1.
Spike Lee
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Shelton Jackson Spike Lee is an American film director, producer, writer, and actor. His production company,40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks, has produced over 35 films since 1983, Lee has acted in ten of his own films. Lees movies have examined race relations, colorism in the community, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty. Lee was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Jacqueline Carroll, a teacher of arts and black literature, and William James Edward Lee III, a jazz musician and composer. Lee also had three younger siblings Joie, David, and Cinqué, who all worked in different positions in Lees films. Director Malcolm D. Lee is his cousin, when he was a child, the family moved to Brooklyn, New York. His mother nicknamed him Spike during his childhood and he attended John Dewey High School in Brooklyns Gravesend neighborhood. Lee enrolled in Morehouse College, a black college, where he made his first student film. He took film courses at Clark Atlanta University and graduated with a B. A. in mass communication from Morehouse and he did graduate work at New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts, where he earned a Master of Fine Arts in film & television. In 1991, Lee taught a course at Harvard about filmmaking and it was there that he received his Master of Fine Arts and was appointed Artistic Director in 2002. Lees independent film, Joes Bed-Stuy Barbershop, We Cut Heads, was the first student film to be showcased in Lincoln Centers New Directors/New Films Festival, in 1985, Lee began work on his first feature film, Shes Gotta Have It. With a budget of $175,000, he shot the film in two weeks, when the film was released in 1986, it grossed over $7,000,000 at the U. S. box office. Lees 1989 film Do the Right Thing was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1989, many people, including Hollywoods Kim Basinger, believed that Do the Right Thing also deserved a Best Picture nomination. Driving Miss Daisy won Best Picture that year, after the 1990 release of Mo Better Blues, Lee was accused of antisemitism by the Anti-Defamation League and several film critics. They criticized the characters of the club owners Josh and Moe Flatbush, Lee denied the charge, explaining that he wrote those characters in order to depict how black artists struggled against exploitation. Lee said that Lew Wasserman, Sidney Sheinberg or Tom Pollock and he said he could not make an antisemitic film because Jews run Hollywood, and thats a fact. His 1997 documentary 4 Little Girls, about the killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham. On May 2,2007, the 50th San Francisco International Film Festival honored Spike Lee with the San Francisco Film Societys Directing Award and he received the 2008 Wexner Prize
Spike Lee
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Lee at the 2009
Tribeca Film Festival
Spike Lee
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Lee in 2007
Spike Lee
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Lee in September 2011
Spike Lee
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Lee with his
Peabody Award, 2011
2.
Danny Aiello
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He had a pivotal role in the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing as Salvatore Sal Frangione, earning a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Aiello also played Don Domenico Clericuzio in a miniseries, Mario Puzos The Last Don. Aiello, the fifth of six children, was born on West 68th Street, Manhattan, the son of Italian American parents Frances, a seamstress, aiellos father deserted the family even though his wife had gone blind. For many years, Aiello had publicly condemned his fathers desertion of his children, Aiello reconciled with his father in 1993, but to this day harbors a resentment of his fathers conduct. He moved to the South Bronx when he was seven, at the age of 16, Aiello lied about his age in order to enlist in the U. S. Army. After serving for three years, he returned to New York City and did various jobs in order to support himself, Aiello also once served as a union representative for Greyhound Bus workers and was a night club bouncer at the legendary New York comedy club, The Improv. Aiello broke into films in the early 1970s, one of his earliest roles came as a ballplayer in the 1973 baseball drama, Bang the Drum Slowly, with Robert De Niro. Aiello had a role as small-time hood Tony Rosato in The Godfather Part II. In 1980, Aiello had a role with Jan Michael Vincent in Defiance. The next year, he received acclaim for playing a racist New York City cop in Fort Apache, The Bronx with Paul Newman. In 1981, Danny Aiello won a Daytime Emmy Award for his appearance in an ABC Afterschool Special called A Family of Strangers. He was paired with De Niro again for the Sergio Leone gangster epic, Once Upon a Time in America and his many film appearances included three for director Woody Allen, who cast him in Broadway Danny Rose, The Purple Rose of Cairo, and Radio Days. Aiello is perhaps best known for his role as pizzeria owner Sal in Spike Lees Do the Right Thing, at the time of the films release, in an interview with the Chicago Tribune, he called the role his first focal part. He further identified the film as a collaborative effort, during which Spike Lee at one point told him Whatever you wanna do. Aiello went on to write a scene he shared with John Turturro ten minutes prior to its production. The role earned him nominations for a Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, as well as film critic awards from Boston, Chicago and Los Angeles. Although his characters have often been vulgar and violent, Aiello has also portrayed sensitive and he also had sympathetic roles in the 1990 horror thriller Jacobs Ladder and the 1991 comedy-drama 29th Street. In Léon, The Professional, Aiello had an important role as a cafe owner who assigns jobs to a hitman
Danny Aiello
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Aiello in New York City, December 2011
Danny Aiello
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with actress
Estelle Parsons in 1977
Danny Aiello
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Aiello (left) with
boxing trainer
Teddy Atlas during Theodore Atlas Foundation's 15th annual Teddy Dinner at the
Hilton Garden Inn in
Staten Island,
New York City in November 2011
3.
