1.
Die Welt (Herzl)
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Die Welt was a weekly newspaper founded by Theodor Herzl in May 1897 in Vienna. It was designed to promote Zionism, from 1897 to 1914 it was the principal organ of the Zionist movement. Die Welt was published weekly in Herzls own publishing house, the first number of the journal appeared on 4 June 1897. Shortly before, on 14 May, Herzl wrote to his supporter Max Nordau, with Die Welt I am maintaining a mistress - I can only hope that she will not ruin me. The editorial in the first issue stated that Die Welt promoted the reconciling solution to the Jewish question, production was based initially in Vienna, but later moved to Berlin. The journals circulation varied widely, usually reaching at least 3,000 copies sold, Die Welt had a mix of content. As well as information about the Zionist movement and news of Jewish settlement in Palestine, it reported on general news relevant to Judaism or Zionism, the Dreyfus Affair was unfolding during its run, and it regularly reported on new developments. It also published a written by Dreyfus himself on Zionism. The journal was also opposed to assimilationist strands within Western Judaism and it included cultural and philosophical essays and translations from Hebrew and Yiddish literature. Controversy was created by an extremely aggressive article by Nordau attacking the cultural Zionist Ahad Haam, nordaus abusive language, calling Haam crippled, hunchbacked and the despised slave of intolerant knout-wielding pogromchiks, caused outrage among Jewish nationalists and Zionists. Executive Director of Die Welt from 1897 to October,1902 was Alexander Ritter von Eiss and he was succeeded by Heinrich Polturak. Short-lived Hebrew and Yiddish editions of the journal were published in 1900, in addition, a differently-titled Spanish Zionist magazine was issued by Herzl, but existed only briefly. The journal folded on the outbreak of war in 1914
2.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
3.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
4.
Axel Springer SE
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Axel Springer SE is one of the largest digital publishing houses in Europe, with numerous multimedia news brands, such as BILD, WELT, and FAKT and more than 15,000 employees. It generated total revenues of about €3.3 billion and an EBITDA of €559 million in the financial year 2015, the digital media activities contribute more than 60% to its revenues and nearly 70% to its EBITDA. Axel Springer’s business is divided into three segments, paid models, marketing models, and classified ad models, headquartered in Berlin, Germany, the company is active in more than 40 countries with subsidiaries, joint ventures, and licenses. It was started in 1946/1947 by journalist Axel Springer and its current CEO is Mathias Döpfner. To uphold liberty and law in Germany, a country belonging to the Western family of nations, to promote reconciliation of Jews and Germans and support the vital rights of the State of Israel. To support the Transatlantic Alliance, and solidarity with the United States of America in the values of free nations. To reject all forms of political totalitarianism, to uphold the principles of a free social market economy. 1946, Publisher Hinrich Springer and his son Axel Springer establish the limited company Axel Springer Verlag GmbH, Launch of the NORDWESTDEUTSCHE HEFTE and the radio and TV magazine HÖRZU. 1948, Launch of the evening newspaper HAMBURGER ABENDBLATT, the first daily created by Axel Springer,1952, Launch of the popular daily BILD. The paper was based on the British tabloid Daily Mirror,1953, Axel Springer Verlag buys the publishing house DIE WELT, including the daily paper DIE WELT and the Sunday paper WELT am SONNTAG. 1956, Company headquarters in Hamburg is built,1959, The company acquires the majority holding in Ullstein AG, including the Berlin newspapers BERLINER MORGENPOST and B. Z. and the Ullstein book-publishing business. 1966, Official opening of the Berlin headquarters,1968, After the attack on the students leader Rudi Dutschke on 11 April 1968 the APO starts acts of violence against the company. The APO had a history of animosity with the Springer Groups allegedly biased coverage of the student movement. ”, in fact, Ohnesorg, who had never attended a demonstration before, had been shot in the back while trying to leave the demonstration. 1972–73, Building of the plant in Essen-Kettwig. 1984, Official opening of the printing facility in Ahrensburg near Hamburg. 1985, 49% of the company is offered for public subscription, later that year Axel Springer dies. Control is passed to his widow Friede Springer,1986, The first licensed edition of AUTO BILD comes out in Italy. Other licensed editions and joint venture publications later appear in twenty European countries, Indonesia,1993, Official opening of the offset printing works in Berlin-Spandau
5.
Conservatism
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
6.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
7.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
8.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
9.
Hamburg
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Hamburg, officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area and its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe, the official long name reflects Hamburgs history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state, and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a sovereign state. Prior to the changes in 1919, the civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. Though repeatedly destroyed by the Great Fire of Hamburg, the floods and military conflicts including WW2 bombing raids, the city managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. On the river Elbe, Hamburg is a port and a global service, media, logistics and industrial hub, with headquarters and facilities of Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf. The radio and television broadcaster NDR, Europes largest printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of Germanys oldest stock exchange and the worlds second oldest bank, Berenberg Bank. The city is a fast expanding tourist destination for domestic and international visitors. It ranked 16th in the world for livability in 2015, the ensemble Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research and education hub with several universities and institutes and its creative industries and major cultural venues include the renowned Elbphilharmonie and Laeisz concert halls, various art venues, music producers and artists. It is regarded as a haven for artists, gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule. Hamburg is also known for theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Paulis Reeperbahn is among the best known European entertainment districts, Hamburg is on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the north-east. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster, the city centre is around the Binnenalster and Außenalster, both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The island of Neuwerk and two neighbouring islands Scharhörn and Nigehörn, in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of Hamburg. The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land region, neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburgs highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres AMSL. Hamburg has a climate, influenced by its proximity to the coast
10.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
11.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
12.
