1.
Dagger
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A dagger is a knife with a very sharp point designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon. Daggers have been used throughout human experience for close combat confrontations, the distinctive shape and historic usage of the dagger have made it iconic and symbolic. A dagger in the sense is a weapon designed for close-proximity combat or self-defence, due to its use in historic weapon assemblages, it has associations with maleness. Double-edged knives, however, play different sorts of roles in different social contexts, in some cultures, they are neither a weapon nor a tool, but a potent symbol of manhood, in others they are ritual objects used in sacred body modifications such as circumcision. Most daggers also feature a full crossguard to keep the hand from riding forwards onto the blade edges. Daggers are primarily weapons, so knife legislation in many places restricts their manufacture, sale, possession, transport, the earliest daggers were made of materials such as flint, ivory or bone in Neolithic times. Copper daggers appeared first in the early Bronze Age, in the 3rd millennium BCE, in ancient Egypt, daggers were usually made of copper or bronze, while royalty had gold weapons. At least since pre-dynastic Egypt, daggers were adorned as ceremonial objects with golden hilts and later even more ornate, one early silver dagger was recovered with midrib design. The 1924 opening of the tomb of Tutankhamun revealed two daggers, one with a blade, and one of smelted iron. It is held that mummies of the Eleventh Dynasty were buried with bronze sabres, as late as Mene-ptah II. of the Nineteenth Dynasty, we read it in the list of his loot, after the Prosopis battle, of bronze armour, swords and daggers. One of the earliest objects made of smelted iron is a dating to before 2000 BCE. Found in a Hattic royal tomb dated about 2500 BCE, at Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia, the dagger has an iron blade. The exceptional purity of Iberian iron and the method of forging. Iberian infantrymen carried several types of iron daggers, most of them based on shortened versions of double-edged swords, Iberian daggers and swords were later adopted by Hannibal and his Carthaginian armies. During the Roman Empire, legionaries were issued a pugio, a double-edged iron thrusting dagger with a blade of 7–12 inches. The design and fabrication of the pugio was taken directly from Iberian daggers and short swords, the Romans even adopted the triangular-bladed Iberian dagger, like the gladius, the pugio was most often used as a thrusting. As an extreme close-quarter combat weapon, the pugio was the Roman soldiers last line of defense, when not in battle, the pugio served as a convenient utility knife. The earliest known depiction of a dagger is the so-called Guido relief inside the Grossmünster of Zürich
2.
Age of Sail
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This is a significant period during which square-rigged sailing ships carried European colonizers to many parts of the world in one of the most expansive human migrations in recorded history. Like most periodic eras the definition is inexact but close enough to serve as a general description, the Suez Canal, which opened in 1869, was impractical for sailing ships, and made steamboats faster on the European-Asian sea route. Sailing ships continued to be a way to transport cargo on long voyages into the 1920s. Sailing ships do not require fuel or complex engines to be powered, crucially though, steam-powered ships held a speed advantage and were rarely hindered by adverse winds, freeing steam-powered vessels from the necessity of following trade winds. As a result, cargo and supplies could reach a port in half the time it took a sailing ship. It is this factor that drove sailing ships aside, Sailing vessels were pushed into narrower and narrower economic niches and gradually disappeared from commercial trade. Today, sailing vessels are only viable for small scale coastal fishing, along with recreational uses such as yachting. Nautical portal Age of Discovery Columbian Exchange Maritime timeline Naval history Sailing ship tactics Sea lane
3.
Scotland in the early modern period
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Scotland in the early modern period refers, for the purposes of this article, to Scotland between the death of James IV in 1513 and the end of the Jacobite rebellions in the mid-eighteenth century. It roughly corresponds to the modern period in Europe, beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation and ending with the start of the Enlightenment. Scotland hovered between dominance by the English and French, which ended in the Treaty of Edinburgh 1560, in 1603 he inherited the thrones of England and Ireland, creating a dynastic union and moving the centre of royal patronage and power to London. His son Charles I attempted to impose elements of the English religious settlement on his other kingdoms, relations gradually deteriorated resulting in the Bishops Wars, ending in defeat for Charles and helping to bring about the War of Three Kingdoms. The Scots entered the war in England on the Parliamentary side, the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 saw the return of episcopacy and an increasingly absolutist regime, resulting in religious and political upheaval and rebellions. With the accession of the openly Catholic James VII, there was increasing disquiet among Protestants, after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, William of Orange and Mary, the daughter of James, were accepted as monarchs. Presbyterianism was reintroduced and limitations placed on monarchy, after severe economic dislocation in the 1690s there were moves that led to political union with England as the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Although there was a system of roads in early modern Scotland, it remained a country divided by topography. The local laird emerged as a key figure and the heads of names and clans in the Borders, there was a population expanding towards the end of the period and increasing urbanisation. Social tensions were evident in witch trials and the creation of a system of poor laws, despite the aggrandisement of the crown and the increase in forms of taxation, revenues remained inadequate. The Privy Council and Parliament remained central to government, with changing compositions, the growth of local government saw introduction of Justices of the Peace and Commissioners of Supply, while the law saw the increasing importance of royal authority and professionalisation. The expansion of schools and reform of universities heralded the beginnings of an intellectual flowering in the Enlightenment. There was also a flowering of Scottish literature before the loss of the court as a centre of patronage at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The tradition of music was fundamentally changed by the Reformation. In church architecture a distinctive style based on a T-plan emerged. The death of James IV at the Battle of Flodden in 1513 meant a period of regency in the name of his infant son James V. He finally managed to escape from the custody of the regents in 1528 and began to take revenge on a number of them and he continued his fathers policy of subduing the rebellious Highlands, Western and Northern isles and the troublesome borders. He took punitive measures against the Clan Douglas in the north, summarily executed John Armstrong of Liddesdale and carried out royal progresses to underline his authority
4.
Samuel Johnson
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Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and is described by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history. He is also the subject of perhaps the most famous biography in English literature, born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, Johnson attended Pembroke College, Oxford for just over a year, before his lack of funds forced him to leave. After working as a teacher, he moved to London, where he began to write for The Gentlemans Magazine and his early works include the biography Life of Mr Richard Savage, the poems London and The Vanity of Human Wishes, and the play Irene. After nine years of work, Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1755 and it had a far-reaching effect on Modern English and has been described as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship. This work brought Johnson popularity and success, until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 150 years later, Johnsons was viewed as the pre-eminent British dictionary. His later works included essays, an annotated edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare. In 1763, he befriended James Boswell, with whom he travelled to Scotland. Towards the end of his life, he produced the massive and influential Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, Johnson was a tall and robust man. His odd gestures and tics were disconcerting to some on first meeting him, after a series of illnesses, he died on the evening of 13 December 1784, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Born on 18 September 1709, to Michael Johnson, a bookseller and he did not cry and, with doubts surrounding the newborns health, his aunt exclaimed that she would not have picked such a poor creature up in the street. Since it was feared that the baby die, the vicar of St Marys was summoned to perform a baptism. Two godfathers were chosen, Samuel Swynfen, a physician and graduate of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Richard Wakefield, a lawyer, coroner, Johnsons health improved and he was put to wet-nurse with Joan Marklew. He soon contracted scrofula, known at time as the Kings Evil because it was thought royalty could cure it. Sir John Floyer, former physician to King Charles II, recommended that the young Johnson should receive the royal touch, however, the ritual was ineffective, and an operation was performed that left him with permanent scars across his face and body. Johnson demonstrated signs of intelligence as a child, and his parents, to his later disgust. His education began at the age of three, and was provided by his mother, who had him memorise and recite passages from the Book of Common Prayer. When Samuel turned four, he was sent to a nearby school, a year later, Johnson went to Lichfield Grammar School, where he excelled in Latin. During this time, Johnson started to exhibit the tics that would influence how people viewed him in his years
5.
Oxborough Dirk
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The Oxborough Dirk is a large ceremonial weapon or dirk from the early bronze age. One of only six such weapons across Europe, it was found in a part of the county of Norfolk. It was found by chance in 1988 protruding from a bog near Oxborough, Norfolk. A walker had discovered it in woods near the village by accidentally tripping up on the hilt of the sword, six years after its discovery, the sword was purchased by the British Museum with the support of the National Art Collections Fund. The Oxborough find is one of six large dirks known in north-west Europe. The six are so similar that they may have made in the same workshop. The six almost identical swords have been found across three countries in western Europe, two in France, two in the Netherlands and two in England, all six of these very rare swords are labelled the Plougrescant-Ommerschans type, after two of the sites from where they were found. The others were discovered in Beaune and Jutphaas and a second from Norfolk, the Beaune example is also in the British Museums collection. The second Norfolk example is in the collection of Norwich Castle Museum and it was probably either a votive offering or a store of value that could be retrieved at a later time. It is currently on display in Room 50 at the British Museum
6.
Russian Empire
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The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short-lived February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring powers, the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia. It played a role in 1812–14 in defeating Napoleons ambitions to control Europe. The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, with 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, there were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts, they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia. Economically, the empire had an agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs. The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways, the land was ruled by a nobility from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged and he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power, Catherine the Great presided over a golden age. She expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Greats policy of modernisation along West European lines, Tsar Alexander II promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and that connection by 1914 led to Russias entry into the First World War on the side of France, Britain, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. The Russian Empire functioned as a monarchy until the Revolution of 1905. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely as a result of failures in its participation in the First World War. Perhaps the latter was done to make Europe recognize Russia as more of a European country, Poland was divided in the 1790-1815 era, with much of the land and population going to Russia. Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia, Peter I the Great introduced autocracy in Russia and played a major role in introducing his country to the European state system. However, this vast land had a population of 14 million, grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West, compelling nearly the entire population to farm. Only a small percentage lived in towns, the class of kholops, close to the one of slavery, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter I converted household kholops into house serfs, thus including them in poll taxation
7.