Ossie Davis
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Ossie Davis was an American film, television and Broadway actor, director, poet, playwright, author, and civil rights activist. He was married to Ruby Dee, with whom he frequently performed and he and his wife were named to the NAACP Image Awards Hall of Fame, were awarded the National Medal of Arts and were recipients of the Kennedy Center Honors. He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame, in 1994, Davis was born Raiford Chatman Davis in Cogdell, Clinch County, Georgia, a son of Kince Charles Davis, a railway construction engineer, and his wife Laura. The name Ossie came from a county clerk who misheard his mothers pronunciation of his initials R. C. when he was born. So he inadvertently became Ossie when his mother told the clerk in Clinch County. Davis experienced racism from an age when the KKK threatened to shoot his father. His acting career, which spanned eight decades, began in 1939 with the Rose McClendon Players in Harlem, during World War II, Davis served in the United States Army in the Medical Corps. He made his debut in 1950 in the Sidney Poitier film No Way Out. He voiced Anansi the spider on the PBS childrens television series Sesame Street in its animation segments, instead, he tried to follow the example of Sidney Poitier and play more distinguished characters. When he found it necessary to play a Pullman porter or a butler, he played those characters realistically, however, Davis never had the tremendous commercial or critical success that Cosby and Poitier enjoyed. As a playwright, Davis wrote Paul Robeson, All-American, which is performed in theatre programs for young audiences. In 1976 Davis appeared on Muhammad Alis novelty album for children, The Adventures of Ali, Davis found recognition late in his life by working in several of director Spike Lees films, including Do The Right Thing, Jungle Fever, She Hate Me and Get on the Bus. In 1999, he appeared as a caretaker in the Trans-Siberian Orchestra film The Ghosts of Christmas Eve. For many years, he hosted the annual National Memorial Day Concert from Washington and his distinguished bearing made him a perfect choice for the concert. Following his passing, the hosting duties passed on to the twosome of Gary Sinise and Joe Mantegna. Daviss last role was an episode guest role on the Showtime drama series The L Word. In his final episodes, his character was taken ill and died and his wife Ruby Dee was present during the filming of his own death scene. That episode, which aired shortly after Daviss own death, aired with a dedication to the actor, in 1989, Ossie Davis and his wife, actress/activist Ruby Dee, were named to the NAACP Image Awards Hall of Fame
Ossie Davis
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Davis at the New York City premiere of the
Spike Lee film
She Hate Me, 2004
Ossie Davis
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photo by
Carl Van Vechten, 1951
Ossie Davis
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Ossie Davis at the 1963
Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.
4.