Liberalism
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Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism first became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a philosophical tradition. Locke argued that man has a natural right to life, liberty and property. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy, prominent revolutionaries in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution, the 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state, today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout the world. Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means free. One of the first recorded instances of the word occurs in 1375. The words early connection with the education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someones generosity or indiscretion, in Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of a liberal villaine who hath. confest his vile encounters. With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as free from narrow prejudice in 1781, in 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English. In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the label in a political context. From 1820 to 1823, during the Trienio Liberal, King Ferdinand VII was compelled by the liberales to swear to uphold the Constitution, by the middle of the 19th century, liberal was used as a politicised term for parties and movements worldwide. Over time, the meaning of the word began to diverge in different parts of the world. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, In the United States, liberalism is associated with the policies of the New Deal programme of the Democratic administration of Pres
13.
Cosmopolitanism
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Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality. A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called a cosmopolitan or cosmopolite, a cosmopolitan community might be based on an inclusive morality, a shared economic relationship, or a political structure that encompasses different nations. In a cosmopolitan community individuals from different places form relationships of mutual respect, various cities and locales, past or present, have or are defined as cosmopolitan, that does not necessarily mean that all or most of their inhabitants consciously embrace the above philosophy. Rather, locales could be defined as simply by the fact of being where people of various ethnic, cultural and/or religious background live in proximity. The word derives from the Greek κοσμοπολίτης, or kosmopolitês, formed from κόσμος, kosmos, i. e. world, universe, or cosmos, contemporary usage defines the term as citizen of the world. Definitions of cosmopolitanism usually begin with the Greek etymology of citizen of the world, however, as Appiah points out, world in the original sense meant cosmos or universe, not earth or globe as current use assumes. Cosmopolitanism can be traced back to Diogenes of Sinope, the father of the Cynic movement in Ancient Greece. Of Diogenes it is said, Asked where he came from, he answered and this was a ground-breaking concept, because the broadest basis of social identity in Greece at that time was either the individual city-state or the Greeks as a group. Within these circles human beings feel a sense of affinity or endearment towards others, the task of world citizens becomes then to draw the circles somehow towards the centre, making all human beings more like our fellow city dwellers, and so forth. For Levinas, the foundation of ethics consists in the obligation to respond to the Other, in Being for the Other, he writes that there is no universal moral law, only the sense of responsibility that the Other, in a state of vulnerability, calls forth. The proximity of the Other is an important part of Levinass concept, for Derrida, the foundation of ethics is hospitality, the readiness and the inclination to welcome the Other into ones home. Pure, unconditional hospitality is a desire that underscores the conditional hospitality necessary in our relationships with others, Levinass and Derridas theories of ethics and hospitality hold out the possibility of an acceptance of the Other as different but of equal standing. Further, both reveal the importance of considering how best to interact with the Other and others. You also have St. Paul in the Christian tradition, also a call for a citizen of the world as, precisely. A further state of cosmopolitanism occurred after the Second World War, as a reaction to the Holocaust and the other massacres, the concept of crimes against humanity became a generally accepted category in international law. This clearly shows the appearance and acceptance of a notion of responsibility that is considered to exist toward all of humankind. Philosophical cosmopolitans are moral universalists, they believe all humans. The boundaries between nations, states, cultures or societies are therefore morally irrelevant, a widely cited example of a contemporary cosmopolitan is Kwame Anthony Appiah
14.
Bavaria
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Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
15.
Bremen
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The City Municipality of Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany, which belongs to the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. As a commercial and industrial city with a port on the River Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region. Bremen is the second most populous city in Northern Germany and eleventh in Germany, Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub in the northern regions of Germany. Bremen is home to dozens of galleries and museums, ranging from historical sculptures to major art museums. Bremen has a reputation as a working class city, along with this, Bremen is home to a large number of multinational companies and manufacturing centers. Companies headquartered in Bremen include the Hachez chocolate company and Vector Foiltec, four-time German football champions Werder Bremen are also based in the city. Bremen is some 60 km south from the Weser mouth on the North Sea, with Bremerhaven right on the mouth the two comprise the state of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. The marshes and moraines near Bremen have been settled since about 12,000 BC, burial places and settlements in Bremen-Mahndorf and Bremen-Osterholz date back to the 7th century AD. Since The Renaissance, some scientists have believed that the entry Fabiranum or Phabiranon in Ptolemys Fourth Map of Europe, written in 150 AD, but Ptolemy gives geographic coordinates, and by these dates Phabiranon is situated northeast of the mouth of river Visurgis. At that time the Chauci lived in the now called north-western Germany or Lower Saxony. By the end of the 3rd century, they had merged with the Saxons, during the Saxon Wars the Saxons, led by Widukind, fought against the West Germanic Franks, the founders of the Carolingian Empire, and lost the war. Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, made a new law, the Lex Saxonum which stated that Saxons were not allowed to worship Odin, in 787 Willehad of Bremen became the first Bishop of Bremen. The citys first stone walls were built in 1032, around this time trade with Norway, England and the northern Netherlands began to grow, thus increasing the importance of the city. The city was recognised as an entity with its own laws. Property was to be inherited without feudal claims for reversion to its original owner. This privilege laid the foundation for Bremens later status of imperial immediacy, since the city was the major taxpayer, its consent was generally sought. In this way the city wielded fiscal and political power within the Prince-Archbishopric, in 1260 Bremen joined the Hanseatic League. In 1350, the number of inhabitants reached 20,000, around this time the Hansekogge became a unique product of Bremen
16.
Berliner Morgenpost
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Berliner Morgenpost is a German newspaper, based and mainly read in Berlin, where it is the second most read daily newspaper. Founded in 1898 by Leopold Ullstein, the paper was taken over by Axel Springer AG in 1959 and it was sold to Funke Mediengruppe in 2013. The paper had a circulation of 145,556 issues in 2009 and it was awarded the European Newspaper of the Year in the category of regional newspaper by the European Newspapers Congress in 2012
17.