Soviet Navy
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The Soviet Navy was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces. The influence of the Soviet Navy played a role in the Cold War. The Soviet Navy was divided into four major fleets, the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, the Caspian Flotilla was a smaller force operating in the land-locked Caspian Sea. Main components of the Soviet Navy included Soviet Naval Aviation, Naval Infantry, most of the Soviet Navy was reformed into the Russian Navy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, while some elements became the basis of the Ukrainian, Azerbaijani and Georgian navies. During the revolution, sailors deserted their ships at will and generally neglected their duties, the officers were dispersed and most of the sailors left their ships. Work stopped in the shipyards, where uncompleted ships deteriorated rapidly, the Black Sea Fleet fared no better than the Baltic. The Bolshevik revolution entirely disrupted its personnel, with murders of officers. At the end of April 1918, German troops entered Crimea, the more effective ships were moved from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk where, after an ultimatum from Germany, they were scuttled by Vladimir Lenins order. The ships remaining in Sevastopol were captured by the Germans and then, after November 1918, on 1 April 1919, when Red Army forces captured Crimea, the British squadron had to withdraw, but before leaving they damaged all the remaining battleships and sank thirteen new submarines. When the White Army captured Crimea in 1919, it rescued and reconditioned a few units, at the end of the civil war, Wrangels fleet, a White fleet, moved to Bizerta in French Tunisia, where it was interned. The first ship of the navy could be considered the rebellious Imperial Russian cruiser Aurora. Sailors of the Baltic fleet supplied the fighting force of the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution, some imperial vessels continued to serve after the revolution, albeit with different names. The Soviet Navy, established as the Workers and Peasants Red Fleet by a 1918 decree of the Soviet government, was less than service-ready during the interwar years, as the countrys attentions were largely directed internally, the Navy did not have much funding or training. The greater part of the old fleet was sold by the Soviet government to Germany for scrap, in the Baltic Sea there remained only three much-neglected battleships, two cruisers, some ten destroyers, and a few submarines. Despite this state of affairs, the Baltic Fleet remained a significant naval formation, there also existed some thirty minor-waterways combat flotillas. During the 1930s, as the industrialization of the Soviet Union proceeded, approved by the Labour and Defence Council in 1926, the Naval Shipbuilding Program included plans to construct twelve submarines, the first six were to become known as the Dekabrist class. Beginning 4 November 1926, Technical Bureau Nº4, under the leadership of B. M, malinin, managed the submarine construction works at the Baltic Shipyard. In subsequent years,133 submarines were built to designs developed during Malinins management, additional developments included the formation of the Pacific Fleet in 1932 and the Northern Fleet in 1933
8.
Highland dress
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The term highland dress describes the traditional, regional dress of the Highlands and Isles of Scotland. It is often characterised by tartan patterns in some form, including dress tartans which are modified versions which include white in place of a prominent colour. Specific designs of shirt, jacket, bodice, and headwear may also be worn, along with badges and other devices indicating family. Mens highland dress includes a kilt of his clan tartan, along either a tartan full plaid, fly plaid. Accessories may include a belt, sporran, sgian dubh, tartan socks, garters, kilt pins, ghillie brogues are the traditional, welted rand, thick soled shoes with no tongues and long laces. The laces are wrapped around and tied firmly above the ankles so that the shoes do not get pulled off in the mud. The shoes lack tongues so the wearers feet can dry more quickly in the typically damp Scottish weather, womens highland dress is also based on the clan tartan, either that of her birth clan or, if married, that of her spouses clan if she so chooses. Traditionally, women and girls do not wear kilts but may wear ankle-length tartan skirts, along with a colour-coordinated blouse, a tartan earasaid, sash or tonnag may also be worn, usually pinned with a brooch, sometimes with a clan badge or other family or cultural motif. Womens shoes, also called ghillies, are often the thin, foldable variety with sole and uppers cut from one piece of leather, now used mostly for indoor wear. Like the modern ghillie brogues, they also have no tongue, in 1618, a poet from London, John Taylor described the costume of Scottish aristocrats, lairds, and their followers and servants, dressed for hunting at Braemar. In August and September, all dressed in the same fashion by custom. This included tartan stockings and jerkins, with garters of twisted straw, and they had knotted handkerchiefs at their necks and wore blue caps. Taylor said the tartan was warm stuff of diverse colours, near the end of the seventeenth century, Martin Martin gave a description of traditional womens clothing in the Western Islands, the earasaid with its brooches and buckles. I have seen some of the former of an hundred marks value, it was broad as any ordinary pewter plate, the whole curiously engraven with various animals etc. The plaid being pleated all round, was tied with a belt below the breast, the belt was of leather, and several pieces of silver intermixed with the leather like a chain. The lower end of the belt has a piece of plate about eight inches long and they wore sleeves of scarlet cloth, closed at the end as mens vests, with gold lace round them, having plate buttons with fine stones. According to the English military chaplain Thomas Morer, in 1689 Highland men wore plaids about seven or eight yards long, beneath the plaid they wore a waistcoat or a shirt to the same length as the drape of the plaid. Their stockings were made of the stuff as the plaid
9.
Sgian-dubh
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The sgian-dubh is a small, single-edged knife worn as part of traditional Scottish Highland dress along with the kilt. The sgian-dubh is normally worn on the side as the dominant hand. The name comes from the Gaelic sgian-dubh, compare also other Gaelic word-formations such as dubh-sgeir underwater skerry, dubh-fhacal riddle, dubh-cheist enigma. However, the term for the knife is a set-phrase containing a fossilized historical form. Various alternative spellings are found in English, including skene-dhu and skean-dhu, the plural is most commonly sgian-dubhs but sgians-dubh is also occasionally encountered. The proper Gaelic plural forms sginean-dubh or sgianan-dubh are only rarely encountered in English usage, the sgian-dubh may have evolved from the sgian-achlais, a dagger that could be concealed under the armpit. Used by the Scots of the 17th and 18th centuries, this knife was slightly larger than the average modern sgian-dubh and was carried in the sleeve or lining of the body of the jacket. Courtesy and etiquette would demand that when entering the home of a friend and it follows that the sgian-achlais would be removed from its hiding place and displayed in the stocking top held securely by the garters. The sgian-dubh also resembles the small skinning knife that is part of the set of hunting knives. These sets contain a knife with a 9 to 10 inches blade. These knives usually had antler handles, as do many early sgian-dubhs, the larger knife is likely the ancestor of the modern dirk. The bog oak, jet black in appearance, was a hard wood suitable for the purpose. The handles on the stag knives simulate horn which was traditionally used. Thus he carried on his person most of his worldly wealth, the black dagger was usually carried in a place of concealment very often under his armpit. This gives support to the view that black does not refer only to the colour of the handle, the sgian-dubh can be seen in portraits of kilted men of the mid-19th century. A similar sgian-dubh is in the collection of The National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, the early blades varied in construction, some having a clipped or drop point. The spear-point tip has now become universal, the earliest known blades, some housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, are made from German or Scandinavian steel, which was highly prized by the Highlanders. Scalloped filework on the back of the blade is common on all Scottish knives, a short blade of 3 to 3.5 inches is typical
10.
George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon
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General George Duncan Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon GCB PC, styled Marquess of Huntly until 1827, was a Scottish nobleman, soldier and politician and the last of his illustrious line. George was born at Edinburgh on 2 February 1770, the eldest son of Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon and his wife and he became a professional soldier and rose to the rank of general. As Marquess of Huntly, he served with the guards in Flanders from 1793 to 1794 and he raised the 92nd Highlanders and commanded the regiment in Spain, Corsica, Ireland and the Netherlands from 1795 to 1799, where he was badly wounded. He commanded a division in the Walcheren Expedition of 1809 and he was a freemason and was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland from 1792 to 1794. He was Member of Parliament for Eye from 1806 to 1807, on 11 April 1807, at the age of 37, he was summoned to the House of Lords in one of the minor peerages of his father. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1830, was Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland from 1828 to 1830 and he married at Bath, on 11 December 1813, Elizabeth Brodie, who was twenty-four years his junior. Brodie was the daughter of Alexander Brodie of Arnhall in Kincardineshire, Elizabeth Grant described her thus, His bride was young, and good, and rich, but neither clever nor handsome. She made him happy and paid his most pressing debts. He made a large fortune, he gave with his daughter, his only child, £100,000 down. Really to her husband her large fortune was the least part of her value, she possessed upright principles, good sense, in her later years she got into the cant of the Methodists. However, at the time of his marriage and, in fact, until he inherited the Dukedom, George found himself in almost constant financial difficulties. He was referred to as Lord Huntly now in the decline of his rackety life, overwhelmed with debts, sated with pleasure, tired of fashion, while his marriage remedied some of these problems, it did not supply the much sought-after heir. Like his father, George acquired many of the positions which the Gordon family could expect almost as of right and these included the posts of Lord Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire, Chancellor of Marischal College, Aberdeen and Lord High Constable of Scotland. He held the latter post of Lord High Constable for the Coronation of King George the Fourth in 1820, by the time of his succession to the dukedom, he had established a reputation as an extreme reactionary. Throughout much of period, his wife served Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, wife of King William IV. Indeed, she was given the Queens Coronation robe, which is now to be found many other Gordon memorabilia at Brodie Castle. Nathaniel Parker Willis, the American journalist, has left us with an account of life at Gordon Castle in the twilight years of the 5th Dukes life. At the castle a dozen lounging and powered menials, Willis continued, I never realised so forcibily the splendid results of wealth and primogeniture
11.
