1.
Grammar school
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The original purpose of medieval grammar schools was the teaching of Latin. Over time the curriculum was broadened, first to include Ancient Greek, and later English and other European languages, natural sciences, mathematics, history, geography, and other subjects. In the late Victorian era grammar schools were reorganised to provide secondary education throughout England and Wales, Grammar schools of these types were also established in British territories overseas, where they have evolved in different ways. With the move to comprehensive schools in the 1960s and 1970s, some grammar schools became fully independent and charged fees. In both cases, many of these schools kept grammar school in their names, more recently, a number of state grammar schools still retaining their selective intake gained academy status, meaning that they are independent of the Local Education Authority. Some parts of England retain forms of the Tripartite System, some of the remaining grammar schools can trace their histories to before the 16th century. The schools were attached to cathedrals and monasteries, teaching Latin – the language of the church – to future priests, other subjects required for religious work were occasionally added, including music and verse, astronomy and mathematics and law. With the foundation of the ancient universities from the late 12th century, grammar schools became the point to a liberal arts education. Pupils were usually educated in schools up to the age of 14, after which they would look to universities. An example of a grammar school founded by a medieval borough corporation unconnected with church or university is Bridgnorth Grammar School. During the English Reformation in the 16th century, most cathedral schools were closed and replaced by new foundations funded from the dissolution of the monasteries. For example, the oldest extant schools in Wales – Christ College, Brecon, with the increased emphasis on studying the scriptures after the Reformation, many schools added Greek and, in a few cases, Hebrew. The teaching of languages was hampered by a shortage of non-Latin type. Many of these are commemorated in annual Founders Day services and ceremonies at surviving schools. The usual pattern was to create an endowment to pay the wages of a master to instruct boys in Latin. The school day ran from 6 a. m. to 5 p. m. with a two-hour break for lunch, in winter, school started at 7 a. m. Most of the day was spent in the learning of Latin. To encourage fluency, some schoolmasters recommended punishing any pupil who spoke in English, by the end of their studies at age 14, they would be quite familiar with the great Latin authors, and with Latin drama and rhetoric
2.
Academy (English school)
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Academy schools are state-funded schools in England which are directly funded by the Department for Education and independent of local authority control. The terms of the arrangements are set out in individual Academy Funding Agreements, however, some primary schools, as well as some of the remaining first, middle and high schools, are also academies. Academies are self-governing non-profit charitable trusts and may receive support from personal or corporate sponsors. They do not have to follow the National Curriculum, but do have to ensure that their curriculum is broad and balanced, and they are subject to inspection by Ofsted. The following are all types of academy, Sponsored academy, A formerly maintained school that has transformed to academy status as part of a government intervention strategy. They are consequently run by a Government-approved sponsor and they are sometimes referred to as traditional academies. Converter academy, A formerly maintained school that has converted to academy status. It is not necessary for an academy to have a sponsor. Free school, Free schools are new academies established since 2011 via the Free School Programme, from May 2015, usage of the term was also extended to new academies set up via a Local Authority competition. The majority of schools are similar in size and shape to other types of academy. An academy trust that operates more than one academy is known as an Academy Chain, an Academy Chain is a group of schools working together under a shared academy structure that is either an Umbrella Trust or a Multi-Academy Trust. An academy with an official designation is sometimes referred to as a Faith Academy. Like other state funded schools, academies are required to adhere to the National Admissions Code, in terms of their governance, academies are established as companies limited by guarantee with a Board of Directors that acts as a Trust. The Academy Trust has exempt charity status, regulated by the Department for Education, the trustees are legally, but not financially, accountable for the operation of the academy. The Trust serves as the entity of which the school is part. The trustees oversee the running of the school, sometimes delegating responsibility to a governing body which they appoint. The day-to-day management of the school is, as in most schools, conducted by the Head Teacher, in Sponsored Academies, the sponsor is able to influence the process of establishing the school, including its curriculum, ethos, specialism and building. The sponsor also has the power to appoint governors to the governing body
3.
Plymouth
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Plymouths early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the prosperous village of Sutton founded in the ninth century. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World, during the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, the citys naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton. The city is home to 262,700 people, making it the 30th most populous area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs, Plymouths economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany and Spain, but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational base in Western Europe – HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University. An unidentified settlement named TAMARI OSTIA is listed in Ptolemys Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city, at the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning mouth of the River Plym was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211, the name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym, during the Hundred Years War a French attack burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders, on 12 November,1439, the English Parliament made Plymouth the first town incorporated. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort in 1596, during the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, during the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, the civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drakes Island
4.
Devon
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Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, combined as a ceremonial county, Devons area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million. Devon derives its name from Dumnonia, which, during the British Iron Age, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936, Devon was constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly, and has a low density in comparison to many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England at 954 km2, to the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart. As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is linked with tourism, in the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh, Dyfnaint, Breton, Devnent and Cornish, Dewnens, each meaning deep valleys. One erroneous theory is that the suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire. However, there are references to Defenascire in Anglo-Saxon texts from before 1000 AD, the term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30–40,000 years ago, Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under occupation for around 350 years. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham. Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times, Devons tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devons Stannary Parliament, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748, agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Department for Education
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The Department for Education is a department of Her Majestys Government responsible for child protection, education, apprenticeships and wider skills in England. The DfE is also responsible for women and equalities policy, the DfE was formed on 12 May 2010 by the incoming Cameron ministry, taking on the responsibilities and resources of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. In July 2016, the Department took over responsibilities for higher and further education and for apprenticeship from the dissolved Department for Business, Innovation, the Permanent Secretary is Jonathan Slater. DfE is responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, in 2015-16, the DfE has a budget of £58. 2bn, which includes £53. 6bn resource spending and £4. 6bn of capital investments. The EFA was formed on 1 April 2012 by bringing together the functions of two non-departmental public bodies, the Young Peoples Learning Agency and Partnerships for Schools and it was established on 1 April 2013, when the Teaching Agency merged with the National College for School Leadership. The Skills Funding Agency is responsible for funding skills training for further education in England, as well as running the National Apprenticeship Service, the SFA was formed on 1 April 2010, following the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. It shares a Chief Executive, Peter Lauener, and Chief Financial Officer with the Education Funding Agency, the Standards and Testing Agency is responsible for developing and delivering all statutory assessments for school pupils in England. It was formed on 1 October 2011 and took over the functions of the Qualifications, the STA is regulated by the examinations regulator, Ofqual. The DfE is also supported by 10 public bodies, Education, youth, following Michael Goves speech in 2012, the subject of Information Communication Technology has been disapplied and replaced by Computing. With the new curriculum, materials have been written by companies, to support non-specialist teachers. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a Network of Teaching Excellence to support schools with the new curriculum, deflecting European Union influence on national education policy-making, the case of the United Kingdom. Official website Official department YouTube channel Official Flickr presence
7.
Ofsted
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The Office for Standards in Education, Childrens Services and Skills is a non-ministerial department of the UK government, reporting to Parliament via the Department for Education. Ofsted is responsible for inspecting a range of institutions, including state schools. It also inspects childcare, adoption and fostering agencies and initial teacher training, the official position of the Chief Inspector is appointed by an Order-in-Council and thus becomes an office holder under the Crown. The current office holder is Amanda Spielman, since 2017, since August 2016 the Interim Chair of Ofsted has been James Kempton, to monitor the effectiveness of the grant, two inspectors of schools were appointed in 1837, Seymour Tremenheere and the Rev. John Allen. Dr. James Kay-Shuttleworth, then secretary of the Privy Council education committee, the grant and inspection system was extended in 1847 to Roman Catholic elementary schools established by the Catholic Poor School Committee. Inspectors were organised on denominational lines, with the churches having a say in the choice of inspectors, until 1876, after the Education Act 1902, inspections were expanded to state-funded secondary schools along similar lines. Over time, more inspections were carried out by inspectors based in local education authorities, previously this was done by 150 local authorities, based on their implementation by 1992 of the Daycare Standards provisions of the 1989 Children Act. Schedule 11 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 changed the way in which Ofsted works without significantly changing the provision, in April 2007 the former Office for Standards in Education merged with the Adult Learning Inspectorate to provide an inspection service that includes all post-16 government funded education. It also monitors the work of the Independent Schools Inspectorate, Ofsted distributes its functions amongst its offices in London, Manchester, Nottingham, and Bristol. The current Chief Inspector is Amanda Spielman, who was appointed in January 2017 replacing Sir Michael Wilshaw, between 2011 and 2016, Amanda was chair of Ofqual, the qualifications regulator. From 2005 she was a member of the leadership team at the academy chain Ark Schools, where she became Research and Policy Director and an education adviser to Ark. She previously spent more than 15 years in consulting, finance and investment at KPMG, Kleinwort Benson, Mercer Management Consulting. Ofsted directly employs Her Majestys Inspectors, who are appointed by the Queen in Council. As of July 2009 there were 443 HMIs, of whom 82 were engaged in management,245 in the inspection of schools, all HMIs inspecting schools have teaching experience. Most school inspections were carried out by Additional Inspectors employed by external companies known as Regional Inspection Service Providers, as of July 2009 there were 1,948 AIs, of whom 1,567 inspect schools. A further scandal surrounded headteachers dismissed following poor OFSTED reports being hired as inspectors, in 2015, 40% of additional inspectors who wanted to continue working for OFSTED were not re-hired after a contractual change. An HMI accompanies an AI on 6–7% of inspections, including 75% of those of secondary schools, reports produced by RISPs must be checked and signed off by HMI, sometimes with amendments, before publication. New Additional Inspectors must be monitored and signed off by HMI before working independently, an adverse report may include a recommendation for further intervention in the running of the school
8.