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
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The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, abbreviated FAZ, is a centre-right, liberal-conservative German newspaper, founded in 1949. It is published daily in Frankfurt am Main and its Sunday edition is the Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung. The F. A. Z. runs its own correspondent network and its editorial policy is not determined by a single editor, but cooperatively by five editors. It is the German newspaper with the widest circulation abroad, with its editors claiming to deliver the newspaper to 148 countries every day, the first edition of the F. A. Z. appeared on 1 November 1949, its founding editor was Erich Welter. Some editors had worked for the moderate Frankfurter Zeitung, which had been banned in 1943, however, in their first issue, the F. A. Z. Such an assumption misjudges our intentions, like everyone, we too are astonished at the high quality of that paper, …however, showing respect for an amazing achievement does not imply a desire to copy it. Until 30 September 1950 the F. A. Z. was printed in Mainz, traditionally, many of the headlines in the F. A. Z. were styled in orthodox blackletter format and no photographs appeared on the title page. Expanded aggressively, with customized sections for Berlin and Munich. A. Z, however, F. A. Z. group suffered a loss of 60.6 million euros in 2002. By 2004 the customized sections were scrapped, the English edition shrank to a tabloid published once a week. On 5 October 2007, the F. A. Z, altered their traditional layout to include color photographs on the front page and exclude blackletter typeface outside the nameplate. Currently, the F. A. Z. is produced using the Networked Interactive Content Access. For its characteristic comment headings, a digital Fraktur font was ordered, the Fraktur has since been abandoned, however, with the above-mentioned change of layout. After several changes had made to the new spelling, F. A. Z. Accepted it and started using it on 1 January 2007, promotes an image of making its readers think. The truth is stated to be sacred to the F. A. Z, so care is taken to clearly label news reports and comments as such. Its political orientation is centre right and liberal-conservative, occasionally providing a forum to commentators with different opinions, in particular, the Feuilleton and some sections of the Sunday edition cannot be said to be specifically conservative or liberal at all. In the 2013 elections the paper was among the supporters of the Christian Democrats, the F. A. Z. is one of several high-profile national newspapers in Germany and among them has the second largest circulation nationwide. It maintains the largest number of correspondents of any European newspaper
18.
Frankfurter Rundschau
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The Frankfurter Rundschau is a German daily newspaper, based in Frankfurt am Main. It is published every day but Sunday as a city, two regional and one nationwide issues and offers an online edition as well as an e-paper, the Rundschaus layout is modern and its editorial stance is social liberal. It holds that independence, social justice and fairness underlie its journalism, Frankfurter Rundschau Druck and Verlagshaus GmbH filed for bankruptcy on 12 November 2012. Then the paper was acquired by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Frankfurter Societaet in 2013, the private foundation managing Karl Gerolds legacy still owns 10% of the shares. But all commercial activity of the paper, printing, selling advertisement, the FR printing enterprise was closed. The contracts for printing BILD-Zeitung and other papers went from the FRs printshop to the FAZs Societätsdruckerei, the Rundschau published its first issue on 1 August 1945 shortly after the end of World War II. It was the first newspaper published in the US sector in occupied Germany, with the coming of the cold war, the American occupation authority forced all communist members of the editorial team to leave the paper two years later. The paper was awarded the European Newspaper of the Year in the category of special recognition by the European Newspaper Congress in 2011. In the 2013 elections the magazine was among the supporters of the SPD, the 1993 circulation of the paper was 189,000 copies. In the first quarter of 2015, the newspaper boasted a circulation of around 70,000 copies, on 30 May 2007 the Rundschau changed its format to the award winning smaller tabloid size. In 2003, the paper had financial difficulties and was supported by a guarantee from the state of Hesse. In May 2004 the DDVG acquired ninety percent of the shares of the Druck-und Verlagshaus Frankfurt am Main, the social democrats emphasized, that they wanted to assure the future of one of the few left-liberal daily newspapers in Germany and asserted they would not exert influence on the articles. The social democrats also announced that they wanted to reduce their share to under fifty percent until 2006, in order to save the paper from insolvency, the DDVG soon drastically cut back expenditures. By means of dismissals and outsourcing, the number of employees shrank within the last three years from 1700 to 750, the appointed next editor-in-chief was Uwe Vorkötter. Only a few later, on 18 July 2007, the DDVG announced that it would sell 50 percent plus one share to the independent publishing company M. DuMont Schauberg based in Cologne. DuMont Schauberg holds 50 percent plus one share, the DDVG owns 40 percent, emil Carlebach, Zensur ohne Schere, Die Gründerjahre der Frankfurter Rundschau 1945/47 (English, Censorship without scissors, The founding years of the Frankfurter Rundschau 1945/47. Frankfurt 1985, ISBN 3-87682-807-4 Wolf Gunter Brügmann,1968 -2008
19.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
20.
Le Figaro
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Le Figaro is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826 and published in Paris. The oldest national daily in France, Le Figaro is one of the two French newspapers of record, along with Le Monde, and is one of the most widely respected newspapers in the world. In 2012, the paper had a circulation of 330,952 copies per issue. The paper is published in the format, switching from a broadsheet in 2009. The newspaper is owned by Le Figaro Group, whose publications include TV Magazine and Evene, the companys chairman is Serge Dassault, whose Dassault Group has controlled the paper since 2004. Le Figaro was founded as a weekly in 1826, taking its name and motto from Le Mariage de Figaro. Its motto, from Figaros monologue in the final act, is Sans la liberté de blâmer. In 1833, editor Nestor Roqueplan fought a duel with a Colonel Gallois, who was offended by an article in Le Figaro, albert Wolff, Émile Zola, Alphonse Karr and Jules Claretie were among the papers early contributors. It was published irregularly until 1854, when it was taken over by Hippolyte de Villemessant. In 1866 Le Figaro became a daily newspaper and its first daily edition, that of 16 November 1866, sold 56,000 copies, having highest circulation of any newspaper in France. In 1922, Le Figaro was purchased by perfume millionaire François Coty, abel Faivre did cartoons for the paper. By the start of World War II, Le Figaro had become Frances leading newspaper, after the war it became the voice of the upper middle class, and continues to maintain a conservative position. In 1975, Le Figaro was bought by Robert Hersants Socpresse, in 1999, the Carlyle Group obtained a 40% stake in the paper, which it later sold in March 2002. Dassault owns 80% of the paper, in 2006, Le Figaro was banned in Egypt and Tunisia for publishing articles allegedly insulting Islam. Le Figaro switched to Berliner format in 2009, the paper has published The New York Times International Weekly on Friday since 2009, an 8-page supplement featuring a selection of articles from The New York Times translated into French. In 2010, Lefigaro. fr created a section called Le Figaro in English, Le Figaro has traditionally held a conservative editorial stance, becoming the voice of the French upper and middle classes. His son Olivier Dassault is a member of the French National Assembly, Dassault has remarked in an interview in 2004 on the public radio station France Inter that newspapers must promulgate healthy ideas and that left-wing ideas are not healthy ideas. They requested more pluralism and honesty and accused the paper of one-sided political reporting, mougeotte had previously said that Le Figaro would do nothing to embarrass the government and the right
21.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
22.
