1.
Digital cinema
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Digital cinema refers to the use of digital technology to distribute or project motion pictures as opposed to the historical use of reels of motion picture film, such as 35 mm film. Digital movies are projected using a digital projector instead of a film projector. Digital cinema is distinct from high-definition television and is not dependent on using television or high-definition video standards, aspect ratios, in digital cinema, resolutions are represented by the horizontal pixel count, usually 2K or 4K. As digital cinema technology improved in the early 2010s, most of the theaters across the world converted to digital, Digital media playback of high-resolution 2K files has at least a 20-year history. Early video data storage units fed custom frame buffer systems with large memories, in early digital video units, content was usually restricted to several minutes of material. Transfer of content between remote locations was slow and had limited capacity and it was not until the late 1990s that feature-length films could be sent over the wire. In conjunction with Texas Instruments, the movie was publicly demonstrated in five theaters across the United States. In Europe, on February 2,2000, Texas Instruments DLP Cinema projector technology was demonstrated, by Philippe Binant. On January 19,2000, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, in the United States, by December 2000, there were 15 digital cinema screens in the United States and Canada,11 in Western Europe,4 in Asia, and 1 in South America. Digital Cinema Initiatives was formed in March 2002 as a joint project of many motion picture studios to develop a specification for digital cinema. In April 2004, in cooperation with the American Society of Cinematographers, DCI created standard evaluation material for testing of 2K and 4K playback, DCI selected JPEG2000 as the basis for the compression in the system the same year. In China, in June 2005, an E-Cinema System called dMs was established and was used in over 15,000 screens spread across Chinas 30 provinces, DMS estimated that the system would expand to 40,000 screens in 2009. In 2005 the UK Film Council Digital Screen Network launched in the UK by Arts Alliance Media creating a chain of 250 2K digital cinema systems, the roll out was completed in 2006. This was the first mass roll out in Europe, axis IT/Christie Digital also started a roll out in the United States and Canada. By mid 2006, about 400 theaters were equipped with 2K digital projectors with the number increasing every month, several digital 3D films surfaced in 2006 and several prominent filmmakers committed to making their next productions in stereo 3D. VUE West End was one of the first 3D Digital Cinemas along with Odeon Printworks Manchester and this was done by Emil and Eric Digital Films, a company based at Thrissur using the end-to-end digital cinema system developed by Singapore-based DG2L Technologies. This film was mastered at Real Image Media Technologies in India. In June 2007, Arts Alliance Media announced the first European commercial digital cinema Virtual Print Fee agreements, by June 2010, there were close to 16,000 digital cinema screens, with over 5000 of them being stereoscopic setups
2.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
3.
Image sensor
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An image sensor or imaging sensor is a sensor that detects and conveys the information that constitutes an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, the waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation. As technology changes, digital imaging tends to replace analog imaging, early analog sensors for visible light were video camera tubes. Currently, used types are semiconductor charge-coupled devices or active pixel sensors in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor or N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor technologies, analog sensors for invisible radiation tend to involve vacuum tubes of various kinds. Digital sensors include flat panel detectors, today, most digital cameras use a CMOS sensor, because CMOS sensors perform better than CCDs. An example is the fact that they incorporate an integrated circuit, CCD is still in use for cheap low entry cameras, but weak in burst mode. Both types of sensor accomplish the task of capturing light. Each cell of a CCD image sensor is an analog device, when light strikes the chip it is held as a small electrical charge in each photo sensor. This process is repeated until all the lines of pixels have had their charge amplified. A CMOS image sensor has an amplifier for each compared to the few amplifiers of a CCD. Some CMOS imaging sensors also use Back-side illumination to increase the number of photons that hit the photodiode, CMOS sensors can potentially be implemented with fewer components, use less power, and/or provide faster readout than CCD sensors. They are also vulnerable to static electricity discharges. Another approach is to utilize the very fine dimensions available in modern CMOS technology to implement a CCD like structure entirely in CMOS technology and this can be achieved by separating individual poly-silicon gates by a very small gap. These hybrid sensors are still in the phase and can potentially harness the benefits of both CCD and CMOS imagers. There are many parameters that can be used to evaluate the performance of a sensor, including dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio. For sensors of comparable types, the ratio and dynamic range improve as the size increases. In order to avoid interpolated color information, techniques like color co-site sampling use a mechanism to shift the color sensor in pixel steps. 3CCD, using three discrete image sensors, with the color separation done by a dichroic prism, while in general digital cameras use a flat sensor, Sony prototyped a curved sensor in 2014 to reduce/eliminate Petzval field curvature that occurs with a flat sensor
4.
Film stock
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Film stock is an analog medium that is used for recording motion pictures or animation. It is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with an emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals. The sizes and other characteristics of the crystals determine the sensitivity, contrast, the emulsion will gradually darken if left exposed to light, but the process is too slow and incomplete to be of any practical use. Instead, a short exposure to the image formed by a camera lens is used to produce only a very slight chemical change. This creates an invisible latent image in the emulsion, which can be developed into a visible photograph. In addition to light, all films are sensitive to X-rays. Most are at least slightly sensitive to ultraviolet light. Some special-purpose films are sensitive into the region of the spectrum. In black-and-white photographic film there is one layer of silver salts. When the exposed grains are developed, the salts are converted to metallic silver. Color film has at least three sensitive layers, dyes, which adsorb to the surface of the silver salts, make the crystals sensitive to different colors. Typically the blue-sensitive layer is on top, followed by the green, during development, the exposed silver salts are converted to metallic silver, just as with black-and-white film. Because the by-products are created in direct proportion to the amount of exposure and development, following development, the silver is converted back to silver salts in the bleach step. It is removed from the film in the fix step, fixing leaves behind only the formed color dyes, which combine to make up the colored visible image. Later color films, like Kodacolor II, have as many as 12 emulsion layers, early motion picture experiments in the 1880s were performed using a fragile paper roll film, with which it was difficult to view a single, continuously moving image without a complex apparatus. The first transparent and flexible film base material was celluloid, which was discovered and refined for use by John Carbutt, Hannibal Goodwin. Eastman Kodak made celluloid film commercially available in 1889, Thomas Henry Blair, the stock had a frosted base to facilitate easier viewing by transmitted light. By November 1891 William Dickson, at Edisons laboratory, was using Blairs stock for Kinetoscope experiments, Blairs company supplied film to Edison for five years
5.
Arri
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The Arri Group is a global supplier of motion picture film equipment. Based in Munich, the company was founded in 1917 and it produces professional motion picture cameras, lenses, lighting and postproduction equipment. Hermann Simon mentioned this company in his book Hidden Champions of the 21st Century as an example of a Hidden Champion, the Arri Alexa camera system was used to film Academy Award winners for Best Cinematography including Hugo, Life of Pi, Gravity, Birdman and The Revenant. Arri was founded in Munich, Germany as Arnold & Richter Cine Technik in 1917, named after founders August Arnold, in 1924, Arnold and Richter developed their first film camera, the small and portable Kinarri 35. In 1937, Arri introduced the worlds first reflex mirror shutter in the Arriflex 35 camera, the reflex design was subsequently used in almost every professional motion picture film camera and is still used in the Arri Alexa Studio digital camera. The first Hollywood film to employ an Arriflex was the 1947 Humphrey Bogart, over the years, more than 17,000 Arriflex 35s were built. The design was recognized with two Scientific and Technical Academy Awards in 1966 and 1982, in 1952, Arri introduced the Arriflex 16ST, the first professional 16mm camera with a reflex viewing system. In 1965, a self-blimped 16mm camera was released, the Arriflex 16BL, the Arriflex 35BL followed in 1972 as a lightweight, quiet alternative to the rather heavy and cumbersome blimped cameras of the time. Also in 1972, Arri pioneered the development of daylight luminaires with the Arrisonne 2000 W, the Arriflex 16SR, launched in 1975, featured a redesigned viewfinder with a through-the-lens light meter. The Arriflex 765, a 65mm camera, was released in 1989, the Arriflex 535 camera was released in 1990, followed by the Arriflex 535B and the Arriflex 16SR3 in 1992. The Arriflex 435 was released in 1994, Arri partnered with Carl Zeiss AG in order to develop and manufacture advanced lenses for the motion picture industry. In 1998, Arri released the Ultra Prime lenses, development of the Arrilaser, a postproduction film recorder, began in 1997 and it was released for beta testing in 1998. In 2000, Arri purchased the company Moviecam and developed Arricam, in 2003, Arri developed its first digital camera, the Arriflex D-20, which later evolved into the D-21. The camera used a 35mm CMOS sensor and allowed cinematographers to utilize standard 35mm lenses and this technology was further developed and improved for the Arri Alexa camera. Arri revealed its Arriscan prototype during IBC2003, the 16mm/35mm film scanner worked alongside the Arrilaser to support the increasingly popular digital intermediate route through postproduction. Later, the Arriscan became a widely used tool for film work and was recognized with a Scientific. Arri released the Master Prime lenses in 2005, designed for a super-fast aperture of T1.3 without breathing, in 2007, the Master Prime 14mm and 150mm lenses were released. The Arrilaser 2 was released in 2009, with new client-server architecture, in 2011, the Arrilaser was recognized with an Academy Award of Merit
6.
