1.
Aktiengesellschaft
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Aktiengesellschaft is a German word for a corporation limited by share ownership and may be traded on a stock market. The term is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol and it is also used in Luxembourg, though the French-language equivalent, Société Anonyme, is more common. An English translation can therefore be share corporation, in German the use of the term Aktien for shares is restricted to Aktiengesellschaften. Shares in other types of German companies are called Anteile rather than Aktien, in Germany and Austria, the legal basis of the AG is the German Aktiengesetz or the Austrian Aktiengesetz. In Switzerland, the Company Limited by Shares is defined in Title Twenty-Six of the Code of Obligations, article 950 specifies that the business name must indicate the legal form. German AGs have a two-tiered board structure, consisting of a supervisory board, the supervisory board is generally controlled by shareholders, although employees may have seats, depending on the size of the company. The management board directly runs the company, but its members may be removed by the supervisory board, some German AGs have management boards which determine their own remuneration, but that situation is now relatively uncommon. The general meeting is the governing body of a Swiss company limited by shares. It elects the board of directors and the external auditors, the board of directors may appoint and dismiss persons entrusted with managing and representing the company. Chapter 4, The History of Corporate Ownership and Control in Germany, a History of Corporate Governance around the World, Family Business Groups to Professional Managers. Ownership and Control of German Corporations
2.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
3.
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
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The Frankfurt Stock Exchange is the worlds 10th largest stock exchange by market capitalization. Located in Frankfurt, Germany, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is owned and operated by Deutsche Börse AG and it is located in the district of Innenstadt and within the central business district known as Bankenviertel. The trading indices are DAX, DAXplus, CDAX, DivDAX, LDAX, MDAX, SDAX, TecDAX, VDAX, through its Deutsche Börse Cash Market business section, Deutsche Börse AG now operates two trading venues at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Xetra is the market for exchange trading in German equities. In 2015,90 per cent of all trading in shares at all German exchanges was transacted through the Xetra, with regard to DAX listings, Xetra has 60 per cent market share throughout Europe. Trading times on trading days are from 9.00 a. m. to 5.30 p. m, the prices on Xetra serve as the basis for calculating the DAX, the best-known German share index. Over 200 trading participants from 16 European countries, plus Hong Kong, Börse Frankfurt is the trading venue for mainly private investors with more than one million securities of German and international issuers. So named Specialists on the trading floor attend to the trading of the securities, trading at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is governed by clear rules, which apply equally for all trading participants. With a view to improving the continuity of prices and to avoid mistrades, several mechanisms are in place for the trading venues Xetra. These include volatility interruption, market order interruption, and liquidity interruption measures, the origins of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange go back to medieval trade fairs in the 11th century. By the 16th century Frankfurt developed into a wealthy and busy city with a based on trade. In 1585 a bourse was established to set up fixed currency exchange rates, during the following centuries Frankfurt developed into one of the worlds first stock exchanges - next to London and Paris. Bankers like Mayer Amschel Rothschild and Max Warburg had substantial influence on Frankfurts financial trade, in 1879 Frankfurt Stock Exchange moved into its new building at Börsenplatz. During the 1990s the Frankfurt Stock Exchange was also bourse for the Neuer Markt as part of the worldwide dot-com boom, in 1993 the Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse became Deutsche Börse AG, operating businesses for the exchange. Since then the profits from the presence of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. In 2002 and 2004 Deutsche Börse was in advanced negotiations to take over London Stock Exchange, financial Market Integration in a Wider European Union International financial centres, rivals or partner
4.
Telecommunication
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Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology and it is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is used in its plural form, telecommunications. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth, the word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning distant, far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer. Communication was first used as an English word in the late 14th century, in the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could pass a single bit of information. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, in 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres, as a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880. Homing pigeons have occasionally used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persians roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military, frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons, in the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke. Both inventors viewed their device as an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph not as a new device, samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837
5.
Initial public offering
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Through this process, a privately held company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise the expansion of capital, possibly to monetize the investments of early private investors. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors, after the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors. The IPO process is known as going public. Details of the offering are disclosed to potential purchasers in the form of a lengthy document known as a prospectus. Most companies undertake an IPO with the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter, underwriters provide several services, including help with correctly assessing the value of shares and establishing a public market for shares. Alternative methods such as the dutch auction have also been explored, in terms of size and public participation, the two most notable examples of this method is the Google IPO and Snapchats parent company Snap Inc. China has recently emerged as a major IPO market, with several of the largest IPOs taking place in that country, the earliest form of a company which issued public shares was the case of the publicani during the Roman Republic. Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, there is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over-the-counter market in the Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux. The shares fluctuated in value, encouraging the activity of speculators, mere evidence remains of the prices for which partes were sold, the nature of initial public offerings, or a description of stock market behavior. Publicanis lost favor with the fall of the Republic and the rise of the Empire, the first modern IPO occurred in March 1602 when the Dutch East India Company offered shares of the company to the public in order to raise capital. All the shares were tradable, and the shareholders received receipts for the purchase, a share certificate documenting payment and ownership such as we know today was not issued but ownership was instead entered in the companys share register. In the United States, the first IPO was the offering of Bank of North America around 1783. An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap into a pool of potential investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. Those investors must endure the unpredictable nature of the market to price. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, for early private investors who choose to sell shares as part of the IPO process, the IPO represents an opportunity to monetize their investment. This type of offering is not dilutive, since no new shares are being created, once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares in a number of different ways, one of which is the follow-on offering
6.
