lived in Derbyshire all his life. In 1865 he married Eliza Lakin, becoming a part-time farmer and he had a number of successful students including David Payne and Louis Bosworth Hurt. After Elizas death in 1900, he moved to Kirk Ireton and his son William Lakin Turner also became a landscape oil painter of repute. His work was exhibited in Nottingham and Birmingham, Turner served on the Art Committee of Derby Art Gallery and both his and his sons paintings are included in the citys collection. Turner has 22 paintings in National collections in the United Kingdom
41.
Joseph Wright of Derby
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Joseph Wright ARA, styled Joseph Wright of Derby, was an English landscape and portrait painter. He has been acclaimed as the first professional painter to express the spirit of the Industrial Revolution, Wright is notable for his use of chiaroscuro effect, which emphasises the contrast of light and dark, and for his paintings of candle-lit subjects. Many of Wrights paintings and drawings are owned by Derby City Council, Joseph Wright was born in Irongate, Derby to a respectable family of lawyers. The third of five children of John Wright, attorney, and Town Clerk of Derby, Joseph had two elder brothers, John and Richard Wright. Deciding to become a painter, Wright went to London in 1751, after painting portraits for a while at Derby, Wright again worked as an assistant to Hudson for fifteen months. Wright also spent a period in Liverpool, from 1768 to 1771. These included pictures of a number of prominent citizens and their families, Wright married Ann Swift, the daughter of a leadminer, on 28 July 1773 Wright and his wife had six children, three of whom died in infancy. Wright set off in 1773 with John Downman, a pregnant Ann Wright and their ship took shelter for three weeks in Nice before they completed their outward voyage in Livorno in Italy in February 1774. Downman returned to Britain in 1775, on his return from Italy he established himself at Bath as a portrait-painter, but meeting with little encouragement he returned to Derby in 1777, where he spent the rest of his life. He became increasingly asthmatic and nervous about the house, and for these complaints he was treated by his friend Erasmus Darwin, Ann Wright died on 17 August 1790. On 29 August 1797 Wright died at his new home at No.28 Queen Street, Derby, where he had spent his final months with his two daughters. Wright was a frequent contributor to the exhibitions of the Society of Artists, and to those of the Royal Academy, of which he was elected an associate in 1781 and his Old Man and Death is also a striking and individual production. It hangs in the Allen Memorial Art Museum at Oberlin College and its companion piece, Dovedale by Sunlight captures the colors of day. Another memorable image from his tour of the Lake District is Rydal Waterfall of 1795, cave at evening is painted with the same dramatic chiaroscuro for which Joseph Wright is noted. The painting was executed during 1774, while he was staying in Italy, notice the similarities to the Museum of Fine Arts, Bostons holding, Grotto by the Seaside in the Kingdom of Naples with Banditti, Sunset. Wright had close contact with the industrialists of the Midlands. One of Wrights students, William Tate, was uncle to the eccentric gentleman tunneler Joseph Williamson, Wright also had connections with Erasmus Darwin and other members of the Lunar Society, which brought together leading industrialists, scientists, and philosophers. An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump, shows people gathered round observing an early experiment into the nature of air, the Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone depicts the discovery of the element phosphorus by German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669
42.
Ashford Black Marble
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Ashford Black Marble is the name given to a dark limestone, quarried from mines near Ashford-in-the-Water, in Derbyshire, England. Once cut, turned and polished, its shiny black surface is highly decorative, Ashford Black Marble is a very fine-grained sedimentary rock, and is not a true marble in the geological sense. It can be cut and inlaid with other stones and minerals. Derby Museum has a diagram of Ecton Hill made from Ashford Black Marble, the decorative uses of the local black mineral have been found in prehistoric finds, but the first recorded customer was Bess of Hardwick in 1580. Henry Watson, the uncle of Derbyshire geologist White Watson, is regarded as one of the key figures in the development of the industry of inlaying Ashford Black Marble in the 1750s. He owned a mill at Ashford in the Water. There was a trade in the manufacture of urns, obelisks and other decorative items from Ashford Black Marble during the late 18th. John Mawe had a museum in Matlock Bath that dealt in black marble and Ann Rayner engraved pictures, next door at another museum, many fine examples of engraved and inlaid black marble exist in local collections, including those of Derby Museum, Buxton Museum, and Chatsworth House. In 2009 huge blocks of unworked Ashford Black Marble were unearthed during work near to the Seven Stars public house in Derby. The plan was to them due to the rarity of unworked Ashford Black marble. It was speculated that the rocks had been abandoned when an Ashford Black Marble manufacturer moved in the 1880s, although referred to as marble, the rock is of purely sedimentary origin. It is a dark, fine-grained, muddy Carboniferous limestone, rich in bitumen which gives it its dark grey colouration which turns a glossy black when polished, the prime source of this rock was from Arrock Mine, and later in 1832 from nearby Rookery Plantation, near Ashford-in-the-Water. The limestone can be turned on a lathe to create urns, candlesticks and other objects, or sawn to produce smooth, flat items such as obelisks. Derby Museum and Art Gallery holds collections of worked and part-worked items of Ashford Black Marble and this includes a range of pre-cut pieces ready for inlaying into the black marble background. Items such as forget-me-not and lily of the flowers would typically be represented. The rarest mineral was known as Dukes Red and this was so valuable that it was stored at Chatsworth House, the tabletop design illustrated shows some of the combinations described here. Derby Museum has a diagram of Ecton Hill made from Ashford Black Marble, William Martin, who at one time worked with Watson, wrote the first scientific study of fossils. His Petrifacta Derbiensia recounts that White Watsons uncle and workers at the Black Marble quarry called some of the fossils crocodile tails as they thought they were the remains of crocodiles
43.