Panavision
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Panavision is an American motion picture equipment company specializing in cameras and lenses, based in Woodland Hills, California. The company introduced its first products in 1954, originally a provider of CinemaScope accessories, the companys line of anamorphic widescreen lenses soon became the industry leader. In 1972, Panavision helped revolutionize filmmaking with the lightweight Panaflex 35 mm movie camera, the company has introduced other groundbreaking cameras such as the Millennium XL and the digital video Genesis. Panavision operates exclusively as a rental facility—the company owns its entire inventory, robert Gottschalk founded Panavision in late 1953, in partnership with Richard Moore, Meredith Nicholson, Harry Eller, Walter Wallin, and William Mann, the company was formally incorporated in 1954. Panavision was established principally for the manufacture of anamorphic lenses to meet the growing demands of theaters showing CinemaScope films. At the time of Panavisions formation, Gottschalk owned a shop in Westwood Village, California. The technology was created during World War I to increase the field of view on tank periscopes, after it was unsqueezed by a complementary anamorphic optical element, the tank operator could see double the horizontal field of view without significant distortion. Gottschalk and Moore bought some of these lenses from C. P. Goerz, as widescreen filmmaking became popular, Gottschalk saw an opportunity to provide anamorphic lenses to the film industry—first for projectors, and then for cameras. Nicholson, a friend of Moore, started working as a cameraman on early tests of anamorphic photography, in the 1950s, the motion picture industry was threatened by the advent of television—TV kept moviegoers at home, reducing box office revenues. Film studios sought to lure audiences to theaters with attractions that television could not provide and these included a revival of color films, three-dimensional films, stereophonic sound, and widescreen movies. Cinerama was one of the first widescreen movie processes of the era, in its initial conception, the cumbersome system required three cameras for shooting and three synchronized projectors to display a picture on one wide, curved screen. Along with the logistical and financial challenges of tripling equipment usage and cost, by the time the first CinemaScope movie—The Robe —was announced for production, Gottschalk, Moore and Nicholson had a demo reel of work with their anamorphic underwater system. He teamed up with William Mann, who provided optical manufacturing capability, and Walter Wallin, the anamorphic lens design they selected was prismatic rather than the cylindrical design of the Bausch & Lomb CinemaScope lens. The result was the system, designed by Wallin, used in the Panatar lens, the patent for the system was filed on August 11,1954. Panavisions first product—the Super Panatar projection lens—debuted in March 1954, priced at $1,100, it captured the market. The Super Panatar was a box that attached to the existing projection lens with a special bracket. Its variable prismatic system allowed a range of formats to be shown from the same projector with a simple adjustment of the lens. Panavision improved on the Super Panatar with the Ultra Panatar, a design that could be screwed directly to the front of the projection lens
7.
Red Digital Cinema Camera Company
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The Red Digital Cinema Camera Company is an American company that manufactures digital cinematography and photography cameras and accessories. The company’s headquarters are in Irvine, California, with studios in Hollywood and it has offices in London, Shanghai and Singapore, retail stores in Hollywood, New York and Miami as well as various authorized resellers and service centers around the world. Red Digital Cinema was founded in 2005 by Jim Jannard, who had previously founded Oakley, the company started with the intent to deliver an affordable 4k digital cinema camera. At the 2006 NAB show, Jannard announced that Red would build a 4K digital cinema camera, in March 2007, director Peter Jackson completed a camera test of two prototype Red One cameras, which became the 12-minute World War I film Crossing the Line. On seeing the film, director Steven Soderbergh told Jannard. I have to shoot with this, Soderbergh took two prototype Red ONEs into the jungle to shoot his film. Red Digital delivered the first Red camera in August 2007, called the Red One it was able to capture 4K images at up to 60 frames per second in the proprietary Redcode format. The Red One provided filmmakers customizable features and out-of-the-box functionality with feature film quality known to 35mm film cameras, in 2009, Red released Redcine-X, a post-production workflow for both motion and stills, the R3D Software Development Kit, and introduced the world to the concept of DSMC. In 2010, Red offered an upgrade to owners of the original Mysterium sensor to the newer M-X sensor. Also in that year, Red acquired the historic Ren-Mar Studios in Hollywood. In 2013, Red began taking pre-orders for their newest camera, in 2015, Red announced a new camera body called DSMC2. The Weapon 8K VV and Weapon 6K were the first two cameras announced within this line of cameras followed by Red Raven 4. 5K and Scarlet-W 5K, all of these cameras leveraged Red Dragon sensor technology. In 2016 a new 8K S35 sensor, called Helium was introduced two new cameras Red Epic-W and Weapon 8K S35. In early January 2017 this was given the highest sensor score ever,108, the Red One was Red Digital Cinema’s first production camera. It was able to capture up to 120 frames per second at 2K resolution and 30 frames per second at 4K resolution, later an upgrade to new sensor with 14 megapixel sensor was offered. The DSMC camera system was introduced with the Epic-X as a digital stills. After this a new line called Scarlet was introduced that provided lower end specifications at a more affordable price. Initially equipped with a 5K imaging sensor, upgrades to a 6K sensor with higher dynamic range were announced later, the DSMC2 family of cameras was introduced in 2015 as the new form factor for all cameras up to 2020
8.
Blackmagic Design
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Blackmagic Design is an Australian digital cinema company and manufacturer founded in 1984 by Grant Petty, based in Port Melbourne, Australia. It designs and manufactures digital movie cameras and develops video editing software for compositing and it has offices in Europe, Asia and the United States. The company was founded in 1984 by Grant Petty, on November 2002, the company introduced DeckLink, a QuickTime-based PCI capture card that was the first to offer uncompressed 10 bit video. Version 2.4 for the device was available in February 4,2003, on February 18, the successor to the DeckLink, DeckLink 2, was released. Microsoft Windows support was added on March, in April, two variants of the DeckLink, the SP and Pro, were announced. Full support for Adobe Premiere Pro and Microsoft DirectShow was released in March 2,2004, the DeckLink HD Plus, Workgroup Videohub and DeckLink Multibridge were jointly announced on September. In April 2005, the announced the Multibridge family of PCIe bi-directional converters. The PCIe variant of the DeckLink Extreme was then announced in September, in January 2006, a software update gave full compatibility with the Adobe Creative Suite, then Adobe Production Studio. In April, the Multibridge Pro and DeckLink HD Extreme were announced, in 2009, the company acquired the assets of Da Vinci Systems, a former company that had won Emmy Awards for film colouring and restoration equipment. In July 2010, the company acquired Echolab, a manufacturer of vision mixers, in 2011, the company acquired Teranex, a developer of video processing products. At the NAB Show in April 2012, Blackmagic announced the Cinema Camera, due to popular demand, they also announced at IBC, in September, a passive Micro Four Thirds mount to the Cinema Cameras. At IBC2014 Blackmagic Design announced a production friendly PL-Mount version of the Camera, in July, Blackmagic acquired Cintel, a manufacturer of professional post-production equipment, for transcribing film into video or data formats. Again at NAB in April 2013, the Production Camera 4K, at NAB in April 2014, the company announced the URSA camera. In February 2014, the announced and released the Intensity Pro 4K PCIe card. On April 2015, the announced the Micro Cinema Camera, a miniature version of the Cinema Camera which allows it to be mountable on drones, releasing the product in July. In September, the announced the acquisition of eyeon Software. On September 2016, Fairlight announced that Blackmagic had acquired them, on November, the company was reported to open a production facility at Batam in December. The Blackmagic URSA is a movie camera developed by Blackmagic and is the first commercial 4K movie camera to be user-upgradeable in terms of additional equipment
9.
Vision Research (company)
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Vision Research is an international company that manufactures high-speed digital cameras based in Wayne, New Jersey. Vision Research is a unit of the Materials Analysis Division of Ametek Inc. a global manufacturer of electronic instruments. Founded as Photographic Analysis Company in 1950, they specialized in high-speed photographic research utilizing film cameras and they applied high speed photography to numerous industries and applications, and designed, manufactured and marketed products specific to the high speed photographic needs of each industry. In 1992, Photographic Analysis Company shifted focus to designing and fabricating high speed electronic imagers that did not rely on film for imaging. They formed an entity for developing digital high-speed imaging systems known as Vision Research Inc. Their ultra slow motion digital video line of cameras are marketed under the Phantom trade mark and was granted U. S. Patent #5,625,412 for high speed electronic digital imaging, the Phantom camera family consists of three camera lines and accessories. V-Series cameras are a line of high performance cameras used when applications demand the highest imaging speeds and/or resolution. The v-Series is used in such as ballistics testing, military research, engine development, high-speed x-ray video. The third line of cameras are targeted at TV & Motion Picture production for live event broadcasts, two Phantom 65 cores are used for IMAXs 3D Digital camera. Vision Research also does custom engineering and specialty cameras for unique applications. R&D Magazine- R&D100 Award Winner 2000 - Phantom v4.0 R&D Magazine- R&D100 Award Winner 2002 - Phantom v5.0 Mario Award - NAB2004 - Phantom v9.0 Vidy Award - Best of Show - NAB2004 - Phantom v9.0. DTV Pick of Show - NAB2004 - Phantom v9.0, government Video Salute - NAB2004 - Phantom v9.0. Best of IBC2008 - Phantom v12
10.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
11.
GoPro
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GoPro, Inc. is an American technology company founded in 2002 by Nick Woodman. It manufactures eponymous action cameras and develops its own mobile apps, founded as Woodman Labs, Inc, the company eventually focused on the connected sport genre, developing its line of action cameras and, later, video editing software. It also developed a quadcopter drone, Karma, released in October 2016, in October 2016, before the release of Karma quadcopter drone, GoPro released the GoPro HERO5 and HERO5 Session The company was founded by Nick Woodman in 2004. His desire for a system that could capture the professional angles inspired the GoPro name. Woodman raised a portion of his capital by selling bead and shell belts for under US $20 from his VW van and, later. He also received over $230,000 from his parents to invest in the business, in 2004, the company sold its first camera system, which used 35 mm film. Digital still and video cameras were later introduced, as of 2014, a fixed-lens HD video camera with a wide 170-degree lens was available, two or more can be paired to create 360 video. On June 4,2014, the announced the appointment of former Microsoft executive Tony Bates as President reporting directly to Woodman. In January,2016, GoPro partnered with Periscope for live streaming, after growing the number of employees by more than 500 in 2015, the company responded to weak sales in the fourth quarter by cutting about 7% of its workforce in January 2016. At the peak, a share of GoPro is valued $86, in November 2016, the company announced it was laying off an additional 200 employees in an effort to reduce costs. The company also announced that President Tony Bates would be stepping down at the end of 2016, on March 30,2011, GoPro acquired CineForm. The acquisition included the CineForm 444 video codec used in the film Slumdog Millionaire, the company claimed that the codec makes HD and 3D editing faster and more convenient without sacrificing image quality. It was incorporated in the companys 3D Hero System shortly after the acquisition, in March 2013, GoPro issued a DMCA takedown notice to website DigitalRev. com, which had posted a review of its product, citing trademark use as a breach of copyright. This notice was retracted 10 days later, citing erroneous enforcement, on February 29,2016, GoPro spent $105 million and acquired two start-ups, namely, Stupeflix and Vemory, for their video editing tools Replay and Splice. On February 7,2014, GoPro submitted a confidential filing for a public offering with the Securities. On May 19,2014, GoPro filed its S-1 with the SEC without specifying the number of shares or their price and they said that they planned to list on the NASDAQ stock exchange using the symbol GPRO. The expected price range was $21 to $24 a share, on June 25,2014, at the IPO price the company was valued at $2.95 billion. 1.5 percent of shares were allotted to LOYAL3
12.
