1.
Fellow of the Royal Society
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As of 2016, there are around 1600 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members. Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian newspaper as “the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar” with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Up to 60 new Fellows, honorary and foreign members are elected annually usually in May, each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRS, see Category, Fellows of the Royal Society and Category, Female Fellows of the Royal Society. Every year, Fellows elect up to ten new Foreign Members, like Fellows, Foreign Members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 there are around 165 Foreign Members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS, see Category, Foreign Members of the Royal Society. Honorary Fellows include Bill Bryson, Melvyn Bragg, Robin Saxby, David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville, Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS. Others including John Maddox, Patrick Moore and Lisa Jardine were elected as honorary fellows, statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough and John Palmer, prime Ministers of the United Kingdom such as Margaret Thatcher, Neville Chamberlain, H. H. Asquith were elected under statute 12, see Category, Fellows of the Royal Society. The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British Royal Family for election as Royal Fellows of the Royal Society. As of 2016 there are five royal fellows, Charles, Prince of Wales, Anne, Princess Royal, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Her Majesty the Queen, Elizabeth II is not a Royal Fellow, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination, each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society, who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, the certificate of election includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April, a candidate is elected if he or she secures two-thirds of votes of those Fellows present and voting. A further maximum of six can be ‘Honorary’, ‘General’ or ‘Royal’ Fellows, nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by sectional committees, each with fifteen members and a chair
2.
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Edinburgh judges to be eminently distinguished in their subject. Around 50 new fellows are elected each year in March, as of 2016 there are around 1650 Fellows, including 71 Honorary Fellows and 76 Corresponding Fellows. Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRSE, examples of fellows include Peter Higgs and Jocelyn Bell Burnell. Previous fellows have included Melvin Calvin and Benjamin Franklin, see the Category, Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for more examples
3.
University of Glasgow
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The University of Glasgow is the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands four ancient universities. Along with the University of Edinburgh, the University was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century and it is currently a member of Universitas 21, the international network of research universities, and the Russell Group. Glasgow University served all of students by preparing them for professions, the law, medicine, civil service, teaching. It also trained smaller but growing numbers for careers in science, originally located in the citys High Street, since 1870 the main University campus has been located at Gilmorehill in the West End of the city. Additionally, a number of university buildings are located elsewhere, such as the Veterinary School in Bearsden, and it is the second-oldest university in Scotland after St Andrews and the fourth-oldest in the English-speaking world. The universities of St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen were ecclesiastical foundations, as one of the Ancient Universities of the United Kingdom, Glasgow University is one of only eight institutions to award undergraduate masters degrees in certain disciplines. The University has been without its original Bull since the mid-sixteenth century, in 1560, during the political unrest accompanying the Scottish Reformation, the then chancellor, Archbishop James Beaton, a supporter of the Marian cause, fled to France. He took with him, for safe-keeping, many of the archives and valuables of the Cathedral and the University, including the Mace, although the Mace was sent back in 1590, the archives were not. If they had not been lost by time, they certainly went astray during the French Revolution when the Scots College was under threat. Its records and valuables were moved for safe-keeping out of the city of Paris, the Bull remains the authority by which the University awards degrees. Teaching at the University began in the chapterhouse of Glasgow Cathedral, subsequently moving to nearby Rottenrow, the University was given 13 acres of land belonging to the Black Friars on High Street by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1563. The Lion and Unicorn Staircase was also transferred from the old site and is now attached to the Main Building. To continue this work in his will he founded Andersons College, in 1973, Delphine Parrott became its first woman professor, as Gardiner Professor of Immunology. In October 2014, the university court voted for the University to become the first academic institution in Europe to divest from the fuel industry. The University is currently spread over a number of different campuses, the main one is the Gilmorehill campus, in Hillhead. The University has also established joint departments with the Glasgow School of Art, the Universitys initial accommodation including Glasgow University Library was part of the complex of religious buildings in the precincts of Glasgow Cathedral. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Hamilton Building was replaced with a very grand two-court building with a decorated west front facing the High Street, called the Nova Erectio, over the following centuries, the Universitys size and scope continued to expand. In 1757 it built the Macfarlane Observatory and later Scotlands first public museum and it was a centre of the Scottish Enlightenment and subsequently of the Industrial Revolution, and its expansion in the High Street was constrained
4.