Cornwall
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Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, Cornwall has a population of 551,700 and covers an area of 3,563 km2. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and this area was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, there is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. In the mid-19th century, however, the tin and copper mines entered a period of decline, subsequently, china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Traditionally, fishing and agriculture were the important sectors of the economy. Railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century, however, the area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwalls coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly. On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people will be granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The modern English name Cornwall derives from the concatenation of two ancient demonyms from different linguistic traditions, Corn- records the native Brythonic tribe, the Cornovii. The Celtic word kernou is cognate with the English word horn. -wall derives from the Old English exonym walh, the Ravenna Cosmography first mentions a city named Purocoronavis in the locality. This is thought to be a rendering of Duro-cornov-ium, meaning fort of the Cornovii. The exact location of Durocornovium is disputed, with Tintagel and Carn Brea suggested as possible sites, in later times, Cornwall was known to the Anglo-Saxons as West Wales to distinguish it from North Wales. The name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum, in the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c.1198 as Cornwal. Other names for the county include a latinisation of the name as Cornubia, the present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods and it continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age people. The Common Brittonic spoken at the time developed into several distinct tongues
9.
Devonport, Plymouth
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Devonport, formerly named Plymouth Dock or just Dock, is a district of Plymouth in the English county of Devon, although it was, at one time, the more important settlement. It became a county borough in 1889, Devonport was originally one of the Three Towns, these merged in 1914 to form what would become in 1928 the City of Plymouth. It is represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the Plymouth Sutton and its elected Member of Parliament is Oliver Colvile, who is a member of the Conservative Party. Plymouth Dock, as Devonport was originally called, began around 1700 as a settlement to house workers employed on the new naval base that was being built around Waters dock. By 1733 its population had grown to around 3,000, by 1811 the population of Plymouth Dock was just over 30,000 and the residents resented the fact that its name made it sound like an adjunct of Plymouth. In 1823 a petition to King George IV requested the town should be renamed, the king agreed, and to celebrate, the town built a column next to the recently completed town hall, both were designed by John Foulston. Devonport was first incorporated as a borough in 1837 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Devonport became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888, in the mid-eighteenth century a defensive earthwork was constructed around the town and dockyard. Within these dockyard lines, six square barracks were built between 1758-1763 to accommodate the garrison of troops required to man the defences, a series of redoubts were also constructed, forward of the lines, in the 1770s, including that at Mount Pleasant. In the early century, the dockyard lines were strengthened with stone ramparts and armed with guns. These defences became largely redundant with the building of a series of Palmerston Forts around Plymouth in the half of the nineteenth century. Much of the land forming the glacis beyond the lines became Devonport Park in the late 1850s. The high ground south of the town is called Mount Wise, enclosed within the town ramparts, it was given its own redoubt in the 1770s, with eight guns and two mortars protecting the coastal approach to the dockyard. From the late-eighteenth/early-nineteenth century both the military Governor and naval Commander-in-Chief of Plymouth were accommodated in houses on Mount Wise. During the millennium decade, Devonport received government New Deal for Communities funding of £48.7 million, since 2009, the investments have begun to transform Devonport – physically, socially, demographically. The Admiraltys release of land plots in Devonport has assisted the Regeneration project. One ex-MoD area, where new homes will be available from 2011, is the Admiralty House site at Mount Wise. Although there are pockets of regeneration work remaining to be completed, in 2011, the Devonport Heritage Trail was introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route
10.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
11.
Civil Service (United Kingdom)
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As in other states that employ the Westminster political system, Her Majestys Home Civil Service forms an inseparable part of the British government. The executive decisions of government ministers are implemented by HM Civil Service, Civil servants are employees of the Crown and not of the British parliament. Civil servants also have traditional and statutory responsibilities which to some extent protect them from being used for the political advantage of the party in power. Senior civil servants may be called to account to Parliament, as at the end of March 2016 there were 418,343 civil servants in the Home Civil Service, this is down 3. 6% on the previous year. There are two other administratively separate civil services in the United Kingdom, one is for Northern Ireland, the other is the foreign service. The heads of these services are members of the Permanent Secretaries Management Group, the Offices of State grew in England, and later the United Kingdom. Initially, as in countries, they were little more than secretariats for their leaders. In the 18th century, in response to the growth of the British Empire and economic changes, institutions such as the Office of Works, each had its own system and staff were appointed by purchase or patronage. By the 19th century, it increasingly clear that these arrangements were not working. In 1806, the Honourable East India Company established a college, the purpose of this college was to train administrators, it was established on recommendation of officials in China who had seen the imperial examination system. The civil service, based on similar to the Chinese system, was advocated by a number of Englishmen over the next several decades. The report was well-timed, because bureaucratic chaos in the Crimean War promptly caused a clamour for the change, a Civil Service Commission was accordingly set up in 1855 to oversee open recruitment and end patronage, and most of the other Northcote-Trevelyan recommendations were implemented over some years. This system was endorsed by Commissions chaired by Playfair, Ridley, MacDonnell, Tomlin. The Northcote-Trevelyan model remained essentially stable for a hundred years and this was a tribute to its success in removing corruption, delivering public services, and responding effectively to political change. Following the Second World War, however, demands for change again grew, the times were, moreover, ones of keen respect for technocracy, with the mass mobilisation of war having worked effectively, and the French National Plan apparently delivering economic success. Lord Fultons committee reported in 1968 and his 158 recommendations included the introduction of a unified grading system for all categories of staff, a Civil Service College and a central policy planning unit. The new Department was set up by Prime Minister Harold Wilsons Labour Government in 1968 and named the Civil Service Department, the first Minister was Cabinet Minister Lord Shackleton, also Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Privy Seal. The first Permanent Secretary was Sir William Armstrong, who moved over from his post as Permanent Secretary at the Treasury, after the 1970 General Election, new Conservative Prime Minister Ted Heath appointed Lord Jellicoe in Lord Shackletons place
12.
River Tamar
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The Tamar is a river in south west England, that forms most of the border between Devon and Cornwall. The area is a World Heritage Site due to its mining activities. The Tamars source is less than 6 km from the north Cornish coast, the total length of the river is 61 miles. At its mouth, the Tamar flows into the Hamoaze before entering Plymouth Sound, tributaries of the river include the rivers Inny, Ottery, Kensey and Lynher on the Cornish side, and the Deer and Tavy on the Devon side. The name Tamar was mentioned by Ptolemy in the century in his Geography. The name is said to mean Great Water, the Tamar is one of several British rivers whose ancient name is assumed by some to be derived from a prehistoric river word apparently meaning dark flowing and which it shares with the River Thames. The seventh century Ravenna Cosmography mentions a Roman settlement named Tamaris, Plymouth, Launceston and the Roman fort at Calstock have been variously suggested. The river is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, a European Special Area of Conservation, and it is also designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape. In November 2013, South West Water was fined £50,000 after it admitted permitting the discharge of sewage from its Camels Head treatment plant into a tributary of the River Tamar for eight years. Together, the Tamar, Tavy and Lynher form the Tamar Valley, the Tamar Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty covers around 195 km2 around the lower Tamar and its tributaries the Tavy and the Lynher. It was first proposed in 1963, but was not designated until 1995, the highest point in the AONB is Kit Hill,334 metres above sea level. The Plymouth Sound and Estuaries are a European Special Area of Conservation, rocky reefs in low salinity estuarine conditions far inland on the Tamar are very unusual and support species such as the hydroid Cordylophora caspia. The Tamar is one of few estuaries where zonation of rocky habitats can be observed along an estuarine gradient, the Tamar–Tavy Estuary is a Site of Special Scientific Interest covering the tidal estuaries of the River Tamar and the River Tavy. Part of the Tamar estuary also forms the Tamar Estuary Nature Reserve, the site was designated in 1991 for its biodiversity and varying habitats that support a large number of wader and wildfowl species, as well as the special interest of its marine biology. The site supports an important wintering population of avocet and supports species such as black-tailed godwit, whimbrel, greenshank, spotted redshank, green sandpiper. The valley, with the town of Tavistock was added to the World Heritage List during the 30th Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Vilnius. According to Ordnance Survey mapping, the source of the Tamar is at Woolley Moor, approximately 3.5 miles from the north Cornish coast, at 50. 9235°N4. 4622°W /50.9235, -4.4622. The location of the spring is a windswept plateau largely devoid of farmland
13.