ABC (newspaper)
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ABC is a Spanish national daily newspaper. It is the third largest general-interest newspaper in Spain, and the oldest newspaper still operating in Madrid, ABC is often referred to as a newspaper of record of Spain, along with El País and El Mundo. ABC was first published in Madrid on 1 January 1903 by Torcuato Luca de Tena y Álvarez-Ossorio, the founding publishing house was Prensa Española, which was led by the founder of the paper, Luca de Tena. The paper started as a newspaper, turning daily in June 1905. In 1928 ABC had two editions, one for Madrid and the other for Sevilla, the latter was named ABC de Sevilla. On 20 July 1936, shortly after the Spanish Civil War began, ABC in Madrid was seized by the republican government, the same year Blanco y Negro, a magazine, became its supplement. A separate ABC printed in Seville supported the Nationalists, in 1939 ABC in Madrid was given back to its original owners, by Francisco Franco. During this period the paper was one of two dailies in the country together with La Vanguardia. In the 1990s the publisher of ABC was Editorial Espanola, the paper later moved from its historic landmark offices in Madrid by Paseo de la Castellana, which are now a shopping mall. The paper is part of Grupo Vocento, which also owns El Correo Español, El Diario Vasco, La Verdad and Las Provincias, in the late 1970s and 1980s ABC had close connections with first Popular Alliance and later Popular Party. ABC publishes in compact-sized stapled sheets, noticeably smaller than the loose tabloid format favoured by most Spanish dailies, including El País and its cover distinctively features a full-size picture. ABC is known for supporting conservative political views and defending the Spanish monarchy. The paper has also a right-wing stance and its director since 1983, Luis María Ansón, left the paper in 1997 to found another daily, La Razón, which initially catered to even more conservative readers. Historically, it was noted in its use of photography. Recently, it has been recognized for its coverage of Spanish culture, in February 1970 ABC had a circulation of 212,536 copies. It was 178,979 copies in February 1975,171,382 copies in 1976,145,162 copies in 1977 and 126,952 copies in 1978, the circulation of the paper was 135,380 copies in February 1980. The 1993 circulation of ABC was 334,317 copies, making it the second best selling newspaper in Spain, in 1994 it was again the second best selling newspaper in the country with a circulation of 321,571 copies. In the period of 1995–1996 the paper had a circulation of 321,573 copies, the circulation of ABC was 292,000 copies in 2001 and 262,874 copies in 2002
23.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
24.
Compact (newspaper)
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A compact newspaper is a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format, especially one in the United Kingdom. The term as used for this came into its current use when The Independent began producing a smaller format edition for Londons commuters. Readers from other parts of the country liked the new format, the Times and The Scotsman copied the format as The Independent increased sales. All three newspapers are now printed exclusively in compact format following trial periods during which both broadsheet and compact version were produced simultaneously, the term “compact” was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail when that newspaper went tabloid, although the Mail now calls itself a tabloid. It is often used to differentiate newspapers with more content from those with a flamboyant or salacious publishing style. The functional opposite of compact is red top, as the nameplates of British sensationalist tabloids tend to be red, berliner Broadsheet List of newspapers Paper sizes Tabloid
25.
Welt am Sonntag
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Welt am Sonntag is a German Sunday newspaper published in Germany. Welt am Sonntag was established in 1948, the paper is published by Axel Springer SE. Its head office is in Berlin, and it has local editions for Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and it is the Sunday edition of the daily Die Welt. It includes sections on politics, sport, economics, finance, culture, style, travel, in 2009, Welt am Sonntag was recognized as one of the World’s Best-Designed Newspapers by the Society for News Design, along with four other newspapers. In 2012 the paper was named European Newspaper of the Year in the category of nationwide newspapers, in 2013 Welt am Sonntag won the same award, but this time in the category of weekly newspapers. During the second quarter of 1992 Welt am Sonntag had a circulation of 420,00 copies and its circulation was 381,000 copies in 1997, and 532,000 in 2014. 2004–2008, Alan Posener Welt am Sonntag website RSS Feed
26.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
27.
Egypt
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Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
28.
Muhammad
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Muhammad is the prophet of Islam. From a secular historical perspective he was a religious, political, from an Islamic perspective, he was Gods Messenger sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the prophet of God in all branches of Islam. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, born approximately 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at an early age, he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib. Muhammad gained few early followers, and met hostility from some Meccan tribes, to escape persecution, Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, in Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts, the attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill, before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. The revelations, which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the Word of God and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammads teachings and practices, found in the Hadith and sira literature, are upheld by Muslims. The name Muhammad means praiseworthy and appears four times in the Quran, Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address, thus he is referred to as the enwrapped in Quran 73,1 and the shrouded in Quran 74,1. In Sura Al-Ahzab 33,40 God singles out Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets, the Quran also refers to Muhammad as Aḥmad more praiseworthy. The name Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, begins with the kunya Abū, the Quran is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe it represents the words of God revealed by the archangel Gabriel to Muhammad, the Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammads chronological biography, most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context. An important source may be found in the works by writers of the 2nd. These include the traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which additional information about Muhammads life. The earliest surviving written sira is Ibn Ishaqs Life of Gods Messenger written c.767 CE, although the work was lost, this sira was used verbatim at great length by Ibn Hisham and Al-Tabari. Another early history source is the history of Muhammads campaigns by al-Waqidi, many scholars accept the earliest biographies as accurate, though their accuracy is unascertainable
29.