Scottish Gaelic
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Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to as Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. The 2011 census of Scotland showed that a total of 57,375 people in Scotland could speak Gaelic at that time, the census results indicate a decline of 1,275 Gaelic speakers from 2001. A total of 87,056 people in 2011 reported having some facility with Gaelic compared to 93,282 people in 2001, only about half of speakers were fully literate in the language. Nevertheless, revival efforts exist and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 has increased, Scottish Gaelic is neither an official language of the European Union nor the United Kingdom. Outside Scotland, a group of dialects collectively known as Canadian Gaelic are spoken in parts of Atlantic Canada, mainly Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In the 2011 census, there were 7,195 total speakers of Gaelic languages in Canada, with 1,365 in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island where the responses mainly refer to Scottish Gaelic. About 2,320 Canadians in 2011 also claimed Gaelic languages as their mother tongue, with over 300 in Nova Scotia, aside from Scottish Gaelic, the language may also be referred to simply as Gaelic. In Scotland, the word Gaelic in reference to Scottish Gaelic specifically is pronounced, outside Ireland and Great Britain, Gaelic may refer to the Irish language. Scottish Gaelic should not be confused with Scots, the Middle English-derived language varieties which had come to be spoken in most of the Lowlands of Scotland by the modern era. Prior to the 15th century, these dialects were known as Inglis by its own speakers, from the late 15th century, however, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as Erse and the Lowland vernacular as Scottis. Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a language from Irish. Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to Dál Riata until the 8th century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth, by 900, Pictish appears to have become extinct, completely replaced by Gaelic. An exception might be made for the Northern Isles, however, however, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of Gaelicisation was clearly underway during the reigns of Caustantín and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, by the 10th century, Gaelic had become the dominant language throughout northern and western Scotland, the Gaelo-Pictic Kingdom of Alba. Its spread to southern Scotland, was even and totalizing. Place name analysis suggests dense usage of Gaelic in Galloway and adjoining areas to the north and west as well as in West Lothian, less dense usage is suggested for north Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire. In south-eastern Scotland, there is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken, the area shifted from Cumbric to Old English during its long incorporation into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria
12.
Ballock dagger
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A bollock dagger or ballock knife is a type of dagger with a distinctively shaped shaft, with two oval swellings at the guard resembling male testes. The guard is often in one piece with the wooden grip, the dagger was popular in Scandinavia, Flanders, Wales, Scotland and England between the 13th and 18th centuries, in particular the Tudor period. Within Britain the bollock dagger was commonly carried, including by Border Reivers, as a backup for the lance, a large number of such weapons were found aboard the wreck of the Mary Rose. The bollock dagger is the predecessor to the Scottish dirk, in the Victorian period weapon historians introduced the term kidney dagger, due to the two lobes at the guard, which could also be seen as kidney-shaped, in order to avoid any sexual connotation. The hilt was often constructed of box root in the 16th and 17th centuries, spotlight, The Ballock Dagger Mary Rose Trust
13.
Rondel dagger
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A rondel dagger /ˈrɒndəl/ or roundel dagger was a type of stiff-bladed dagger in Europe in the late Middle Ages, used by a variety of people from merchants to knights. It was worn at the waist and might be used as a utility tool, the blade was made of steel, and was typically long and slim with a tapering needle point, measuring 12 inches or more, the whole dagger might be as long as 20 inches. Rondel means round or circular, the dagger gets its name from its hand guard. The blades tang extended through the handle, which was cylindrical, in cross section, the blade was usually diamond-shaped, lenticular, or triangular. These blades would have a point, and either one or both edges would also be sharpened. They were principally designed for use with an action, either underarm. The long straight blade would not have lent itself to a slashing or sabre action and this was often the only way in which a heavily armoured knight could be killed. A few examples also exist of four-edged rondel daggers, the blade having a cruciform profile, rondel daggers which have survived and found their way into museums and collections are usually those with fine craftsmanship and often ornate decoration. The blades may be engraved, the ornately carved. The rondel dagger evolved in the 14th century from the early knightly dagger of the 12th to 13th centuries, by the 15th century it had become the standard side-arm for knights, and would have been carried into battles such as the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The contemporary post-mortem on the remains of King Richard III show that at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 he suffered a wound to the head before other fatal wounds. They were a backup weapon to be used in hand-to-hand fighting. Since they were able to penetrate a suit of armour, rondel daggers could be used to force an unseated or wounded knight to surrender, in the 15th century, the rondel dagger also rose to popularity among the emerging middle class. In a scene from a miniature by Girat de Roussillon depicting the construction of churches in France, merchants. Hans Talhoffer in his manuals of the 1440s to 1460s includes numerous examples of techniques for fighting with the rondel dagger
14.
78th Fraser Highlanders
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The 78th Regiment, Regiment of Foot otherwise known as the 78th Fraser Highlanders was a British infantry regiment of the line raised in Scotland in 1757, to fight in the Seven Years War. The regiment was raised in Inverness by Lieutenant-Colonel Simon Fraser of Lovat as the 2nd Highland Battalion and it was re-ranked as the 63rd Regiment of Foot later in the year. It was disbanded in Quebec in December 1763, 71st Regiment of Foot, Frasers Highlanders, a later regiment also raised by Simon Fraser of Lovat but for the American Revolutionary War Darling, Anthony D. Sons of the Mountains, The Highland Regiments in the French & Indian War, 1756–1767, Volume Two
15.
James Stuart (British Army officer, died 1793)
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Major-General James Stuart was a British Army officer who served in various colonial wars of the 18th century. He later fought in the Second Anglo-Mysore War, but was suspended from command in 1782 by Lord Macartney, Stuart was a younger brother of the lawyer and politician Andrew Stuart. Stuart was appointed captain in the 56th Regiment of Foot on 1 November 1755 and he first saw active service at the siege of Louisbourg under Lord Amherst in 1758. On 9 May of the year he was promoted to the rank of major. During the course of the expedition he acted as quartermaster-general, from Belle Île he went to the West Indies, and served in the expedition against Martinique, which was captured in February 1762, and on the death of Colonel Morgan took command of the regiment. In 1775 he received permission to enter the service of the East India Company as second in command on the Coromandel Coast, on 11 January 1781 he was restored to the chief command in Madras by order of the governor and council. He returned to Madras in 1781, and, under Sir Eyre Coote, took part in the battle of Porto Novo on 1 July, in the Battle of Pollilur, on 27 August, he had his leg carried away by a cannon shot. On 19 October he was promoted to the rank of major-general, Stuart declared his forces were not ready, and made no active movement for two months. While besieging Cuddalore he was suspended from the command by the Madras government and he was placed in strict confinement in Madras, and sent home to England. On 8 June 1786, though unable to stand without support owing to his wounds, he fought a duel with Lord Macartney in Hyde Park, on 8 February 1792 he was appointed colonel of the 31st Foot. He died on 2 February 1793 and his portrait, painted by George Romney, was engraved by Hodges. He married Lady Margaret Hume, daughter of Hugh Hume-Campbell, 3rd Earl of Marchmont, but had no children
16.
Basket-hilted sword
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The basket-hilted sword is the name of a group of sword types of the early modern era characterized by a basket-shaped guard that protects the hand. The basket hilt is a development of the added to swords crossguards since the Late Middle Ages. In modern times, this variety of sword is sometimes referred to as the broadsword. Various forms of basket-hilt were mounted on both broadsword and backsword blades, one of the earliest basket-hilted swords was recovered from the wreck of the Mary Rose, an English warship lost in 1545. Before the find, the earliest positive dating had been two swords from around the time of the English Civil War, at first the wire guard was a simple design but as time passed it became increasingly sculpted and ornate. The terms broadsword and backsword were not used in the 17th and 18th centuries and are of Victorian invention, both terms were introduced to distinguish these cut and thrust swords from the narrower rapier and smallsword. By the 17th century there were variations of basket-hilts, the Walloon hilt, the Sinclair hilt, schiavona, mortuary sword, Scottish broadsword. The mortuary and claybeg variants were used in the British isles, whether domestically produced or acquired through trade with Italy. They also influenced the 18th-century cavalry sabre, during the 18th century, the fashion of dueling in Europe focused on the lighter smallsword, and fencing with the broadsword came to be seen as a speciality of Scotland. A number of fencing manuals teaching fencing with the Scottish broadsword were published throughout the 18th century, the Schiavona was a Renaissance sword that became popular in Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was widely recognisable for its cats-head pommel and distinctive handguard made up of many leaf-shaped brass or iron bars that was attached to the cross-bar, classified as a true broadsword, this war sword had a wider blade than its contemporary civilian rapiers. It was basket hilted and its blade was double edged, a surviving blade measures 93.2 cm ×3.4 cm ×0.45 cm and bears two fullers or grooves running about 1/4 the length of the blade. Weighing in at around 1.1 kg, this blade was useful for both cut and thrust, the schiavona became popular among the armies of those who traded with Italy during the 17th century and was the weapon of choice for many heavy cavalry. A similar weapon was the cut-and-thrust mortuary sword which was used after 1625 by cavalry during the English Civil War and this two-edged sword sported a half-basket hilt with a straight blade some 90–105 cm long. These hilts were often of very intricate sculpting and design, after the execution of King Charles I, basket-hilted swords were made which depicted the face or death mask of the martyred king on the hilt. These swords came to be known as swords, and the term has been extended to refer to the entire type of Civil War–era broadswords by some 20th-century authors. This sword was Oliver Cromwells weapon of choice, the one he owned is now held by the Royal Armouries, mortuary swords remained in use until around 1670 when they fell out of favor among civilians and began to be replaced with the smallsword. In close quarters, the claybeg was the weapon of choice for combating British soldiers armed with long, unwieldy
17.