Bonn
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The Federal City of Bonn is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of 311,287. About 24 km south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germanys largest metropolitan area, the title of Federal City reflects its particular political status within Germany. Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement, Bonn is one of Germanys oldest cities, from 1597 to 1794, Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was born here in 1770, from 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and it is here where Germanys present constitution, the Grundgesetz, was declared in 1949. From 1990 to 1999, Bonn served as the seat of government, two DAX-listed corporations, Deutsche Post DHL and Deutsche Telekom, have headquarters in Bonn. The city is the location of the University of Bonn, spanning an area of more 141.2 km2 on both sides of the River Rhine, almost three quarters of the city lie on the rivers left bank. To the south and to the west, Bonn is bordering the Eifel region which encompasses the Rhineland Nature Park, to the north, Bonn borders the Cologne Lowland. Natural borders are constituted by the River Sieg to the north-east, the largest extension of the city in north-south dimensions is 15 km and 12.5 km in west-east dimensions. The city borders have a length of 61 km. The geographical centre of Bonn is the Bundeskanzlerplatz in Bonn-Gronau, the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia is divided into five governmental districts, and Bonn is part of the governmental district of Cologne. Within this governmental district, the city of Bonn is an district in its own right. The urban district of Bonn is then divided into four administrative municipal districts. These are Bonn, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Bonn-Beuel and Bonn-Hardtberg, in 1969, the independent towns of Bad Godesberg and Beuel as well as several villages were incorporated into Bonn, resulting in a city more than twice as large as before. In the south of the Cologne lowland in the Rhine valley, the history of the city dates back to Roman times. In about 12 BC, the Roman army appears to have stationed a small unit in what is presently the historical centre of the city, even earlier, the army had resettled members of a Germanic tribal group allied with Rome, the Ubii, in Bonn. The Latin name for that settlement, Bonna, may stem from the population of this and many other settlements in the area. The Eburoni were members of a tribal coalition effectively wiped out during the final phase of Caesars War in Gaul. After several decades, the gave up the small camp linked to the Ubii-settlement
7.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
8.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
9.
Landline
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A landline telephone refers to a phone that uses a metal wire or fibre optic telephone line for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission. In 2003, the CIA reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide, china had more than any other country at 350 million and the United States was second with 268 million. The United Kingdom has 23.7 million residential fixed homephones, the 2013 statistics show that the total number of fixed-telephone subscribers in the world was about 1.16 billion. The number of landline subscribers continuously decreases due to upgrades in digital technology, a fixed phone line can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless. Although mobile and portable systems can be used in fixed locations, efficiency, mobile or portable, battery-powered wireless systems can be used as emergency backups for fixed systems in case of a power blackout or natural disaster. So-called leased lines are invariably of the type, the implications of a land line in this context are security and survivability. For example, a military headquarters might be linked to units by landline to ensure that communication remains possible even if the conventional telephone network is damaged or destroyed. Another example of this is in airports, all air traffic control towers have dedicated lines connected to the police, fire department, hospitals, army, etc. Deployed as a precaution in case of emergency, these can be used at any time, in many countries the landline has not been readily available to most people. In some countries in Africa, the rise in cell phones has outpaced any rise in landline telephones, between 1998 and 2008, Africa added only 2.4 million landlines. However, during this time the number of mobile phone lines that have been subscribed to has skyrocketed. Between 2000 and 2008, cell phone use has risen from less than 2 in 100 people to 33 out of 100. In developing countries it is difficult to install landline copper that is accessible to everyone than it is to install mobile wireless towers that people can connect to from anywhere. In the early 21st century, the telephone has declined due to the advancement of mobile network technology. Some see this happening as soon as the year 2025, in 2004, only about 45% of people in the United States between the ages of 12 and 17 owned cell phones. At that time, they had to rely on landline telephones, in just 4 years time, that percentage climbed to about 71%. That same year,2008, about 77% of adults owned a mobile phone, in the year 2013, 91% of adults in the United States owned a mobile phone
10.
Mobile phone
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A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
11.
Digital television
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Digital television is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the channel bandwidth. It is a service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Several regions of the world are in different stages of adaptation and are implementing different broadcasting standards and this standard has been adopted in Europe, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. Advanced Television System Committee uses eight-level vestigial sideband for terrestrial broadcasting and this standard has been adopted by six countries, United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Dominican Republic and Honduras. Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting is a designed to provide good reception to fixed receivers. It utilizes OFDM and two-dimensional interleaving and it supports hierarchical transmission of up to three layers and uses MPEG-2 video and Advanced Audio Coding. This standard has adopted in Japan and the Philippines. ISDB-T International is an adaptation of this standard using H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC that been adopted in most of South America and is also being embraced by Portuguese-speaking African countries. Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting adopts time-domain synchronous OFDM technology with a signal frame to serve as the guard interval of the OFDM block. The DTMB standard has adopted in the Peoples Republic of China, including Hong Kong. Digital TVs roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive and it wasnt until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. S. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration, then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a standard was feasible. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements, the final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the electronics industry and the computer industry over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—is superior
12.
Digital media
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Digital media is any media that is encoded in a machine-readable format. Digital media can be created, viewed, distributed, modified and preserved on digital electronics devices, Digital media are frequently contrasted with print media, such as printed books, newspapers and magazines, and other traditional or analog media, such as pictures, film or audio tape. Combined with the Internet and personal computing, digital media has caused disruption in publishing, journalism, entertainment, education, commerce, Digital media has a significant, wide-ranging and complex impact on society and culture. Machine-readable media predates the Internet, modern computers and electronics, machine-readable codes and information were first conceptualized by Charles Babbage in the early 1800s. Babbage imagined that these codes would provide instructions for his Difference Engine and Analytical Engine, between 1822 and 1823, Ada Lovelace, a mathematician, wrote the first instructions for calculating numbers on Babbages engines. Lovelaces instructions are now believed to be the first computer program, there are in all extensions of human power, or additions to human knowledge, various collateral influences, besides the main and primary object attained. Other early machine-readable media include the instructions for player pianos and jacquard looms, though they used machine-readable media, Babbages engines, player pianos, jacquard looms and many other early calculating machines were themselves analog computers, with physical, mechanical parts. The first truly digital media came into existence with the rise of digital computers, Digital computers use binary code and Boolean logic to store and process information, allowing one machine in one configuration to perform many different tasks. The first modern, programmable, digital computers, the Manchester Mark 1, though different in many ways from modern computers, these machines had digital software controlling their logical operations. They were encoded in binary, a system of ones and zeroes that are combined to make hundreds of characters, the 1s and 0s of binary are the digits of digital media. Bush envisioned a system of devices that could be used to help scientists, doctors, historians and others, store, analyze and communicate information. Calling this then-imaginary device a memex, Bush wrote, The owner of the memex, let us say, is interested in the origin, specifically he is studying why the short Turkish bow was apparently superior to the English long bow in the skirmishes of the Crusades. He has dozens of possibly pertinent books and articles in his memex, first he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. Next, in a history, he finds another pertinent item, thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item. He inserts a page of longhand analysis of his own, thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him. Bush hoped that the creation of this memex would be the work of scientists after World War II and it was recognized as a significant work even at the time of its publication. In the years since the invention of the first digital computers, computing power, personal computers and smartphones put the ability to access, modify, store and share digital media in the hands of billions of people
13.