Panasonic
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Panasonic Corporation, formerly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. is a Japanese multinational electronics corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan. The company was founded in 1918 and has grown to one of the largest Japanese electronics producers alongside Sony, Hitachi, Toshiba. In addition to electronics, it offers non-electronic products and services such as home renovation services, Panasonic is the worlds fourth-largest television manufacturer by 2012 market share. Panasonic has a listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225. It has a listing on the Nagoya Stock Exchange. From 1935 to October 1,2008, the name was Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. On January 10,2008, the announced that it would change its name to Panasonic Corporation, in effect on October 1,2008. The name change was approved at a meeting on June 26,2008 after consultation with the Matsushita family. Panasonic was founded in 1918 by Kōnosuke Matsushita as a vendor of duplex lamp sockets, in 1927, it began producing bicycle lamps, the first product which it marketed under the brand name National. After the war, Panasonic regrouped as a Keiretsu and began to supply the boom in Japan with radios and appliances. Matsushitas brother-in-law, Toshio Iue, founded Sanyo as a subcontractor for components after World War II, Sanyo grew to become a competitor to Panasonic, but was later acquired by Panasonic in December 2009. In 1961, Konosuke Matsushita traveled to the United States and met with American dealers, the company began producing television sets for the U. S. market under the Panasonic brand name, and expanded the use of the brand to Europe in 1979. The company used the National brand outside of North America from the 1950s to the 1970s, the company also developed a line of home appliances such as rice cookers for the Japanese and Asian markets. Rapid growth resulted in the company opening manufacturing plants around the world, the company debuted a hi-fidelity audio speaker in Japan in 1965 with the brand Technics. This line of high quality stereo components became worldwide favorites, the most famous products being its turntables, such as the SL-1200 record player, known for its high performance, precision and durability. In 1973, Matsushita formed a joint venture with Anam Group, in 1983, Matsushita launched the Panasonic Senior Partner, the first fully IBM PC compatible Japanese-made computer. In November 1990, Matsushita agreed to acquire the American media company MCA Inc. for US$6.59 billion, Matsushita subsequently sold 80% of MCA to Seagram Company for US$7 billion in April 1995. In 1998, Matsushita sold Anam National to Anam Electronics, on May 2,2002, Panasonic Canada marked its 35th anniversary in that country by giving $5-million to help build a music city on Torontos waterfront
13.
Julia and Julia
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Julia and Julia is a 1987 Italian drama film directed by Peter Del Monte. The screenplay by Silvia Napolitano, Sandro Petraglia, Joseph Minion, Julia is a young American woman living in Trieste, Italy who is widowed on her wedding day when her husband, Paolo, is killed in a car accident. Six years later, Julia still lives in Trieste and works full-time at a local tourist travel office. She still keeps in touch with Paolos mother and father. One evening after work, Julia drives her car through a mysterious, Paolo is a workaholic dedicated to his career as a ship designer and a restless Julia has taken British photographer Daniel as a lover. Julias two worlds begin to become more similar when, in her world, she meets Daniel after he walks into the travel office and smitten with him. When Daniel becomes more possessive and controlling with Julia, she tries to break it off, determined to free herself from a loveless romance, Julia ends up killing Daniel by stabbing him to death in his hotel room one evening and then dumping the body into the bay. Finally free from her relationship with Daniel, Julia then quits her job and now entirely on her romance with Paolo. But several days later, while walking to the market to do food shopping, when pressed to give an alibi for the day Daniel went missing, Julia tells the police investigator that she was with her husband despite having a sexual romance with Daniel. When the inspector tells Julia that her husband was dead for the last six years, Julia breaks down refusing to believe that Paolo is dead and soon after confesses to killing Daniel. In the final scene, Julia is seen residing in a hospital where she tells Paolos visiting mother that she now feels at peace with herself. Julia now spends all her time alone in her room writing letters to Paolo and his parents while she keeps one memento that she took from her fantasy world, a photo of her, Paolo and Marco together. But it is ambiguous if the family photo is real or just a figment of Julias imagination of her fantasy world. The film debuted at the Venice Film Festival in 1987, a dubbed version was given limited release in the United States in January of the following year by Cinecom Pictures and earned $901,364. It was released in markets as Giulia e Giulia. This was the first feature using the Sony HDVS wideband analog High-definition video technique. Francesco Pinto, Gaetano Stucchi Original Music, nino Cerruti, Danda Ortona Film Editing. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed, The construction of the story is ingenious and this is the kind of movie that proves unbearably frustrating to some people, who demand explanations and resent obscurity
14.
HDCAM
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The HDCAM codec uses rectangular pixels and as such the recorded 1440×1080 content is upsampled to 1920×1080 on playback. The recorded video bit rate is 144 Mbit/s, audio is also similar, with four channels of AES3 20-bit,48 kHz digital audio. Like Betacam, HDCAM tapes are produced in small and large cassette sizes, the main competitor to HDCAM is the DVCPRO HD format offered by Panasonic. It uses a compression scheme and bit rates ranging from 40 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s depending on frame rate. HDCAM is standardized as SMPTE 367M, also known as SMPTE D-11, SMPTE 367M, also known as SMPTE D-11, is the SMPTE standard for HDCAM. The standard specifies compression of digital video. Each D11 source frame is composed of a channel at 1920 x 1080 pixels. During compression, each frames luminance channel is subsampled at 1440 x 1080, HDCAM SR was introduced in 2003 and standardised in SMPTE 409M-2005. It uses a particle density tape and is capable of recording in 10 bits 4,2,2 or 4,4,4 RGB with a video bit rate of 440 Mbit/s. The increased bit rate allows HDCAM SR to capture more of the full bandwidth of the HDSDI signal. Some HDCAM SR VTRs can also use a 2× mode with a higher video bit rate of 880 Mbit/s. HDCAM SR uses MPEG-4 Part 2 Simple Studio Profile for compression, there are 12 channels of audio recorded uncompressed at 24 bit 48 kHz sampling. Each channel is capable of recording AES3 non-audio data, HDCAM SR is used commonly for HDTV television production. As of 2007, many network television shows use HDCAM SR as a master recording medium. Tape lengths are the same as for Digital Betacam, up to 40 minutes for S and 124 minutes for L tapes, in 24p mode the runtime increases to 50 and 155 minutes, respectively. HDCAM tapes are black with a lid, and HDCAM SR tapes black with a cyan lid. 440 Mbit/s mode is known as SQ, and 880 Mbit/s mode is known as HQ, in 2008 the SRW-5800 will give the HQ4,4,4 option. Sony has also announced a higher compression mode called SR Lite, as with the 440 and 880 mode, SR Lite utilizes the MPEG-4 Part 2 Simple Studio Profile but decreases the bit rate down to 220 Mbit/s for 60i and 183 Mbit/s for 50i
15.
Charge-coupled device
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A charge-coupled device is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by shifting the signals between stages within the one at a time. CCDs move charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins, in recent years CCD has become a major technology for digital imaging. In a CCD image sensor, pixels are represented by p-doped metal-oxide-semiconductors capacitors, the charge-coupled device was invented in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith. The lab was working on bubble memory when Boyle and Smith conceived of the design of what they termed, in their notebook. The device could be used as a shift register, the essence of the design was the ability to transfer charge along the surface of a semiconductor from one storage capacitor to the next. The concept was similar in principle to the device, which was developed at Philips Research Labs during the late 1960s. The first patent on the application of CCDs to imaging was assigned to Michael Tompsett, the initial paper describing the concept listed possible uses as a memory, a delay line, and an imaging device. The first experimental device demonstrating the principle was a row of closely spaced metal squares on a silicon surface electrically accessed by wire bonds. The first working CCD made with integrated circuit technology was a simple 8-bit shift register and this device had input and output circuits and was used to demonstrate its use as a shift register and as a crude eight pixel linear imaging device. Development of the device progressed at a rapid rate, by 1971, Bell researchers led by Michael Tompsett were able to capture images with simple linear devices. Several companies, including Fairchild Semiconductor, RCA and Texas Instruments, picked up on the invention, fairchilds effort, led by ex-Bell researcher Gil Amelio, was the first with commercial devices, and by 1974 had a linear 500-element device and a 2-D100 x 100 pixel device. Steven Sasson, an engineer working for Kodak, invented the first digital still camera using a Fairchild 100 x 100 CCD in 1975. The first KH-11 KENNAN reconnaissance satellite equipped with charge-coupled device array technology for imaging was launched in December 1976, under the leadership of Kazuo Iwama, Sony also started a large development effort on CCDs involving a significant investment. Eventually, Sony managed to mass-produce CCDs for their camcorders, before this happened, Iwama died in August 1982, subsequently, a CCD chip was placed on his tombstone to acknowledge his contribution. He was also awarded the 2012 IEEE Edison Medal For pioneering contributions to imaging devices including CCD Imagers, cameras, in a CCD for capturing images, there is a photoactive region, and a transmission region made out of a shift register. An image is projected through a lens onto the capacitor array, once the array has been exposed to the image, a control circuit causes each capacitor to transfer its contents to its neighbor. The last capacitor in the array dumps its charge into a charge amplifier, by repeating this process, the controlling circuit converts the entire contents of the array in the semiconductor to a sequence of voltages
16.
The Last Broadcast (film)
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The Last Broadcast is a 1998 American found footage horror film made by Stefan Avalos and Lance Weiler. Leigh sets out to find the truth behind these killings while making his documentary, Fact or Fiction is a show dealing with unsolved mysteries and the paranormal. Its two hosts are Steven Johnny Avkast and Locus Wheeler, initially a success, we find out through Leighs investigations that the show is failing and is threatened with imminent cancellation. It is at point that Avkast comes up with the idea of a live Internet Relay Chat section of the show. It is during one such chat that a caller gives Avkast the idea of searching for the Jersey Devil in the Pine Barrens. Leaping on this idea, Avkast and Wheeler recruit Rein Clackin, a sound-man who allegedly can record the paranormal, and Jim Suerd, the plan is for the four of them to enter the Pine Barrens, where Suerd will lead them to the location of the Jersey Devil. During the hunt, they will broadcast a live show simultaneously via television, Internet and they enter the Barrens, but only Suerd emerges alive, the others are horribly murdered. Avkasts body is never found, though it is clear during Suerds murder trial that he could not have survived considering the amount of blood lost at the crime scene. Suerd, the survivor, is also the only suspect. To aid the prosecution case they employ an engineer to compile a portrait of the groups trip using the surviving film footage found at the crime scene. Suerd is found guilty and imprisoned, though there is doubt over his guilt as his clothes were not drenched in blood, before anything can be proven, Suerd dies in prison of unknown causes, and the case is considered closed by the authorities. However, Leigh has a box sent to him containing a damaged videotape reel, a data retrieval expert named Shelly Monarch is called in to reconstruct the images on the tape. She finds that not only have Wheeler and Clacklins deaths been caught on tape, what is also caught is a blurred image of the real killer. As Leigh videotapes her, Monarch uses an image editor to re-construct the image of the killers face and she completes the reconstructing of the image before Leighs next visit, but she is shocked to discover that the killer is Leigh himself. The camera then shifts to a third perspective, whereas all previous footage had been shot by Leigh. From this perspective we observe Leigh attack Monarch and suffocating her to death with a piece of plastic sheeting. He loads Monarchs corpse into his car and drives it out to the woods, David Beard - David Leigh, the filmmaker James Seward - James Jim L. D. Roso - Detective Anthony Rosi, lead investigator Dale Worstall - Dr. Dale Orstall, the Last Broadcast received mixed reviews from critics and audiences, earning an approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes of 50%
17.