Euro
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Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
30.
Bernhard Schlink
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Bernhard Schlink is a German lawyer and writer. His novel The Reader, first published in 1995, became an international bestseller and he was born to a German father and a Swiss mother, the youngest of four children. His mother, Irmgard, had been a student of his father. Bernhards father had been a professor and pastor in the Confessing Church. In 1946 he became a professor of dogmatic and ecumenical theology at Heidelberg University, over the course of four decades Edmund Schlink became one of the most famous and influential Lutheran theologians in the world and a key participant in the modern Ecumenical Movement. Bernhard Schlink was brought up in Heidelberg from the age of two and he studied law at West Berlins Free University, graduating in 1968. Schlink studied law at the University of Heidelberg and at the Free University of Berlin and he had been a law professor at the University of Bonn and Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main before he started in 1992 at Humboldt University of Berlin. His career as a writer began with several novels with a main character named Selb—a play on the German word for self—. One of these, Die gordische Schleife, won the Glauser Prize in 1989, the book became a bestseller both in Germany and the United States and was translated into 39 languages. It was the first German book to reach the one position in the New York Times bestseller list. In 1997 it won the Hans Fallada Prize, a German literary award, in 1999 it was awarded the Welt-Literaturpreis of the newspaper Die Welt. In 2000, Schlink published a collection of fiction called Flights of Love. A January 2008 literary tour, including an appearance in San Francisco for City Arts & Lectures, was cancelled due to Schlinks recovery from minor surgery, in 2008 Stephen Daldry directed a film adaptation of The Reader. In 2010 his non-fiction political history, Guilt About the Past was published by Beautiful Books Limited, Schlink currently divides his time between New York and Berlin. He is a member of PEN Centre Germany, zurich, Diogenes, ISBN 978-3-257-06783-52014 Die Frau auf der Treppe. F. Translated by Joyce Hackett and Bradley Schmidt
31.
Pat Barker
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Patricia Mary W. Pat Barker CBE, FRSL is an English writer and novelist. She has won awards for her fiction, which centres on themes of memory, trauma, survival. Her work is described as direct, blunt and plainspoken, in 2012, The Observer named the Regeneration Trilogy as one of The 10 best historical novels. Barker was born to a family in Thornaby-on-Tees in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England. Her mother Moyra died in 2000, and her fathers identity is unknown, according to The Times, Moyra became pregnant after a drunken night out while in the Wrens. In a social climate where illegitimacy was regarded with shame, she told people that the child was her sister, rather than her daughter. They lived with Barkers grandmother Alice and step-grandfather William, until her mother married and moved out when Barker was seven. Barker could have joined her mother, she told The Guardian in 2003, but chose to stay with her grandmother because of love of her, and because my stepfather didnt warm to me, nor me to him. At the age of eleven, Barker won a place at school, attending King James Grammar School in Knaresborough. Barker, who says she has always been an avid reader, after graduating in 1965, she returned home to nurse her grandmother, who died in 1971. In 1969, she was introduced, in a pub, to David Barker, a professor and neurologist 20 years her senior. They had two children together, and were married in 1978, after his divorce and their daughter Anna Barker Ralph is now a novelist. Barker was widowed when David died in January 2009, in her mid-twenties, Barker began to write fiction. Her first three novels were never published and, she told The Guardian in 2003, didnt deserve to be, I was being a lady novelist. Theres an earthiness and bawdiness in my voice. ”Her first published novel was Union Street, for ten years, the manuscript was rejected by publishers as too “bleak and depressing. ”Barker met novelist Angela Carter at a writers workshop. The New Statesman hailed the novel as a long overdue working class masterpiece, Union Street was later adapted as a Hollywood film called Stanley and Iris, starring Robert De Niro and Jane Fonda. Barker has said that the film bears little relationship to her book, as of 2003, the novel remained one of Viragos top sellers. Barkers first three novels – Union Street, Blow Your House Down and Lizas England – depicted the lives of women in Yorkshire
32.
Leon de Winter
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Leon de Winter is a Dutch writer and columnist. Leon de Winter was born on 24 February 1954 in Den Bosch and he grew up in a Jewish orthodox family and attended a grammar school in Den Bosch. After his graduation he attended the academy of Bavaria Film Studios in Munich, however, the Film Academy was much criticised by De Winter and he left the Film Academy in 1978 without a degree. After leaving the Film Academy, De Winter made some television series, like Junkieverdriet, the latter, which was also rewritten into a novel, is the story of an unemployed young boy who does not know how to handle life, and who goes slowly but inevitably insane. Until 1982 De Winter also wrote reviews for the weekly magazine Vrij Nederland and his first successful novel was Zoeken naar Eileen W. A film version of this was made by Rudolf van den Berg, in 1981 De Winter also wrote Place de la Bastille. In 1986 the novel Kaplan was published, the protagonist of this novel is a writer who is searching for the truth about birth, love and death. In 1990 the novel Hoffmans honger was published, Hoffmans honger is a literary thriller set in Prague. Hoffmans honger was followed in 1991 by the novel Supertex, in 1992 the novel De ruimte van Sokolov was published. Just like Hoffmans honger, De ruimte van Sokolov is a literary thriller, in 1995 De Winter wrote Zionoco, the story of a rabbi, who has lost his faith, and is searching for his Jewish roots. In the same year, his book Serenade was published as the Boekenweekgeschenk, De Winters latest novels are De hemel van Hollywood, which was published in 1997, Gods Gym, which was published in 2002, and Het recht op terugkeer, published in 2008. Most of these works feature protagonists searching—in particular, for a Jewish identity and these attempts to bring order out of chaos are a result of discontent with seemingly empty and aimless lives. De Winter is married to Jessica Durlacher, who is also a zionist writer and they have two children, Moos and Moon, and are currently living in Bloemendaal and Los Angeles. On 26 December 2007, de Winter announced a stop to his writings on blogs and magazines. One year turned into three years and he moved back to the Netherlands and he started writing for Dutch and German newspapers again and he directed three films between 1979 and 1993. The film De grens was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival,2002 Welt-Literaturpreis Leon de Winter at the Internet Movie Database Der Spiegel interview with de Winter on the occasion of the publication of his novel The Right of Return
33.