Emergency evacuation
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Emergency evacuation is the urgent immediate egress or escape of people away from an area that contains an imminent threat, an on-going threat or a hazard to lives or property. Examples range from the small scale evacuation of a due to a storm or fire to the large scale evacuation of a city because of a flood. In situations involving hazardous materials or possible contamination, evacuees may be decontaminated prior to being transported out of the contaminated area, a benchmark evacuation time for different hazards and conditions is established. These benchmarks can be established through using best practices, regulations, or using simulations, such as modeling the flow of people in a building, proper planning will use multiple exits, contra-flow lanes, and special technologies to ensure full, fast and complete evacuation. Regulations such as building codes can be used to reduce the possibility of panic by allowing individuals to process the need to self-evacuate without causing alarm, proper planning will implement an all-hazards approach so that plans can be reused for multiple hazards that could exist. The particular phases are different for different objects, e. g. for ships a distinction between assembly and embarkation is made and these are separate from each other. The decision whether to enter the boats or rafts is thus usually made after assembly is completed, the strategy of individuals in evacuating buildings was investigated by John Abrahams in 1994. The independent variables were the complexity of the building and the movement ability of the individuals, with increasing complexity and decreasing motion ability, the strategy changes from fast egress, through slow egress and move to safe place inside building, to stay in place and wait for help. The last strategy is the notion of using a designated Safe Haven on the floor and this is a section of the building that is reinforced to protect against specific hazards, such as fire, smoke or structural collapse. Some hazards may have Safe Havens on each floor, while a hazard such as a tornado, typically persons with limited mobility are requested to report to a Safe Haven for rescue by first responders. In most buildings, the Safe Haven will be in the stairwell, the most common equipment in buildings to facilitate emergency evacuations are fire alarms, exit signs, and emergency lights. Some structures need special emergency exits or fire escapes to ensure the availability of alternative escape paths, commercial passenger vehicles such as buses, boats, and aircraft also often have evacuation lighting and signage, and in some cases windows or extra doors that function as emergency exits. Commercial emergency aircraft evacuation is also facilitated by evacuation slides and pre-flight safety briefings, military aircraft are often equipped with ejection seats or parachutes. Water vessels and commercial aircraft fly over water are equipped with personal flotation devices. The evacuation of districts is part of disaster management, many of the largest evacuations have been in the face of war-time military attacks. Modern large scale evacuations are usually the result of natural disasters, the largest peace-time evacuations in the United States to date occurred during Hurricane Gustav and the category-5 Hurricane Rita in a scare one month after the flood-deaths of Hurricane Katrina. Despite mandatory evacuation orders, many people did not leave New Orleans, United States, even after the city was flooded and uninhabitable, some people still refused to leave their homes. The longer a person has lived in an area, the less likely they are to evacuate
14.
Penzance
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Penzance is a town, civil parish and port in Cornwall, in England, United Kingdom. It is well known for being the most westerly town in Cornwall and is about 75 miles west of Plymouth and 300 miles west-southwest of London. The civil parish includes the town of Newlyn and the villages of Mousehole, Paul, Gulval, granted various royal charters from 1512 onwards and incorporated in 1614, it has a population of 21,200. There are no early documents mentioning an actual dedication to St Anthony which seems to depend entirely on tradition, until the 1930s this history was also reflected in the choice of symbol for the town, the severed holy head of St John the Baptist. It can still be seen on the civic regalia of the Mayor of Penzance, about 400 prehistoric stone axes, known as Group 1 axes and made from greenstone, have been found all over Britain, which from petrological analysis appear to come from west Cornwall. Although the quarry has not been identified, it has suggested that the Gear. A significant amount of trade is indicated as many have been elsewhere in Britain. The earliest evidence of settlement in Penzance is from the Bronze Age, the defensive earthwork known as Lescudjack Castle is not excavated, but almost certainly belongs to the Iron Age. A single rampart encloses three acres of hilltop, and would have dominated the approach to the area from the east, there are no signs of the additional ramparts reported by William Hals in about 1730, and the site is now surrounded by housing with allotments. Until recently, there was evidence for anything but an early and short Roman occupation of Cornwall. In August 1899 two coins of Vespasian were found in an ancient trench in Penzance Cemetery, the coins were eight feet below ground together with some cow bones, and are now in the Penlee House Museum. A1934 find from the Alverton area is described as a ″coin of the reign of Constantine the Great″, a 30 mm sestertius was found on a building site in or around Penzance about ten years previously, and was presented to the Royal Institution of Cornwall. The Hundred of Penwith had its ancient centre at Connerton, now buried beneath the sands of Gwithian Towans at Gwithian, a Hundred was a Saxon administrative unit which was sub-divided into tithings. The Manor of Alverton, with an area of 64 Cornish acres, the manor included Penzance as well as parts of Madron, Paul, St Buryan and Sancreed. Although Penzance is not mentioned in the document the Domesday Book. Domesday records that in 1066 the Manor of Alwarton was owned by Alward who was dispossessed by Robert, Count of Mortain, the name Alward and tun, a personal name combined with a town or settlement suffix, indicate Saxon land ownership. In around 1800 the chapel was converted to a fish cellar, a carving in Ludgvan granite thought to be of St Anthony was removed in about 1830 and was used in the wall of a pig sty which was further vandalised in 1850 when a stranger. Taking fancy to the countenance and rough hands, they were broken off
15.
Stoke Military Hospital
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Stoke Damerel Military Hospital in Plymouth, England, was completed in 1797. It was built for the British Army on the side of Stonehouse Creek. The workforce was made up of Napoleonic prisoners of war who were housed in ships on the Hamoaze. The Stonehouse Creek was later filled in during the 1960s to become Victoria Park, The Stonehouse Sharks Junior Rugby Teams grounds, the hospital was used by the army for 148 years, until the end of World War II in 1945. At this time Devonport High School for Boys returned from wartime evacuation, before the hospital became Devonport High School for Boys part of it was Tamar High School. Both schools were approached by a driveway from Paradise Road, with Devonport High to the left. Tamars motto was The best is yet to be, Tamar was a strong in sport. Tamar closed after the 1988–89 academic year and was absorbed into Devonport High School, the admission of female sixth-formers from Tamar High to Devonport Boys sixth form was the first time female students had been admitted to the previously male-only Devonport High
16.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
17.
South West England
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South West England is one of nine official regions of England. It is the largest in area, covering 9,200 square miles, five million people live in South West England. The region includes the West Country and much of the ancient kingdom of Wessex, other major urban centres include Plymouth, Swindon, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Exeter, Bath, Torbay, and the South East Dorset conurbation. There are eight cities, Salisbury, Bath, Wells, Bristol, Gloucester, Exeter, Plymouth and it includes two entire national parks, Dartmoor and Exmoor, and four World Heritage Sites, including Stonehenge and the Jurassic Coast. The northern part of Gloucestershire, near Chipping Campden, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall, the region has by far the longest coastline in England and many seaside fishing towns. The region is at the first-level of NUTS for Eurostat purposes, key data and facts about the region are produced by the South West Observatory. Following the abolition of the South West Regional Assembly and Government Office, the region is known for its rich folklore, including the legend of King Arthur and Glastonbury Tor, as well as its traditions and customs. Cornwall has its own language, Cornish, and some regard it as a Celtic nation, the South West of England is known for Cheddar cheese, which originated in the Somerset village of Cheddar, Devon cream teas, crabs, Cornish pasties, and cider. It is also home to the Eden Project, Aardman Animations, the Glastonbury Festival, most of the region is located on the South West Peninsula, between the English Channel and Bristol Channel. It has the longest coastline of all the English regions, totalling over 700 miles, much of the coast is now protected from further substantial development because of its environmental importance, which contributes to the region’s attractiveness to tourists and residents. Geologically the region is divided into the largely igneous and metamorphic west and sedimentary east, Cornwall and West Devons landscape is of rocky coastline and high moorland, notably at Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor. These are due to the granite and slate that underlie the area, the highest point of the region is High Willhays, at 2,038 feet, on Dartmoor. In North Devon the slates of the west and limestones of the east meet at Exmoor National Park, the variety of rocks of similar ages seen here have led to the countys name being lent to that of the Devonian period. The east of the region is characterised by wide, flat clay vales and chalk, the vales, with good irrigation, are home to the regions dairy agriculture. The Blackmore Vale was Thomas Hardys Vale of the Little Dairies, another and these downs are the principal area of arable agriculture in the region. Limestone is also found in the region, at the Cotswolds, Quantock Hills and Mendip Hills, all of the principal rock types can be seen on the Jurassic Coast of Dorset and East Devon, where they document the entire Mesozoic era from west to east. The climate of South West England is classed as oceanic according to the Köppen climate classification, the oceanic climate typically experiences cool winters with warmer summers and precipitation all year round, with more experienced in winter. Annual rainfall is about 1,000 millimetres and up to 2,000 millimetres on higher ground, summer maxima averages range from 18 °C to 22 °C and winter minimum averages range from 1 °C to 4 °C across the south-west
18.
F1 in Schools
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The cars are powered by CO2 cartridges and are attached to a track by a nylon wire. They are timed from the moment they are launched to when they pass the line by a computer. The cars have to follow specific guidelines, the cars are raced on a 20m long track with two lanes, to allow two cars to be raced simultaneously. Software called F1 Virtual Wind Tunnel was designed specifically for the challenge, F1 Virtual Wind Tunnel or F1 VWT uses computational fluid dynamics to simulate air resistance on the cars made in the CAD. The competition is currently operational in over 40 different countries, the competition was first introduced in the UK in 1999. The competitions aim was and still is, to younger people to engineering in a more fun environment. The competition is held annually, with Regional and National Finals, the overall winners of the National Finals are invited to compete at the World Finals, which are held at a different location each year, usually held in conjunction with a Formula One Grand Prix. In the UK competition, there are 3 classes of entry, Formula One Class aimed at 11-to-19 year olds, Rookie Class aimed at 11-to-15 year olds from new schools and The Jaguar Primary School Challenge aimed at 5-to-11 year olds. The current F1 in Schools World Champions are Infinite Racing, Greece, union Racing International were the first team to beat the one second barrier and set a new World Record at the World Finals 2015 in Singapore of 0.977 seconds. However, one year later Infinitude from Australia broke the record with a time of 0.916. The other teams to have broken the 1 second barrier were Infinite Racing from Greece, Fast Payce from Australia, the unofficial world record belongs to White Squall Racing from Greece with a time of 0.864 during the 2016 Greek National Finals. Specification judging Specification judging is an inspection process where the race car is assessed for compliance with the F1 in Schools Technical Regulations. Scrutineering is conducted within the confines of parc fermé where judges use a series of specially manufactured gauges, all of the rules and regulations season can be found at F1 in Schools website. This is an interview where judges ask the team to demonstrate their CAD / CAM work. Portfolio & Pit Display Judging Each team of students is required to produce an enterprise portfolio, the portfolios are A3 size and should contain information about the team, their car design and manufacturing process, marketing techniques, project management, teamwork and team identity. Teams are given an area to set up a pit display which is judged alongside their design portfolio by a panel of judges, verbal presentation judging In advance of the competition, teams prepare a timed verbal presentation to present to a panel of judges, outlining their project. Teams usually use a PowerPoint presentation as an aid when presenting to the judges. The length of the verbal presentation varies depending on the level of the competition, at World Finals Level teams are required to prepare a 10-minute presentation
19.