New Town, Edinburgh
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The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and and it was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850, and retains much of the original neo-classical and Georgian period architecture. Its most famous street is Princes Street, facing Edinburgh Castle, the Age of Enlightenment had arrived in Edinburgh, and the outdated city fabric did not suit the professional and merchant classes who lived there. A scheme to drain the Loch was put into action, although the process was not fully completed until 1817. Crossing points were built to access the new land, the North Bridge in 1772, and the Earthen Mound, the Mound, as it is known today, reached its present proportions in the 1830s. As the successive stages of the New Town were developed, the rich moved northwards from cramped tenements in narrow closes into grand Georgian homes on wide roads, however, the poor remained in the Old Town. A design competition was held in January 1766 to find a modern layout for the new suburb. It was won by 26-year-old James Craig, who, following the contours of the land, proposed a simple axial grid. Two other main roads were located downhill to the north and south with two streets between. Several mews off the streets provided stable lanes for the large homes. Completing the grid are three cross streets. Craigs original plan has not survived but it has suggested that it is indicated on a map published by John Laurie in 1766. This map shows a layout with a central square reflecting a new era of civic Hanoverian British patriotism by echoing the design of the Union Flag. Both Princes Street and Queen Street are shown as double sided, a simpler revised design reflected the same spirit in the names of its streets and civic spaces. The principal street was named George Street, after the king at the time, Queen Street was to be located to the north, named after his wife, and St. Giles Street to the south, after the citys patron saint. St. Andrews Square and St. Georges Square were the chosen to represent the union of Scotland and England. The idea was continued with the smaller Thistle Street between George Street and Queen Street, and Rose Street between George Street and Princes Street. King George rejected the name St. Giles Street, St Giles being the saint of lepers
5.
Joseph Noel Paton
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Sir Joseph Noel Paton FRSA, LL. D. was a Scottish artist, illustrator and sculptor. He was also a poet and had a deep seated interest in and he was born in Wooers Alley, Dunfermline, Fife, on 13 December 1821 to Joseph Neil Paton and Catherine MacDiarmid, damask designers and weavers in the town. He is the brother of the sculptor Amelia Robertson Hill and the landscape artist Waller Hugh Paton and it lies on the north side of Dunfermline Abbey and is a distinctive red granite Celtic cross amongst other smaller sandstone markers. Paton attended Dunfermline School and then Dunfermline Art Academy, further enhancing the talents he had developed as a child and he followed the family trade by working as the design department director in a muslin factory for three years. Most of his life was spent in Scotland but he studied briefly at the Royal Academy, London in 1843, while studying in London Paton met John Everett Millais, who asked him to join the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. In 1858, he married Margaret Gourlay Ferrier and the couple had eleven children, Patons knowledge of Celtic legends and Scottish folklore is reflected in his paintings. In 1844 Patons first painting, Ruth Gleaning, was exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy, an earlier study of the Quarrel painting was completed in 1846 and featured as Patons diploma picture at the Royal Scottish Academy that year. The Academy purchased the work for £700. Made an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1847 and a fellow in 1850, in 1865, he was appointed Queens Limner for Scotland. He also published two volumes of poetry and produced a number of sculptures, two years later he received the knighthood and in 1878 was conferred the degree LL. D. by the University of Edinburgh. Paton was a well known antiquary, whose specialty was arms and he died in Edinburgh on 26 December 1901, and is buried in Dean Cemetery. His daughter, Hamilton Lora, is buried 10m to his east with her husband, citations Bibliography National Gallery Of Scotland 30 Painting by or after Joseph Noel Paton at the Art UK site
6.