Jeffrey Eugenides
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Jeffrey Kent Eugenides is an American novelist and short story writer. He has written short stories and essays, as well as three novels, The Virgin Suicides, Middlesex, and The Marriage Plot. Eugenides was born in Detroit, Michigan, to a father of Greek descent, of his decision to study at Brown, Eugenides later remarked I chose Brown largely in order to study with John Hawkes, whose work I admired. I entered the program in English, which forced me to study the entire English tradition. I felt that since I was going to try to add to the tradition and he later earned an M. A. in Creative Writing from Stanford University. Eugenides knew he wanted to be a writer from a early age, stating I decided very early. We read A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man that year, Im half Irish and half Greek—my mothers family were Kentuckians, Southern hillbillies, and my paternal grandparents immigrants from Asia Minor—and, for that reason, I identified with Stephen Dedalus. Like me, he was bookish, good at academics, and possessed an “absurd name and it seemed to promise maximum alertness to life. It seemed holy to me, and almost religious, of his earliest literary influences, Eugenides has cited the great modernists. From these I went on to discover Musil, Woolf, and others and we were weaned on experimental writing before ever reading much of the nineteenth-century literature the modernists and postmodernists were reacting against. Eugenides was raised in Detroit, Michigan and cites the influence of the city and he has said that he has a perverse love of his birthplace. He also says he has been haunted by the decline of Detroit, in 1986, he received the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Nicholl Fellowship for his story Here Comes Winston, Full of the Holy Spirit. After living a few years in San Francisco, he moved to Brooklyn, New York, while in New York he made friends with numerous similarly struggling writers, including Jonathan Franzen. From 1999 to 2004, Eugenides lived in Berlin, Germany, Eugenides has lived in Princeton, New Jersey, since the fall of 2007, when Eugenides joined the faculty of Princeton Universitys Program in Creative Writing. Eugenides is now based, with his wife and child, in Princeton, New Jersey and that way, youll never dumb things down. You wont have to explain things that dont need explaining, youll assume an intimacy and a natural shorthand, which is good because readers are smart and dont wish to be condescended to. Eugenides 1993 novel, The Virgin Suicides, has translated into 34 languages. In 1999, the novel was adapted into an acclaimed film directed by Sofia Coppola
34.
Amos Oz
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Amos Oz is an Israeli writer, novelist, journalist and intellectual. He is also a professor of literature at Ben-Gurion University in Beersheba and he is regarded as Israels most famous living author. Ozs work has been published in 42 languages, including Arabic and he has received many honours and awards, among them the Legion of Honour of France, the Goethe Prize, the Prince of Asturias Award in Literature, the Heinrich Heine Prize and the Israel Prize. In 2007, a selection from the Chinese translation of A Tale of Love, since 1967, Oz has been a prominent advocate of a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Amos Klausner was born in 1939 in Jerusalem, where he grew up at No.18 Amos Street in the Kerem Avraham neighborhood and his parents, Fania and Yehuda Arieh Klausner, were immigrants to Mandatory Palestine, who met while studying at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. His fathers family was from Lithuania, where they had been farmers, raising cattle and his father studied history and literature in Vilnius, Lithuania and hoped to become a professor of comparative literature but never gained headway in the academic world. He worked most of his life as a librarian at the Jewish National and she was a highly sensitive and cultured daughter of a wealthy mill owner and attended Charles University in Prague where she studied history and philosophy. She had to abandon her studies when her fathers business collapsed in the Great Depression, Ozs parents were multilingual but neither was comfortable speaking in Hebrew. They spoke with other in Polish, but the only language they allowed Oz to learn was Hebrew. Many of Ozs family members were right-wing Revisionist Zionists and his great uncle Joseph Klausner was the Herut party candidate for the presidency against Chaim Weizmann and was chair of the Hebrew literature department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Oz and his family were not religious, considering it irrational, Oz, however, attended the community religious school Tachkemoni since the only alternative was a socialist school affiliated with the labour movement, to which his family was even more opposed. The noted poet Zelda was one of his teachers, after Tachkemoni he attended Gymnasia Rehavia. His mother, who suffered from depression, committed suicide when he was 12 and he would later explore the repercussions of this event in his memoir A Tale of Love and Darkness. Two years after the suicide of his mother, at the age of 14, he became a Labor Zionist, left home, there he was adopted by the Huldai family and changed his last name to Oz, Hebrew for courage. Asked why he did not leave Jerusalem for Tel Aviv, he later said, by his own account he was a disaster as a laborer. When Oz first began to write, the kibbutz allotted him one day per week for this work, when his book My Michael turned out to be a best-seller Oz quipped that he had become a branch of the economy and the kibbutz allotted him three days. By the 1980s he was four days for writing, two for teaching, while continuing to take his turn as a waiter in the kibbutz dining hall on Saturdays. ”Oz did his Israel Defense Forces service in the Nahal brigade. After concluding his service he was sent by his kibbutz to the Hebrew University in Jerusalem
35.