Computer-aided design
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Computer-aided design is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD is also used and its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation, or EDA. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation or computer-aided drafting, however, it involves more than just shapes. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in space, or curves, surfaces. CAD is also used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles, because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics, and discrete differential geometry. The design of models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called computer-aided geometric design. Eventually CAD provided the designer with the ability to perform engineering calculations, during this transition, calculations were still performed either by hand or by those individuals who could run computer programs. CAD was a change in the engineering industry, where draftsmen, designers. It did not eliminate departments, as much as it merged departments and empowered draftsman, CAD is just another example of the pervasive effect computers were beginning to have on industry. Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid, modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of mathematical modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CAD. CAD technology is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings and it can also be used to design objects. Furthermore, many CAD applications now offer advanced rendering and animation capabilities so engineers can better visualize their product designs, 4D BIM is a type of virtual construction engineering simulation incorporating time or schedule related information for project management. CAD has become an important technology within the scope of computer-aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs. CAD enables designers to layout and develop work on screen, print it out, computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question. Document management and revision control using Product Data Management, potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD
20.
Ochroma
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Ochroma is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae, containing the sole species Ochroma pyramidale, commonly known as the balsa tree. It is a large, fast-growing tree that can grow up to 30 m tall, balsa wood is a very lightweight material with many uses. Balsa trees are native to southern Brazil and northern Bolivia, up to southern Mexico, a member of the mallow family, O. pyramidale is native to southern Mexico to southern Brazil, but is now found in many other countries. It is a plant, which establishes itself in clearings in forests, either man-made or where trees have fallen. It grows extremely rapidly, up to 90 ft in 10–15 years, the speed of growth accounts for the lightness of the wood, which has a lower density than cork. Trees generally do not live beyond 30 to 40 years, flowers are produced from the third year onwards, typically at the end of the rainy season when few other trees are in flower. The large flowers open in the afternoon and remain open overnight. Each may contain a pool of nectar up to 1 in deep, however most pollination occurs at night. It was once thought that the main pollinators were bats, however recent evidence suggests that two nocturnal arboreal mammals, the kinkajou and the olingo, may be the primary pollinators, ecuador supplies 95% or more of commercial balsa. In recent years, about 60% of the balsa has been plantation-grown in densely packed patches of around 1000 trees per hectare and it is evergreen or dry-season deciduous, with large weakly palmately lobed leaves. Being a deciduous angiosperm, balsa is classified as a hardwood despite the wood itself being very soft and it is the softest commercial hardwood. The trees are harvested after six to 10 years of growth, the name balsa comes from the Spanish word for raft. Balsa lumber is very soft and light, with a coarse, the density of dry balsa wood ranges from 40–340 kg/m3, with a typical density of about 160 kg/m3. The wood of the tree has large cells that are filled with water. This gives the wood a spongy texture and it also makes the wood of the living tree not much lighter than water and barely able to float. For commercial production, the wood is kiln-dried for about two weeks, leaving the hollow and empty. The large volume-to-surface ratio of the resulting thin-walled empty cells gives the wood a large strength-to-weight ratio because the cells are mostly air. Unlike naturally rotted wood, that soon disintegrates in the rainforests where balsa trees grow, however, it also is valued as a component of full-sized light wooden aeroplanes, most notably the World War II de Havilland Mosquito
21.
Computer-aided manufacturing
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Computer-aided manufacturing is the use of software to control machine tools and related ones in the manufacturing of workpieces. CAM is now a used in schools and lower educational purposes. CAM is used in schools alongside computer-aided design to create objects. Historically, CAM software was seen to have shortcomings that necessitated an overly high level of involvement by skilled CNC machinists. Fallows created the first CAD software but this had severe shortcomings and was taken back into the developing stage. CAM software would output code for the least capable machine, as machine tool control added on to the standard G-code set for increased flexibility. In some cases, such as set up CAM software or specific tools. None of these issues were so insurmountable that an engineer or skilled machine operator could not overcome for prototyping or small production runs. In high production or high precision shops, a different set of problems were encountered where an experienced CNC machinist must both hand-code programs and run CAM software, integration of CAD with other components of CAD/CAM/CAE Product lifecycle management environment requires an effective CAD data exchange. CAM packages could not, and still cannot, reason as a machinist can and they could not optimize toolpaths to the extent required of mass production. Users would select the type of tool, machining process and paths to be used, while an engineer may have a working knowledge of G-code programming, small optimization and wear issues compound over time. Mass-produced items that require machining are often created through casting or some other non-machine method. This enables hand-written, short, and highly optimized G-code that could not be produced in a CAM package. At least in the United States, there is a shortage of young, skilled machinists entering the workforce able to perform at the extremes of manufacturing, high precision and mass production. User confidence is built on 3D visualization through a closer integration with the 3D CAD environment. Manufacturing complexity The manufacturing environment is increasingly complex, the need for CAM and PLM tools by buMs are NC programmer or machinist is similar to the need for computer assistance by the pilot of modern aircraft systems. The modern machinery cannot be used without this assistance. Todays CAM systems support the range of machine tools including, turning,5 axis machining
22.
Yeovil
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Yeovil is a town and civil parish in south Somerset, England with a population of 45,000. It has palaeolithic remains, was on an old Roman road and was left in the will of King Alfred the Great to his youngest son Aethelweard. In the Domesday Book it is recorded as the town of Givele or Ivle, during the Middle Ages the population of the town suffered from the Black Death and several serious fires. Several other manufacturing and retail companies also have bases in the town, plans have been proposed for various regeneration projects in the town. Yeovil Country Park, which includes Ninesprings, is one of open spaces in the town. There are a range of educational, cultural and sporting facilities, religious sites include the 14th-century Church of St John the Baptist. It is on the A30 and A37 roads and has two stations on two separate railway lines. There is also a railway museum. Yeovil is on the main Roman road from Dorchester to the Fosse Way at Ilchester, the Westland site has evidence of a small Roman town. There were several Roman villas in the area, including finds at East Coker, West Coker, Yeovil was first mentioned in a Saxon charter dated 880 as Gifle. The name derives from the Celtic river-name gifl forked river, an name of the River Yeo. The town was recorded in the Domesday Book as Givele, a market community. The parish of Yeovil was part of the Stone Hundred, in 1205 it was granted a charter by King John. By the 14th century, the town had gained the right to elect a portreeve, the Black Death exacted a heavy toll, killing approximately half the population. In 1499 a major fire broke out in the town, destroying many of the wooden, Yeovil suffered further serious fires, in 1620 and again in 1643. During the 1800s Yeovil was a centre of the glove making industry, in 1853 the Great Western Railway line was opened between Taunton and Yeovil. The first railway in the town was a line from the Bristol and Exeter Railway near Taunton to a terminus at Hendford on the western side of the town. As an associated company of the GWR, this was a broad gauge line
23.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
24.
Honda
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Honda Motor Co. Ltd. is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles, aircraft, motorcycles, and power equipment. Honda became the second-largest Japanese automobile manufacturer in 2001, Honda was the eighth largest automobile manufacturer in the world behind General Motors, Volkswagen Group, Toyota, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford, Nissan, and PSA Peugeot Citroën in 2011. Honda was the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to release a luxury brand, Acura. Aside from their automobile and motorcycle businesses, Honda also manufactures garden equipment, marine engines, personal watercraft and power generators. Since 1986, Honda has been involved with artificial intelligence/robotics research and they have also ventured into aerospace with the establishment of GE Honda Aero Engines in 2004 and the Honda HA-420 HondaJet, which began production in 2012. Honda has three joint-ventures in China, in 2013, Honda invested about 5. 7% of its revenues in research and development. Also in 2013, Honda became the first Japanese automaker to be a net exporter from the United States, exporting 108,705 Honda and Acura models, throughout his life, Hondas founder, Soichiro Honda had an interest in automobiles. He worked as a mechanic at the Art Shokai garage, where he tuned cars, in 1937, with financing from his acquaintance Kato Shichirō, Honda founded Tōkai Seiki to make piston rings working out of the Art Shokai garage. After initial failures, Tōkai Seiki won a contract to supply piston rings to Toyota, Honda also aided the war effort by assisting other companies in automating the production of military aircraft propellers. The relationships Honda cultivated with personnel at Toyota, Nakajima Aircraft Company, with a staff of 12 men working in a 16 m2 shack, they built and sold improvised motorized bicycles, using a supply of 500 two-stroke 50 cc Tohatsu war surplus radio generator engines. When the engines ran out, Honda began building their own copy of the Tohatsu engine and this was the Honda A-Type, nicknamed the Bata Bata for the sound the engine made. In 1949, the Honda Technical Research Institute was liquidated for ¥1,000,000, or about US$5,000 today, at about the same time Honda hired engineer Kihachiro Kawashima, and Takeo Fujisawa who provided indispensable business and marketing expertise to complement Soichiro Hondas technical bent. The close partnership between Soichiro Honda and Fujisawa lasted until they stepped down together in October 1973, the first complete motorcycle, with both the frame and engine made by Honda, was the 1949 D-Type, the first Honda to go by the name Dream. Honda Motor Company grew in a time to become the worlds largest manufacturer of motorcycles by 1964. The first production automobile from Honda was the T360 mini pick-up truck, powered by a small 356-cc straight-4 gasoline engine, it was classified under the cheaper Kei car tax bracket. The first production car from Honda was the S500 sports car and its chain-driven rear wheels pointed to Hondas motorcycle origins. Over the next few decades, Honda worked to expand its line and expanded operations. In 1986, Honda introduced the successful Acura brand to the American market in an attempt to ground in the luxury vehicle market
25.