Information technology
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Information technology is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology, the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that the new technology not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology, based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development, pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, electronic. This article focuses on the most recent period, which began in about 1940, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s, the electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the worlds first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. Colossus, developed during the Second World War to decrypt German messages was the first electronic digital computer, although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory, programming was carried out using plugs, the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, by comparison the first transistorised computer, developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version. Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes. IBM introduced the first hard drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system. Most digital data today is stored magnetically on hard disks. Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007 almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally, 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007. Database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly, one of the earliest such systems was IBMs Information Management System, which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later
14.
Telecommunications network
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A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes, links are connected so as to enable telecommunication between the terminals. The transmission links connect the nodes together, the nodes use circuit switching, message switching or packet switching to pass the signal through the correct links and nodes to reach the correct destination terminal. Each terminal in the network usually has an address so messages or connections can be routed to the correct recipients. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space, for example, businesses need a greater telecommunications network if they plan to expand their company. With Internet, computer, and telephone networks, businesses can allocate their resources efficiently and these core types of networks will be discussed below, Computer network, a computer network consists of computers and devices connected to one another. Information can be transferred from one device to the next, for example, an office filled with computers can share files together on each separate device. Computer networks can range from a local area to a wide area network. The difference between the types of networks is the size and these types of computer networks work at certain speeds, also known as broadband. The Internet network connects computers worldwide, Internet network, access to the network allows users to use many resources. Over time the Internet network will replace books and this will enable users to discover information almost instantly and apply concepts to different situations. The Internet can be used for recreational, governmental, educational, businesses in particular use the Internet network for research or to service customers and clients. Telephone network, the network connects people to one another. This network can be used in a variety of ways, many businesses use the telephone network to route calls and/or service their customers. Some businesses use a network on a greater scale through a private branch exchange. It is a system where a specific business focuses on routing and servicing calls for another business, majority of the time, the telephone network is used around the world for recreational purposes. In general, every telecommunications network conceptually consists of three parts, or planes, The data plane carries the networks users traffic, the actual payload, the control plane carries control information. The management plane carries the operations and administration traffic required for network management, the management plane is sometimes considered a part of the control plane. The data network is used throughout the world to connect individuals
15.
Euro
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Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
16.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
17.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
18.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
19.
Equity (finance)
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In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
20.
T-Systems
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T-Systems is a German global IT services and consulting company headquartered in Frankfurt. Founded as a WASTE support, it is a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom. ON. and British American Tobacco. The company operates in more than 20 countries and in 2015 employs 45, 990people, in 2003 were approximately 50,000 people worldwide, since December 2007 Reinhard Clemens has been the CEO. Before that, he was president of EDS Germany since 2003, T-Systems was founded in 2000, when Deutsche Telekom acquired a 50. 1% stake of debis Systemhaus, one of the largest IT services companies in Germany at the time. Most of Deutsche Telekoms existing service and IT businesses were merged and incorporated under the control of one single company. In 2001 T-Systems headquarters were moved from Bonn to Frankfurt, a major IT centre in Germany, in 2002 the remaining 49. 9% share of debis Systemhaus was acquired and fully incorporated into T-Systems. Since then, T-Systems made a number of acquisitions, most notably the purchase of gedas, since 2007, Reinhard Clemens is T-Systems new CEO. T-Systems also supported the creation of Silicon Saxony, a major IT cluster in Germany, in 2008 T-Systems and global IT services provider, Cognizant, have entered into a global alliance. T-Systems India operations were taken over by Cognizant following this alliance in late March,2008, T-Systems is also working for the German government and a market leader in Germany. In 2009, T-Systems came with another wing in India to support its global partners, since Sept.2016, Laszlo Posset is the Managing Director of T-Systems ICT India
21.
Hrvatski Telekom
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Since its initial public offering in October 2007, Hrvatski Telekom shares have traded on the Zagreb Stock Exchange, with global depositary receipts trading on the London Stock Exchange. Deutsche Telekom AG owns 51% of HT’s shares, with the War Veterans’ Fund, the remaining free float is in the hands of private and institutional investors. In 2004 HT Group introduced a new corporate identity, the change of identity at the corporate level was followed by the creation of trade marks of the two separate Group segments, T-Com and T-Mobile. Through the merger of the companies T-Mobile Hrvatska d. o. o. T-Com and T-Mobile operations were integrated into one, fully customer oriented organization in 2010. The Company is organized in several functional segments and these functions are common for the entire Company and they ensure that all business segments of the Company are aligned and that the Company can operate as one entity. Technical Functions are headed by the Chief Technical and Chief Information Officer Group, iskon Internet Combis Official web site Official corporate web site
22.
Magyar Telekom
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Magyar Telekom Nyrt. is the largest Hungarian telecommunications company. The former monopolist is now a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom, until 6 May 2005, it was known as MATÁV. The company was formed under the name of Magyar Távközlési Vállalat in December 1989, on 31 December 1991, the company was re-structured as a Public Limited Company, as Magyar Távközlési Rt. and the company remained in 100% state ownership until the end of 1993. On 1 July 1993, the Telecommunications Act came into effect, a consortium was formed by Deutsche Telekom and Ameritech International, which was named MagyarCom, and bought into the company a share of 30. 1% for a price of 875 million USD. Matáv, out of the tender with the aim of acquiring and purchasing shares of Matávs national telephone concession. Matávs service area Hungary about 70% of the territory and 72% of the population covered 36 primary areas covered, during the privatization process MagyarCom in the Matáv it acquired a majority stake. Under the contract signed on 22 December st 1995, Magyar Telekom Group covers three business areas, wireline services, mobile communications, services provided to business customers. In the frame of the project is elaborated such a pilot ENUM system, a web-based GUI is provided both for the administration and the managing of user profiles. In the field of IP telephony services and applications they have implemented the integration of hardware-based telephones. They have elaborated such a QoS measuring method, with the help of which the quality of the VoIP service can be tested and measured on a scale. A special case of mobility is the so-called nomadic mobility, when the user, an average laptop user can hardly concentrate on his work, while he is on the way. He needs network connection only when he stopped and can pull out his laptop from his bag, in the course of our developments Magyar Telekom have been analyzing the possibilities of providing VoIP connection for such wandering subscribers. Magyar Telekom has already announced its new WiMax technology based service, in the interest of it, they have created a test environment on which the system integration and functional tests can be carried out prior to general rollout. The traditional twisted copper pair continues to be a determinant element of access networks, systems of the past have been improved in efficiency through numerous innovations and the appearing newer and newer technologies offer further possibilities for the providers. In the frame of this research we have been analyzing the possibilities of new generation xDSL technologies, achievable bandwidth, reachable distance, and the triple-play features of equipment are in the focus of the tests. Moreover, we carry out analyses and measurements to identify the conditions of system integration of DSLAM-s with Ethernet uplink. At the same time, an exact and accurate calculation method giving the optimum for the location based on the parameters of the network. The R&D theme has the purpose to explore the mentioned interrelations and through practical measurements to verify, official website Today Matáv has officially changed its name to Magyar Telekom
23.