Daniel Kehlmann
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Daniel Kehlmann is a German-language author of both Austrian and German nationality. His work Die Vermessung der Welt is the best selling novel in the German language since Patrick Süskinds Perfume was released in 1985. Kehlmanns works, and in particular Die Vermessung der Welt, are influenced by magical realism. He was awarded the Heimito von Doderer Prize for the novel, Kehlmann was born in Munich, the son of the television director Michael Kehlmann. He moved to his fathers hometown of Vienna at the age of six, in 1997 Kehlmann completed his first novel, Beerholms Vorstellung, while still a student. He also wrote reviews and essays while at university, contributing to such organs as, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Frankfurter Rundschau, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. In 2001, Kehlmann held the guest lectureship of poetics at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, in the winter term of 2005/6 Kehlmann held the lectureship of poetics at the FH Wiesbaden, and in 2006/7 he held the lectureship for poetics at the university of Göttingen. Daniel Kehlmann is a member of the Mainzer Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur,2006 Kleist Prize for Ich und Kaminski & Die Vermessung der Welt 2007 Welt-Literaturpreis Beerholms Vorstellung. ISBN 3-518-41395-3 Die Vermessung der Welt, ISBN 3-498-03528-2 Wo ist Carlos Montúfar. ISBN 3-499-24139-0 Ruhm, Ein Roman in neun Geschichten, ISBN 978-0307911810 Du hättest gehen sollen. Daniel Kehlmanns Ruhm, review on the website of the Goethe-Institut, reading Daniel Kehlmann, by Arnon Gunberg. Words Without Borders,6 April 2009 Humboldts Gift, The Nation,30 April 2007, Daniel Kehlmann at perlentaucher. de – das Kulturmagazin
36.
Philip Roth
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Philip Milton Roth is an American novelist. He first gained attention with the 1959 novella Goodbye, Columbus, Roth is one of the most awarded American writers of his generation. His books have received the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle award. He received a Pulitzer Prize for his 1997 novel American Pastoral, which featured one of his characters, Nathan Zuckerman. The Human Stain, another Zuckerman novel, was awarded the United Kingdoms WH Smith Literary Award for the best book of the year, in 2001, in Prague, Roth received the inaugural Franz Kafka Prize. Philip Roth was born in Newark, New Jersey, and grew up in its Weequahic neighborhood and he is the second child of Bess and Herman Roth, an insurance broker. His family was Jewish, and his parents were first-generation Americans and he graduated from Newarks Weequahic High School in or around 1950. It has provided the focus for the fiction of Philip Roth, the Weequahic Yearbook describes Roth as A boy of real intelligence, combined with wit and common sense. Roth was known as a comedian during his time at school, Roth attended Bucknell University, where he earned a B. A. magna cum laude in English and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He pursued graduate studies at the University of Chicago, where he received an M. A. in English literature in 1955, Roth taught creative writing at the University of Iowa and Princeton University. He continued his career at the University of Pennsylvania, where he taught comparative literature before retiring from teaching in 1991. While at Chicago, Roth met the novelist Saul Bellow, as well as Margaret Martinson in 1956 and their separation in 1963, along with Martinsons death in a car crash in 1968, left a lasting mark on Roths literary output. Specifically, Martinson was the inspiration for characters in several of Roths novels, including Lucy Nelson in When She Was Good. Events in Roths personal life have occasionally been the subject of media scrutiny, on his religious views, Roth is an atheist, stating, When the whole world doesnt believe in God, itll be a great place. He also said during an interview to The Guardian, Im exactly the opposite of religious and its all a big lie. and Its not a neurotic thing, but the miserable record of religion. I dont even want to talk about it, its not interesting to talk about the sheep referred to as believers and its filled with fear and loneliness and anxiety—and I never needed religion to save me. In 1990, Roth married his companion, English actress Claire Bloom. In 1994 they separated, and in 1996 Bloom published a memoir, Leaving a Dolls House, certain aspects of I Married a Communist have been regarded by critics as veiled rebuttals to accusations put forth in Blooms memoir
37.
Claude Lanzmann
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Claude Lanzmann is a French filmmaker known for the Holocaust documentary film Shoah. Lanzmann was born in Paris, to a Jewish family that immigrated to France from Eastern Europe and he is the brother of writer Jacques Lanzmann. He attended the Lycée Blaise-Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand and his family went into hiding during World War II. He joined the French resistance at the age of 17 and fought in the Auvergne, Lanzmann opposed the French war in Algeria and signed the 1960 antiwar petition Manifesto of the 121. From 1952 to 1959 he lived with Simone de Beauvoir, in 1963 he married French actress Judith Magre. They divorced in 1971, and he next married Angelika Schrobsdorff and he divorced a second time and married Dominique Petithory in 1995. He is the father of Angélique Lanzmann, born in 1950 and Félix Lanzmann, Lanzmanns most renowned work, Shoah, is a nine-and-a-half-hour oral history of the Holocaust, broadly considered to be the foremost film on the subject. Shoah is made without the use of any historical footage, and uses only first-person testimony from Jewish, Polish, and German individuals, Lanzmann persuaded Polish resistance fighter Jan Karski to be a witness in Shoah by calling forth—once again—his historical responsibility. When the film was released, the director also published the text, including in English translation, with introductions by Lanzmann. It provides multiple keys to the philosophical and linguistic preoccupations of the producers, through Shoah many viewers were first introduced to the work of Raul Hilberg, an American Holocaust historian. He is chief editor of the journal Les Temps Modernes, which was founded by Jean-Paul Sartre, in 2009, Lanzmann published his memoirs under the title Le lièvre de Patagonie. He is currently a lecturer at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, on July 14,2011, he received the French Legion of Honor. At the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2013, Lanzmann was awarded with the Honorary Golden Bear, atlantic Books, London 2012, ISBN 978-1-84887-360-5, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-374-23004-3 La Tombe du divin plongeur. Gallimard, Paris 2012 ISBN 978-2-070-45677-2 Further reading Galster, Ingrid, postscriptum zu der Debatte um die Autobiographie Claude Lanzmanns, In Das Argument,290, 72-83. “From the Holocaust to the Holocaust”
38.