Edinburgh Academy
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The Edinburgh Academy is an independent school which was opened in 1824. The original building, in Henderson Row on the fringe of the New Town of Edinburgh. The Junior School is located on Arboretum Road to the north of the citys Royal Botanic Garden, the Edinburgh Academy was originally a day and boarding school for boys. It ceased boarding and transitioned to co-education in 2008 and is now a coeducational day school. The nursery, housed in a 2008 purpose built block on the Junior campus, the Junior School admits children from age 6 to 10 whilst the Senior School takes pupils from age 10 to 18. In 1822, the founders, Henry Cockburn and Leonard Horner agreed that Edinburgh required a new school to promote classical learning. Edinburghs Royal High School provided an education, but the founders felt that greater provision was needed for the teaching of Greek. Cockburn and Horner recruited John Russell as a co-founder and the three of them, together with other interested parties, put a proposal to the City Council for the building of a new school. The City Fathers gave their approval in 1823 and fifteen Directors were elected, the main building of the Senior School, with its Greek Doric frontage, was designed by architect William Burn. The stone used was principally from the nearby Craigleith Quarry, the Foundation Stone was laid in June 1823 and the school opened for the first session in October 1824. In 1892, new classrooms were built along the wall of the site, and in 1900. At the back of the school the Dining Hall, and the Rifle Range beneath it, was opened in 1912 and after World War I and this was dedicated as a War Memorial to Edinburgh Academicals who had fallen during the hostilities of 1914 to 1918. The memorial was by Pilkington Jackson, a later plaque commemorates ex-pupils who fell in the Second World War. In 1945, a new building, Denham Green House, was acquired in the Trinity area of Edinburgh and this was used for the junior department of the Preparatory School. In 1960, a new building for the three years of the Preparatory School was completed in Inverleith. Denham Greens nursery and early years facilities were relocated to purpose built accommodation on the Preparatory schools Arboretum campus in 1987, in 1992, the Rectors residence, Academy House and in 1997, a new Games Hall were constructed on the same campus. The latter was funded by money from The Lottery and Sports Council and is for the use not only of pupils in both parts of the school but also of the community in the area. A new computing and music building was completed at the Junior School in 2005 and a new nursery and after school facility in 2008
7.
University of Edinburgh
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The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582, is the sixth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands ancient universities. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city of Edinburgh, the University of Edinburgh was ranked 17th and 21st in the world by the 2014–15 and 2015-16 QS rankings. It is now ranked 19th in the according to 2016-17 QS Rankings. It is ranked 16th in the world in arts and humanities by the 2015–16 Times Higher Education Ranking and it is ranked the 23rd most employable university in the world by the 2015 Global Employability University Ranking. It is ranked as the 6th best university in Europe by the U. S. News Best Global Universities Ranking and it is a member of both the Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 research universities in Europe. It has the third largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, after the universities of Cambridge and it continues to have links to the British Royal Family, having had the Duke of Edinburgh as its Chancellor from 1953 to 2010 and Princess Anne since 2011. Edinburgh receives approximately 50,000 applications every year, making it the fourth most popular university in the UK by volume of applicants, after St Andrews, it is the most difficult university to gain admission into in Scotland, and 9th overall in the UK. This was a move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls. Established as the Tounis College, it opened its doors to students in October 1583, instruction began under the charge of another St Andrews graduate Robert Rollock. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the more populous. It was renamed King Jamess College in 1617, by the 18th century, the university was a leading centre of the Scottish Enlightenment. The universitys first custom-built building was the Old College, now Edinburgh Law School and its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor and it went under what was then North College Street, and under the university buildings until it reached the universitys anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged, towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the McEwan Hall in the 1880s. The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of divinity at the university since the 1920s. The two oldest schools – law and divinity – are both well-esteemed, with law being based in Old College and divinity in New College on the Mound and they are also represented by the Edinburgh University Sports Union which was founded in 1866. The medical school is renowned throughout the world and it was widely considered the best medical school in the English-speaking world throughout the 18th century and first half of the 19th century
8.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
9.
Strasbourg
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Strasbourg is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany in the region of Alsace. In 2014, the city proper had 276,170 inhabitants, Strasbourgs metropolitan area had a population of 773,347 in 2013, making it the ninth largest metro area in France and home to 13% of the Grand Est regions inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014, Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is also the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, Strasbourgs historic city centre, the Grande Île, was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012. Economically, Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as a hub of road, rail, the port of Strasbourg is the second largest on the Rhine after Duisburg, Germany. Before the 5th century, the city was known as Argantorati, a Celtic Gaulish name Latinized first as Argentorate, after the 5h century, the city became known by a completely different name Gallicized as Strasbourg. That name is of Germanic origin and means Town of roads, Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which forms the eastern border of the modern city. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres from. The natural courses of the two eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city. This section of the Rhine valley is an axis of north-south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself. The city is some 400 kilometres east of Paris, in spite of its position far inland, Strasbourgs climate is classified as Oceanic, with warm, relatively sunny summers and cold, overcast winters. Precipitation is elevated from mid-spring to the end of summer, but remains largely constant throughout the year, on average, snow falls 30 days per year. The highest temperature recorded was 38.5 °C in August 2003. The lowest temperature recorded was −23.4 °C in December 1938. Nonetheless, the disappearance of heavy industry on both banks of the Rhine, as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city have reduced air pollution
10.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
11.