Arkwright Scholarships
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Students apply during year 11, S4 and year 12 before taking their GCSE or Scottish Standard Grade exams. Scholarships begin at the start of year 12 / S5 / year 13, to be awarded an Engineering Scholarship, student applicants must go through a three-stage selection process. The first stage is an extended on-line application form, where students have to describe a project they have done. This on-line application must include a reference from a relevant teacher at the applicants school, stage two is a two-hour exam, where applicants must set out the practical design and manufacturing methods of their proposed solutions to two stated engineering problems. The final stage is an interview hosted at a university renowned for engineering, the Engineering Scholarship scheme is administered by the Arkwright Scholarships Trust. The Trust is named after the famed 18th Century engineer Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the water frame, the Trust was founded in 1991 and became a registered charity in England and Wales in 1993 under the name Arkwright Scholarship Trust. It was re-registered as the Arkwright Scholarships Trust in 2002 and it shares premises with The Smallpeice Trust in Leamington Spa, England. The Trust was led from 1991 to 2001 by Mr Tony Pickering, from 2001 to 2011 the Trust was led by Mrs Linda Scott OBE FRSA, former National Director of the Engineering Education Scheme in England. Dr Martin Thomas CEng FIET MIMMM MInstLM took the lead upon Mrs Scotts retirement in 2011, dr Thomas was previously a Director at EngineeringUK. The Trust works with ~940 secondary schools across England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands, in 1991 the Trust awarded 5 Scholarships, in 2004 it awarded 166 and in 2016 it awarded 413 Scholarships. The Trust is able to award a number of Undergraduate Scholarships each year to its best sixth-form Scholars
26.
St Levan
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St Levan is a civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The parish is rural with a number of hamlets of varying size with Porthcurno probably being the best known, hewn out of the cliff at Minack Point and overlooking the sea to the Logan Rock is the open-air Minack Theatre, the inspiration of Rowena Cade in the early 1930s. St Levan lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the South West Coast Path, the parish church is about eight miles south west of Penzance. The parish measures 2,400 acres and the population at the 2011 census was 459, the river in the valley at Nanjizal forms the parish boundary with Sennen and is 3 miles south of the Lands End. From Nanjizal heading south and east, via Gwennap Head, there is 4 miles of coast to Penberth Cove, the parish encompasses a number of small settlements which include Bottoms, Penberth, Polgigga, Porthgwarra, Trebehor, Treen and Trethewey. Both Penberth and Porthgwarra in the past had small fishing fleets despite not having harbour, a small fleet continues to fish out of Penberth, for bass, crabs and mackerel. Neolithic flints have been found dating human activity in the area to 5000 years ago, many of the hamlets and farms with Cornish prefixs such at Bos and Tre can trace their names back to 600–700 AD while Chy dates back to the 11th- or 12th-century. The first documentary evidence of a name is Rospletha, which is mentioned in 1244. Much of the land belonged to the manor of Mayon, Sennen, a later John St Aubyn, became the first Baron St Levan of St Michaels Mount. Much of Porthgwarra, the land around Gwennap Head, as well as the farms Higher Bosistow, Roskestral, Sawah, Trebehor, above the sandy beach at Porthchapel is a ruined rectangular building with a large flat granite slab and spring known as St Levans Well. Below and cut into the slope are a couple of buildings believed to be an early chapel. The remains possibly date to the 7th- or 8th-century, St Levans Church is situated in a small valley, inland from Porthchapel. It dates mainly from the 15th-century with earlier font, north transept, until 1864 the church was a chapelry of the Royal Peculiar of the Deanery of St Buryan. It is now part of the benefice of St Buryan. There are also two Wesleyan Methodists chapels at Treen and Trethewey, there are five Cornish crosses in the parish, one in the churchyard, one on the churchyard wall and the others at Rospletha, Sawah and Trebehor. The first telegraph cable, was laid on Porthcurno beach in 1870, lisbon had already been linked to Bombay, making Porthcurno the British terminal of the Empires telegraph network. A land link was provided to London helping to make Porthcurno a centre of world communications, the Eastern Telegraph Company was formed in 1872, later to become Cable & Wireless and Porthcurno was also a training centre, sending operatives all over the world. For the purposes of local government St Levan is a civil parish, the principal local authority is Cornwall Council
27.
Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor
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Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess Astor, CH was the first female Member of Parliament to take her seat. She was an American-born English socialite who made a marriage to Waldorf Astor as a young woman in England. Her first husband was an American, Robert Gould Shaw II and she served in Parliament as a member of the Conservative Party for Plymouth Sutton until 1945, when she was persuaded to step down. Nancy Witcher Langhorne was born at the Langhorne House in Danville and she was the eighth of eleven children born to railroad businessman Chiswell Dabney Langhorne and his wife Nancy Witcher Keene. After her birth, her father gained a job as an auctioneer in Danville, the center of bright leaf tobacco. In 1874, he won a contract with the Chespeake and Ohio Railroad. By 1892, when Nancy was thirteen years old, her father had re-established his wealth, Chiswell Langhorne later moved his family to an estate, known as Mirador, in Albemarle County, Virginia. Nancy Langhorne had four sisters and three brothers who survived childhood, all of the sisters were known for their beauty, Nancy and her sister Irene both attended a finishing school in New York City. They married in New York City on 27 October 1897, when she was 18, shaws friends said Nancy became puritanical and rigid after marriage, her friends said that Shaw was an abusive alcoholic. During their four-year marriage, they had one son, Robert Gould Shaw III, Nancy left Shaw numerous times during their marriage, the first during their honeymoon. In 1903, Nancys mother died, at time, Nancy Shaw gained a divorce and moved back to Mirador to try to run her fathers household. Nancy Shaw took a tour of England and fell in love with the country, since she had been so happy there, her father suggested that she move to England. Seeing she was reluctant, her father said this was also her mothers wish, Nancy and Phyllis moved together to England in 1905. Their older sister Irene had married the artist Charles Dana Gibson, Nancy Shaw had already become known in English society as an interesting and witty American, at a time when numerous wealthy young American women had married into the aristocracy. Her tendency to be saucy in conversation, yet religiously devout and almost prudish in behavior, confused many of the English men, Nancy also began to show her skill at winning over critics. She was once asked by an English woman, Have you come to get our husbands and her unexpected response, If you knew the trouble I had getting rid of mine. Charmed her listeners and displayed the wit for which she became known, the couple were well matched, as they were both American expatriates with similar temperaments. They were of the age, born the same day,19 May 1879
28.