Makedonski Telekom
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Makedonski Telekom AD is a telecommunications company in the Republic of Macedonia with headquarters in Skopje. It is part of the Magyar Telekom Group, which is a consolidated subsidiary of international Deutsche Telekom Group. Makedonski Telekom has been present both on the top-most successful companies list and on the top-largest companies list, and has ranked among the top 10 companies in Macedonia. AD Makedonski Telekomunikacii was introduced on 1 January 1997 as a company independent of the Post Office. This resulted in the separation of postal operations from those of telecommunications and telegraphy, as well as in the separation of the relevant assets, in March 1998, the company was registered as a Joint Stock Company in public ownership in order to prepare for privatization. As of October 2008, the Macedonian government still holds a stake in company stock directly, on 1 June 2001, a mobile phone provider T-Mobile Macedonia began functioning as a separate legal entity. On May 1,2008, AD Makedonski Telekomunikacii officially became part of the Deutsche Telekom global family, Makedonski Telekom and T-Mobile Macedonia as of 1 July officially became one company. The Resolution was adopted on the Shareholders’ Assembly held on 17 June by accepting the Accession Agreement, as of 1 July, T-Mobile Macedonia ceased to exist as a legal entity, whereas all employees, and the total assets and liabilities were taken over by Makedonski Telekom. The company has active in the mobile telephone business since September 1996. It was bought by Deutsche Telekom and in 2006 changed its name to Т-Mobile, in 2015 it changed its name to Makedonski Telekom, synchronising itself with other Deutsche Telekom group members. The network covers 99. 9% of the population and over 98. 5% of the territory of Republic of Macedonia, Telekom was the first telecommunications company in the country to introduce 4G LTE, GPRS, EDGE and various converged internet and mobile services. The company provides fixed line services mostly VoIP and has various plans, Telekom offers a portfolio of Internet protocol-based services, data communications services, equipment sale and lease, and systems integration services. Makedonski Telekom endeavours to modernize its network and reach a high technological level, modernization of the network infrastructure with the implementation of optical cables up to the end users, known as fiber-to-the-home is one of the main focuses. By the end of 2012,88.068 FTTH homes passed, in November 2011, Makedonski Telekom started a project for modernization of the network through a new fully internet-based multimedia platform of the new generation. The IMS Platform is used for the provision of VoIP as part of the 2Play and 3Play services and as a base for the PSTN network migration towards the all-IP network. In less than nine months, as of November 2011 until June 2012,100,000 Telekom users already used the new platform, i. e. were migrated on it. This platform replaces the digital telephone exchanges and is a preparation for the services of the new generation. In February 2014 Deutsche Telekom revealed that its subsidiary Makedonski Telekom had become the first European incumbent to convert its PSTN infrastructure to an all IP network and it took just over two years for all 290,000 fixed lines to be migrated onto the new platform
24.
OTE
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Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S. A. usually known by its Greek initials OTE, is the dominant telecommunications provider in Greece. Along with its subsidiaries, is one of the largest telecom groups in South Eastern Europe, OTE Group offers broadband services, fixed and mobile telephony, high-speed data communications and leased lines services. In addition, the Group in Greece is involved in a range of activities, notably satellite communications, real-estate, at present, OTE companies employ about 30,000 people in 4 countries. Formerly a state-owned monopoly, OTEs privatization started in 1996 and is now listed on the Athens, since July 2009 Deutsche Telekom is the largest shareholder of the company. In September 2015, the announced they are to discontinue the use of the OTE name. The company chose not to adopt the Deutsche Telekom brand under which name it operates in its Central, starting in 1996, the Greek State gradually decreased its participation in OTE’s share capital. Following an agreement between the Greek State and Deutsche Telekom, as of November 2008 each party held 25% plus one share of OTE’s share capital. Following a further sale of shares and voting rights, as of 11 July 2011 Deutsche Telekom’s stake in OTE has risen to 40% while that of the Greek State amounts to 10%. The largest mobile operator in Greece, with 7.9 million subscribers. OTEGlobe, International carrier with presence in SE Europe and the arm of OTE Group. The company has grown to a regional hub delivering a portfolio of voice, data/IP, oTESat-Maritel, Satellite services for maritime communications. It is one of the four major providers of Inmarsat maritime satellite communication services in the world, cosmoOne, B2B electronic commerce applications and services – the largest provider in Greece. OTEAcademy, Education and advanced vocational training, oTEplus, Consultancy services on telecommunications and ICT. OTE Estate, management of OTE Group’s real estate assets, providing specialized insurance counseling to the OTE Group and to the general public. Www. oteasfalisi. gr OTE owns 54% of the capital of Telekom Romania. OTE owns also 86. 2% in mobile telephony division of Telekom Romania, prior to this, telephony, telegraphy, local and international connections were fragmented and ill-coordinated. Up to 1998, the market in Greece was a monopoly. The market was opened to competitors and OTE was gradually privatized, as a result, the Greek government currently holds 10% of the companys stock
25.
Slovak Telekom
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Slovak Telekom is the largest telecommunications company operating in Slovakia. In 2015 Slovak republic sold its share to Deutsche Telekom, so now it is owned by Deutsche Telekom. The Slovak government has made another step toward the sale of a minority stake in Slovak Telekom, in April 2015 it approved an amendment to the privatization act extending the means for the sale of state assets to include the stock exchange. In May 2015 Deutsche Telekom announced the acquisition of the full 49% stake owned by the Slovak government for €900 Million, circuit-switched fallback ensures that voice calls and text messages are delivered to LTE devices through the use of a 2G/3G circuit-switched network. In June 2010, just two days before the election in Slovakia, Slovak Telekom signed an allegedly dubious deal with the Ministry of Education with value of 38 million Euros. Suspected corruption could be involved in the case, corruption allegations about Slovak Telekom were investigated by Transparency International Slovakia. In 2010, Deutsche Telekom repeatedly refused to pay dividends to the Slovak Republic and this move is illegal in Germany
26.