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
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The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, or RIE, often known as the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, or ERI, was established in 1729 and is the oldest voluntary hospital in Scotland. The new buildings of 1879 were claimed to be the largest voluntary hospital in the United Kingdom, and later on, the hospital moved to a new 900 bed site in 2003 in Little France. It is the site of clinical teaching as well as a teaching hospital for the University of Edinburgh Medical School. It is currently run by NHS Lothian, in 1960, the first kidney transplant performed in the UK was performed at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by surgeon Michael Woodruff. In 1964, the worlds first coronary care unit was established at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by Dr. Desmond Julian and it is the only site for liver, pancreas and pancreatic islet cell transplantation and one of two sites for kidney transplantation in Scotland. It is currently the site for TAVI in Scotland. In 2012 the Emergency Department had 113,000 patient attendances, on 16 November 2014, the University announced the Royal Infirmary as the location of Scotlands first PET-MRI Scanner. John Munro, President of the Incorporation of Surgeons in 1712, set in motion a project to establish a Seminary of Medical Education in Edinburgh, of which a General Hospital was an integral part. His son, Alexander Monro primus, by then Professor of Anatomy, circulated a pamphlet in 1721 on the necessity. Other donors included many wealthy citizens, most of the physicians and several surgeons, numerous Church of Scotland parishes, the committee set up by the donors leased a house of small rent near the College from the University for 19 years. The physicians, who had seen the poor gratis twice weekly at their college, arranged for one of their number to attend the hospital, to see both inpatients and outpatients. Six Chirurgeon-Apothecaries also agreed to attend in turn, and to dispense the medicines prescribed by the physicians from their own shops, the first patient, a lady from Caithness suffering from chlorosis, was discharged recovered after three months. Thirty five patients were admitted in the first year, of whom 19 were cured,5 recovered,5 dismissed either as incurable or for irregularities and they came from all over Scotland, but mainly from Edinburgh and its environs. Diseases cured included pains, inflammations, agues, ulcers, cancers, palsies, flux, consumption, hysterick disorders, a free advice and medicine service for out-patients was very popular, receiving a 1000 patients by 1754, which presented the hospital with prohibitively high costs and demand. In 1741 the hospital moved the short distance to the not yet completed building which eventually and this was soon found to be inadequate and a new surgical hospital, designed by David Bryce, was built fronting Drummond Street, opening in 1853. The new building was linked to the High School Yards building by an extension to the north, the Infirmary Street buildings were demolished in 1884 and replaced with public swimming baths and a school. The ornamental gates and gate piers now front the former hospital on Drummond Street. This stands outside the entrance to Dreghorn Barracks on Redford Road in the south west of the city, the original surgical theatre, which was on the roof of the 1741 building, was re-erected as part of stables in the grounds of Redford House, also on Redford Road
12.
Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh
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The Royal Hospital for Sick Children is a hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland, specialising in paediatric healthcare. Locally, it is referred to simply as the Sick Kids. The hospital provides care for children from birth to around 13 years of age, including a specialist Accident, the hospital is located on Sciennes Road in the Sciennes area of Edinburghs South Side. The hospital opened in 1860 at 7 Lauriston Lane and was the first dedicated childrens hospital in Scotland and it received a royal charter in 1863, when it moved to the Meadowside House. The conversion of the house into a hospital was carried out by the architect David Macgibbon, in 1890 an outbreak of typhoid forced a temporary removal to Plewlands House, Morningside, and Meadowside House was subsequently sold. The site of the Trades Maiden Hospital at Rillbank was bought in the early 1890s, the Sciennes Road building cost £50,000 was opened on 31 October 1895 by Princess Beatrice. In 1948, the became part of the South Eastern Regional Hospital Board. At present it is part of Lothian University Hospitals NHS Trust, the hospital celebrated its 150th birthday in 2010. Various of the buildings make up the hospital at the Sciennes Road site have listed building status designated by Historic Environment Scotland. The main George Washington Browne building is designated as category B, the mortuary chapel is designated as category A as it contains a mural scheme by the Arts and Crafts artist Phoebe Anna Traquair. In 2005, NHS Lothian decided to develop plans to move the Sick Kids from its present site to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh at Little France on the south-east edge of the city, a business case for the project was approved by the Scottish Government in January 2012. The new facility was expected to open in mid-2017 but has been delayed by construction issues including contractors going into administration and it is now expected to open in spring 2018. The new hospital will have 233 beds and is being built under the Scottish Futures Trust, in December 2016 the existing site was offered for sale as a development opportunity with the expectation of significant interest. In February 2017 a local community development trust was formed to support a bid by residents to acquire the site, in 2011, 6-year old Jack Henderson made the headlines by raising money for the hospital that cared for his brother, in exchange for drawings he had created. He originally planned to raise £100, but quickly raised £10,000, a book, Jack Draws Anything, was published in October 2011. After 3 years the fundraising total exceeded £64,000 and the project was brought to an end in June 2014, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, NHS Lothian web site
13.
Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
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The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh is a Medical Royal College in Scotland. It is one of three organisations that sets the specialty training standards for physicians in the United Kingdom and it was established by Royal Charter in 1681. The college claims to have 12,000 fellows and members worldwide, the RCPE was formed by a Royal Charter, granted in 1681, with Sir Robbert Sibbald recognised as playing a key part in the negotiations. Three applications preceded this and had been unsuccessful, there were 21 original Fellows, eleven of whom were graduates or students of the University of Leiden. The Universities Act 1858 resulted in several items from the College’s Charter becoming obsolete, in 1920 the College enacted changes that allowed women to be admitted on the same terms as men. The charter was amended on 7 May 2005, in 1704 the College acquired a house and grounds on Fountain Close, on the Cowgate, in the Old Town. On 27 November 1775 William Cullen laid the stone for a new hall. Architect James Craig, had ideas about expansion but the builders of neighbouring properties found favour instead, the hall was not fully completed until 1830. Unfortunately the great cost of the hall’s exterior exhausted the College’s finances leaving no money to finish the interior of a building, the Colleges debt was so much that there was talk of selling the Hall before it was even occupied. The Hall was sold to the Commercial Bank of Scotland in 1841 and was demolished, between 1843 and 1846 the College did not own a meeting place, instead renting a premises at 119 George Street. The foundation stone of a new Hall at 9 Queen Street was laid on 8 August 1844, the new Queen Street Hall was designed by Thomas Hamilton. The Queen Street Hall was completed in 1846, an adjacent building, Number 8 Queen Street was designed by Robert Adam as a house for Robert Ord and built between 1770 and 1771, one of the earliest New Town constructions. In 1868 it was purchased by the College, who leased it to other organisations until 1957. A restoration project began in 1990 and lasted seven years, numbers 11 and 12 were built around 1780. They were purchased by the college in the 20th century, the space behind 11 was used for the Conference Centre and 12 contains flexible meeting rooms and office space. In 1984 the college put Richard Dadds painting of Alexander Morison up for sale, in 1682, Robert Sibbald donated around one hundred books to the college. At the end of the 18th century the library was located at the Royal Infirmary, the college’s library in Queen Street bears Sibbald’s name in commemoration. The library also has artefacts, such as a medicine chest that belonged to Stuart Threipland, in the 1960s, the information held by the library was modern
14.