Onopordum acanthium
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Onopordum acanthium is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Europe and Western Asia from the Iberian Peninsula east to Kazakhstan, and north to central Scandinavia and it is a vigorous biennial plant with coarse, spiny leaves and conspicuous spiny-winged stems. It is a plant, producing a large rosette of spiny leaves the first year. In the second year, the plant grows 0. 5–2.5 m tall, the leaves are 10–50 cm wide, are alternate and spiny, often covered with white woolly hairs and with the lower surface more densely covered than the upper. The leaves are deeply lobed with long, stiff spines along the margins, fine hairs give the plant a greyish appearance. The massive main stem may be 10 cm wide at the base, each stem shows a vertical row of broad, spiny wings, typically 2–3 cm wide, extending to the base of the flower head. The flowers are shaped, 2–6 cm in diameter, from dark pink to lavender. The flower buds form first at the tip of the stem and they appear singly or in groups of two or three on branch tips. The plants are androgynous, with both pistil and stamens, and sit above numerous, long, stiff, spine-tipped bracts, all pointing outwards, after flowering, the ovary starts swelling and forms about 8,400 to 40,000 seeds per plant. Cotton thistle is native to Europe and Asia, the plant prefers habitats with dry summers, such as the Mediterranean region, growing best in sandy, sandy clay and calcareous soils which are rich in ammonium salts. It grows in places, as well as dry pastures. Temperature and moisture, rather than soil nutrient concentrations, determine the performance of Onopordum species. In Europe, the plant tends to colonise disturbed pastures, in its native range, cotton thistle is considered a weak competitor that needs regeneration gaps to develop and maintain stands, populations tend to retreat when disturbance ceases. The plant has been introduced at mid-latitudes across much of North America. For example, it was first found in Utah in 1963, by 1981, it covered approximately 6070 hectares in 17 counties. Eight years later, it had spread to more than 22,540 hectares in 22 counties. Onopordum acanthium reproduces only by seeds, most seeds germinate in autumn after the first rains, but some seeds can germinate year round under favourable moisture and temperature conditions. Seeds that germinate in late autumn become biennials, but when they germinate earlier, they can behave as annuals
18.
Bog-wood
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The wood is usually stained brown by tannins dissolved in the acidic water. Bog-wood represents the stages in the fossilisation of wood, with further stages ultimately forming jet, lignite. Bog-wood may come from any tree species growing near or in bogs, including oak, pine, yew, swamp cypress. Bog-wood is often removed from fields and placed in clearance cairns and it is a rare form of timber that is claimed to be comparable to some of the worlds most expensive tropical hardwoods. Bog-wood is created from the trunks of trees that have lain in bogs, deprived of oxygen, the wood undergoes the process of fossilization and morta formation. Water flow and depth play a role in the creation of morta. Currents bind the minerals and iron in the water with tannins in the wood, while the time necessary for the oak to transform into abonos varies, the maturation commonly lasts thousands of years. Due to the reasons mentioned above, no two trunks can be found of the same color. Sites of quality bog-wood in the world are very rare, in the sites expected to yield it, morta is hard to find, and access to the river bank and its bed is often difficult. Therefore, extensive preparations and the engagement of professional divers are necessary for morta recovery, morta is located in conditions of total darkness, and its extraction marks its first exposure to light after centuries of entombment. In England and Ireland, the three types of bog-wood that can be found are Yew, Oak and Pine. Reserves of the ancient wood can also be found in Russia and Ukraine, in Croatia, bog-wood is typically found in the valley of the Sava River and its tributaries. The age of morta found in Croatian rivers ranges from several hundred years in the rivers to the oldest retrieved so far, from the Krapina River. In Serbia, bog-wood over 8,000 years old is found in the valleys of the Danube River, Sava River and their tributaries, saving the wood for further processing is a very delicate matter. Extracted logs must be wrapped in waterproof material and meticulously dried to prevent warping, the process of wood desiccation is complex, and despite great care, most of the raw wood is unsuitable for further processing. For this reason, the price of high quality raw abonos is quite high, bog-wood is characterized by natural staining and variations in color, and the direction of growth rings. Well preserved bog-wood is not affected by conditions or organisms which would change its strength. Semi-dry bog-wood is sometimes of a golden or copper color, or with a tint of some other hue, older wood can be completely black, yet possess the rich variations in hue characteristic of “live” wood
19.
Ebony
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Ebony is a dense black hardwood, most commonly yielded by several different species in the genus Diospyros, which also contains the persimmons. Ebony is dense enough to sink in water and it is finely-textured and has a very smooth finish when polished, making it valuable as an ornamental wood. The word ebony derives from the Ancient Egyptian hbny, via the Ancient Greek ἔβενος, by way of Latin, mauritius ebony, Diospyros tesselaria, was largely exploited by the Dutch in the 17th century. Some species in the genus Diospyros yield an ebony with similar physical properties, ebony has a long history of use, with carved pieces having been found in Ancient Egyptian tombs. By the end of the 16th century, fine cabinets for the trade were made of ebony in Antwerp. Within a short time, such cabinets were also being made in Paris, where their makers became known as ébénistes, many plectra, or guitar picks, are made from this black wood. Traditionally, the pieces in chess sets were made from ebony. Modern East Midlands-style lace-making bobbins, also being small, are made of ebony. Due to its strength, many handgun grips and rifle fore-end tips are made of ebony, as a result of unsustainable harvesting, many species yielding ebony are now considered threatened. Africa in particular has had most of its indigenous ebony cut down illegally, in some countries like Sri Lanka, ebony is a protected species and selling of ebony logs is illegal, due to the woods rarity and high price. In 2012, the Gibson Guitar company was raided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for violations of the Lacey Act of 1900, pete Lowry, ebony and rosewood expert at the Missouri Botanical Garden, calls the Madagascar wood trade the equivalent of Africas blood diamonds. Ebony, when ground into fine dust, results in a flammable, due to the high toxicity of ebony in powdered form, its use in construction work requires government certification in several South Asian countries. African Blackwood Calamander wood Ebonite Ebonol Illegal logging in Madagascar Red List—For recommendations found under the IUCN
20.
Smoky quartz
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Smoky quartz is a grey, translucent variety of quartz. It ranges in clarity from almost complete transparency to a crystal that is almost opaque. Like other quartz gems, it is a silicon dioxide crystal, the smoky colour results from free silicon, formed from the silicon dioxide by natural irradiation. A very dark brown to black variety is known as morion. Morion is the German, Danish, Spanish and Polish synonym for smoky quartz, the name is from a misreading of mormorion in Pliny the Elder. Cairngorm is a variety of quartz crystal found in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland. It usually has a smokey yellow-brown colour, though some specimens are a grey-brown and it is used in Scottish jewellery and as a decoration on kilt pins and the handles of sgian dubhs. The largest known cairngorm crystal is a 23.6 kg specimen kept at Braemar Castle, Smoky quartz is common and was not historically important, but in recent times it has become a popular gemstone, especially for jewellery. Sunglasses, in the form of flat panes of smoky quartz, were used in China in the 12th century, the Cause of Color in Smoky Quartz and Amethyst in American Mineralologist, vol. 9, pp. 203–252 Mineral Galleries - smoky quartz
21.
Khanjali
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A Khanjali is a double-edged dagger often with a single off-set groove on each face of the blade. The shape of the weapon is similar to the ancient Greek Xiphos, the Roman Gladius, or the Scottish dirk, and has used as a secondary weapon in Georgia. Such daggers and their scabbards are usually highly engraved in gold or silver designs, the scabbard will generally feature a ball point extension on the tip, and the handle is usually made of materials such as wood or ivory. Although part of the national Georgian mens traditional costume, the Circassian and Don Cossacks, among others, the Circassian dagger is known as the adigha gkama. The Russian poets Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov both addressed celebrated poems to this weapon
22.
Knife fight
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A knife fight is a violent physical confrontation between two or more combatants in which one or more participants is armed with a knife. Knife fights may involve the use of any type of knife, though certain knives, during the long history of the knife as a weapon, many systems or schools of knife fighting have developed around the world. Each is usually distinguished by region and culture of their origin, in past centuries the repeated invasion and conquest of foreign territories by invading armies frequently resulted in the dissemination and adoption of knives and knife fighting techniques. These were in turn adapted and improved upon through long practice and drills, the Italian stiletto, originally a purely offensive weapon used to kill an unsuspecting or wounded adversary, was later embraced throughout Italy as a fighting knife for close combat confrontations. The popularity of the stiletto in the Kingdom of Sicily resulted in the development of the scherma di stiletto siciliano, the stiletto was purely a thrusting or stabbing weapon, and the scherma di stiletto siciliano accordingly taught fighting movements designed to avoid the tip of the opponents blade. Techniques characteristic of the scherma di stiletto siciliano include sbasso, in quarto tagliata, in Andalusian Spain, the use of the large navaja as a fighting knife has been prevalent among the peoples of that region since the 17th century. In that part of Spain, sword and knife fighting techniques were taught to young men as a necessary skill. In 18th- and 19th-century Spain esgrimas de navaja could be found in the cities and throughout Andalucía, particularly in Córdoba, Málaga. Among navaja aficionados, the gamblers or barateros of Málaga and Seville were cited as the most skilled practitioners of fighting with the navaja, the Esgrima Criolla method of knife fighting was popularized by the South American gaucho and his large-bladed facón. The facón was later adopted by the gaucho in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. They are about the size of a common English carving knife, after the turn of the 19th century, the facón became more of a utility and ceremonial weapon, though it was still used to settle arguments of honor. In these situations two adversaries would attack with slashing attacks to the face, stopping the fight one of the participants could no longer see due to bleeding from shallow cuts. Arnis, also referred to as Eskrima and Kali, is an indigenous Philippine martial art involving the use of sticks, knives, modern tactics for knife combat were developed by two British members of the Shanghai Municipal Police of the International Settlement in the 1920s. At the time the Shanghai streets were rife with activity, exacerbated by the political tensions of the time. Fairbairn reportedly engaged in hundreds of street fights in his career in Shanghai. Much of his body – arms, legs, torso, the knife was designed exclusively for surprise attack and fighting, with a slender blade that can easily penetrate a ribcage. The vase handle grants precise grip, and the design is especially suited to its use as a fighting knife. Fairbairns rationale is in his book Get Tough, in close-quarters fighting there is no more deadly weapon than the knife
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes
25.