T-Mobile Czech Republic
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T-Mobile is Czech Republics largest mobile phone network operator. As of 31 December 2014,6 million customers were using T-Mobile services, T-Mobile has been operating in the Czech market since 1996 as RadioMobil providing network named Paegas. T-Mobile Czech Republic a. s. operates a mobile communications network on the GSM, UMTS. On 19 October 2005, T-Mobile was the first operator in the Czech Republic to launch this third-generation technology, in 2011 O2 Czech Republic and T-Mobile Czech Republic signed an agreement on sharing their 2G, 3G and LTE networks
27.
T-Mobile Polska
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T-Mobile Polska S. A. is Polish mobile phone network operator. The company was formerly named Polska Telefonia Cyfrowa and operated under the name Era, as in other European countries, the company operates a GSM network. Following a decade-long ownership dispute with the French Vivendi corporation, the company has wholly owned by the German telecommunications provider Deutsche Telekom since 2010. The first test base stations were launched during the International Trade Fair in June 1996, the commercial launch of the network took place on 16 September 1996. Towards the end of 2005, Era became the first mobile operator in Poland to have 10 million customers. The 10,000, 000th client signing was celebrated with a concert by Van Morrison in Warsaw, Era was the first operator in the country to launch a HSDPA service in October 2006. The companys prepaid mobile service is called Tak Tak, and has remained under T-Mobile branding. Heyah is a brand offered by Polish GSM provider Polska Telefonia Cyfrowa. The brand was introduced in 2004 but makes no reference to either T-Mobile or Era in its branding, although it is marketed primarily toward young people, it had a substantial effect on the Polish mobile telephony market with its significantly lower prices and one-second billing. Within a month of launch it had attracted over one million users, in October 2012, the company launched a commercial NFC wallet service in Poland called MyWallet. The MyWallet services include NFC payment of two MasterCard credit cards and one Mifare transit fare-collection card, T-Mobile signed a two-year sponsorship deal in June 2011 with the Ekstraklasa football league, the highest level in Polish football. The league is known as the T-Mobile Ekstraklasa for sponsorship purposes. The company has proposed to promote the use of new technologies within the game, in January 2013 T-Mobile released TV and billboard campaign promoting Lenin - communist leader of the war against Poland 1919–1920. The campaign was intended to promote brand Heyah, advertisements resulted with the debate on business ethics and the image of the company has been perceived as unethical. Some suspicion and suggestions of future marketing utilization of Hitlers image were made, finally, under the pressure of public opinion, the campaign was aborted. Official website Corporate website Heyah official website Analysis of the effects of Heyah on the Polish market Increasing the competition in Polish mobile telecommunication market
28.
T-Mobile US
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T-Mobile US is a major wireless network operator in the United States. The German telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom is its majority shareholder and its headquarters are located in Bellevue, Washington, in the Seattle metropolitan area. T-Mobile is the third largest wireless carrier in the United States with 71.5 million customers as of Q42016, the company has annual revenues of $37 billion. Its network reaches 98 percent of Americans, in 2015, Consumer Reports named T-Mobile the number one American wireless carrier. In 2017, T-Mobile was ranked #1 in Customer Service Satisfaction by Nielsen, T-Mobile US. traces its roots to the 1994 establishment of VoiceStream Wireless PCS as a subsidiary of Western Wireless Corporation. Spun off from parent Western Wireless on May 3,1999, VoiceStream Wireless was purchased by Deutsche Telekom AG in 2001 for $35 billion and renamed T-Mobile USA, Inc. in July,2002. VoiceStream Wireless digital, urban service areas complemented the analog, rural service areas marketed by Western Wireless under the Cellular One brand, Western Wireless spun off its VoiceStream Wireless division into a new company called VoiceStream Wireless Corporation in May 1999. In 2000, VoiceStream Wireless acquired two regional GSM carriers, omnipoint Corporation, a regional network operator in the Northeastern U. S. was acquired on February 25,2000. Aerial Communications Inc. a regional operator in the Columbus, Houston, Kansas City, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Pittsburgh. On June 1,2001, Deutsche Telekom completed the acquisition of VoiceStream Wireless Inc. for $35 billion and Southern U. S. regional GSM network operator Powertel, by the end of 2001, VoiceStream Wireless had 19,000 employees serving 7 million subscribers. On September 2,2001, VoiceStream Wireless Inc. took the name, T-Mobile USA, Inc. and began rolling out the T-Mobile brand, starting with locations in California and Nevada. T-Mobile USA, Inc. was an entity of T-Mobile International AG. On September 17,2007, the announced the acquisition of SunCom Wireless Holdings, Inc. for $2.4 billion. By September 8,2008, SunComs operations were integrated with those of the company, on March 20,2011, DT accepted a $39 billion stock and cash purchase offer from AT&T for the company. The acquisition was subject to regulatory approvals, a breakup fee in certain circumstances. If the merger had been completed, AT&T Mobility would have had a base of approximately 130 million users. On August 31,2011, the United States Department of Justice sued to block AT&Ts merger with T-Mobile on the grounds that it would substantially lessen competition in the wireless market, further reports indicated that the FCC would likely oppose the merger. On December 19,2011, in the face of heavy resistance from the U. S. government
29.