John Farey Sr.
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John Farey Sr. was an English geologist and writer. However, he is known for a mathematical construct, the Farey sequence named after him. After his education he moved to London, where he had relatives, whilst in London they had their first child John Farey Jr. They later had eight children, two of whom died in infancy. In 1792 Farey was appointed surveyor and land agent to Francis Russell, after the decease of the duke, Farey in 1802 removed to London, and, after first contemplating emigrating or taking a farm in the country, he settled there as a consulting surveyor and geologist. That he was enabled to take this step was due largely to his acquaintance with the geologist William Smith, Farey has remarked that Smith was his Master and Instructor in Mineral Surveying, and his subsequent publications show how well he had profited by the teachings he received. In 1805, he succeeded the agriculturist Arthur Young as Secretary of the Smithfield Club and his surveying work took him all over the country and he was in much demand from landowners wishing to improve their estates, or exploit the minerals they held. His work on economic geology then was of importance in the burgeoning Industrial Revolution by locating new resources of coal and metal ores. Farey was a writer, and Professor Hugh Torrens has traced around 270 papers by him. He wrote on all manner of subjects, ranging from horticulture, geology, meteorology, metrology, currency decimalisation, music and he was an important contributor to Reess Cyclopædia with articles on canals, mineralogy, surveying and a number of the scientific and mathematical basis of sound. Various nineteenth-century biographical sources, including the Dictionary of National Biography and it was actually written by his son John Farey Jr. In 1809 Farey met William Martin who had published work on Derbyshire fossils, Martin however was too ill to meet a second time and he died the following year. Fareys best known work is General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire for the Board of Agriculture. In the first of these volumes he gave an account of the part of the British series of strata. In this work, and in a paper published in the Philosophical Magazine,51,1818, p.173, on Mr Smiths Geological Claims stated, he called attention to the importance of the discoveries of William Smith. As well as being remembered by historians of geology, his name is widely known by the Farey sequence which he noted as a result of his interest in the mathematics of sound. Subsequently his widow offered his collection to the British Museum, which rejected it. John Farey, A General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire,3 volumes 1811–17, peak District Mines Historical Society,1989
44.
William Martin (naturalist)
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William Martin was an English naturalist and palaeontologist who proposed that science should use fossils as evidence to support the study of natural history. Martin published the first colour pictures of fossils and the first scientific study of fossils in English, Martin was born in Mansfield in 1767. His father worked in the business, but he left to become an actor in Ireland with the stage name of Joseph Booth. His father was also an inventor and portrait painter who died in London in 1797, Martins abandoned mother, who was born Mallatratt, was also an actress. Whilst still a child he appeared on the stage, both as a dancer, and later giving recitations. It was arranged for Martin to learn draughtsmanship from James Bolton in Halifax, from 1782 to 1785 he was with a Derbyshire acting troupe when he met White Watson with whom he was to collaborate in a work on Derbyshire fossils. His work with fossils and natural history led to Martin being elected a fellow of the Linnaean Society. Like Watson, Martin was influenced by the work of Derbyshire geologist, Whitehurst had published An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth in 1778 which contained an important appendix which concerned General Observations on the Strata in Derbyshire. However, it was Abraham Mills FRS who switched Martin from zoology to palaeontology at some time before 1789, Martin published Figures and Descriptions of Petrifications collected in Derbyshire in 1793. Martin worked with White Watson to create joint publications, but the partnership did not work well with Watson claiming that he was not receiving sufficient credit, Martin later published some of Watsons work on fossils using only his own name and without giving credit to Watson. Martin had six children with his unfortunate, but interesting wife who, in 1798 their son William Charles Linnaeus Martin was born. He was given the name Linnaeus in honour of Martins interest in the classification of living things and his son was to write numerous books on natural history after becoming the scientific officer to the Zoological Society. Martin was employed as a teacher, initially working at Burton-on-Trent in 1798. Finally, in 1805, he moved to Macclesfield, where he taught at Macclesfield Grammar School, Martins interest in nature did not diminish and he would send artefacts to James Sowerby who would illustrate them for him. Martin did some provincial acting until 1809, and he owned a share in Buxton Theatre. In 1809 he published Petrifacta Derbiensia, which he dedicated to Sir Joseph Banks, Petrifacta Derbiensia contained illustrations, the first in colour, which helped Martin describe the fossils and Carboniferous limestone he had studied in Derbyshire. The horn coral, illustrated here, was thought to possibly be from a type of undiscovered bamboo, Petrifacta Derbiensia records another fossil which Martin considered a type of straightened Nautilus. He recounts that White Watsons uncle and workers at the Ashford Black Marble quarry called some of the fossils crocodile tails as they had thought to be the remains of a small crocodile tail
45.