Surgeons' Hall
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Surgeons Hall in Edinburgh, Scotland, is the headquarters of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. It houses the Surgeons Hall Museum, and the library and archive of the RCSED, the present Surgeons Hall was designed by William Henry Playfair and completed in 1832, and is a category A listed building. Surgeons Hall Museum is the medical museum in Scotland. The museum is recognised as a collection of national significance by the Scottish Government, the museum reopened in September 2015, after being closed for an eighteen month period of redevelopment. Daniel Defoe, a visitor in 1726, wrote in his Tour thro the whole Island of Great Britain that the chamber of rarities contained many curious things too numerous for him to describe. Much of this collection was given to the University of Edinburgh in the 1760s. By the early years of the 19th Century, the Incorporation had received a Royal Charter to become the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the College saw its primary role as the teaching of anatomy and surgery, the training of surgeons, and examination of their acquired knowledge. Anatomy and pathology specimens were crucial to that function, the museum expanded dramatically with the acquisition of two large collections. At first the upper floor of the building was devoted to the museum collections. With the great scientific and technical advances of the time, the museum began to acquire equipment, histology slides, X-rays. At the start of the 20th century the Colleges need for a large meeting, the 1907 minutes recorded the view that it is essential to get rid of the Barclay collection which. Has ceased to be of any value to the Fellows or to anyone visiting the museum and this was over-ruled and the retained Barclay collection was relocated to a new home, created by the conversion and incorporation of an adjoining tenement building. Anatomical and pathological specimens in jars were seen as increasingly irrelevant as learning aids for trainee surgeons, in the 1950s much of the Barclay collection was given to other museums. For doctors the collections became the realm of the researcher. While the museum had been open to the public since its earliest days, in the latter decades of the 20th century the emphasis changed to make the collections more interesting to the lay public and more easily interpreted by them. This together with a series of temporary exhibitions and constant improvement of the interpretation resulted in a progressive increase in visitor numbers. In February 2015, the college revealed their plans for a £1.5 million expansion which would provide a new conference, the expansion is to be achieved by the college taking over an adjacent three-floor building on Hill Place, which had formerly been a languages school. The collections originally occupied the upper floor of Playfairs Surgeons Hall
15.
Royal Society of Edinburgh
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The Royal Society of Edinburgh is Scotlands national academy of science and letters. It is a charity, operating on a wholly independent and non-party-political basis. As of 2014 it has more than 1,500 Fellows, the Society covers a broader selection of fields than the Royal Society of London including literature and history. Fellowship includes people from a range of disciplines – science & technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business. The Medals were instituted in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II, whose permission is required to make a presentation, past winners include, The Lord Kelvin Medal is the Senior Prize for Physical, Engineering and Informatics Sciences. It is awarded annually to a person who has achieved distinction nationally and internationally, winners receive a silver medal and are required to deliver a public lecture in Scotland. The award is named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who was a mathematical physicist and engineer. Senior Prize-winners are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world, the Keith medal has been historically awarded every four years for a scientific paper published in the societys scientific journals, preference being given to a paper containing a discovery. It is awarded alternately for papers on Mathematics or Earth and Environmental Sciences, the medal was founded in 1827 as a result of a bequest by Alexander Keith of Dunottar, the first Treasurer of the Society. The prize was founded in 1855 by Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, the cumbersome name was changed the following year to the Edinburgh Philosophical Society. Under the leadership of Prof. Thus, for the first four decades of the 19th century, by the 1850s, the society once again unified its membership under one journal. During the 19th century the society produced many scientists whose ideas laid the foundation of the modern sciences, from the 20th century onward, the society functioned not only as a focal point for Scotlands eminent scientists, but also the arts and humanities. It still exists today and continues to promote research in Scotland. In February 2014, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell was announced as the societys first female president, taking up her position in October
16.
William Rutherford (physiologist)
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He was Fullerian Professor of Physiology and Comparative Anatomy from 1872–75. William Rutherford was born at Ancrum in Roxburghshire, after studying in Berlin, Vienna, and Paris, he became assistant to John Hughes Bennett, Professor of Physiology at Edinburgh. Professor of Physiology at Kings College, London, in 1871 he was appointed Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution In 1874 he returned to Edinburgh University to succeed Bennett as Professor of Physiology there. Rutherford lectured at the University of Edinburgh when Arthur Conan Doyle studied medicine there, like his fictional character Sherlock Holmes, who was based on a real person, Conan Doyles Professor Challenger was based on Rutherford. He died 21 February 1899 at 114 Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh, Conan Doyles Challenger Unchampioned, William Rutherford, F. R. S. and the Origins of Practical Physiology in Britain. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
17.