Plymouth Sutton (UK Parliament constituency)
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Plymouth, Sutton was, from 1918 until 2010, a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, Plymouth Sutton covered parts of the city of Plymouth, in South West England, and was first contested at the 1918 general election. In a by-election in 1919, it became the constituency in the UK to elect a female MP. Three of its MPs have been members of the Astor family, a more recent prominent MP was the flamboyant Conservative Alan Clark, who represented Plymouth Sutton from 1974 until 1992. 1918-1950, The County Borough of Plymouth wards of Charles, Compton, Friary, Laira, St Andrew, Sutton, and Vintry. 1955-1974, The County Borough of Plymouth wards of Charles, Compton, Crownhill, Efford, Friary, Mount Gould, Peverell, Sutton, Tamerton, and Trelawney. 1974-1983, The County Borough of Plymouth wards of Crownhill, Efford, Mount Gould, Plympton Erle, Plympton St Mary, Plymstock Dunstone, Plymstock Radford, and Sutton. 1983-1997, The City of Plymouth wards of Efford, Eggbuckland, Mount Gould, Plympton Erle, Plympton St Mary, Plymstock Dunstone, 1997-2010, The City of Plymouth wards of Compton, Drake, Efford, Mount Gould, St Peter, Stoke, Sutton, and Trelawny. The 1997 boundary changes were superficially helpful to Labour in this constituency, as such the seat from 1997 until 2010 was closer in its wards to the defunct marginal seat of Plymouth Drake. Endorsed by the Coalition Government General Election 1939/40, Another General Election was required to place before the end of 1940. List of Parliamentary constituencies in Devon Craig, F. W. S
29.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
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Brunel built dockyards, the Great Western Railway, a series of steamships including the first propeller-driven transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering, though Brunels projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. Brunel set the standard for a railway, using careful surveys to minimise grades and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques, new bridges, new viaducts, one controversial feature was the wide gauge, a broad gauge of 7 ft 1⁄4 in, instead of what was later to be known as standard gauge of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in. Brunel astonished Britain by proposing to extend the Great Western Railway westward to North America by building steam-powered iron-hulled ships and he designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering, the Great Western, the Great Britain, and the Great Eastern. In 2002, Brunel was placed second in a BBC public poll to determine the 100 Greatest Britons, in 2006, the bicentenary of his birth, a major programme of events celebrated his life and work under the name Brunel 200. Brunels name is an amalgamation of his parents names and he inherited the family name of his father, and his middle name is his mothers surname. Brunels first name, Isambard, comes from his fathers middle name, Isambard is a Norman name of Germanic origin, meaning iron-bright. A cognate name is the German surname Eisenbarth, which can still be found today among Bavarians and German-Americans and he had two older sisters, Sophia and Emma, and the whole family moved to London in 1808 for his fathers work. Brunel had a childhood, despite the familys constant money worries. His father taught him drawing and observational techniques from the age of four, during this time he also learned fluent French and the basic principles of engineering. He was encouraged to draw interesting buildings and identify any faults in their structure, when Brunel was eight he was sent to Dr Morrells boarding school in Hove, where he learned the classics. When Brunel was 15, his father Marc, who had accumulated debts of over £5,000, was sent to a debtors prison. After three months went by with no prospect of release, Marc let it be known that he was considering an offer from the Tsar of Russia. In August 1821, facing the prospect of losing a prominent engineer, Brunel subsequently studied under the prominent master clockmaker and horologist Abraham-Louis Breguet, who praised Brunels potential in letters to his father. In late 1822, having completed his apprenticeship, Brunel returned to England, Brunels father, Marc, was the chief engineer, and the project was funded by the Thames Tunnel Company. The composition of the riverbed at Rotherhithe was often more than waterlogged sediment. The latter incident, in 1828, killed the two most senior miners, and Brunel himself narrowly escaped death and he was seriously injured, and spent six months recuperating
30.
Royal Albert Bridge
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The Royal Albert Bridge is a railway bridge which spans the River Tamar in England between Plymouth, Devon and Saltash, Cornwall. Its unique design consists of two 455-foot lenticular iron trusses 100 feet above the water, with conventional plate-girder approach spans and this gives it a total length of 2,187.5 feet. It carries the Cornish Main Line railway in and out of Cornwall and it is adjacent to the Tamar Bridge which opened in 1962 to carry the A38 road. The Royal Albert Bridge was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, surveying started in 1848 and construction commenced in 1854. The first main span was positioned in 1857 and the bridge was opened by Prince Albert on 2 May 1859. Brunel died later that year and his name was placed above the portals at either end of the bridge as a memorial. Work was carried out during the century to replace the approach spans. It has attracted sightseers since its construction and has appeared in paintings, photographs, guidebooks, postage stamps. Anniversary celebrations took place in 1959 and 2009, two rival schemes for a railway to Falmouth, Cornwall were proposed in the 1830s. The central scheme was a route from Exeter around the north of Dartmoor, the other, the coastal scheme, was a line with many engineering difficulties but which could serve the important naval town of Devonport and the industrial area around St Austell. Following this Isambard Kingdom Brunel took over as engineer and proposed to cross the water higher upstream using a bridge at Saltash instead, the Act enabling this scheme was passed on 3 August 1846. The two central sections of Brunels bridge are novel adaptations of the design Stephenson employed for the High Level Bridge across the River Tyne in Newcastle Upon Tyne in 1849, Brunel was present when Stephenson raised the girders of his Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait in the same year. The river is about 1,100 feet wide at Saltash, Brunels first thoughts had been to cross this on a double track timber viaduct with a central span of 255 feet and six approach spans of 105 feet with 80 feet clearance above the water. The Admiralty again rejected this plan, stipulating that there should not be more than one pier in the part of the river. Brunel now abandoned plans for a double track structure and instead proposed a single track wrought iron design consisting of a single 850-foot span. The two spans are lenticular trusses with the top chord of each truss comprising a heavy tubular arch in compression, each of the trusses is simply supported and therefore no horizontal thrust is exerted on the piers, which is crucial in view of the curved track on either side. Between these two chords are supporting cross-bracing members and suspension standards which hang beneath the bottom chord to carry the deck which is a continuous plate beam. There are also seventeen much shorter and more conventional plate-girder approach spans on the shore and this gives a total length for the nineteen spans of 2,187.5 feet
31.
Saltash
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Saltash is a town and civil parish in southeast Cornwall, England, UK. It has a population of 14,964, which rose to 16,184 at the 2011 census and it lies in the south east of Cornwall, facing Plymouth over the River Tamar. It was in the Caradon district until March 2009 and is known as the Gateway to Cornwall, Saltash means ash tree by the salt mill. Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area and is one of the largest in Cornwall, Saltash is the location of Isambard Kingdom Brunels Royal Albert Bridge, opened by HRH Prince Albert on 2 May 1859. It takes the line across the River Tamar. Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge, a bridge carrying the A38 trunk road. Saltash railway station is close to the town centre and it was hoped that the empty buildings could be restored as a visitor centre for the bridge, but they have instead been purchased by a property developer. The station is served by a train service, with some direct High Speed services to. Stagecoach South West, Plymouth Citybus, and Go Cornwall Bus operate bus services from Saltash, into Plymouth city centre, Launceston, Liskeard, Looe, and Polperro. The cottage of Mary Newman, Sir Francis Drakes first wife, nearby are the castles at Trematon and Ince, as well as the nature reserve at Churchtown Farm, where there are some wonderful walks, with stunning views of the river. Burrell House near Saltash was built in 1621 and has a wing dated 1636, the entrance side was altered in the 18th century. The town expanded in the 1990s with the addition of the new estate Latchbrook. In the summer of 2009 the Saltash postcode area was judged as the most desirable place to live in Great Britain in a survey that included statistics from school results, the history of Saltash is linked to the passage, or ferrying place across the Tamar. The original ferry became established by fishermen for those passing to and from the monastery at St Germans and to Trematon Castle. After the Norman Conquest, Robert, Count of Mortain, who held the castle and manor at Trematon, took the market from the canons at St. Germans and established it at Saltash. The Count granted Trematon and other manors to the de Valletorts, in the twelfth century a borough was founded, and Saltash became the only franchised seaport between Dartmouth and Fowey. This fact has given rise to the Saltash saying, Saltash was a borough town, in medieval times the ferry was part of the manor of Trematon, held by the Valletorts. The Antony Passage Ferry, which is mentioned in documents as early as 1324, was situated within the St Stephens suburb of Saltash civil parish, the route linked Jupiter Point, Antony Passage and Passage Point
32.
William Cookworthy
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William Cookworthy was an English Quaker minister, a successful pharmacist and an innovator in several fields of technology. He was born of Quaker parents in Kingsbridge, Devon on 12 April 1705 and his father, also called William, was a weaver and his mother was Edith, the daughter of John and Margaret Debell of St Martin-by-Looe in east Cornwall, they had married in 1704. Their children were, William was a child but his education was halted when his father died on 22 October 1718. William had been offered an apprenticeship, at no cost, by the Bevan Brothers, as the family had no spare money, William walked to London to take up the offer and, eventually, completed the apprenticeship. He moved to Plymouth, where he set up a pharmacy as Bevan and he eventually brought his brothers Philip and Benjamin into the partnership and bought out the Bevans interest in 1745. He became prominent among Devon Quakers, being appointed as an Elder, among his concerns was that Quakers should not tolerate their members trading in prize goods, as Quakers should not benefit from war. In 1735, he married Sarah Berry, a Quaker from Wellington in Somerset and he subsequently discovered china clay in Cornwall. He was also an associate of John Smeaton, who lodged at his house when he was engaged in building the third Eddystone Lighthouse, Cookworthy helped Smeaton with the development of hydraulic lime, which was essential to the successful building of the lighthouse. In 1767 Cookworthy, in conjunction with Rev Thomas Hartley, translated Emanuel Swedenborgs theological works, The Doctrine of Life, Treatise on Influx, and Heaven and Hell, from Latin into English. His initial reaction to Swedenborgs works was one of disgust, but with persistence, Hartley and Cookworthy later visited Swedenborg at his lodgings in Clerkenwell shortly before Swedenborgs death. In 1768 he founded a works at Plymouth for the production of Plymouth Porcelain and it is also known that prior to his departure, Captain James Cook, Captain John Jervis, and the naturalists Dr Solander and Sir Joseph Banks, were guests of Cookworthy. Rawlings, F H, William Cookworthy, the Bristol connection, pharmaceutical historian,23, p.12, PMID11639736 Selleck, A D, William Cookworthy, an 18th century polymath
33.