Telekom Albania
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Telekom Albania SH. A. is a telecommunications company that operates in Albania, previously as AMC and now as Telekom Albania. AMC has been part of the COSMOTE Group since 2000 and in 2008 joined the Deutsche Telekom group, the company was established as a state owned company in November 1995, and started commercial operations in May 1996, thus being the first mobile operator in Albania. The company was privatized in August 2000. Cosmote acquired 85% of AMC capital share, through COSMO-HOLDING ALBANIA S. A. COSMOTE’s 97% owned subsidiary, the privatization of AMC in 2000 was a turning point in its history. When COSMOTE acquired AMC, the company had 11,000 subscribers actually making outgoing calls, in December 2001 AMC customer base exceeded 273,000 customers and in 2009 it had reached a customer base of 1.9 million. Currently, the network covers 99. 6% of the population. However, in 2011 its customer base retreated to 1.8 million, in 2011 AMC entered in the Albanian landline market, the second company in Albania that offers landlines in all country. AMC was the mobile operator that provides 3G technology in Albania. On September 2011 the Albanian government awarded the second 3G network license to AMC for €15.1 million outbidding Eagle Mobile which offered 12.9 million euros, on January 2012 AMC Launched 3G services in Albania, only 3 months following the 3G license acquisition. On June of the same year AMC 3G infrastructure extended to approximately 95% of the country, by upgrading its service with the 3G platform, AMC has fulfilled another technological milestone in its history. AMC has fulfilled the HSPA+ standard, aiming to provide its subscribers with the quality of service in different areas of the country. Telekom Albania was the second that offered 4G LTE services in Tirana, also, the company was one of the first company in Europe that launched LTE-A technology Cat4 up to 150 Mbit/s download speed. The company is official partner of most worldwide used apps, as AirBnB, Evernote, Magisto, in 2005, its revenues exceeded €137 million. In 2007 AMC’s revenues reached 176.2 million Euro,16. 7% higher on a yearly basis. The company’s EBITDA grew by 20. 1% in 2007 on a 62. 0% margin, during Q32008, AMC’ EBITDA margin stood at 67. 4%. In 2011 AMC revenues stood at €119.3 million As of 2012 Albania had 5.3 million subscribers, an active user is the number of users that communicated in the last three months. The regulatory authority for telecommunication in Albania is the Electronic and Postal Communications Authority, list of mobile network operators of Europe Vodafone Eagle Mobile Plus Official website
30.
Telekom Romania
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Telekom Romania is a Romanian telecommunications company headquartered in Bucharest. It is the result of the merger between the formerly Greek-owned telecommunications companies of Romtelecom and Cosmote. The company launched on the Romanian mobile telephony market in 1998 as Cosmorom, in 2005, Cosmorom was rebranded as Cosmote România. At the end of 2013, Cosmote România had 6.1 million customers, of which 25. 9% were subscribers, telekoms mobile strategy in Romania, translated into good business results The following is a list of known frequencies which Telekom employs in Romania, Official website
31.
Telephone company
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Many telephone companies were at one time government agencies or privately owned but state-regulated monopolies. The government agencies are referred to, primarily in Europe. Telephone companies are common carriers, and in the United States are also called local exchange carriers, with the advent of mobile telephony, telephone companies now include wireless carriers, or mobile network operators. In 1913, a telephone trust ended and more than 20,000 independent telephone companies were able to use the lines of Bell Telephone Company. Comedian Lily Tomlin frequently satirized the telephone industry with a playing the telephone operator Ernestine. Ernestine, who one of Tomlins trademark characters, was perhaps most famous for the following line, We dont care. In the satirical 1967 film The Presidents Analyst, TPC, The Phone Company, is depicted as plotting to enslave humanity by replacing landlines with implanted mobile phones. In the 1988 video game Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders, The Phone Company was used by the Caponian aliens to secretly reduce the intelligence of humans
32.
State ownership
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State ownership refers to property interests that are vested in the state or a public body representing a community as opposed to an individual or private party. State ownership may refer to ownership and control of any asset, industry, or enterprise at any level, the process of bringing an asset into state ownership is called nationalization or municipalization. State ownership is one of the three forms of property ownership, differentiated from private, cooperative and common ownership. In market-based economies, state-owned assets are managed and operated as joint-stock corporations with a government owning either all or a controlling stake of the shares. This form is referred to as a state-owned enterprise. Governments may also use the profitable entities they own to support the general budget, the creation of a state-owned enterprise from other forms of public property is called corporatization. In Soviet-type economies, state property was the dominant form of industry as property, a state-owned enterprise is a commercial enterprise owned by a government entity in a capitalist market or mixed economy. Reasons for state ownership of enterprises are that the enterprise in question is a natural monopoly or because the government is promoting economic development. State-owned enterprises may or may not be expected to operate in a commercial manner. The transformation of entities and government agencies into government-owned corporations is sometimes a precursor to privatization. State capitalist economies are capitalist market economies that have high degrees of government-owned businesses, Public ownership of the means of production is a subset of social ownership, which is the defining characteristic of a socialist economy. However, state ownership and nationalization by themselves are not socialist, as they can exist under a variety of different political. State ownership by itself does not imply social ownership where income rights belong to society as a whole, as such, state ownership is only one possible expression of public ownership, which itself is one variation of the broader concept of social ownership. There is a variety of organizational forms for state-run industry. State ownership is advocated as a form of ownership for practical concerns. Proponents assume that the state, as the representative of the public interest, would manage resources, as a form of social ownership, state ownership may be contrasted with cooperatives and common ownership. Socialist theories and political ideologies that favor state ownership of the means of production may be labelled state socialism, engels argued that state ownership of commercial industry would represent the final stage of capitalism, consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and manufacture by the state. There is a distinction to be made between state ownership and public property, the former may refer to assets operated by a specific state institution or branch of government, used exclusively by that branch, such as a research laboratory
33.
Monopoly
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A monopoly exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. The verb monopolise or monopolize refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors, in economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is an entity that has significant market power, that is. Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly, a small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry. A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in there is only one buyer of a product or service. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel, in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations in one or a few entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers. Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by integration, in many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies. A government-granted monopoly or legal monopoly, by contrast, is sanctioned by the state, patents, copyrights, and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government-granted monopolies. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly, There are four basic types of market structures in traditional economic analysis, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. A monopoly is a structure in which a single supplier produces, if there is a single seller in a certain market and there are no close substitutes for the product, then the market structure is that of a pure monopoly. Sometimes, there are many sellers in an industry and/or there exist many close substitutes for the goods being produced and this is termed monopolistic competition, whereas in oligopoly the companies interact strategically. Most economic textbooks follow the practice of explaining the perfect competition model. The boundaries of what constitutes a market and what does not are relevant distinctions to make in economic analysis, in a general equilibrium context, a good is a specific concept including geographical and time-related characteristics. Most studies of market structure relax a little their definition of a good, price Maker, Decides the price of the good or product to be sold, but does so by determining the quantity in order to demand the price desired by the firm. High Barriers, Other sellers are unable to enter the market of the monopoly, single seller, In a monopoly, there is one seller of the good, who produces all the output. Therefore, the market is being served by a single company, and for practical purposes. Price Discrimination, A monopolist can change the price or quantity of the product and he or she sells higher quantities at a lower price in a very elastic market, and sells lower quantities at a higher price in a less elastic market
34.