Andrew Douglas Maclagan
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Sir Andrew Douglas Maclagan PRSE FRCPE FRCSE FCS FRSSA was a Scottish surgeon, toxicologist and scholar of medical jurisprudence. He was born on 17 April 1812 in Ayr to the Scottish physician David Maclagan FRSE and he was the elder brother of William Dalrymple Maclagan, who would become Archbishop of York, and of the engineer and soldier Sir Robert Maclagan. Douglas was educated at the Royal High School and the University of Edinburgh and he subsequently toured hospitals in London and in continental Europe with James Young Simpson. On his return to Scotland, Maclagan was appointed Assistant Surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and he lectured on Materia Medica at the Extramural School of Medicine 1845-1862. Maclagan was a friend of toxicologist Robert Christison, and he developed an interest in toxicology. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1843 and he served as their Curator 1856-1878, Vice President 1878-1890, and President 1890-1895. Maclagan was appointed to the Chair of Medical Jurisprudence and Public Health at the University of Edinburgh in 1862 and this included some of the worlds first lectures on Forensic Science. He died at home,28 Heriot Row in Edinburgh on 5 April 1900 and he is buried with his wife and children in Dean Cemetery on the west side of Edinburgh. He is buried in his fathers plot, against the wall of the original cemetery. A probationary essay on carbuncle Cases of Poisoning with Remarks Nugae canorae medicae and they had twin daughters who died in infancy in 1842, plus a further infant daughter died in 1850. A son, David Philip Maclagan, was a surgeon in the Royal Navy and died in Honduras in 1860, nellie, their only surviving daughter, died in 1892 aged 48. His son Robert Craig Maclagan lived to old age, and was a prominent physician and anthropologist
18.
William Turner (anatomist)
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For the soldier, see William Turner. Sir William Turner KCB was an English anatomist and was the Principal of the University of Edinburgh from 1903 to 1916, Turner was educated at various private schools, and afterwards studied medicine at St. Bartholomews hospital, and graduated M. B. from the University of London. In 1854 he became demonstrator in anatomy at the University of Edinburgh. Turner was appointed Professor of Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh in 1867 and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1877. His candidature citation read, Member of the General Medical Council, – Formerly Examiner in Anatomy in the University of London, and Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. One of the founders and conductors of the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, eminent as an Anatomist and Physiologist. Turner was best known as a surgeon, and published various valuable papers on the subject. He wrote An Introduction to Human Anatomy, Including the Anatomy of the Tissues, the charts illustrate bones, ligaments, muscles, heart and arteries, veins and lungs, organs of digestion, nervous system, and organs of sense and voice. Turner held the position of president of the General Medical Council from 1898 to 1904 and he was elected President of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland from 1890 to 1893. He was knighted in 1886 and made a K. C. B. in 1901 and he received an honorary doctorate from the University of St Andrews in February 1902. In later life he lived at 6 Eton Terrace overlooking Dean Bridge and he died at Edinburgh 15 February 1916 and is buried in Dean Cemetery in the north section against the dividing wall to the original cemetery to the south. His wife Agnes Logan, and daughters, Margaret Constance Turner, Turner House in Pollock Halls of Residence at the University of Edinburgh is named after him. – dedicated to Turner Turner, A. Logan, sir William Turner, A Chapter in Medical History. Edinburgh and London, William Blackwood and Sons, – written by William Turners son This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
19.
Peter Tait (physicist)
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His name is known in graph theory mainly for Taits conjecture. After attending the Edinburgh Academy and University of Edinburgh, he went up to Peterhouse, Cambridge, graduating as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizeman in 1852. As a fellow and lecturer of his college he remained in Cambridge for two years longer, and then left to take up the professorship of mathematics at Queens College, Belfast. In 1860, Tait succeeded his old master, James D. Forbes, as professor of philosophy at Edinburgh. The first scientific paper under Taits name only was published in 1860 and his earliest work dealt mainly with mathematical subjects, and especially with quaternions, which he was the leading exponent of after their originator, Hamilton. Quaternions was also one of the themes of his address as president of the section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1871. He also produced work in mathematical and experimental physics. In 1864, he published a paper on thermodynamics, and from that time his contributions to that. In 1871, he emphasised the significance and future importance of the principle of the dissipation of energy, from 1879 to 1888, he engaged in difficult experimental investigations. These began with an inquiry into what corrections were required for operating at great pressure. This was for the benefit of thermometers employed by the Challenger expedition for observing deep-sea temperatures, and were extended to include the compressibility of water, glass and this work led to the first formulation of the Tait equation, which is widely used to fit liquid density to pressure. About the same time he carried out investigations into impact and its duration and this mass of work was done in the time he could spare from his professorial teaching in the university. For example, in 1880 he worked on the Four color theorem and proved that it was true if, in addition, he was the author of a number of books and articles. With Lord Kelvin, he collaborated in writing the well-known Treatise on Natural Philosophy, the friendship, however, endured for the remaining twenty-three years of Taits life. Tait collaborated with Balfour Stewart in the Unseen Universe, which was followed by Paradoxical Philosophy and it was in his 1875 review of The Unseen Universe, that William James first put forth his Will to Believe Doctrine. Dynamics of a Particle Treatise on Natural Philosophy, v.1 and v.2, an elementary treatise on quaternions, PDF/DjVu Copy of the 1st ed. at the Internet Archive and PDF/DjVu Copy of the 3rd ed. at the Internet Archive. A non-mathematical portion of Treatise on Natural Philosophy, sketch of Thermodynamics, PDF/DjVu Copy at the Internet Archive. Recent Advances in Physical Science, PDF/DjVu Copy at the Internet Archive, heat, PDF/DjVu Copy at the Internet Archive
20.