Zeruya Shalev
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Zeruya Shalev is a bestselling Israeli author. Zeruya Shalev was born on Kibbutz Kinneret and she has an MA in Bible studies and works as a literary editor at Keshet publishing house. On January 29,2004, when she was returning to her home in Rehavia, Jerusalem, after taking her child to kindergarten and it took her four months to recover from her injuries. Shalev is married to Ayal Megged, son of Aharon Megged and her cousin is the author Meir Shalev. Shalev has published five novels, a book of poetry and a childrens book and her novels Love Life, Husband and Wife, Thera, and The Remains of Love have received critical acclaim both in Israel and abroad. They have been translated into 21 languages and were bestsellers in several countries, Shalev has been awarded the Book Publishers Associations Gold and Platinum Prizes, the German Corine Literature Prize, the French Amphi Award, and the ACUM prize three times. Husband and Wife was nominated for the French Femina prize, and is included in the French Fnac list of the 200 Best Books of the Decade. The novel Love Life was ranked by the German newspaper Der Spiegel among the twenty best novels of the last forty years, alongside works of Saul Bellow, Love Life has also been adapted for the screen as Love Life, a joint 2007 German/Israeli film directed by Maria Schrader. In 2012, Shalev was awarded the Welt Literaturpreis by the German newspaper Die Welt for her body of work, works by or about Zeruya Shalev in libraries
39.
Jonathan Franzen
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Jonathan Earl Franzen is an American novelist and essayist. His novel Freedom garnered similar praise and led to an appearance on the cover of Time magazine alongside the headline Great American Novelist, Franzen writes for The New Yorker magazine. His 1996 Harpers essay Perchance to Dream bemoaned the state of contemporary literature, Oprah Winfreys book club selection in 2001 of The Corrections led to a much publicized feud with the talk show host. Franzen was born in Western Springs, Illinois, the son of Irene and his father, raised in Minnesota, was an immigrant from Sweden of Swedish and Norwegian descent. Franzen grew up in Webster Groves, a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri, as part of his undergraduate education, he studied abroad in Germany during the 1979-80 academic year with Wayne State Universitys Junior Year in Munich program. Here he met Michael A. Martone, on whom he would base the character Walter Berglund in Freedom. He also studied on a Fulbright Scholarship at Freie Universität Berlin in Berlin in 1981-82, from these experiences, he speaks fluent German. Upon graduation Franzen got married and moved with his wife to Boston to pursue a career as a novelist, when this plan fell through, they moved to New York in 1987, where Franzen managed to sell his first novel, The Twenty-Seventh City. The Twenty-Seventh City, published in 1988, is set in Franzens hometown, St. Louis and this sprawling novel was warmly received and established Franzen as an author to watch. Adding in a later interview I was a skinny, scared kid trying to write a big novel, the mask I donned was that of a rhetorically airtight, extremely smart, extremely knowledgeable middle-aged writer. Strong Motion focuses mainly on a family, the Hollands. A systems novel, the key systems of Strong Motion according to Franzen are the systems of science, the novel was not a financial success at the time of its publication. Franzen subsequently defended the novel in his 2010 Paris Review interview, the novel was also a finalist for the 2001 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction, the 2002 PEN/Faulkner Award, and the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. In September 2001, The Corrections was selected for Oprah Winfreys book club, Franzen initially participated in the selection, sitting down for a lengthy interview with Oprah and appearing in B-roll footage in his hometown of St. Louis. In October 2001, however, The Oregonian printed an article in which Franzen expressed unease with the selection, I figure those books are for women. I see this as my book, my creation, soon afterward, Franzens invitation to appear on Oprahs show was rescinded. Winfrey announced, Jonathan Franzen will not be on the Oprah Winfrey show because he is seemingly uncomfortable and it is never my intention to make anyone uncomfortable or cause anyone conflict. We have decided to skip the dinner and were moving on to the next book and these events gained Franzen and his novel widespread media attention
40.
Haruki Murakami
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Haruki Murakami is a Japanese writer. His books and stories have been bestsellers in Japan as well as internationally, with his work being translated into 50 languages and selling millions of copies outside his native country. The critical acclaim for his fiction and non-fiction has led to awards, in Japan and internationally, including the World Fantasy Award. His oeuvre received, for example, the Franz Kafka Prize, Murakamis most notable works include A Wild Sheep Chase, Norwegian Wood, The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, Kafka on the Shore, and 1Q84. He has also translated into Japanese English works by writers ranging from Raymond Carver to J. D. Salinger and his fiction, still criticized by Japans literary establishment as un-Japanese, was influenced by Western writers from Chandler to Vonnegut by way of Brautigan. It is frequently surrealistic and melancholic or fatalistic, marked by a Kafkaesque rendition of the recurrent themes of alienation and he is also considered an important figure in postmodern literature. Steven Poole of The Guardian praised Murakami as among the worlds greatest living novelists for his works, Murakami was born in Kyoto, Japan, during the post–World War II baby boom and raised in Shukugawa, Ashiya and Kobe. His father was the son of a Buddhist priest, and his mother the daughter of an Osaka merchant, since childhood, Murakami similarly to Kōbō Abe has been heavily influenced by Western culture, particularly Western as well as Russian music and literature. These Western influences distinguish Murakami from the majority of other Japanese writers, Murakami studied drama at Waseda University in Tokyo, where he met his wife, Yoko. His first job was at a store, much like Toru Watanabe. Shortly before finishing his studies, Murakami opened a house and jazz bar, the Peter Cat, in Kokubunji, Tokyo. Murakami is a marathon runner and triathlon enthusiast, though he did not start running until he was 33 years old. On 23 June 1996, he completed his first ultramarathon, a 100 km race around Lake Saroma in Hokkaido and he discusses his relationship with running in his 2008 memoir What I Talk About When I Talk About Running. Murakami began to write fiction when he was 29, before that, he said, I didnt write anything. I was just one of ordinary people. I was running a club, and I didnt create anything at all. He was inspired to write his first novel, Hear the Wind Sing, in 1978, Murakami was in Jingu Stadium watching a game between the Yakult Swallows and the Hiroshima Carp when Dave Hilton, an American, came to bat. According to a story, in the instant that Hilton hit a double