Knife
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A knife is a tool with a cutting edge or blade, hand-held or otherwise, with most having a handle. Some types of knives are used as utensils, including knives used at the dining table, many types of knives are used as tools, such as the utility knife carried by soldiers, the pocket knife carried by hikers and the hunting knife used by hunters. Knives are also used as a traditional or religious implement, such as the kirpan, some types of knives are used as weapons, such as daggers or switchblades. Some types of knives are used as sports equipment, Knives are also used in agriculture, food harvesting etc. the sickle, the scythe and even the combine harvester are knives. Knife-like tools were used at least two-and-a-half million years ago, as evidenced by the Oldowan tools. Originally made of rock, bone, flint, and obsidian, knives have evolved in construction as technology has, with blades being made from bronze, copper, iron, steel, ceramics, many cultures have their unique version of the knife. Due to its role as humankinds first tool, certain cultures have attached spiritual, most modern-day knives follow either a fixed-blade or a folding construction style, with blade patterns and styles as varied as their makers and countries of origin. The word knife possibly descends from an old Norse word knifr for blade, single-edged knives may have a reverse edge or false edge occupying a section of the spine. These edges are serrated and are used to further enhance function. The handle, used to grip and manipulate the blade safely, may include a tang, Knives are made with partial tangs or full tangs. The handle may include a bolster, a piece of heavy material situated at the front or rear of the handle, the bolster, as its name suggests, is used to mechanically strengthen the knife. Knife blades can be manufactured from a variety of materials, each of which has advantages and disadvantages, carbon steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, can be very sharp. It holds its edge well, and remains easy to sharpen, stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, possibly nickel, and molybdenum, with only a small amount of carbon. It is not able to quite as sharp an edge as carbon steel. High carbon stainless steel is steel with a higher amount of carbon, intended to incorporate the better attributes of carbon steel. High carbon stainless steel blades do not discolor or stain, laminate blades use multiple metals to create a layered sandwich, combining the attributes of both. For example, a harder, more brittle steel may be sandwiched between a layer of softer, tougher, stainless steel to reduce vulnerability to corrosion. In this case, however, the part most affected by corrosion, pattern-welding is similar to laminate construction
26.
Aircrew Survival Egress Knife
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The Aircrew Survival Egress Knife or ASEK is a U. S. Army aircrew survival knife, designed and initially manufactured by the Ontario Knife Company, and entered service in 2003. The ASEK replaced the knife, hunting, survival pilots, which had a number of problems with the sheath and handle, the sharpening stone. Packaged in the sheath are a tool for cutting seat belts. The ASEK, made by Ontario, was adopted after trials by United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center in Natick, the US Armys Defense Supply Center purchased 11,881 Army ASEKs in 2004 and 2005 for equipping aviation life support equipment vests. It has a number of features that aid in escaping an aircraft, such as the ability to be used as a hammer to break acrylic glass cockpit windows and it may also be used as a screwdriver or precision edge marker. It includes a diamond disk sharpener and a separate blade for cutting through seatbelt webbing. The knife is 10.25 inches in length, the blade is 5 inches in length.1875 inches thick, during the initial evaluation, an electrically insulated handle was considered to be desirable but not mandatory. In May 2005, Gerber Legendary Blades introduced its own ASEK-compliant knife to the military for evaluation, the Gerber ASEK met all requirements, and outperformed the Ontario model in the area of electrical insulation. The Gerber ASEK has been approved for purchase, and Gerber released a version with a foliage green handle to match the Army Combat Uniform. The knife also comes with a cutter that has a separate sheath which can be attached to a MOLLE vest. List of individual weapons of the U. S
27.
Athame
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An athame or athamé is a ceremonial blade, generally with a black handle. It is the main ritual implement or magical tool among several used in the religion of Wicca, a black-handled knife called an athame appears in certain versions of the Key of Solomon, a grimoire originating in the Middle Ages. The athame is mentioned in the writings of Gerald Gardner in the 1950s, who claimed to have initiated into a surviving tradition of Witchcraft. The athame was their most important ritual tool, with many uses, on the other hand, the athame stands as one of the four elemental tools in Wicca, traditionally standing for fire, as does the ritual sword. The other three elemental tools are the wand, the pentacle, and the cup or chalice and these four magical tools correspond to four weapons of significance in Celtic myth—the sword, the spear, the shield, and the cauldron. The athame is a ritual tool, while the sword is more appropriate as a coven tool. An athame can take many forms, contrary to popular belief, athames are not required to have double-edged blades. Contemporary magical practitioners often choose a blade with a sharp point due to a misplaced belief that this form of dagger is a traditional athame. In fact, in days of old an athame might well have used for purposes such as carving symbols into candles or other tools. Furthermore, old time witches will choose a single blade athame, the handle of the athame is usually black and is required in most covens which practice some variant of British Traditional Wicca, including Gardnerian and Alexandrian. The handle may be inscribed with particular symbols dictated by the tradition, janet and Stewart Farrar in A Witches Bible suggest that the point of an athame be dulled so as to prevent un-intended physical harm during ritual use. In eclectic forms of Witchcraft the handle decorations range from astrological glyphs to runes, many fantasy-themed athames are also available from medieval and neopagan supply shops. The athames primary use is to channel and direct psychic energy, some modern day magical practitioners believe that if things such as herbs or cords need to be cut, another knife called a boline is used. The boline is often confused or mislabelled the white-handled knife, a different magical blade. In fact, a boline was more similar to a sickle than a knife, in the kitchen witchcraft the philosophy actively encourages the use of magical tools for mundane purposes to increase the witchs familiarity with them. The ritual drawing of the boundary of the magic circle – also known as casting the circle – is usually done with either a sword or an athame. In most traditional covens, the athame is associated with the element of fire. This fire is traditionally envisioned as blue, indigo or violet, after the casting, the athame is the tool traditionally used to invoke the elemental guardians of the four directions, typically by drawing invoking pentagrams at each quarter
28.
Butterfly knife
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A butterfly knife, also known as a fan knife and in the Philippines as the balisong, is a folding pocket knife. Its distinction is two handles counter-rotating around the tang such that, when closed, the blade is concealed within grooves in the handles and it is sometimes called a Batangas knife, after the Tagalog province of Batangas in the Philippines, where it is traditionally made. The balisong was commonly used by Filipino people, especially those in the Tagalog region, as a self-defense, a common stereotype is that a Batangueño carries one everywhere he or she goes. Hollow-ground balisongs were also used as straight razors before conventional razors were available in the Philippines, in the hands of a trained user, the knife blade can be brought to bear quickly using one hand. Manipulations, called flipping, are performed for art or amusement, blunt versions of these knives, called trainers, are for sale to practice tricks without the risk of injury. Balisong is also the name of a barangay in the town of Taal, Batangas province and these knives are also referred to as fan knives and butterfly knives from the motion and click clacks from the sound they make when they are opened and closed. There are two types of balisong construction, sandwich construction and channel construction. Sandwich constructed balisong knives are assembled in layers that are pinned or screwed together though may sometimes use a ball-bearing system. They allow the pivot pins to be adjusted more tightly without binding, when the knife is closed, the blade rests between the layers. For a channel constructed balisong, the part of each handle is formed from one piece of material. In this handle, a groove is created in which the blade rests when the knife is closed and this style is regarded as being stronger than sandwich construction. Some balisongs, like the Benchmade 51, do not use Tang Pins, instead, it uses Zen Pins, which are two small pins embedded in the handles of the balisong which make contact with the bottom of the blade. Bite handle The handle that closes on the edge of the blade. Its the handle that usually has the latch on it, choil The unsharpened portion of the blade just above the kicker, that makes it easier to sharpen the blade. Kicker Area on the blade that prevents the edge from touching the inside of the handle. This is sometimes supplanted by an additional tang pin above the pivots, latch The standard locking system, which holds the knife closed. Also keeps it from opening up when the user doesnt want it to, latch, Batangas A latch that is attached to the bite handle. Latch, Manila A latch that is attached to the safe handle, latch, Spring A latch that utilizes a spring to propel the latch open when the handles are squeezed
29.
Ballistic knife
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A ballistic knife is a knife with a detachable blade that can be ejected to a distance of several yards by pressing a trigger or operating a lever or switch on the handle. Spring-powered ballistic knives briefly gained notoriety in the United States in the mid-1980s after commercial examples were marketed and sold in the United States, since then, the marketing and sale of ballistic knives to civilians has been restricted or prohibited by law in several countries. In its spring-propelled form, the blade of a knife is theoretically capable of being fired to an effective range of around 5 meters at a speed of 63 km/h. Ballistic knives using compressed air or gas propulsion to fire the blade can be somewhat more powerful. In addition to spring, air, or gas propulsion, the blade of a knife may also be propelled by an explosive charge. Prosecutors are encouraged by the government to charge defendants under more than one Act where applicable, finally, the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 prohibits the possession in any public place of an offensive weapon without lawful authority or reasonable excuse. The bill was enacted into law. The new federal statute prohibited future importation or possession of knives in interstate commerce. Some individual states following the set by the federal law and passed even tighter restrictions. Similar to conventional automatic knives, federal law makes ballistic knives with a spring-operated blade illegal to possess, manufacture, sell, or import in or affecting interstate commerce. This means they are illegal to import from outside the United States, as well as buy or sell over state lines, including possessing or making them with intent to sell over state lines. The federal law makes it a separate crime to use or possess a ballistic knife during the commission of a federal crime of violence. Combination weapons Knife legislation Pistol sword Switchblade
30.