Francis Drake
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Sir Francis Drake, vice admiral was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. With his incursion into the Pacific he inaugurated an era of privateering, Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588 and he died of dysentery in January 1596 after unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico. His exploits made him a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards, King Philip II was said to have offered a reward of 20,000 ducats, about £4 million by modern standards, for his life. Francis Drake was born in Tavistock, Devon, England, although his birth is not formally recorded, it is known that he was born while the Six Articles were in force. Drake was two and twenty when he obtained the command of the Judith and this would date his birth to 1544. A date of c.1540 is suggested from two portraits, one a miniature painted by Nicholas Hilliard in 1581 when he was allegedly 42 and he was the eldest of the twelve sons of Edmund Drake, a Protestant farmer, and his wife Mary Mylwaye. The first son was alleged to have named after his godfather Francis Russell. Because of religious persecution during the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549, there the father obtained an appointment to minister the men in the Kings Navy. He was ordained deacon and was vicar of Upnor Church on the Medway. Drakes father apprenticed Francis to his neighbour, the master of a used for coastal trade transporting merchandise to France. The ship master was so satisfied with the young Drakes conduct that, being unmarried and childless at his death, Francis Drake married Mary Newman in 1569. She died 12 years later, in 1581, in 1585, Drake married Elizabeth Sydenham—born circa 1562, the only child of Sir George Sydenham, of Combe Sydenham, who was the High Sheriff of Somerset. After Drakes death, the widow Elizabeth eventually married Sir William Courtenay of Powderham. At age 23, Drake made his first voyage to the Americas, sailing with his cousin, Sir John Hawkins, on one of a fleet of ships owned by his relatives. In 1568 Drake was again with the Hawkins fleet when it was trapped by the Spaniards in the Mexican port of San Juan de Ulúa, following the defeat at San Juan de Ulúa, Drake vowed revenge. He made two voyages to the West Indies, in 1570 and 1571, of which little is known, in 1572, he embarked on his first major independent enterprise. He planned an attack on the Isthmus of Panama, known to the Spanish as Tierra Firme and the English as the Spanish Main
34.
Earl of Mount Edgcumbe
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Earl of Mount Edgcumbe is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1789 for George Edgcumbe, 3rd Baron Edgcumbe and his descendant Richard Edgcumbe was a prominent politician and served as Paymaster-General of Ireland and as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1742 he was created Baron Edgcumbe, of Mount Edgcumbe in the County of Devon and he was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He represented Plympton Erle, Lostwithiel and Penrhyn in the House of Commons, on his death the title passed to his younger brother, the third Baron. He was an Admiral of the Blue and also held office as Treasurer of the Household. In 1781 he was created Viscount Mount Edgcumbe and Valletort and in 1789 he was honoured when he was made Earl of Mount Edgcumbe. Both titles are in the Peerage of Great Britain and he was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He sat as Member of Parliament for Lostwithiel and Fowey and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Cornwall, on his death the titles passed to his second but eldest surviving son, Viscount Valletorts brother, the third Earl. He also represented Lostwithiel and Fowey in the House of Commons and his son, the fourth Earl, was a Conservative politician and served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and as Lord Steward of the Household. On his death the titles passed to his son, the fifth Earl and he held the honorary post of Deputy Lord Warden of the Stannaries from 1913 to 1944. On his death the line of the third Earl failed, the late Earl was succeeded by his second cousin, the sixth Earl. He was the grandson of the Hon. George Edgcumbe, youngest son of the second Earl and he was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, the seventh Earl. He was the grandson of Edward Mortimer Edgcumbe, second son of the Hon. George Edgcumbe, as of 2013 the titles are held by his nephew, the eighth Earl, who succeeded in 1982. He is the eldest son of George Aubrey Valletort Edgcumbe, brother of the seventh Earl, the heir apparent to the earldom uses the courtesy title of Viscount Valletort. The present family seat is Empacombe House, near Plymouth, Devon, the ancestral seat of the Edgcumbe family is Mount Edgcumbe House, also near Plymouth. The heir presumptives heir presumptive is his brother Hon. Christopher George Mortimer Edgcumbe, the heir presumptives heir presumptives heir apparent is his son Douglas George Valletort Edgcumbe. Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David Debretts Peerage and Baronetage, new York, St Martins Press, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Mount Edgcumbe family history
35.
John Foulston
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John Foulston was an English architect who was a pupil of Thomas Hardwick and set up a practice in London in 1796. In 1810 he won a competition to design the Royal Hotel and Theatre group of buildings in Plymouth, Devon, and after relocating he remained Plymouths leading architect for twenty-five years. At the time, Plymouth was a port town, separated along the coast of Plymouth Sound from the neighbouring towns of East Stonehouse and Devonport. Foulston was responsible for the creation of Union Street from the Frankfort Gate which was built across marshland to unite the three towns. Most of Foulstons work was in the Greek Revival style, but his best known project was the creation of a group of buildings in Ker Street, of these, all but the chapel and the houses survive, and are Grade I listed. Foulstons Royal Hotel, Theatre and Assembly Rooms were built between 1811 and 1818, among his other works in Plymouth were The Plymouth Athenaeum, home of the Plymouth Institution of which Foulston was a member. The Athenaeum was bombed during World War II in 1941 and later demolished, belmont House, The Proprietary Library, The Royal Union Baths, and St. Catherines Church. He also designed many stucco-faced terraces and suburban villas, some of which survive as listed buildings, in 1818 he designed the asterisk-shaped Cornwall County Asylum at Bodmin, later known as St Lawrences Hospital, and now a Grade II* listed apartment building. In Torquay he built the ballroom, and in Tavistock he restored the abbey gatehouse in Gothic style. Not long before he retired he took into his partnership the architect George Wightwick who succeeded to his practice, after his retirement, Foulston created a set of watercolour drawings of some of his buildings, which are now in the City Art Gallery. In his later years he created a water garden at his home. He died at his home and is buried in St Andrews new cemetery in Plymouth
36.
Stanley Gibbons
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The group is incorporated in Jersey but with offices in London, Ringwood in Hampshire and Guernsey. They have also opened new offices in Hong Kong and Singapore. The company is a stamp dealer and philatelic publisher. The companys philatelic subsidiary, Stanley Gibbons Limited, has a warrant of appointment from Queen Elizabeth II. The company has a corporate history, having started as a sole trader business owned by Edward Stanley Gibbons in 1856. The business started when, employed as an assistant in his fathers shop in Plymouth. In 1863 he was enough to purchase from two sailors a sackful of rare Cape of Good Hope triangular stamps. In 1874 Gibbons moved to a house near Clapham Common in South London, by 1890 Stanley Gibbons wished to retire and the business was sold to Charles Phillips for £25,000. Phillips became Managing Director, with Gibbons as Chairman, a new issue department was opened in 1906. In 1914 the company received a warrant from George V. In 1956 the company celebrated its centenary with an exhibition at the Waldorf Hotel opened by Sir John Wilson and it is in that year that Queen Elizabeth II granted her royal warrant to Stanley Gibbons Ltd as her philatelist. In 1967 the firm expanded into the United States in a joint venture with Whitman Publishing, a magazine and catalogues were produced. In 1968 the previously privately held Stanley Gibbons Limited was floated on the market through a tender arranged by S. G. Warburg & Co. Ltd. The offer was a success and was oversubscribed five times. The shares were sold at 20 shillings rather than the tender price of 12 shillings. It was estimated there were 30 to 35 sharesholders before the offer and they still owned 66% of the equity after the offer. Prices subsequently slipped back, however, later in the year, in 1970 The Crown Agents acquired a 20% stake in the company and appointed two Directors to the Gibbons board. The stake was sold in 1976 by which time it had grown to 25% of the company, in 1977 Stanley Gibbons acquired the stock of the firm Chas Nissen, once run by the eminent stamp dealer and philatelist Charles Nissen
37.
John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent
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Admiral of the Fleet John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent GCB, PC was an admiral in the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom. He is best known for his victory at the 1797 Battle of Cape Saint Vincent, from which he earned his titles, Jervis was also recognised by both political and military contemporaries as a fine administrator and naval reformer. As Commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean, between 1795 and 1799 he introduced a series of standing orders to avert mutiny. He applied those orders to both seamen and officers alike, a policy made him a controversial figure. He took his disciplinarian system of command with him when he took command of the Channel Fleet in 1799, in 1801, as First Lord of the Admiralty he introduced a number of reforms that, though unpopular at the time, made the Navy more efficient and more self-sufficient. He introduced innovations including block making machinery at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard, St Vincent was known for his generosity to officers he considered worthy of reward and his swift and often harsh punishment of those he felt deserved it. Jervis entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography by P. K. John Jervis was born in Meaford, Staffordshire, on 9 January 1735 and his father was a barrister, counsellor to the Admiralty Board and auditor of Greenwich Hospital. Swynfen Jervis intended that his son should follow him to the bar, the young Jervis was educated at Burton-upon-Trent Grammar School and subsequently at Reverend Swindens Academy in Greenwich, London. Their family name Jervis is pronounced jarviss, the name Jervis originates from the Norman name Gervase. At the age of thirteen Jervis ran away and joined the navy at Woolwich, after a short time he returned home as he had heard his family were very upset at his disappearance. Lady Jane Hamilton and Lady Burlington became aware of Jervis desire to join the navy, eventually they introduced the Jervis family to Admiral George Townshend who agreed to take the boy aboard one of his ships. On 4 January 1749 Jervis entered the navy as a seaman aboard the 50-gun Gloucester on her way to Jamaica. On arrival in the West Indies, Jervis was detached on HM sloop Ferret to the Mosquito Coast where he saw constant service against Spanish guarda-costas, when Townshend quit the West Indies he discharged Jervis into the Severn under Admiral Thomas Cotes. Cotes flag captain Henry Dennis rated Jervis as a midshipman, on 31 July 1754 Jervis moved to the 24-gun Sphinx. Jervis commented in a letter to his sister, my chief employ when from my duty is reading studying navigation, while in Jamaica, the young Jervis drew funds against his fathers account with a local banker. When the reply came from England that the withdrawal could not be honoured, Jervis was forced to quit his mess and live on ships rations in order to pay off the loan. The event deeply affected the young Jervis who swore never to draw another bill without the certainty of it being paid, Sphinx was paid off at Spithead on 7 November 1754. Jervis passed his lieutenants examination on 2 January 1755 and was assigned as lieutenant to the first-rate Royal George of 100 guns
38.