George Lucas
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George Walton Lucas Jr. is an American filmmaker and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as the founder of Lucasfilm and he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lucasfilm, before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Upon graduating from the University of Southern California in 1967, Lucas co-founded American Zoetrope with fellow filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, Lucas wrote and directed THX1138, based on his earlier student short Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, which was a critical success but a financial failure. His next work as a writer-director was the film, American Graffiti, inspired by his teen years in early 1960s Modesto, California, the film was critically and commercially successful, and received five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Following the first Star Wars film, Lucas produced and co-wrote the following installments in the trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back, along with Steven Spielberg, Lucas co-created and wrote the Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, and The Last Crusade. Lucas also produced and/or wrote a variety of films through Lucasfilm in the 1980s and 1990s, Lucas also returned to directing with the Star Wars prequel trilogy, consisting of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith. He later collaborated on the story for the Indiana Jones sequel Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, five of Lucass seven features are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is one of the American film industrys most financially successful filmmakers, Lucas is considered a significant figure in the New Hollywood era. Lucas was born and raised in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore Lucas and George Walton Lucas and he is of German, Swiss-German, English, Scottish, and distant Dutch and French descent. Growing up, Lucas had a passion for cars and motor racing, on June 12,1962, while driving his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina, another driver broadsided him, flipping over his car, nearly killing him, causing him to lose interest in racing as a career. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied anthropology, sociology and he also began shooting with an 8 mm camera, including filming car races. At this time, Lucas and his friend John Plummer became interested in Canyon Cinema, screenings of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Conner. Lucas and Plummer also saw classic European films of the time, including Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, François Truffauts Jules et Jim, thats when George really started exploring, Plummer said. Through his interest in racing, Lucas met renowned cinematographer Haskell Wexler, another race enthusiast. Wexler, later to work with Lucas on several occasions, was impressed by Lucas talent, George had a very good eye, and he thought visually, he recalled. Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, Lucas shared a room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood, and John Milius and he also became good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg
18.
Video projector
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A video projector is an image projector that receives a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness. Video projectors are used for applications such as conference room presentations, classroom training. In schools and other settings, they are sometimes connected to an interactive whiteboard. In the late 20th century they were commonplace in home cinema, common display resolutions for contemporary portable projectors include SVGA, XGA, 720p, and 1080p. The cost of a device is determined by its resolution and its light output, a projector with a higher light output is required for a larger screen or for a room with a larger amount of ambient light. A few camcorders have a built-in projector suitable to make a projection, a few more powerful pico projectors are pocket-sized. CRT projector using cathode ray tubes and this typically involves a blue, a green, and a red tube. This is the oldest system still in use, but falling out of favor largely because of the bulky cabinet. However, it does provide the largest screen size for a given cost and this also covers three-tube home models which, while bulky, can be moved. LCD projector using LCD light gates and this is the simplest system, making it one of the most common and affordable for home theaters and business use. Its most common problem is a visible “screen door” or pixelation effect, DLP projector using Texas Instruments’ DLP technology. This uses one, two, or three microfabricated light valves called digital micromirror devices, the single- and double-DMD versions use rotating color wheels in time with the mirror refreshes to modulate color. The most common problem with the single- or two-DMD varieties is a visible “rainbow” which some people perceive when moving their eyes, more recent projectors with higher speed and otherwise optimised color wheels have lessened this effect. Systems with 3 DMDs never have this problem, as they display each primary color simultaneously, such projectors often process light in the Fourier domain, which enables correction of optical aberrations using Zernike polynomials. Some commercially available technologies include, D-ILA JVC’s Direct-drive Image Light Amplifier based on LCoS technology, SXRD Sony’s proprietary variant of LCoS technology. Hybrid LED and laser diode system developed by Casio, uses a combination of Light Emitting Diodes and 445 nm laser diodes as the light source, while image is processed with DLP chip. Laser diode projectors have been developed by Microvision and Aaxa Technologies, Microvision laser projectors use Microvisions patented laser beam-steering technology, whereas Aaxa Technologies uses laser diodes + LCoS
19.
CineAlta
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Sonys CineAlta 24P HD cameras are a series of professional digital video cameras that offer many of the same features of 35mm motion picture cameras. CineAlta is a name used by Sony to describe various products involved in content creation, production and exhibition process within digital cinema workflow. Now Sonys products branded as CineAlta include camera, camcorder, recorder, cinema server, CineAlta cameras record onto HDCAM tapes, XDCAM Professional Discs, SRMemory, or SxS flash memory cards. They have the ability to shoot at various frame rates including 24fps, the camera can be used with a Miranda DVC802 converter. This allows the camera to output SDI, DV, and multiple HD outputs, in June 1999, George Lucas announced that Episode II of the Star Wars Prequel Trilogy would be the first major motion picture to be shot 100% digitally. Sony and Panavision had teamed up to develop the High Definition 24p camera that Lucas would use to accomplish this and thus the first CineAlta camera was born, however, the science-fiction film Vidocq was actually the first released feature that was shot entirely with digital cinematography. For Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith the more advanced Sony HDC-F950 was used, with higher resolution, the film was cropped to a 2.40,1 aspect ratio from its native 16,9 frame. As a result, only 817 of the 1080 vertical pixels were used, but there is an anamorphic adaptor lens from Canon. Manuel Huergas Salvador is the first movie shot with this adaptor, russian Ark was recorded in uncompressed high definition video using a Sony HDW-F900. The information was recorded uncompressed onto a disk which could hold 100 minutes. Four attempts were made to complete the shot, the first three had to be interrupted due to faults, but the fourth attempt was completed successfully. Extra material on the DVD release includes a documentary on the technology used, with the release of the F65 in January 2012, Sony has begun to create a 4K workflow from acquisition to distribution
20.
Once Upon a Time in Mexico
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Once Upon a Time in Mexico is a 2003 American contemporary western action film written, co-produced, cinematographied, edited, scored, and directed by Robert Rodriguez. It is the third and final film in Rodriguezs Mexico Trilogy, the film features Antonio Banderas in his second and final performance as El Mariachi. In the film, El Mariachi is recruited by CIA agent Sheldon Sands to kill Armando Barillo, at the same time, El Mariachi seeks revenge against a corrupt general responsible for the death of his wife, Carolina. It was Rodriguez first big budget film to be shot in digital HD, once Upon a Time in Mexico received positive reviews but was criticized for reducing its protagonist to an almost secondary character in his own trilogy and for having a convoluted plot. In the special features of the films DVD, Rodriguez explained this was intended, as he wanted this to be The Good, the Bad, once Upon a Time in Mexico grossed $98.1 million. Many years before, El Mariachi and his wife Carolina confronted Marquez in a shootout and wounded the general, in retaliation, Marquez took the lives of Carolina and their daughter in an ambush. In addition to El Mariachi, Sands persuades former FBI agent Jorge Ramírez to come out of retirement and kill Barillo, furthermore, AFN operative Ajedrez is assigned by Sands to tail Barillo. S. Authorities once Barillo has been taken down, cucuy, who was originally hired by Sands to keep an eye on El Mariachi, tranquilizes El Mariachi and brings him to Barillos mansion. Cucuy, however, is killed by Chambers while El Mariachi escapes from captivity and calls his friends Lorenzo. While monitoring Barillos activity outside a hospital, Ramírez notices armed men storming the building, Sands realizes his mission has been compromised, but is too late, as he is captured by Barillo and Ajedrez—who drill out his eyes before sending him out. Despite his blindness, he manages to gun down a hitman tailing him with the aid of a chiclet boy, as the village celebrates Day of the Dead, Marquez and his army storm in and attack the presidential palace. The guerrillas, however, are met with resistance not only the Mexican army, but the villagers. Marquez enters the palace, only to once again confront El Mariachi. Ramírez, who was released from captivity by Chambers, faces Barillo, after Amarillo guns down Chambers, Ramírez and El Mariachi kill the drug lord. Sands manages to shoot the sadistic Ajedrez dead outside the presidential palace, ultimately, Lorenzo and Fideo walk away with the loot that Barillo was using to pay Marquez, and escort the president to safety. Ramírez walks away, having accomplished his job, El Mariachi then gives his part of the loot to his village before walking into the sunset. He refused to call me Johnny – always called me John and you knew this guy was aiming to fuck you over, but somehow you stuck around because he was just so fascinating to watch. It was also revealed in the commentary on the DVD that Depp himself came up with the characters first
21.