Ballpoint pen knife
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A ballpoint pen knife is a multi-tool pocket knife consisting of a blade concealed inside an ordinary-looking ballpoint pen. The blade, typically 2 to 5 inches in length, is usually hidden and they first appeared as custom-made pens from various custom knife makers before being mass-produced by production companies. Pen knives such as these are designed for due to their ease of concealment. Their small size renders them impractical as weapons in elaborate combat, a knife of this type can also be used as a standard letter or package opener. Pens crafted with survival type blades can also be used for peeling fruit and vegetables, cutting meat and they come in many versions, including variants with special purpose razors for shaving. All ballpoint pen knives come with straight blades, which are easier to conceal than curved blades and these 2-to-5-inch blades are fixed to the topmost part of the pen, hidden inside a hollow cap, serving as both the pens end and the knifes sheath. Common blades may be the single-edged thrusting type or the double-edged stiletto type, blades can be razor-sharp or deeply serrated for use in a range of situations. Swiss Army Spectrum Series released their S. A. S. S, ballpoints, which look and function like regular ballpoint pens. They come with an array of foldaway blades and tools including knife, scissors, file, opener, screwdriver, ballpoint pen knives, because they allow a knife to be disguised as an inoccuous object, are subject to restrictions or prohibitions in some jurisdictions. For example, in North America they are not available for sale in California or Canada
31.
Bayonet
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In this regard, it is an ancillary close-quarter combat or last-resort weapon. Some modern bayonets, such as the one used on the British SA80 assault rifle, knife-shaped bayonets—when not fixed to a gun barrel—have long been utilized by soldiers in the field as general purpose cutting implements. The term bayonette dates back to the end of the 16th century, for example, Cotgraves 1611 Dictionarie describes the Bayonet as a kind of small flat pocket dagger, furnished with knives, or a great knife to hang at the girdle. Likewise, Pierre Borel wrote in 1655 that a kind of long-knife called a bayonette was made in Bayonne, the bayonet may have emerged to allow a hunter to fend off wild animals in the event of a missed shot. This idea was particularly persistent in Spain where hunting arms were equipped with bayonets from the 17th century until the advent of the cartridge era. The weapon was introduced into the French army by General Jean Martinet and was common in most European armies by the 1660s, the usefulness of such a dual-purpose arm soon became apparent. Early muskets fired at a rate, and could be both inaccurate and unreliable, depending on the quality of manufacture. A bayonet on a 5-foot tall musket achieved a similar to the infantry spear. The bayonet/musket combination was, however, considerably heavier than a polearm of the same length, early bayonets were of the plug type. This allowed light infantry to be converted to infantry and hold off cavalry charges. The bayonet had a handle that slid directly into the musket barrel. This naturally prevented the gun from being fired, in 1671, plug bayonets were issued to the French regiment of fusiliers then raised. They were issued to part of an English dragoon regiment raised in 1672 and disbanded in 1674, however, it was not widely adopted at the time. Soon socket bayonets would incorporate both ring mounts and a blade, keeping the bayonet well away from the muzzle blast of the musket barrel. In 1703, the French infantry adopted spring-loaded locking system that prevented the bayonet from accidentally separating from the musket, henceforward, the socket bayonet became, with the musket or other firearm, the typical weapon of the French infantry. The socket bayonet had by then adopted by most European armies. The British socket bayonet had a blade with a flat side towards the muzzle. However it had no lock to keep it fast to the muzzle and was well-documented for falling off in the heat of battle
32.
Boline
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In Wicca the boline is a white-handled ritual knife, one of several magical tools used in Wicca, mainly for the cutting of herbs and inscribing candles. Unlike the athame, which in most traditions is never used for actual physical cutting and it has a small, straight or crescent-shaped blade with traditionally, a white handle. The boline has been adopted by other modern forms of witchcraft including Eclectic Wicca. Among these later traditions opinions vary as to whether the boline is truly a magical tool or is merely of utilitarian purpose, similarly, sometimes a white-hilted knife called a kirfane is used, for roughly the same purposes as the boline. Some traditions, such as that of Robert Cochrane, also prescribe the use of a knife for both ritual and practical purposes. Many of the bolines advertised in on-line magick shops have a crescent shape. This crescent shape is reminiscent of the sickle described in the Key of Solomon, confusingly, an Italian version of the Key of Solomon has a hook-shaped knife called an artauo and a straight, needle-shaped blade called a bolino. When the name boline was first used to describe the crescent-shaped blade is not clear, the most important to make is that called the bolline
33.
Bolo knife
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A bolo is a large cutting tool of Filipino origin similar to the machete. It is used particularly in the Philippines, the jungles of Indonesia, the primary use for the bolo is clearing vegetation, whether for agriculture or during trail blazing. The bolo is also used in Filipino martial arts or Arnis as part of training, the bolo knife is common in the countryside due to its use as a farming implement. As such, it was used extensively during Spanish colonial rule as an alternative to ploughing with a carabao. Normally used for cutting coconuts, it was also a common harvesting tool for narrow row crops found on such as rice, mungbeans, soybeans. Because of its availability, the became a common choice of improvised weaponry to the everyday peasant. Bolos are characterized by having a native hardwood or animal horn handle, a full tang and this moves the centre of gravity as far forward as possible, giving the knife extra momentum for chopping. So-called jungle bolos, intended for combat rather than work, tend to be longer. Bolos for gardening usually have rounded tips, various types of bolos are often employed for different purposes, The all-purpose bolo, Used for all sorts of odd jobs, such as breaking open coconuts. The haras, Similar to a scythe, it is used for cutting tall grass. It is called Lampas by people from Mindanao, the kutsilyo, The term comes from the Spanish word cuchillo. Generally used to kill and bleed pigs during slaughter, the bolo-guna, A bolo specifically shaped for digging out roots and weeding. The garab, Used to harvest rice, a large pinuti, Traditionally it is tipped in snake, spider, or scorpion venom and used for self-defence. The bolo was the weapon used by the Katipunan during the Philippine Revolution. It was also used by the Filipino guerrillas and bolomen during the Philippine-American War, during World War II, the 1st Filipino Regiment was called the Bolo Battalion and used bolos for close quarters combat. On 7 December 1972, would-be assassin Carlito Dimahilig used a bolo to attack former First Lady Imelda Marcos as she appeared onstage at a televised awards ceremony. Dimahilig stabbed Marcos in the several times, and she parried the blows with her arms. He was shot dead by security forces while she was taken to hospital, the bolo serves as a symbol for the Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution, particularly the Cry of Pugad Lawin
34.
Boning knife
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A boning knife is a type of kitchen knife with a sharp point and a narrow blade. It is used in preparation for removing the bones of poultry, meat. Generally 12 cm to 17 cm in length, it features a narrow blade. Boning knives are not as thick as some of other popular kitchen or butcher knives, as this makes precision boning, especially in deep cuts and holes, much less difficult. A stiff boning knife is good for boning beef and pork, some designs feature an arched blade to enhance the ease of a single-pass cut in removing fish from its flesh
35.
Boot knife
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A boot knife or a gamblers dagger is a small fixed-blade knife that is designed to be carried in or on a boot. Typically, such a knife is worn on a belt or under a pant leg, if worn around the neck they become a neck knife. Boot knives generally come with a sheath that includes some form of a clip, most have double-edged blades, like a dagger, that range from 3 to 5 inches. A boot-knife carries with it a multitude of issues, as each defining factor is likely to cause legal trouble in certain jurisdictions. Some regions prohibit carrying fixed-blade knives, double edged knives, or concealed knives, boot knives have been made by companies such as Blackjack Knives, Ek Knives, Valor Cutlery, Gerber Legendary Blades, Kershaw Knives, Parker Brothers, and Cold Steel
36.
Bowie knife
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The knife pattern is still popular with collectors, in addition to various knife manufacturing companies there are hundreds of custom knife makers producing Bowies and variations. The early history of the Bowie knife is complicated by murky definitions, limited supporting documentation, the Bowie knife is not well defined. By the mid-20th century most would include some combination of blade length, in the mid-19th century, when the popularity of the knife was at its peak, the term was applied to a wide range of blades. Absent a consensus definition, it is impossible to define the origin of the knife. To complicate matters, some American blades that meet the definition of the Bowie knife may pre-date Bowie. The Bowie knife derives part of its name and reputation from James Bowie, a notorious knife fighter, James Bowie left a very thin paper trail, in the absence of verifiable facts his history was buried in unverifiable knife-fighting legend. Historians seriously entertain the possibility that Bowie only fought one personal knife fight and that Sandbar Fight received national publicity within months of the event. James Bowie prominently wore a large knife after the Sandbar fight, the Bowie family provided a variety of conflicting knife histories. His brother Rezin Bowie provided a terse history 2 years after James death, sixteen years after James death someone slightly amended Rezins explanation to include a blacksmith. Rezins grandchildren named a different blacksmith, a later Bowie claimed that the information attributed to John was a lie and that John probably never saw the document, etc. In the mid-20th century a Bowie knife book author took liberties with the historical facts, some documents were misquoted, some reported facts cannot be confirmed, etc. Others incorporated the errors into their accounts of both Bowie and his knives, with no solid definition and conflicting accounts of knife history, many were credited with the invention or improvement of the blade. The historical Bowie knife was not a design, but was a series of knives improved several times by Jim Bowie over the years. The earliest such knife, made by Jesse Clift at Bowies brothers request resembled Spanish hunting knives of the day, the blade, as later described by Rezin Bowie, was 9.5 inches long,0.25 inches thick and 1.5 inches wide. It was straight-backed, described by witnesses as a butcher knife. They are about the size of a common English carving knife, after the Vidalia Sandbar fight, Bowie was a famous man, and the Bowie brothers received many requests for knives of the same design. Bowie and his brothers would later commission more ornate custom blades from various makers including Daniel Searles. George William Featherstonhaugh described them as, These formidable instruments. are the pride of an Arkansas blood, and got their name of Bowie knives from a conspicuous person of this fiery climate
37.