Deutsche Bundespost
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The Deutsche Bundespost was a state run business founded in 1950. It was initially the second largest federal employer during its time, after staff reductions in the 1980s, the staff was reduced to roughly 543,200 employees in 1985. The corporation was dissolved in 1995 under the first and second postal reforms that place in the German Post Office. Following the reforms, the former Deutsche Bundespost was broken into three public corporations, Deutsche Post AG, Deutsche Telekom, and Deutsche Postbank AG and it was created in 1947 in the Trizone as a successor to the Reichspost. Between 1947 and 1950 the enterprise was called Deutsche Post, until 1989 the Deutsche Bundespost was a state-owned operation. The Bundespost was developed according to a three-tier principle common in public administration in the Federal Republic of Germany, the upper stage consisted of the federal ministry for the post office and telecommunication system. The middle stage consisted of regional directorates and the state post office management under western Allied authority in West Berlin as of 1949/1955). The post office technical central office, telecommunication engineering central office, postal administration social office, the lower stage consisted of post office branches, postal giro savings bank offices and telecommunications office branches. The legal basis for the activity of the Bundespost was the postal administration act. A central goal of public administrative policy after 1924 was financial self-sufficiency, political goals, however, often superseded this goal. The Deutsche Bundespost was the largest employer in the Federal Republic, in 1985 it employed 543,200 people. After the dissolution of that ministry on 1 January 1998, those tasks were taken over by a new federal regulatory agency under the federal ministry for economics. Other functions were taken over by the ministry of finance. Some telecommunications functions were turned over to the ministry of the interior. For certain official and legal purposes, an institution for post. Postage stamps and postal history of Germany Deutsche Bundespost Berlin Deutsche Post of the GDR
35.
T-Mobile
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T-Mobile International AG was a German holding company for Deutsche Telekom AGs mobile communications subsidiaries. From 2003 to 2007 T-Mobile International was one of Deutsche Telekoms segments beside the segments of Broadband/Fixnet, Business Customers and Group HQ and Shared Services. T-Mobile International AG was based in Bonn, Germany and its subsidiaries operated GSM, UMTS and LTE-based cellular networks in Europe, the United States, Puerto Rico, the company had financial stakes in mobile operators in both Central and Eastern Europe. S. Globally, T-Mobile Internationals subsidiaries had a total of approximately 230 million subscribers. Germanys first mobile-communications services were radiotelephone systems that were owned and operated by the postal monopoly. It launched the analog first-generation C-Netz, Germanys first true mobile phone network in 1985, on July 1,1989, West Germany reorganized Deutsche Bundespost and consolidated telecommunications into a new unit, Deutsche Bundespost Telekom. On July 1,1992, it began to operate Germanys first GSM network, along with the C-Netz, the GSM900 MHz frequency band was referred to as the D-Netz, and Telekom named its service D1, the private consortium awarded the second license chose the name D2. Deutsche Bundespost Telekom was renamed Deutsche Telekom AG on January 1,1995 as part of two of the German communications reform. This process of continued in November 1996, when DT was privatized and had the largest European IPO at the time. That same year, DT began to brand its subsidiaries with the T- prefix, in 2002, as DT consolidated its international operations, it anglicized the T-Mobil name to T-Mobile. On July 5,2005 Deutsche Telekom transformed its structure and adopted a regional setup, where available, the local mobile businesses were combined with the respective local wireline businesses to follow the integrated business aproach. In late 2007, it was confirmed that the merger of the high-speed 3G, the merger was completed the following month, the new companys name later being announced as EE. Orange and T-Mobile continued as separate brands in the market until 2015, until 2000, T-Mobile was a shareholder of the former max. mobil. In April 2001, it acquired one hundred percent and subsequently introduced the T-Mobile brand in Austria by rebranding max. mobil. in April 2002 as T-Mobile Austria, in 2005, it acquired former competitor tele. ring from Western Wireless International. It is now used as a discount brand, tele. ring is an Austrian mobile network operator. Since it was bought by T-Mobile in 2006, it is no longer an independent company. Tele. ring is independent and now acts primarily as a discount-offer, similar to Yesss. In the past, tele. ring was known for their aggressive price-politics, T-Mobile entered the Croatian market in October 1999 when DT initially acquired a thirty-five percent interest in Hrvatski telekom, including its cell phone service provider Cronet
36.
KfW
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The KfW, formerly KfW Bankengruppe, is a German government-owned development bank, based in Frankfurt. Its name originally comes from Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau and it was formed in 1948 after World War II as part of the Marshall Plan. It is owned by the Federal Republic of Germany and the States of Germany and it is led by a six-member Managing Board headed by Ulrich Schröder, which in turn reports to a 37 member Supervisory Board. The chair of the Supervisory Board changes annually between the German Federal Ministers of Finance and Economic Affairs, the chairman for 2015 is Wolfgang Schäuble. In 2009, Caisse des Dépots, Cassa Depositi e Prestiti, KfW, KfW banking group covers over 90% of its borrowing needs in the capital markets, mainly through bonds that are guaranteed by the federal government. This allows KfW to raise funds at advantageous conditions, KfW is not allowed to compete with commercial banks, but it facilitates their business in areas within its mandate. KfW banking group has three units with distinct functions, as well as several subsidiaries. Lending by KfW group’s two main units, accounting for more than 90% of total lending, is in Germany and, to a limited extent. However, its largest subsidiary, KfW IPEX Bank GmbH, predominantly lends internationally, KfW Förderbank, the largest business unit of the group, committed €47.6 billion in 2014, mostly for housing and environmental protection in Germany. It is especially active in promoting energy-efficient housing for owner-occupied houses as well as for landlords and its energy efficiency standards for houses have become accepted standards in Germany. It also invests in infrastructure such as public transport and sanitation through a sub-unit called KfW Kommunalbank. More recently, it has engaged in education where it provides student loans. KfW Mittelstandsbank, the second largest business unit of the group, provides assistance to German small and medium enterprises including individual entrepreneurs, in addition to loans it also provides equity and mezzanine financing. Its financing totaled €20.4 billion in 2015, KfW has been very active in securitization before this market collapsed during the subprime mortgage crisis. Through securitization it helped commercial banks to transfer risks from their housing, KfW also provides loans to European commercial banks to help them finance SMEs, housing and infrastructure. KfW Entwicklungsbank provides financing to governments, public enterprises and commercial banks engaged in microfinance, different country groups are offered different financing conditions depending mainly on their per capita income. All these financing instruments are part of what is called development cooperation and is more commonly called development aid. In German aid, the work of KfW Development Bank is called financial cooperation which is complemented by technical cooperation by GIZ, the main sectors of financial cooperation are water supply and sanitation, renewable energy and energy efficiency, as well as the development of the financial sector
37.