Charles Kingsley
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Charles Kingsley was a broad church priest of the Church of England, a university professor, social reformer, historian and novelist. He is particularly associated with Christian socialism, the mens college. He was a friend and correspondent with Charles Darwin, Kingsley was born in Holne, Devon, the elder of two sons of the Reverend Charles Kingsley and his wife Mary Lucas Kingsley. His brother, Henry Kingsley, also became a novelist, Charles entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, in 1838, and graduated in 1842. He chose to pursue a ministry in the church, from 1844, he was rector of Eversley in Hampshire. In 1859 he was appointed chaplain to Queen Victoria, in 1860, he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge. In 1861 he became a tutor to the Prince of Wales. In 1869 Kingsley resigned his Cambridge professorship and, from 1870 to 1873, was a canon of Chester Cathedral, while in Chester he founded the Chester Society for Natural Science, Literature and Art, which played an important part in the establishment of the Grosvenor Museum. In 1872 he accepted the Presidency of the Birmingham and Midland Institute, in 1873 he was made a canon of Westminster Abbey. Kingsley died in 1875 and was buried in St Marys Churchyard in Eversley, one of his daughters, Mary St Leger Kingsley, became known as a novelist under the pseudonym Lucas Malet. Kingsleys life was written by his widow in 1877, entitled Charles Kingsley, his Letters, Kingsley also received letters from Thomas Huxley in 1860 and later in 1863, discussing Huxleys early ideas on agnosticism. He was sympathetic to the idea of evolution and was one of the first to welcome Charles Darwins book On the Origin of Species. When a heated dispute lasting three years developed over human evolution, Kingsley gently satirised the debate, known as the Great Hippocampus Question, the story mentions the main protagonists in the scientific debate over human origins, rearranging his earlier satire as the great hippopotamus test. The book won a Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1963 and his chief power as a novelist lay in his descriptive faculties. The descriptions of South American scenery in Westward Ho and his sympathy with children taught him how to secure their interests. His version of the old Greek stories entitled The Heroes, and Water-babies and Madam How and Lady Why, in which he deals with natural history. Kingsley also wrote poetry and political articles, as well as volumes of sermons. Kingsley coined the term pteridomania in his 1855 book Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore, Charles Kingsleys novel Westward Ho. led to the founding of a village by the same name and inspired the construction of the Bideford, Westward Ho. and Appledore Railway
39.
The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby
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The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby is a childrens novel by the Reverend Charles Kingsley. Written in 1862–63 as a serial for Macmillans Magazine, it was first published in its entirety in 1863 and it was written as part satire in support of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species. The protagonist is Tom, a chimney sweep, who falls into a river after encountering an upper-class girl named Ellie. There he appears to drown and is transformed into a water-baby, the story is thematically concerned with Christian redemption, though Kingsley also uses the book to argue that England treats its poor badly, and to question child labour, among other themes. Tom embarks on a series of adventures and lessons, and enjoys the community of other water-babies once he himself a moral creature. The major spiritual leaders in his new world are the fairies Mrs. Doasyouwouldbedoneby, Mrs. Bedonebyasyoudid, weekly, Tom is allowed the company of Ellie, who became a water-baby after he did. Grimes, his old master, drowns as well, and in his final adventure, Tom helps Grimes to find repentance, and Grimes will be given a second chance if he can successfully perform a final penance. He and Ellie are united, although the states that they never marry, claiming that in fairy tales, no one beneath the rank of prince. The book ends with the caveat that it is only a fairy tale, in the style of Victorian-era novels, The Water-Babies is a didactic moral fable. In it, Kingsley expresses many of the prejudices of that time period, and the book includes dismissive or insulting references to Americans, Jews, blacks. These views may have played a role in the gradual fall from popularity. In the book, for example, Kingsley argues that no person is qualified to say something that they have never seen does not exist. Have you been there to see, and if you had been there to see, and had seen none, that would not prove that there were none. And no one has a right to say that no water babies exist till they have no water babies existing. In his Origin of Species, Darwin mentions that, like others at the time, he thought that changed habits produce an inherited effect. But had forgotten how to use his tongue, the Water Babies alludes to debates among biologists of its day, satirising what Kingsley had previously dubbed the Great Hippocampus Question as the Great hippopotamus test. At various times the text refers to Sir Roderick Murchison, Professor Owen, Professor Huxley, Mr. Darwin, in the accompanying illustrations by Linley Sambourne, Huxley and Owen are caricatured, studying a captured water baby. In 1892 Thomas Henry Huxleys five-year-old grandson Julian saw this engraving and wrote his grandfather a letter asking, did you put it in a bottle
40.
Uzel
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Uzel is a commune in the Côtes-dArmor department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is about 100 km west-northwest of Rennes and 15 km north-northwest of Loudéac, the old school, in the centre of Uzel, was the scene of torture and killings by the Nazis and by the collarborationist Bezen Perrot, in 1944. The inhabitants of Uzel are known in French as uzelais, fulgence Bienvenüe, chief engineer for the Paris Métro in 1896, was born in Uzel in 1852. Alphonse Guépin, architect, born in Uzel in 1808, yves Morvan, romanesque art specialist, born in Uzel in 1932. Communes of the Côtes-dArmor department INSEE French Ministry of Culture list for Uzel
41.
Brittany
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Brittany is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Brittany has also referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and its land area is 34,023 km². Since reorganisation in 1956, the administrative region of Brittany comprises only four of the five Breton departments. The remaining area of old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department around Nantes, at the 2010 census, the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295. Of these, 71% lived in the region of Brittany, while 29% lived in the Loire-Atlantique department, in 2012, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes, Rennes, and Brest. Brittany is the homeland of the Breton people and is recognised by the Celtic League as one of the six Celtic nations. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic, the word Brittany, along with its French, Breton and Gallo equivalents Bretagne, Breizh and Bertaèyn, derive from the Latin Britannia, which means Britons land. This word had been used by the Romans since the 1st century to refer to Great Britain and this word derives from a Greek word, Πρεττανικη or Βρεττανίαι, used by Pytheas, an explorer from Massalia who visited the British Islands around 320 BC. This term probably comes from a Gallic word, aremorica, which close to the sea. Another name, Letauia, was used until the 12th century and it possibly means wide and flat or to expand and it gave the Welsh name for Brittany, Llydaw. Later, authors like Geoffrey of Monmouth used the terms Britannia minor, breton-speaking people may pronounce the word Breizh in two different ways, according to their region of origin. Breton can be divided into two dialects, the KLT and the dialect of Vannes. KLT speakers pronounce it and would write it Breiz, while the Vannetais speakers pronounce it, the official spelling is a compromise between both variants, with a z and an h together. In 1941, efforts to unify the dialects led to the creation of the so-called Breton zh, on its side, Gallo language has never had a widely accepted writing system and several ones coexist. For instance, the name of the region in that language can be written Bertaèyn in ELG script, or Bertègn in MOGA, Brittany has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic. This population was scarce and very similar to the other Neanderthals found in the whole of Western Europe and their only original feature was a distinct culture, called Colombanian. One of the oldest hearths in the world has found in Plouhinec
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Chagford
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Chagford is a market town and civil parish on the north-east edge of Dartmoor, in Devon, England, close to the River Teign. It is located off the A382, about 4 miles west of Moretonhampstead, the name Chagford is derived from the word chag, meaning gorse or broom, and the ford suffix indicates its importance as a crossing place on the River Teign. At the 2001 Census it had a population of 1,470 which decreased at the 2011 census to 1,449, archaeological remains confirm that a community has existed here for at least 4000 years. In historical times, Chagford grew due to the wool trade, a weekly market was held here from before 1220, and a livestock market in the town survived until the 1980s. In 1305 it was made a town where tin was traded. Among the most prominent tin-mining families in the 16th century were the Endecotts, Knapmans, Whiddons, in a Civil War skirmish Sydney Godolphin, the poet and Royalist MP for Helston, was shot and killed in the porch of the Three Crowns. In 1987, the New Scientist reported that Chagford contained the most radioactive loo in the world, the parish of Chagford comprises historic estates including, Whiddon, seat of the Whiddon family. Two large hardware stores side-by-side in the square were run by the same two families for over a century, but one of these closed in 2017. There are several tea rooms and whole food cafés, one Bangladeshi restaurant, there are numerous guest houses and hotels in the surrounding countryside. These provide accommodation for the influx of visitors during the year. The early 20th century Edwin Lutyens house Castle Drogo lies nearby in Drewsteignton parish, the town has a Parish Council. In 1976 Chagford was twinned with Bretteville-sur-Laize, France, regular twinning activity was sustained for over 20 years, but lapsed. Chagford retains its Bretteville Close, and Bretteville its Rue de Chagford and this building was possibly built as a church house, and has certainly been in community use for many years, including use as a village school. It now serves as a meeting hall, one of the social centres of Chagford is the village hall, the Jubilee Hall, in the south-east corner of the town next to the public car park. Built in 1936 by public subscription, it houses the library. It provides a venue for the regular Friday morning flea markets as well as activities such as badminton, table tennis, parties, discos, comedy nights, kung fu, Pilates. The town is beginning to outgrow this Hall, and it is being extended during 2016 and 2017. The Three Crowns Hotel dates to the 13th century and is haunted by the ghost of the cavalier poet, Sidney Godolphin