Bread knife
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Bread knives are used for cutting bread and are one of many kitchen knives used by chefs. The serrated blades of bread knives are able to cut soft bread without crushing it, one such knife was exhibited at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893 in Chicago by the Friedrich Dick company. One design was patented in the United States by Joseph E. Burns of Syracuse, New York. There were also sections of grooves with the direction of inclination, separated by a section of smooth blade. Bread knives are usually between 15 cm and 25 cm, an offset serrated knife uses an offset handle to ensure the cooks knuckles will not touch the cutting surface when the blade has cut all of the way through the food
38.
Cane knife
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A cane knife is a large hand-wielded cutting tool similar to a machete. It is the tool used in countries that do not employ mechanical means for harvesting cane. In the Philippines, particularly in the island of Negros, itinerant sugarcane cutters called sacadas employ this blade, the term is borrowed from the Spanish word espada, meaning sword, while in Tagalog it is called palang. In the South Pacific, the hook of the cane knife was melded with the indigenous serrated warclub. A typical cane knife is characterized by a handle, a full tang, a deep blade. The blade is usually 1 millimetre thick, thinner than a machete or bolo, the thin blade facilitates cutting cane quickly as the harvester slashes the cane at an angle - a thin blade slices through better than a thick blade. Machete Kukri Golok Bolo knife Sugarcane
39.
Cheese knife
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A cheese knife is a type of kitchen knife specialized for the cutting of cheese. Different cheeses require different knives, according primarily to hardness, most often cheese knife refers to a designed for soft cheese. Soft cheeses require a sharp knife, as these cheeses are often sticky, a cheese knife will be serrated and often have holes to prevent sticking. Soft cheese knives are designed to deal with the stickiness of soft cheese, when the cheese does not stick to the blade, it allows for pieces of cheese to be presented more attractively, with crisper shapes compared to cheese cut with standard knives. The blades of cheese knives are made of a material such as stainless steel. Another design feature often found is the presence of holes in the blade to help to prevent the cheese from sticking to it, some soft cheese knives also include a ridge, which runs vertically near the top of the blade. This helps separate the cheese as it is being sliced, some cheese knives have a forked end and is used for serving slices of cheese. Most knives have a blade that is wide at the base, a cheese knife, on the other hand, is similar to a cleaver in that it starts out thinner at the handle and then gets wider away from the base. Some cheese knives have angled handles to make an easier cut, the non-sticky characteristics of a cheese knife also makes them useful for cutting other sticky foods, such as cakes, eggs, and pies, compare also egg slicer. Hard cheeses instead require a blade, which will not be damaged by the hard cheese. Exemplary is the distinctive Parmesan cheese knife, which is short, thick, a cheese slicer is used usually to cut semi-hard and hard cheeses. There are different styles of cheese slicers, designed for cheeses of varying hardness, a cheese slicer can be also used for slicing cold butter, zucchini, cucumber or cabbage. Ostehøvel, a modern cheese slicer or cheese plane, was invented by Thor Bjørklund in 1925 in Norway. Mass production of the Ostehøvel cheese slicer started during 1927 in Lillehammer, the design was based on the carpenters plane. This style of slicer is very common in the Nordic countries, Cheese cutters are designed to cut soft, sticky cheeses, and accordingly does not have a large sharp-edged blade, compare to a cheese knife with holes in the blade. The cutting edge of cheese cutters are typically a fine gauge stainless steel or aluminium wire stretched across a supporting frame, the thin wire cuts through a cheese block with hand pressure. The original Prodyne Gourmet Cheese Slicer had a board with a slot cut into it. In the patented design, a steel wire extends between the two ends of the cutting arm fit into the slot, and cuts the cheese. The wire has loops at each end, one loop is around the cutting arm in the slot
40.
Chef's knife
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In cooking, a chefs knife, also known as a cooks knife, is a cutting tool used in food preparation. The chefs knife was designed primarily to slice and disjoint large cuts of beef. Today it is the primary general-utility knife for most western cooks, a chefs knife generally has a blade eight inches in length and 1 1⁄2 inches in width, although individual models range from 6 to 14 inches in length. There are two types of blade shape in western chefs knives, French and German. German-style knives are more deeply and continuously curved along the cutting edge. Neither style is superior, personal preference will dictate the choice. A Japanese gyuto, literally meaning beef knife, is the Japanese version of a French chefs knife. The Santoku Knife is basically a Japanese style chefs knife and its smaller lighter sharper with a different blade shape. The Chinese chefs knife is different and resembles a cleaver. A modern chefs knife is a knife designed to perform well at many differing kitchen tasks. It can be used for mincing, slicing, and chopping vegetables, slicing meat, Chefs knives are made with blades that are either hot-forged or stamped, Hot-forged, A hot-forged blade is made in an expensive, multi-step process, often by skilled manual labor. A blank of steel is heated to a temperature. After forging, the blade is ground and sharpened, forged knives are usually also full-tang, meaning the metal in the knife runs from the tip of the knifepoint to the far end of the handle. Stamped, A stamped blade is cut to directly from cold rolled steel, heat-treated for strength and temper, then ground, sharpened. The blade of a knife is typically made of carbon steel, stainless steel. Most carbon steel knives are simple carbon iron alloys without exotic additions such as chrome or vanadium. Carbon steel blades are both easier to sharpen than ordinary stainless steel and usually hold a longer, but are vulnerable to rust. Some professional cooks swear by knives of carbon steel because of their sharpness, over time, a carbon-steel knife will normally acquire a dark patina, and can rust or corrode if not cared for properly by cleaning and lubricating the blade after use
41.
Cleaver
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A cleaver is a large knife that varies in its shape but usually resembles a rectangular-bladed hatchet. It is largely used as a kitchen or butcher knife intended for hacking through bone, the knifes broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation. This resilience is accomplished by using a softer, tougher steel and a blade, because a harder steel. Formerly, weaker knives would suffer buckling failure when used in a cleaving fashion, in contrast to all other kitchen tools but one, a meat tenderizer, it is the only one designed to be swung like a hammer. Part of the momentum derives from how hard the user swings the cleaver, of course, a knife-sharp edge on a cleaver is undesirable because it would quickly become more blunt than it would if it were less sharp but sturdier to begin with. The grind of Eastern Asian kitchen knives is 15–18 degrees, and for most Western kitchen knives it is 20–22°, the tough metal and thick blade of a cleaver also make it a suitable tool for crushing with the side of the blade. This contrasts with certain hard, thin slicing knives, which should not be used for crushing because they can crack under such repeated stress, cleavers are primarily used for cutting through thin or soft bones and sinew. With a chicken, for example, it can be used to chop through the thin bones or to separate ribs. Cleavers can also be used in preparation of hard vegetables and other foods, such as squash, cleavers are not used for cutting through solid, thick and hard bones – instead a bone saw, either manual or powered, is used. Cleavers occur with frequency in traditional Chinese thought. An old Daoist story on the use of a cleaver tells of a butcher who effortlessly cut ox carcasses apart. When asked how he did so, he replied that he did not cut through the bones, in explaining his ideal of junzi, Kǒng Fūzǐ remarked Why use an ox-cleaver to carve a chicken. On the futility of the people seeking to emulate noblemen. In Japanese cutlery, the main cleaver used is the light-duty deba bocho, the Chinese chefs knife is frequently incorrectly referred to as a Chinese cleaver due to the similar rectangular shape. For butchering tasks and to prepare boned meats, the Chinese have long produced a series of bone cleavers designed to take care of tasks similar to the Western meat cleaver. Side knife, a tool resembling a cleaver
42.
Clip point
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The clip point is one of the three most common knife blade shapes used. Clip point blades have the appearance of having the third of the blade clipped off. The clip itself can be straight or concave, traditionally, the spine or unsharpened edge of the knife begins at the hilt and continues to a point between one third to one fourth of the blade length. The blade spine then tapers in thickness in either a line or a recurve to the knifes point. The thinned false edge of the clip may be sharpened to form a second cutting edge. If the false edge is sharpened it increases the effectiveness in piercing. The clip point blade design dates back to at least Macedonian times, variants include the California clip, which uses a clip greatly extended in length, and the Turkish clip point with its extreme recurve. One of the most recognizable clip-point blades is used on the famous Bowie knife, the clip point style allows a quicker, and thus deeper, puncture upon insertion. The drop point has a slightly slower due to its thicker spine near the tip. The drop point knife allows for more control when cutting, has a slower withdrawal time, the clip point lends itself to a quicker stabbing advantage with less drag during insertion and faster withdrawal. Compared to the drop point design, the point has a narrower. The clip point is also weaker than the point, and for this reason the latter is favored for most thrusting knives
43.