Scottish Borders
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The Scottish Borders is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Dumfries and Galloway, East Lothian, Midlothian, South Lanarkshire, West Lothian and, to the south and east, the administrative centre of the area is Newtown St Boswells. Historically, the name Scottish Borders designated the border region of southern Scotland and. The Scottish Borders are in the part of the Southern Uplands. The region is hilly and largely rural, with the River Tweed flowing west to east through it, in the east of the region, the area that borders the River Tweed is flat and is known as The Merse. Thus, across the region are to be seen the ruins of castles, abbeys. In 1996 the region became a unitary authority area and the districts were wound up, the region was created with the name Borders. Following the election of an area council in 1995 the name was changed to Scottish Borders with effect from 1996. Since the 5th century, there has been evidence of two languages in the area, Brythonic and Old English, the latter of which developed into its modern forms of English. There are two British Parliamentary constituencies in the Borders, Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk covers most of the region and is represented by Calum Kerr of the SNP. The western Tweeddale area is included in the Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale & Tweeddale constituency and is represented by Conservative David Mundell, at Scottish Parliament level, there are also two seats. The eastern constituency is Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire, which is represented by Conservative John Lamont. The western constituency is Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale and is represented by SNP Christine Grahame, following the 2012 local elections, the council administration is now a coalition of Independents, Scottish National Party and Liberal Democrats. Prior to the election a coalition of Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Independents ruled, the Conservatives are the biggest party on the council with 10 seats, the Liberal Democrats have six. The SNP have nine seats and the Independents have seven, two councillors form the Borders Party. At the Census held on 27 March 2011, the population of the region was 114,000, the region had until September 2015 no working railway stations. Although the area was connected to the Victorian railway system. A bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament to extend the Waverley Line and this section of the route re-opened on 6 September 2015, under the Borders Railway branding
21.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
22.
PubMed Identifier
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PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval, from 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database primarily had been through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home-, the PubMed system was offered free to the public in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore. Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog. As of 5 January 2017, PubMed has more than 26.8 million records going back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809, about 500,000 new records are added each year. As of the date,13.1 million of PubMeds records are listed with their abstracts. In 2016, NLM changed the system so that publishers will be able to directly correct typos. Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMeds search window, when a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are, Article Type, Secondary identifiers, Language, publication type parameter enables many special features. As these clinical girish can generate small sets of robust studies with considerable precision, since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts important identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier. The secondary identifier field is to store numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries, ClinicalTrials. gov and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register, a reference which is judged particularly relevant can be marked and related articles can be identified. If relevant, several studies can be selected and related articles to all of them can be generated using the Find related data option, the related articles are then listed in order of relatedness. To create these lists of related articles, PubMed compares words from the title and abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. The related articles function has been judged to be so precise that some researchers suggest it can be used instead of a full search, a strong feature of PubMed is its ability to automatically link to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be, bad breath links to halitosis, heart attack to myocardial infarction, where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically expanded, that is, include more specific terms. Terms like nursing are automatically linked to Nursing or Nursing and this important feature makes PubMed searches automatically more sensitive and avoids false-negative hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology. The My NCBI area can be accessed from any computer with web-access, an earlier version of My NCBI was called PubMed Cubby
. PMID 20774200.