Matlockite
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Matlockite is a rare lead halide mineral, named after the town of Matlock in Derbyshire, England, where it was first discovered in a nearby mine. Matlockite gives its name to the group which consists of rare minerals of a similar structure. The mineral, a lead fluorochloride, was discovered sometime around the early 1800s at Bage Mine at Bolehill near Matlock, although phosgenite was known at this time, it seems likely that matlockite itself remained unappreciated as a new mineral for some fifty years. It was given the name by Greg in 1851 and it is a light, translucent creamy-yellow colour, but heavy in weight having a density that is over 7.1. A very large specimen 10 cm across, and originating from Derbyshire, a 7 cm specimen can be found in the collection of Derby Museum and Art Gallery. Matlockite has been reported from a variety of locations since its discovery at the locality of Derbyshire. The mineral is found in Tiger, Arizona, Laurium in Greece. Samples have also found at locations in South Africa, Peru, Chile, Australia, Austria, France. The matlockite group consists of a number of minerals which share a crystal structure. The group includes bismuth, lead or calcium halides, bismoclite Cl, daubréeite, laurionite PbCl, paralaurionite PbCl, rorisite CaFCl, zavaritskite F and the eponymous matlockite
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John Mawe
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John Mawe was a British mineralogist who became known for his practical approach to the discipline. Mawe was born in Derby in 1764 to Samuel Maw and his mother died when he was ten and he was raised by his fathers second wife, Francis. In early life he appears to have spent fifteen years at sea, in 1790, he became captain of the merchant vessel Trent, trading to St Petersburg. In 1793, Mawe was apprenticed to the Derby mason Richard Brown, Brown & Mawe was the name of the retail business near Covent Garden in 1797 which sold objects created from Derbyshire marble at the factory in Derby. Mawe was manager of this business and this business was established in 1794. About the end of the century he made a tour of most of the mines in England and Scotland, in 1800 he owned the Royal Museums spar shop in Matlock Bath which, through his agent, he was to enter into dispute with Thomas Pearson concerning surrounding mines. In August 1804 he started on a voyage of commercial experiment to Rio de la Plata funded by Portugals Prince Regent and his missions was to assess the value of the gold and diamond industries that might revitalize Brazils ailing economy. Mawe had reached Cadiz when war broke out between England and Spain, and he was blockaded in the town where he was taken ill and he sailed from Cadiz in March 1805 for Montevideo, and on reaching that town was imprisoned as an English spy. He procured his liberty soon after, but was interned, Mawe returned to London in 1811, and opening a shop in The Strand, close to Somerset House, became well known as a practical mineralogist. In 1813 he was elected to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Mawe and his wife Sarah had two children, a son and a daughter. Their son, John Saint Mawe, died aged 22, Sarah requested in her will that she be buried beside him and their daughter married Anthony Tissington Tatlow, who became a partner of Mawes in a shop in Cheltenham in 1816. Mawe died in London on 26 October 1829, a tablet to his memory is in Castleton church, Derbyshire. His business was carried on by James Tennant the mineralogist, in partnership with Mawes widow Sarah until 1840, Sarah Mawe had the title of Mineralogist to Her Majesty until she retired. Mawes principal work was the account of his South American voyage, Travels in the Interior of Brazil, London,1812, Philadelphia,1816, a Treatise on Diamonds and Precious Stones,1813, 2nd ed.1823. A Descriptive Catalogue of Minerals,1816, 4th edit, familiar Lessons on Mineralogy and Geology,1819, 10th edit. Instructions for the use of the Blow-pipe and Chemical Tests, 4th edit, the Voyagers Companion or Shell-Collectors Pilot,1821, 4th edit. The Linnæan System of Conchology,1823 and he appears also to have issued at some time Directions to Captains of Ships, Officers, and Travellers, particularly to those engaged in the South Sea Fishery. A manuscript paper On a Gold Mine in South America is preserved in the library of the Geological Society, a number of Mawes publications were extensively illustrated by James Sowerby and his sons, who specialised in detailed colour plates