Skywalker Ranch
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Skywalker Ranch is a movie ranch and workplace of film director, writer and producer George Lucas located in a secluded, yet open area near Nicasio, California, in Marin County. The ranch is located on Lucas Valley Road, although George Lucas is not related to the roads namesake, the Ranch is not open to the public and keeps a low profile from the road. A gated road leads to the ranch, assembled parcel by parcel since September 1978, Skywalker Ranch has cost Lucas up to US$100 million, according to the Wall Street Journal. Lucasfilm acquired 3,000 acres of adjoining land for a total of over 4,700 acres, only 15 acres have been developed. The residents of the area have for 25 years fought his plan to build a studio on the property, citing light. Skywalker Sound was moved onto the ranch in 1987, now occupying the Technical Building, the Main House has a company research library under a stained-glass dome. Skywalker Ranch has its own station, it is part of the Marin County mutual aid system. Skywalker Ranch is intended to be more of a filmmakers retreat than a headquarters for Lucass business operations, the headquarters of Lucasfilm, Industrial Light & Magic, and LucasArts are located in Lucass Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. The George Lucas Educational Foundation is based at the Ranch, Skywalker Sound remains based at the Ranch, for which Lucasfilm pays a rent fee to George Lucas, who remains the propertys owner. Although Lucas maintains his offices there, he does not personally reside at the Ranch, Lucasfilm Games was located at the ranch during the early company years. Big Rock Ranch is a later Lucasfilm development in Marin county at 3800 Lucas Valley Road adjacent to Skywalker Ranch, the countys planning commission approved this facility in September 1996 and construction was completed in August 2002. However, in November 2004, Lucas announced that the 250 employees of the ranch were to be moved to the Letterman Digital Arts Center, the ranch comprises 1,061 acres, of which 43 acres are developed with 317,000 sq ft of office space. Before the move to the Presidio in 2005, Big Rock Ranch housed the marketing, licensing, distribution, as of 2007 it was the headquarters of the animation division. Starting in 1988, Lucasfilm sought approval to develop another property called Grady Ranch at 2400 Lucas Valley Road. The most recent proposals called for a 263, 701-square-foot digital film production center for the property, however, in the wake of delays caused by local resistance and environmental concerns, Lucas abandoned these plans in April 2012 and has instead decided to sell the land. Lucas also owns McGuire Ranch and Loma Alta Ranch in Marin County, the Ranch hosted Bill Moyers and Joseph Campbell for interviews for the The Power of Myth documentary in the late 1980s. Campbells works were influential to George Lucas in creating the Star Wars universe, years later, Moyers returned to the Ranch to interview Lucas for a documentary titled The Mythology of Star Wars around the time Episode I was in production. In 1996, the band Journey recorded the video for their song When You Love a Woman inside the Scoring Stage of the Ranch
22.
Spy Kids
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The first installment in the Spy Kids film series, the film was theatrically released in the United States on March 30,2001 by Dimension Films. It was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $147 million worldwide, three sequels were released, The Island of Lost Dreams in 2002, Game Over in 2003, and All the Time in the World in 2011. The film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film at 28th Saturn Awards, Ingrid and Gregorio Cortez are rival spies who fall in love. They retire and have two children, 12-year-old Carmen and 9-year-old Juni and they work for the Organization of Super Spies doing desk work. The children have no idea of their parents previous career, Ingrid and Gregorio are called back into the field when agents go missing. The children are left in the care of Uncle Felix Gumm, Gregorio suspects that a kids TV show star Fegan Floop has kidnapped the agents, and mutated them into his Fooglies, creatures on his show. They are captured by Floops Thumb-Thumb robots whose arms, legs, and head are made of thumbs, Felix is alerted to the parents capture, activates the fail-safe, tells the children the truth, and that he is not their uncle. The house is assaulted by Thumb-Thumbs, and the children alone on a submarine thats set to auto-pilot to a safe house. At the safe house, Carmen unlocks the door using her name. Inside of Floops castle, he introduces his latest creation to Mr. Lisp and he wishes to replace the world leaders children with these super-strong robots to control the world. The androids are dumb, and cannot function outside of their inherent programming, Lisp is furious, demanding usable androids to sell to his clients. Floop along with his second-in-command Alexander Minion interrogate Gregorio and Ingrid, Floop demands the Third Brain, but Ingrid has no idea what hes talking about. Gregorio claims that he destroyed the brain years ago, thinking the brain must be with the children, Floop sends his minions after them. Gregorio reveals to Ingrid the truth about the Third Brain and it was the codename of a project back when he worked in the science division of OSS. It was to house the skills of all of the worlds best super spies, the project was deemed too dangerous, was scrapped and the materials to be destroyed, but Gregorio couldnt destroy the brain. Back at the house, the kids are visited by Ms. Gradenko. Gradenko says she works for OSS, and is there to help the children, Gradenko wants the Third Brain, but Carmen does not know anything. Gradenko orders the house to be dismantled, and Juni sees Thumb-Thumbs outside destroying the submarine, gradenkos intentions revealed, Juni accidentally exposes the Third Brain, and a chase ensues with Carmen and some henchmen with jet packs
23.
Vidocq (2001 film)
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Vidocq is a 2001 mystery film, directed by Pitof, starring Gérard Depardieu as historical figure Eugène François Vidocq pursuing a supernatural serial killer. It is notable as being the first major film to be released that was shot entirely with digital cinematography. The band Apocalyptica featured scenes from the film in the video for their song Hope Vol.2. In 19th century Paris, the famed detective Vidocq disappears while pursuing a murderer called the Alchemist, Étienne Boisset, a young biographer of Vidocqs, follows in his footsteps and progressively uncovers Vidocqs investigations. He learns how Vidocq was first called in to investigate a series of assassinations by lightning, Étienne discovers that the Alchemist is a wizard of sorts who wears a mirrored mask and kills virgins to maintain eternal youth. Even the sex of the Alchemist is a mystery, because it sometimes utters mocking feminine sighs during combat with Vidocq, Étienne probes deeper into Vidocqs investigations and eventually comes to learn that the Alchemist uses virgin blood to make magical mirrors that consume human souls. At last, Étienne comes to the end of his trail and discovers Vidocq alive, Étienne dons a mirrored mask and reveals himself to be the Alchemist. Vidocq has known all along, however, and is ready to fight his nemesis, during their final confrontation, Vidocq defeats the Alchemist, but the end of the film suggests that the Alchemist survives. Vidocq A Scandal in Paris Vidocq at the Internet Movie Database History of Vidocq, private detective, with the reading of Vidocqs letters by an actor, or
24.
Russian Ark
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Russian Ark is a 2002 historical drama film directed by Alexander Sokurov. It was filmed entirely in the Winter Palace of the Russian State Hermitage Museum using a single 96-minute Steadicam sequence shot, the film was entered into the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. An unnamed narrator wanders through the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, the narrator implies that he died in some horrible accident and is a ghost drifting through the palace. In each room, he encounters various real and fictional people from various periods in the citys 300-year history and he is accompanied by the European, who represents the Marquis de Custine, a 19th-century French traveler. Russian Ark uses the fourth wall device extensively, but repeatedly broken, at times the narrator and the companion interact with the other performers, while at other times they pass unnoticed. On a winters day, a party of men and women arrive by horse-drawn carriage to a minor. The narrator meets another spectral but visible outsider, the European, each room manifests a different period of Russian history, but the periods are not in chronological order. The narrator then walks out the hallway and sees many people from different time periods exiting the building together. As he watches them, the narrator quietly departs the procession, leaves the building through a side door, Russian Ark was recorded in uncompressed high definition video using a Sony HDW-F900 camera. According to In One Breath, the documentary on the making of the film, the first failed at the five-minute mark. After two more failed attempts, they were left only enough battery power for one final take. The four hours of daylight available were also nearly gone, fortunately, the final take was a success and the film was completed at 90 minutes. Tilman Büttner, the director of photography and Steadicam operator, executed the shot on 23 December 2001, in a 2002 interview, Büttner said that film sound was recorded separately. Every time I did the take, or someone else made a mistake, I would curse, lighting directors of photography on the film were Bernd Fischer and Anatoli Radionov. Most of this was executed on Discreet Logics Inferno system and leaving the picture uncompressed before being reprinted onto filmstock for theatrical distribution. The narrators guide, the European, is based on the Marquis de Custine, a few biographical elements from Custines life are shown in the film. Like the European, the Marquis mother was friends with the Italian sculptor Canova, Custines book mocks Russian civilization as a thin veneer of Europe on an Asiatic soul. Echoing this sentiment, the films European comments that Russia is a theater, the Marquis family fortune came from a porcelain works, hence the Europeans interest in the Sèvres porcelain waiting for the diplomatic reception
25.
Long take
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In filmmaking, a long take is a shot lasting much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general. Significant camera movement and elaborate blocking are often elements in long takes, the term long take should not be confused with the term long shot, which refers to the distance between the camera and its subject and not to the temporal length of the shot itself. When filming Rope, Alfred Hitchcock intended for the film to have the effect of one continuous take. As a result, each take used up to a roll of film. Many takes end with a shot to a featureless surface. The entire film consists of only 11 shots, the camera took a 1, 200ft roll of film that would shoot for roughly 33 minutes. In 2012, the art collective The Hut Project produced The Look of Performance, the film was shot at 50 frames per second, meaning the final exhibited work lasts 7 hours,6 minutes and 17 seconds. The police procedural series The Bill used long takes to achieve a documentary style effect, other examples include The X-Files episode Triangle, directed by the series creator Chris Carter. The technique is frequently used in ER, which fits with the shows use of Steadicam for the majority of shots. An episode The Inheritance / C. I. D,111 of the Indian suspense drama C. I. D. Broadcast on 7 November 2004, is a 111-minute-long single take and it currently holds the Guinness World Record for the longest single shot for TV. A sequence shot is a take that constitutes an entire scene. Such a shot may involve sophisticated camera movement and it is sometimes called by the French term plan-séquence. The use of the shot allows for realistic or dramatically significant background. Actors range about the set transacting their business while the camera shifts focus from one plane of depth to another, significant off-frame action is often followed with a moving camera, characteristically through a series of pans within a single continuous shot. An example of this is the first scene in the room of 12 Angry Men. Films can be analyzed using the ASL, a statistical measurement which divides the total length of the film by the number of shots. For example, Béla Tarrs film Werckmeister Harmonies is 149 minutes, thus its ASL is 229.2 seconds
26.
JVC
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Victor Company of Japan, Ltd, TYO,6792, usually referred to as JVC, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japans first televisions, from 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVC Kenwood Holdings, JVC was founded in 1927 as The Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan, Limited, a subsidiary of the United States leading phonograph and record company, the Victor Talking Machine Company. In 1929 majority ownership was transferred to RCA-Victor, in the 1930s JVC produced phonographs and records. In 1932, JVC started producing radios, and in 1939 Japans first locally-made television, JVC severed relations with its foreign partners during World War II. Today the record company in Japan is known as Victor Entertainment, in 1953, JVC became majority-owned by the Panasonic Corporation. Panasonic released its ownership in 2007, in the 1960s, JVC established the Nivico brand for Delmonicos line of console televisions and stereos. In 1970, JVC marketed the Videosphere, a cathode ray tube television inside a space-helmet-shaped casing with an alarm clock at the base. In 1971, JVC introduced the first discrete system for four channel quadraphonic sound on vinyl records - CD-4 or Quadradisc, in 1975, JVC introduced the first combined portable battery-operated radio with inbuilt TV, as the model 3050. The TV was a 3-inch black-and-white cathode ray tube, one year later, JVC expanded the model to add a cassette-recorder, as the 3060, creating the worlds first boombox with radio, cassette and TV. In 1976, the first VCR to use VHS was the Victor HR-3300, JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan on October 31,1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, in the late 1970s, JVC developed the VHS format, introducing the first VHS recorders to the consumer market in 1976 for the equivalent of US $1060. Sony, which had introduced the Betamax home videocassette tape a year earlier, became the competitor for JVCs VHS format into the 1980s. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior quality to the VHS cassette. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVCs VHS format, Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its high density disc system. This system was capacitance-based, like capacitance electronic disc, but the discs were grooveless with the stylus being guided by signals in the disc surface. The VHD discs were initially handled by the operator and played on a machine that looked like an audio LP turntable, development suffered numerous delays, and the product was launched in 1983 in Japan, followed by the United Kingdom in 1984, to a limited industrial market
27.