Stock market index
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A stock index or stock market index is a measurement of the value of a section of the stock market. It is computed from the prices of selected stocks and it is a tool used by investors and financial managers to describe the market, and to compare the return on specific investments. An index is a construct, so it may not be invested in directly. But many mutual funds and exchange-traded funds attempt to track an index, Stock market indices may be classified in many ways. A world or global stock market index — such as the MSCI World or the S&P Global 100 — includes stocks from multiple regions, regions may be defined geographically or by levels of industrialization or income. A national index represents the performance of the market of a given nation—and by proxy. Other indices may be regional, such as the FTSE Developed Europe Index or the FTSE Developed Asia Pacific Index, indexes may be based on exchange, such as the NASDAQ-100 or NYSE US100, or groups of exchanges, such as the Euronext 100 or OMX Nordic 40. The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange, russell Investment Group added to the family of indices by launching the Russel Global Index. More specialized indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the market, some indices, such as the S&P500, have multiple versions. These versions can differ based on how the components are weighted. The difference between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index components are weighted, an index may also be classified according to the method used to determine its price. In contrast, an index such as the Hang Seng Index factors in the size of the company. Thus, a small shift in the price of a large company will heavily influence the value of the index. Traditionally, capitalization- or share-weighted indices all had a full weighting, recently, many of them have changed to a float-adjusted weighting which helps indexing. An equal-weighted index is one in all components are assigned the same value. For example, the Barrons 400 Index assigns a value of 0. 25% to each of the 400 stocks included in the index. A modified capitalization-weighted index is a hybrid between capitalization weighting and equal weighting, moreover, in 2005, Standard & Poors introduced the S&P Pure Growth Style Index and S&P Pure Value Style Index which was attribute-weighted. For these two indexes, a score is calculated for every stock, be it their growth score or the value score, one argument for capitalization weighting is that investors must, in aggregate, hold a capitalization-weighted portfolio anyway
38.
Postal administration
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This is a list of postal entities by country. It includes, The governmental authority responsible for postal matters, the regulatory authority for the postal sector. Postal regulation may include the establishment of policies, postal rates, postal services offered, budgeting for. Where no independent postal regulator has been established, these tasks may be undertaken by the government or the operator and they may be carried out by a single entity or spread out amongst multiple government, quasi-government or private entities. The designated postal operator of that country, notable postal operators other than the designated operator, if any, may also be listed. The following list uses the structure and terminology of the document Status and this document, published in 2009 by the Universal Postal Union, contains data for 162 of the 191 countries and territories that were then UPU members. For these countries, which are marked below, the contents are based on that document. Since this document was published, the UPU has had two changes of membership, On 10 October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles, which shared a UPU membership with Aruba, was dissolved. Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This UPU entity, formerly Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, is now known as Aruba, Curaçao, south Sudan joined the UPU on 4 October 2011. libero. it/fabioalarici/philbur. html
39.
Reichspost
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Reichspost was the name of several postal authorities in Germany. It may refer to one of these entities, The Imperial Reichspost was the name of the postal service of the Holy Roman Empire. The Bergamascan Tasso family had built up postal routes throughout Italy since c. 1290, Ruggiero had already connected Vienna and Innsbruck with Italy, Styria, and Brussels, before Maximilian expanded from those routes throughout his realm. Charles V confirmed Jannettos son Giovanni Battista as Postmaster General in 1520, confirmed by Emperor Rudolph II in 1595, the Imperial postal service remained a monopoly of the Thurn und Taxis family until it was terminated with the end of the Empire in 1806. The Imperial Reichspost was based in Brussels in the Spanish Netherlands, from where the route led via Namur, Bastogne, Lieser, Wöllstein, Rheinhausen. It was also used to bypass the Kingdom of France in order to keep in touch with Habsburg Spain during times of hostility, competing services were prohibited, although the Imperial cities were permitted to maintain their own communication system. In the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Thurn und Taxis seat was relocated from Brussels to the Free City of Frankfurt in 1702, two years later, the postal authority moved to Regensburg, seat of the Imperial Diet. The family had accumulated wealth, nonetheless, it was devastated by the Napoleonic Wars. Originally a military alliance, it evolved to a federation with the issuing of a constitution with effect from 1 July 1867. In the course of the war, Prussian troops had occupied the Free City of Frankfurt, according to article 48, the federal area of the Northern German states, de facto an enlarged Prussia, came under the united postal authority, led by director Heinrich von Stephan. Its official name was Kaiserliche Post und Telegraphenverwaltung, the Southern German federated states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria initially maintained separate state post authorities, that nevertheless were integrated into the nationwide administration. On 1 January 1876 a Reichspostamt under Postmaster General von Stephan was split off Bismarcks Reich Chancellery as a government agency in its own right. In the First World War, a Reichsabgabe tax was levied on the traffic from 1 August 1916 in order to finance the war expenses. With the establishment of the Weimar Republic upon the German Revolution of 1918–1919, after the hyperinflation period, the Deutsche Reichspost agency was again spun off in 1924 and operated as a state-owned enterprise. It was during this time that the Reichspost installed the first public Videophone, in 1941 postal codes were introduced. Deliveries were more and more affected by the advance of Allied troops from January 1945 on, the Reichspost finally ceased to function with the German Instrument of Surrender on May 8. The Reichspost was initially replaced by Allied-controlled postal authorities that provided services in the occupation zones. From 1947 a united agency served the British-American Bizone area, with the emergence of two German states, the Deutsche Bundespost was established in West Germany, and the Deutsche Post in East Germany
€73.09 billion (2016)[1]
listen); short form in writing only: DT) is a German telecommunications company headquartered in Bonn and by revenue the largest telecommunications provider in Europe. Deutsche Telekom was formed in 1996, as the former state-owned monopoly Deutsche Bundespost was privatised. The company operates several subsidiaries worldwide, including the mobile communications brand T-Mobile.
Media related to Deutsche Telekom at Wikimedia Commons