Combat knife
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A combat knife is a fighting knife designed solely for military use and primarily intended for hand-to-hand or close combat fighting. On the other hand, military knives that are intended primarily for use in a other than combat are typically referred to by their primary role. Daggers designed for usage in close combat engagements have been carried by soldiers for thousands of years. The adoption of combat daggers made of iron was a significant milestone in combat knife development, the rise in use of firearms led to a decline in the use of combat daggers and knives as military-issue weapons. However, privately purchased knives were carried by foot soldiers for use both as auxiliary weapons and as utility tools. Formerly known as a knife, the combat knife was used by both sides on the Western front during World War I. Since then, combat knives have been issued by the armies of many nations, though they differ in detail, they all share the common characteristic of being purposely designed for military use, with their primary role as a close-quarters combat weapon. In the USSR, the Red Army issued combat knives based on a pattern known as the NR Series. In late 1942, the U. S. Marine Corps adopted the 1219C2, later designated the USMC Mark 2 Combat Knife, but better known in popular terminology as the KA-BAR. The KA-BAR differed from World War I-era U. S. combat knives in that it was designed as a dual-purpose item, adapted for both combat and as a utility knife. It differed from earlier USMC knives such as the Marine Raider Stiletto in that the new knife used a stout, reports on the effectiveness of the new knife in jungle combat justified the Marine Corps decision to designate the KA-BAR as the USMCs fighting knife for individual Marines. The U. S. Army adopted the M3 Trench Knife in 1943 as its standard combat knife, the M3 replaced the earlier World War I-vintage Mark I trench knife in combat service. When adapted to utility tasks such as opening ration tins or ammunition boxes, in the United States, Knifemaker Bo Randall began production of the All Purpose Fighting Knife giving it the designation of Number 1 in his catalog. In the 1950s Randall would adopt the general pattern of the Bowie knife for several of his fighting knife designs, the majority of military forces today have largely standardized the types of combat knife issued to soldiers. The Chilean Commando forces, for instance, are trained in the use of the Corvo, the Gurkha regiments favor the Kukri, a broad-bladed, curved general-purpose cutting tool and weapon that more closely resembles a machete or Filipino Bolo than a knife. In the United States Marine Corps, the standard combat knife since World War II has been the USMC Fighting Utility knife. Randall made the changes and the result was the first of the modern survival knives, in the 1970s and 1980s a student and protégé of Fairbairn, Colonel Rex Applegate worked with knife designer Bill Harsey, Jr. The first of these knives were made by Al Mar Knives, Knifemaker Bill Harsey later teamed up with Chris Reeve to design the Yarborough Knife, a combat knife presented to each graduate of the United States Army Special Forces Qualification Course
44.
Commander (knife)
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The Commander is a large recurve folding knife made by Emerson Knives, Inc. that was based on a custom design, the ES1-M, by Ernest Emerson that he originally built for a West Coast Navy SEAL Team. It was winner of the Blade Magazine Overall Knife of the Year Award for 1999 and this blades profile resembled the horn of a Rhinoceros and its more popular name is the Rhino. Although the knife functioned perfectly in the field, its design was too specific for the Navy. During this same period, Emerson was working on a SERE folding knife for troops at Fort Bragg, a civilian version was made and called the ES1-C, this model did not include the blade-catcher. In field-testing it was realized that the blade-catcher would open the knife when drawn from the pocket, Emerson modified this design and secured a patent for it in March 1999. This mechanism is known as the Wave and the knife was added to the line of Emersons new factory and was called The Commander. The Commander was the winner of the Blade Magazine Overall Knife of the Year Award for 1999, the Emerson Commander was the third model manufactured by Emerson Knives, Inc. In 2000, Emerson Knives offered a version based on the original size of the ES1-M. The first runs of Super Commanders were made as limited editions for Triple Aught Design Gear of San Francisco, in 2005 the Super Commander became a regular model in the companys lineup. In 2006 Emerson released a Commander with a larger clip-point blade and this model was specifically made for the hunting market as a skinning knife. In 2009, at the annual Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia, at the 2010 SHOT Show in Las Vegas, NV, Emerson unveiled the UBR Commander, a 10% scaled-up version of the Super Commander. The Commander features a recurve shaped blade that is 3.75 long, the handle is 5.0 long making the knife 8.75 inches in length when opened. The blade steel is Crucibles 154 CM and is.125 thick, although CPM S30V steel, ATS-34, Damascus steel, the butt-end of the knife features a hole for tying a lanyard. Some models are made with partially serrated blades to aid in the cutting of seatbelts or webbing, the handle material of the Commander is composed of two titanium liners utilizing a Walker linerlock and a double detent as the locking mechanism. The reasons for using titanium as a linerlock material were due to its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, the handles scales are made from black G-10 Fiberglass, although models were made for a few years utilizing green G-10 and limited runs have been made with a desert tan color. A pocket clip held in place by three screws allows the knife to be clipped to a pocket, web-gear, or MOLLE, each model is equipped with Emersons Wave opening mechanism, aside from one-off versions that lacked it. The Wave is a hook on the spine of the blade designed to catch the edge of a users pocket. The blade opens as the knife is drawn, the Mini Commander is built to the same specifications except the blade is 3.4 in length and 8.0 overall
45.
Corvo (knife)
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The Corvo is a bladed weapon typically used in Chile. It is a knife with a curved blade of approximately 12 inches. Initially a tool similar to a hook, it was widely used in combat during the War of the Pacific. It was not standard issue, but rather a personal weapon or tool that the soldiers brought them from home. The corvo is then used to counterattack with a swiping, slashing or stabbing motion, due to its popularity, the Chilean army refined the weapon and added it to their arsenal. Today it is the symbol of Chilean commandos and its use is encouraged in training. There are a few different models of corvo, the versions are, Corvo curvo. Corvo atacameño, which has a slight curve to the blade but is normally longer than the curvo. Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife Cuchillo De Paracaidista Tantō
46.
CQC-6
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The CQC-6 or Viper Six is a handmade tactical folding knife with a tantō blade manufactured by knifemaker Ernest Emerson. It has a blade of ATS-34 or 154CM stainless steel. The CQC-6 is credited as the knife that popularized the concept of the folding knife. The CQC-6 has a 3 5/16 long blade, the handle is 4 5/8 long making the knife close to 8 inches in length when opened. The butt-end of the tapers to a point and features a hole for tying a lanyard. The blade profile of most CQC-6s is a Japanese chisel ground tantō with a bevel or zero-ground blade sharpened on only one side. Early models have a similar to a hamon found on a Japanese Samurai Sword due to a leather buffing wheel used by Emerson to finish his blades. Unlike the typical Japanese chisel-grind, Emersons grind is on the left-side of the blade as opposed to the right-side, Titanium bolsters make up the front half of the knife with the back half represented by linen micarta scales. The reasons for using titanium as a linerlock material were due to its memory characteristics, the screws in the handle, and pivot are traditional straight-head screws to accommodate easy disassembly in the field with an improvised tool, if needed. Most models feature traction grooves for a secure grip in a wet environment. Early knives were made with black linen micarta and later featured a proprietary green color made exclusively for Emerson. A pocket clip held in place by three screws allows the knife to be clipped to a pocket, web-gear, or MOLLE, in the mid-1980s, individual Navy SEALs from a West Coast team had been using personally purchased custom fixed-blade knives made by Southern California knifemaker Phill Hartsfield. Hartsfields knives are hard ground from differentially heat-treated A2 tool steel and are known for their distinctive chisel-ground blades, more accurately, they are zero ground, that is, the edge has no secondary bevel, minimizing drag when used for cutting purposes. Emerson had long been impressed by the ability of the chisel-ground edge and had asked Hartsfields permission to incorporate it into his own folding knives. Writer, David Steele, refers to the CQC-6 as the model after five prototypes as opposed to the next in the evolution of the Viper line of knives. Emerson, himself, says the moniker six was used because the SEALs in question were members of SEAL Team Six. Ownership of a CQC6 soon became something of a symbol among members of various elite military units, including Navy SEALs, Army Special Forces, German GSG9. It should be noted that the CQC-6 was not an officially issued item, richard Marcinkos Rogue Warrior novels prominently feature the CQC-6 as a regularly carried piece of equipment
47.
Diving equipment
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Diving equipment is equipment used by underwater divers to make diving activities possible, easier, safer and/or more comfortable. This may be equipment primarily intended for this purpose, or equipment intended for purposes which is found to be suitable for diving use. Surface supplied diving - mostly used in professional diving and this category includes, Surface oriented surface supplied diving, where the diver starts and finished the dive at normal atmospheric pressure. Saturation diving, where the remains under pressure in an underwater habitat or saturation spread between underwater excursions. Standard diving dress - mostly used in professional diving, compressor diving - a rudimentary form of surface supplied diving used in the Philippines by artisanal fishermen. Scuba diving - The use of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, snorkel allows breathing at the surface with the face submerged, and is used as an adjunct to free diving and scuba. Atmospheric diving suits and other submersibles which isolate the diver from the ambient environment, liquid breathing systems are extremely rare and at an early experimental stage. It is hoped that some day practical systems allow very deep diving, alternative air source such as bailout bottle or pony bottle, and decompression cylinders and their associated regulators. Surface supplied equipment, Helmet or full face mask, divers umbilical, airline, bailout block, bailout cylinder, in cold water, a diving suit such as a dry suit, a wet suit, or a Hot water suit is necessary. In some cases, simple regular swimsuits are also used, Diving gloves, including wetsuit gloves and dry gloves, mitts, and three-finger mitts Diving hoods Diving boots - With dry suits, the boots are usually integrated. A backplate is used with a back inflation type buoyancy compensator. The buoyancy compensator is usually a part of the harness system used to secure the scuba set to the diver. The earlier collar style buoyancy compensator is used any more. Diver Propulsion Vehicle - to increase the range of the diver underwater Diving weighting system - to counteract the buoyancy of the diving suit, dive Computer helps the diver to avoid decompression sickness by indicating the decompression stops needed for the dive profile. Most dive computers also indicate depth, time and ascent rate, some also indicate oxygen toxicity exposure and water temperature. Diving watch is used with depth gauge for decompression monitoring when using decompression tables, submersible pressure gauge, also known as a contents gauge is used to monitor the remaining breathing gas supply in scuba cylinders. Distance line or come-home-line can used to guide the diver back to the start point, a cave line is a line laid by a diver while penetrating a cave to ensure that the way out is known. Permanent cave lines are marked with markers at all junctions
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