Canon Inc.
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It is headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. Canon has a listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. At the beginning of 2015, Canon was the tenth largest public company in Japan when measured by market capitalization, the company was originally named Seikikōgaku kenkyūsho. In 1934 it produced the Kwanon, a prototype for Japan’s first-ever 35 mm camera with a plane based shutter. In 1947 the company name was changed to Canon Camera Co. Inc. shortened to Canon Inc. in 1969, the name Canon comes from Buddhist bodhisattva Guan Yin, previously transliterated as Kuanyin, Kwannon, or Kwanon in English. The origins of Canon date back to the founding of Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory in Japan in 1937 by Takeshi Mitarai, Goro Yoshida, Saburo Uchida and Takeo Maeda. During its early years the company did not have any facilities to produce its own optical glass, between 1933 and 1936 ‘The Kwanon’, a copy of the Leica design, Japan’s first 35 mm focal plane-shutter camera, was developed in prototype form. In 1940 Canon developed Japans first indirect X-ray camera, Canon introduced a field zoom lens for television broadcasting in 1958 and in 1959 introduced the Reflex Zoom 8, the world’s first movie camera with a zoom lens, and the Canonflex. In 1961 Canon introduced the Rangefinder camera, Canon 7, in 1965 Canon introduced the Canon Pellix, a single lens reflex camera with a semi-transparent stationary mirror which enabled the taking of pictures through the mirror. In 1971 Canon introduced the F-1, a high-end SLR camera, in 1976 Canon launched the AE-1, the world’s first camera with an embedded micro-computer. In 1982 Wildlife as Canon Sees It print ads first appeared in National Geographic magazine, Canon introduced the world’s first Inkjet printer using bubble jet technology in 1985. Canon introduced Canon Electro-Optical System in 1987, named after the goddess of the dawn, EOS650 autofocus SLR camera is introduced. Also in 1987 the Canon Foundation was established, in 1988 Canon introduced Kyosei philosophy. The EOS1 Flagship Professional SLR line was launched in 1989, in the same year the EOS RT, the worlds first AF SLR with a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror, was unveiled. In 1992 Canon launched the EOS5, the camera with eye-controlled AF. In 1995 Canon introduced the first commercially available SLR lens with image stabilization. EOS-1N RS, the worlds fastest AF SLR camera with a shooting speed of 10 frame/s at the time
28.
Grass Valley (company)
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Grass Valley is a Canadian manufacturer of television production and broadcasting equipment, including playout, video cameras, editing and media storage, and character generators. Headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, it was formed by the March 2014 merger of the Grass Valley Group with Miranda Technologies—which were both acquired by Belden in 2014 and 2012 respectively. Grass Valley Group was founded as a research and development company in 1959 by Dr. Donald Hare in the small town of Grass Valley, California. Hare chose Grass Valley after learning about it from his friend, Charles Litton, in 1964, Grass Valley demonstrated its first video product, a Video Distribution Amplifier in a hotel room at the National Association of Broadcasters convention. By 1968, the Grass Valley Group had introduced its first vision mixer, the company merged with Tektronix in 1974, and with the creativity and vision of Rick Mathewson was very successful for the next fifteen years. The sale closed on September 24,1999, in 2002, the French electronics giant Thomson Multimedia, now known as Technicolor SA, acquired Grass Valley Group. After the financial crisis of 2008, Thomson defaulted on its financial covenants and was forced by its creditors to divest its Grass Valley business, PRN, on January 29,2009, Thomson announced that they were putting the Grass Valley division up for sale. The company announced in August 2013 it would move its headquarters to Hillsboro, Oregon, on March 31,2014, the company was acquired by Belden Inc. from Francisco Partners and merged with Miranda Technologies, which Belden acquired on July 27,2012. The merged company operates as Grass Valley
29.
Dynamic range
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Dynamic range, abbreviated DR, DNR, or DYR is the ratio between the largest and smallest values that a certain quantity can assume. It is often used in the context of signals, like sound and it is measured either as a ratio or as a base-10 or base-2 logarithmic value of the difference between the smallest and largest signal values, in parallel to the common usage for audio signals. The human senses of sight and hearing have a high dynamic range. A human is capable of hearing anything from a quiet murmur in a room to the sound of the loudest heavy metal concert. Such a difference can exceed 100 dB which represents a factor of 100,000 in amplitude, a human cannot perform these feats of perception at both extremes of the scale at the same time. The eyes take time to adjust to different light levels, the instantaneous dynamic range of human audio perception is similarly subject to masking so that, for example, a whisper cannot be heard in loud surroundings. In practice, it is difficult to achieve the full dynamic range experienced by humans using electronic equipment. For example, a good quality LCD has a range of around 1000,1. Paper reflectance can achieve a range of about 100,1. A professional ENG camcorder such as the Sony Digital Betacam achieves a range of greater than 90 dB in audio recording. A nighttime scene will usually contain duller colours and will often be lit with blue lighting, the dynamic range of human hearing is roughly 140 dB, varying with frequency, from the threshold of hearing to the threshold of pain. The dynamic range of music as normally perceived in a concert hall doesnt exceed 80 dB, the dynamic range differs from the ratio of the maximum to minimum amplitude a given device can record, as a properly dithered recording device can record signals well below the noise RMS amplitude. Digital audio with undithered 20-bit digitization is theoretically capable of 120 dB dynamic range, 24-bit digital audio calculates to 144 dB dynamic range. Multiple noise processes determine the noise floor of a system, noise can be picked up from microphone self-noise, preamp noise, wiring and interconnection noise, media noise, etc. Early 78 rpm phonograph discs had a range of up to 40 dB, soon reduced to 30 dB. Ampex tape recorders in the 1950s achieved 60 dB in practical usage, the peak of professional analog magnetic recording tape technology reached 90 dB dynamic range in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion, or about 80 dB in practical broadband applications. The Dolby SR noise reduction gave a 20 dB further increased range resulting in 110 dB in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion. Specialized bias and record head improvements by Nakamichi and Tandberg combined with Dolby C noise reduction yielded 72 dB dynamic range for the cassette
30.
Slumdog Millionaire
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Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British drama film directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. Set and filmed in India, it is a adaptation of the novel Q & A by Indian author and diplomat Vikas Swarup, telling the story of Jamal Malik, age 18. As a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, who is able to answer every stage correctly, he is accused of cheating. Jamal recounts his history, illustrating how he is able to each question. Regarded as a hit, Slumdog Millionaire was widely acclaimed, being praised for its plot, soundtrack. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards in 2009 and won eight—the most for any 2008 film—including Best Picture, Best Director and it won seven BAFTA Awards including Best Film, five Critics Choice Awards and four Golden Globes. 18-year-old Jamal Malik, an Indian Muslim from the Juhu slum, is a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. and is one question away from the grand prize. Jamal recounts, through flashbacks, the incidents in his life which provided him with each answer, as they flee the riot, they meet Latika, a girl from their slum. Salim is reluctant to take her in, but Jamal suggests that she could be the third musketeer, the three are found by Maman—a gangster who tricks and then trains street children into becoming beggars. When Salim discovers Maman is blinding the children in order to them more effective beggars, he flees with Jamal. Latika fails to board the train as Salim purposefully lets go of her hand and this resulted in her being recaptured by Maman. At Jamals insistence, they return to Mumbai to find Latika, discovering that she is being raised by Maman to be a prostitute, to him soon a high price. The brothers rescue her, and while escaping Maman they shoot him to death, Salim then manages to get a job with Javed—Mamans rival crime lord. Back at their room, Salim orders Jamal to leave him, when Jamal refuses, Salim draws a gun on him, whereas Latika persuades Jamal to obey his brother and go away. Years later, Jamal, now a tea-boy in an Indian call centre, searches the database for Salim. He fails in finding Latika, while succeeding in finding Salim, Jamal reproaches Salim, who then pleads for forgiveness, and offers him to stay in his luxurious apartment. Jamal later bluffs his way into Javeds residence to reunite with Latika but as he professes his love for her, Jamal nevertheless promises to wait for her every day at five oclock at the VT station. Latika attempts to him there, but is recaptured by Javeds men, led by Salim, and once Javed moves to another house, outside Mumbai
31.
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
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The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is an Academy Award awarded each year to a cinematographer for work on one particular motion picture. In its first film season, 1927–28, this award was not tied to a specific film, the second year,1929, there were no nominations at all, although the Academy has a list of unofficial titles which were under consideration by the Board of Judges. In the third year,1930, films, not cinematographers, were nominated, finally, for the 1931 awards, the modern system in which individuals are nominated for a single film each was adopted in all profession-related categories. From 1939 to 1967, there were separate awards for color and for black-and-white cinematography. Since then, the only film to win is Schindlers List. Floyd Crosby won the award for Tabu in 1931, which was the last silent film to win in this category, hal Mohr won the only write-in Academy Award ever, in 1935 for A Midsummer Nights Dream. Mohr was also the first person to win for both black-and-white and color cinematography, no winners are lost, although some of the earliest nominees are lost, including The Devil Dancer, The Magic Flame, and Four Devils. The Right to Love is incomplete, and Sadie Thompson is incomplete, the first nominees shot primarily on digital video were The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Slumdog Millionaire in 2009, with Slumdog Millionaire the first winner. The following year Avatar was the first nominee and winner to be entirely on digital video. As of 2017 no woman has ever been nominated for Best Cinematography, winners are listed first in colored row, followed by the other nominees
32.
Avatar (2009 film)
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The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Navi – a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The films title refers to a genetically engineered Navi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora, Development of Avatar began in 1994, when Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film. Work on the language of the films extraterrestrial beings began in 2005, Avatar was officially budgeted at $237 million. Other estimates put the cost between $280 million and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion, the film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing, and for 4D experiences in select South Korean theaters. The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology and it also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion and the best-selling film of 2010 in the United States. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, following the films success, Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to produce three sequels, making Avatar the first of a planned tetralogy. On April 14,2016, Cameron confirmed that there were now plans for four sequels, Avatar 2 was scheduled for release in December 2018 before being delayed, with the sequels following in December 2020,2022, and 2023, respectively. By 2154, humans have depleted Earths natural resources, leading to an energy crisis. The Resources Development Administration mines for a valuable mineral – unobtanium – on Pandora, Pandora, whose atmosphere is poisonous to humans, is inhabited by the Navi, 10-foot tall, blue-skinned, sapient humanoids who live in harmony with nature and worship a mother goddess called Eywa. Dr. Grace Augustine, head of the Avatar Program, considers Sully an inadequate replacement, witnessing an auspicious sign, she takes him to her clan, whereupon Neytiris mother Moat, the clans spiritual leader, orders her daughter to initiate Jake into their society. When Grace learns of this, she herself, Jake. Over the following three months, Jake grows to sympathize with the natives, while trying to warn the Navi, Jake confesses to being a spy and the Navi take him and Grace captive. Seeing this, Quaritchs men destroy Hometree, killing Neytiris father, Moat frees Jake and Grace, but they are detached from their avatars and imprisoned by Quaritchs forces. Pilot Trudy Chacón, disgusted by Quaritchs brutality, carries them to Graces outpost, to regain the Navis trust, Jake connects his mind to that of Toruk, a dragon-like predator feared and honored by the Navi. Jake finds the refugees at the sacred Tree of Souls and pleads with Moat to heal Grace, the clan attempts to transfer Grace from her human body into her avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls, but she dies before the process can be completed. Supported by the new chief Tsutey, who acts as Jakes translator, Jake speaks to unite the clan, noticing the impending gathering, Quaritch organizes a pre-emptive strike against the Tree of Souls, believing that its destruction will demoralize the natives. On the eve of battle, Jake prays to Eywa, via a connection to the Tree of Souls. Quaritch prepares to slit the throat of Jakes avatar, but Neytiri kills Quaritch, humans Sam Worthington as Jake Sully, a disabled former Marine who becomes part of the Avatar Program after his twin brother is killed
33.
Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues
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Anchorman 2, The Legend Continues is a 2013 American comedy film and the sequel to the 2004 film Anchorman, The Legend of Ron Burgundy. It brings in newcomers Harrison Ford, Kristen Wiig, James Marsden, Meagan Good, development for the film began as early as 2008, but Paramount Pictures turned down the proposed sequel. However, in March 2012, Ferrell officially announced the film was in production, unlike the first film, the film is distributed by Paramount Pictures instead of DreamWorks Pictures. The Legend Continues was released on December 18,2013, to positive reviews, in 1980, Ron Burgundy and Veronica Corningstone are married and are both co-anchors for a prestigious news network in New York City. One day, Mack Tannen, the most famous news anchor in New York. He intends to promote Corningstone, making her the first female news anchor in the history of television. Burgundy grows jealous of Corningstones success and storms out of the house, leaving her, six months later, Burgundy is back in San Diego, but barely able to hold a job due to his depression. He reassembles his news team, finding Champ Kind, who owns a fried chicken store, Brian Fantana, now a famous cat photographer, and Brick Tamland and they are assigned the unpopular late-night timeslot while obnoxious rival anchorman Jack Lime is put in a primetime slot. Meanwhile, Burgundy finds that Corningstone has started dating psychologist Gary, as GNN launches, Burgundy decides to broadcast what the people want to hear, rather than what they need to hear. He and his team devise a sensationalist and patriotic newscast and their new approach proves to be a hit, beating Lime in ratings by a massive margin, and the other news networks scramble to emulate them. Burgundy and his team are promoted to primetime, where they enjoy fame, Burgundys success excites GNNs manager, Linda Jackson, and they begin a romantic relationship. Tamland meets a similarly eccentric GNN office worker named Chani and immediately falls in love, Burgundy lets his newfound fame get to his head and neglects his parental obligations to Walter, angering Corningstone. He also alienates Fantana, Kind, and Tamland, claiming he is tired of carrying them, during a party celebrating GNNs success, Lime causes Burgundy to slip and suffer a head injury, resulting in him becoming temporarily blind. Unable to read the news, Burgundy isolates himself in a lighthouse, Corningstone arrives with Walter for a visit, announcing that she has quit her own job, and Burgundy bonds with his family, gradually adjusting to his disability. Burgundy and his son rehabilitate a small shark, naming him Doby before setting him free and he leaves angrily, gets his vision restored, and returns to GNN. Back in New York, Burgundy is once again approached by Corningstone, at the same time, an exclusive news story comes in, requiring Burgundy to cover it. However, on live TV, Burgundy instead admits that news is supposed to inform, not entertain and he leaves for Walters recital but is intercepted by an angered Lime and his team and several other news teams, all of whom want to kill him due to his fame. Burgundys friends arrive to defend him and a battle ensues
34.
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
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The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American biographical black comedy crime film directed by Martin Scorsese. Matthew McConaughey, Rob Reiner, Jon Favreau, Joanna Lumley, the Wolf of Wall Street premiered in New York City on December 17,2013 and was released theatrically on December 25,2013 in the United States, distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film was the first to be released entirely through digital distribution and it was a major commercial success, grossing more than $392 million worldwide during its original theatrical run to become Scorseses highest-grossing movie and the 17th-highest-grossing film of 2013. The film was controversial for its morally ambiguous depiction of events, explicit content, profanity, depiction of hard drug use. The film also caused controversy due to revelations that it was financed by illegally obtained funds from 1Malaysia Development Berhad, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with praise for Scorseses direction, the comedic performance of DiCaprio and the fast-paced and consistent humor. It was also recognized by numerous other awards ceremonies, as well as guilds, the word fuck and its numerous conjugations are said between 506 and 569 times, making this the film with the most uses of the word in a mainstream, non-documentary film. Jordan soon finds his career terminated following Black Monday, and takes a job at a boiler room brokerage firm on Long Island that specializes in penny stocks, thanks to his aggressive pitching style and the high commissions, Jordan makes a small fortune. Jordan befriends his neighbor Donnie Azoff, and the two found their own company and they recruit several of Jordans friends, whom Jordan trains in the art of the hard sell. The basic method of the firm is a pump and dump scam, to cloak this, Jordan gives the firm the respectable name of Stratton Oakmont. After an exposé in Forbes, hundreds of ambitious young financiers flock to his company, Jordan becomes immensely successful, and slides into a decadent lifestyle of prostitutes and drugs. He has an affair with a woman named Naomi Lapaglia, when his wife finds out, they divorce and he marries Naomi. Meanwhile, the SEC and the FBI begin investigating Stratton Oakmont, Jordan illegally makes $22 million in three hours upon securing the IPO of Steve Madden. This brings him and his firm to the attention of the FBI and he uses the wife and in-laws of his friend Brad Bodnick, who have European passports, to smuggle the cash into Switzerland. Donnie gets into a brawl with Brad, and while Donnie escapes. Jordan also learns from his private investigator that the FBI is wiretapping his phones, fearing for his son, Jordans father advises him to leave Stratton Oakmont and lie low while Jordans lawyer negotiates a deal to keep him out of prison. Jordan, however, cannot bear to quit, and talks himself into staying in the middle of his farewell speech, Jordan, Donnie and their wives are on a yacht trip to Italy when they learn that Aunt Emma has died of a heart attack. Jordan decides to travel to Switzerland immediately to settle the bank account, in order to bypass border controls, he forces his yacht captain to sail to Monaco, and the ship is capsized in a storm. After their rescue, the plane sent to them to Geneva is destroyed when a seagull flies into the engine
35.
Digital photography
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Digital photography is a form of photography that uses cameras containing arrays of electronic photodetectors to capture images focused by a lens, as opposed to an exposure on photographic film. The captured images are digitized and stored as a computer file ready for digital processing, viewing. Digital photographs are created solely by computer-based photoelectric and mechanical techniques. Digital photography is one of forms of digital imaging. Digital images are created by non-photographic equipment such as computer tomography scanners. Digital images can also be made by scanning other printed photographic images or negatives, the first consumer digital cameras were marketed in the late 1990s. Many mirrorless cameras accept interchangeable lenses and have advanced features through an electronic viewfinder, the first flyby spacecraft image of Mars was taken from Mariner 4 on July 15,1965 with a camera system designed by NASA/JPL. The first recorded attempt at building a digital camera was in 1975 by Steven Sasson and it used the then-new solid-state CCD image sensor chips developed by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1973. The camera weighed 8 pounds, recorded black and white images to a tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels. The prototype camera was an exercise, not intended for production. This camera was never marketed internationally, and has not been confirmed to have shipped even in Japan, the first commercially available digital camera was the 1990 Dycam Model 1, it also sold as the Logitech Fotoman. It used a CCD image sensor, stored pictures digitally, image sensors read the intensity of light, and digital memory devices store the digital image information as RGB color space or as raw data. The two main types of sensors are charge-coupled devices, in which the photocharge is shifted to a central charge-to-voltage converter, Digital cameras can take pictures, and may also record sound and video. Some can be used as webcams, some can use the PictBridge standard to connect to a printer without using a computer, similarly, many camcorders can take still photographs, and store them on videotape or on flash memorycards with the same functionality as digital cameras. Digital photography is one of the most exceptional instances of the shift from converting conventional analog information to digital information and this shift is so tremendous because it was a chemical and mechanical process and became an all digital process with a built in computer in all digital cameras. The quality of an image is a composite of various factors. Pixel count is one of the major factors, though it is the most heavily marketed figure of merit. Digital camera manufacturers advertise this figure because consumers can use it to easily compare camera capabilities and it is not, however, the major factor in evaluating a digital camera for most applications
36.
Video
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Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video systems vary greatly in the resolution of the display and refresh rate, video can be carried on a variety of media, including radio broadcast, tapes, DVDs, computer files etc. Video was originally exclusively a live technology, charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder. In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the electrical impulses. Video recorders were sold for $50,000 in 1956, however, prices gradually dropped over the years, in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette recorder decks and tapes into the consumer market. The use of techniques in video created digital video, which allowed higher quality and, eventually. After the invention of the DVD in 1997 and Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of videotape, the advent of digital broadcasting and the subsequent digital television transition is in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a legacy technology in most parts of the world. PAL standards and SECAM specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC standards specify 29.97 frames, film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of an image is about sixteen frames per second. Video can be interlaced or progressive, analog display devices reproduce each frame in the same way, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. NTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats, abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is specified as 576i50, where 576 indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, i indicates interlacing. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence, when displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material, aspect ratio describes the dimensions of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectilinear, and so can be described by a ratio between width and height, the screen aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4,3, or about 1.33,1. High definition televisions use a ratio of 16,9. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack is 1.375,1. Therefore, a 720 by 480 pixel NTSC DV image displayes with the 4,3 aspect ratio if the pixels are thin, the popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of vertical video
37.
Feature film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
38.
Digital movie camera
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Digital movie cameras for digital cinematography are digital video cameras that capture digitally rather than the historically used movie camera, which shoots on film stock. Different digital movie cameras output a variety of different acquisition formats, cameras designed for domestic use have also been used for some low-budget independent productions. Since the beginning of the 2010s, digital cameras have become the dominant type of camera in the motion picture industry. Beginning in the late 1980s, Sony began marketing the concept of electronic cinematography, the effort met with very little success. However, this led to one of the earliest electronically shot feature movies, Julia and Julia, in May 2002 Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones was released having also been shot using a Sony HDW-F900 camera. Two lesser-known movies, Vidocq and Russian Ark, had previously been shot with the same camera. In parallel with these changes, digital cinema began to emerge in the cinema system, at the high-end of the camera market, there has been an emergence of cameras aimed specifically at the digital cinema market. Since the beginning of the 2010s, the picture industry has almost completely switched to digital capture as well as digital distribution and projection. There are a number of cameras on the market designed specifically for high-end digital cinematography use. Some of the cameras are expensive and some are available to rent. These inexpensive cameras are limited by their relatively high ratios, their small sensors. Many also have integrated lenses which cannot be changed, MiniDV was the predominant standard definition consumer video acquisition format in the early 2000s. Steven Soderbergh used the popular Canon XL2 MiniDV camera while shooting Full Frontal, the Danny Boyle directed British horror film,28 Days Later was also shot on MiniDV using the Canon XL1S, albeit with traditional Panavision 35mm film lenses. One of the first MiniDV cameras used on a film was the Sony VX-1000. This feature made the extremely popular with low-budget movie-makers. Sony, JVC, Canon and other vendors have brought high-definition video acquisition to the consumer and prosumer markets with the HDV format, HDV cameras are sold with a wide range of capabilities. Many support progressive shooting modes, and some have sensors with full 1920x1080 resolution, in addition, some Canon and JVC HDV camcorders have the ability to use high-quality interchangeable lenses, rather than the fixed lenses that are included with most prosumer cameras. The Canon EOS 5D Mark II is a full-frame format HDSLR camera capable of recording 1080p video in at 24,25 or 30 frames per second, movie makers are pressing this camera into service as a low-cost way to shoot motion footage
39.
Arri Alexa
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The Arri Alexa is a digital motion picture camera system made by Arri first introduced in April 2010. The camera was Arris first major transition into digital cinematography after smaller previous efforts such as the Arriflex D-20 and it features modularity, PL mount lenses, a Super 35 sized CMOS sensor shooting up to 2880×2160 resolution and supports uncompressed video or proprietary raw data. The price of the camera depends on model and accessories, as an example, in 2015 an Arria Alexa XT cost approximately US$66, 000-100,000, the range of Alexa models has expanded over time, The first camera of the Alexa product family. The ARRI ALEXA’s CMOS Super-35mm sensor is rated at 2. 8K and that sensitivity allows the camera to see a full seven stops of over exposure and another seven stops of underexposure, an unprecedented Dynamic Range. The ALEXA Plus added integrated wireless remote control, the ARRI Lens Data System, additional outputs, lens synchronization for 3D, and built-in position and motion sensors. The Alexa M had its imaging and processing unit broken down in two parts to be small, compact and lightweight for 3D rigs and other uses where size is a concern. The Alexa Studio features an optical viewfinder, mechanical shutter, in February 2013, the range was renewed as Alexa XT. This module records on dedicated SSD drives, further improvements are an internal ND filter unit, a 4,3 sensor and a quieter cooling fan. The range accordingly comprises the Alexa, the Alexa XT, the Alexa XT M, the Alexa XT Plus, the Alexa XT Studio, existing cameras can be upgraded with the XR module for internal RAW recording. On 21 September 2014 at the Cinec convention in Munich, Arri announced the Alexa 65, as with cameras from competitor Panavision, the Alexa 65 camera was available by rental only, provided through the ARRI Rental Group. The Alexa 65 uses the A3X sensor, which has a maximum resolution of 6560x3100. The first production to use the camera was Mission Impossible - Rogue Nation, which was used to shoot the underwater sequence, other films where specific sequences were shot with the Alexa 65 include Rogue One, A Star Wars Story, The Huntsman and The Divergent Series, Allegiant. The first feature films to be shot entirely with the camera were Snowden, in April 2015, it announced that Captain America, Civil War would feature 15 minutes of footage shot using a version of the camera built in collaboration with IMAX. On 24 February 2015 Arri announced the Alexa Mini and it has the same sensor as the other Alexa cameras. It features in-camera recording to CFast 2.0 cards,200 FPS, on 18 March 2015, Arri announced the SXT line of Arri Alexa cameras which will support in-camera upscaling of Apple ProRes to 4K resolution and Rec.2020 color space. Arri also announced the SXR module which can upgrade XT, XT Plus, alternately the full sensor resolution may be employed in Open Gate mode for resolution demanding situations. The Alexa 65 uses the A3X sensor, which has a 54.12 mm x 25.59 mm active imaging area and it provides up to 6560x3102 Open Gate maximum recordable resolution, and is bigger than traditional 65mm film. The Arri Alexa can record to 1920×1080 ProRes 422 or ProRes 4444 on SxS Cards or 2880×1620 ARRIRAW to external recording devices, the ArriRaw format contains static and dynamic metadata
40.
Weisscam
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The Weisscam Company develops digital high-speed cameras. The cameras are used in commercials, imagefilms and in shootings of athletic activities. The Weisscam Company was founded by Director of Photography Stefan Weiss,2005 Starting the development of the first prototype of WEISSCAM HS-1 and using this camera for international commercials. This development created a product family, WEISSCAM HS-2 Camera, WEISSCAM DM-2 Digimag, WEISSCAM DBB Debayerbox. 2009 After more than 2 years of development WEISSCAM launched the new product family on the international market with P+S Technik. The equipment of the digital high-speed camera WEISSCAM HS-1 includes the camera HS-1, the Hand Unit, Camera The Weisscam HS-1 camera body is designed as a combination of the classic form of 2/3“ video camera and the clarity of a film camera body. Frame rate up to 1000 frame/s are possible, maximum resolution of the HS-1 model is 1280 x 1024 pixel. Hand Unit With the Hand Unit most important recording features of the camera can be controlled, START/STOP, frame rate adjustment, frame rate ramp settings. The ergonomic design allows comfortable one hand use to start and stop recording, with the well fitted hand wheel the frame rate can be changed smoothly while recording. Control Unit The WEISSCAM HS-1 Control Unit is a complete, portable power PC with the newest dual core processor technology. The unit comes with up to 1 TB internal disc space, a removable S-ATA hard disk drive for data exchange, an integrated monitor. The software offers extensive features for image control, color correction, frame size adjustments, Camera The WEISSCAM HS-2 is developed as a stand-alone camera aiming especially the needs of cinematographers. The HS-2 has a full format Super35 CMOS sensor with a global shutter, by using the Interchangeable Mount System you can attach nearly every lenses on the camera. The output of the WEISSCAM HS-2 offers two streams at the time and uses the HD SDI interface for both signals. With the WEISSCAM RAW IN HD SDI mapping, you are able to transport the RAW files via the standard and fast HD SDI single. The HD stream offers YCbCr in 4,2,2 and you can choose between linear standard curves like ITU-R709 or log curve for a higher contrast range within the HD SDI image. The RAW stream is a 12-bit uncompressed WEISSCAM RAW file and gives you the freedom to debayer in post production, with the WEISSCAM HS-2 there are 2000 frame/s in full HD possible. To record more speed one needs to reduce the resolution on the sensor
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CMOS
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Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor, abbreviated as CMOS /ˈsiːmɒs/, is a technology for constructing integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors, data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. In 1963, while working for Fairchild Semiconductor, Frank Wanlass patented CMOS, CMOS is also sometimes referred to as complementary-symmetry metal–oxide–semiconductor. Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low power consumption. Since one transistor of the pair is always off, the series combination draws significant power only momentarily during switching between on and off states, CMOS also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip. It was primarily for this reason that CMOS became the most used technology to be implemented in VLSI chips, aluminium was once used but now the material is polysilicon. Other metal gates have made a comeback with the advent of high-k dielectric materials in the CMOS process, as announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometer node and beyond. CMOS refers to both a style of digital circuitry design and the family of processes used to implement that circuitry on integrated circuits. CMOS circuitry dissipates less power than logic families with resistive loads, since this advantage has increased and grown more important, CMOS processes and variants have come to dominate, thus the vast majority of modern integrated circuit manufacturing is on CMOS processes. As of 2010, CPUs with the best performance per watt each year have been CMOS static logic since 1976, CMOS circuits use a combination of p-type and n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor to implement logic gates and other digital circuits. CMOS always uses all enhancement-mode MOSFETs, CMOS circuits are constructed in such a way that all PMOS transistors must have either an input from the voltage source or from another PMOS transistor. Similarly, all NMOS transistors must have either an input from ground or from another NMOS transistor, the composition of a PMOS transistor creates low resistance between its source and drain contacts when a low gate voltage is applied and high resistance when a high gate voltage is applied. On the other hand, the composition of an NMOS transistor creates high resistance between source and drain when a low voltage is applied and low resistance when a high gate voltage is applied. CMOS accomplishes current reduction by complementing every nMOSFET with a pMOSFET, a high voltage on the gates will cause the nMOSFET to conduct and the pMOSFET to not conduct, while a low voltage on the gates causes the reverse. This arrangement greatly reduces power consumption and heat generation, however, during the switching time, both MOSFETs conduct briefly as the gate voltage goes from one state to another. This induces a brief spike in consumption and becomes a serious issue at high frequencies. The image on the right shows what happens when an input is connected to both a PMOS transistor and an NMOS transistor, when the voltage of input A is low, the NMOS transistors channel is in a high resistance state. This limits the current that can flow from Q to ground, the PMOS transistors channel is in a low resistance state and much more current can flow from the supply to the output