Ruby Dee
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Ruby Dee was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist and civil rights activist. She is perhaps best known for originating the role of Ruth Younger in the stage and her other notable film roles include The Jackie Robinson Story, and Do the Right Thing. She was a Grammy, Emmy, Obie and Drama Desk winner and she was also a National Medal of Arts, Kennedy Center Honors and Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award recipient. She was married to Ossie Davis, with whom she frequently performed, Dee was born Ruby Ann Wallace on October 27,1922, in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Gladys and Marshall Edward Nathaniel Wallace, a cook, waiter and porter. After her mother left the family, Dees father remarried, to Emma Amelia Benson, Dee was raised in Harlem, New York. She attended Hunter College High School and went on to graduate from Hunter College with a degree in Romance languages in 1945 and she was a member of Delta Sigma Theta. Dee joined the American Negro Theater as an apprentice, working with Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte and she made several appearances on Broadway. Her first onscreen role was in That Man of Mine in 1946 and she received national recognition for her role in the 1950 film The Jackie Robinson Story. She played both roles opposite Poitier, during the 1960s, Dee appeared in such politically charged films as Gone Are the Days and The Incident, which is recognized as helping pave the way for young African-American actors and filmmakers. In 1969, Dee appeared in 20 episodes of Peyton Place and she appeared as Cora Sanders, a Marxist college professor, in the Season 1/Episode 14 of Police Woman, entitled “Target Black which aired on Friday night, January 3,1975. The character of Cora Sanders was obviously, but loosely, influenced by the real-life Angela Y and she appeared in one episode of The Golden Girls sixth season. She played Queen Haley in Roots, The Next Generations, a 1979 miniseries, Dee was nominated for eight Emmy Awards, winning once for her role in the 1990 TV film Decoration Day. She was nominated for her television guest appearance in the China Beach episode and her husband Ossie Davis also appeared in the episode. She appeared in Spike Lees 1989 film Do the Right Thing, in 1995, she and Davis were awarded the National Medal of Arts. They were also recipients of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004, in 2003, she narrated a series of WPA slave narratives in the HBO film Unchained Memories. In 2007 the winner of the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album was shared by Dee and Ossie Davis for With Ossie And Ruby, In This Life Together, and former President Jimmy Carter. Dee was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2007 for her portrayal of Mama Lucas in American Gangster and she won the Screen Actors Guild award for the same performance. At 83 years of age, Dee is currently the second oldest nominee for Best Supporting Actress and this was Dees only Oscar nomination
Ruby Dee
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Ruby Dee in 1972
Ruby Dee
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Dee speaking in 2006
5.
Richard Edson
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Richard Edson is an American actor and musician. Edson was born in New Rochelle, New York and his father, Arnold, was one of the first Marine officers to land at Guadalcanal in August 1942. His mother, Marian, a school teacher, resides with his father in New Rochelle. In 1979, Richard was a member of the San Francisco art rock band The Alterboys with Snuky Tate, Tono Rondone, Richard Kelly and JC Garrett. From 1981 to 1982, he was Sonic Youths original drummer, after the release of Sonic Youths self-titled debut album, Edson left the band to play with Konk full-time. Edson also played trumpet with San Francisco band The Offs on the groups eponymous 1984 album, following his music career, Edson has worked as an actor, appearing in over 35 movies. He also appeared in Platoon, Good Morning, Vietnam, Dirty Dancing, Tougher Than Leather Let It Ride and he starred in the 1993 movie Super Mario Bros as Spike, King Koopas cousin. Edson played the role in three films directed by Raphael Nadjari, The Shade, I am Josh Polonskis Brother and Apartment #5c. In 2003, he appeared in the video for Cave Ins single. Edson played the character of the video, a depressed man walking down the street with his feet encased in cement blocks. His television appearances include The Adventures of Pete & Pete and the season finale of Homicide. Edson appeared in a 2007 TV commercial for The Travelers Companies Inc. in which he plays the personification of risk. In total, Edson has appeared in about 85 movies/television shows. O. V
Richard Edson
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Edson holding a producer credit for
The 1 Second Film in May 2006
6.
Giancarlo Esposito
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Giancarlo Giuseppe Alessandro Esposito is an American actor. He is well known for his roles in Spike Lee films such as Do the Right Thing, School Daze, other notable films include Fresh, Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man, The Usual Suspects and King of New York. He has portrayed Sidney Glass / Magic Mirror on ABCs Once Upon a Time, Giancarlo Giuseppe Alessandro Esposito was born in Copenhagen, the son of Giovanni Esposito and Elizabeth Foster. His mother was an African-American opera and nightclub singer from Alabama, Esposito was raised in Europe until the age of six, when his family settled in Manhattan, New York. He attended Elizabeth Seton College in New York and received a degree in radio. Esposito made his Broadway debut at age eight playing a slave child opposite Shirley Jones in the short-lived musical Maggie Flynn, during the 1980s, Esposito appeared in films such as Maximum Overdrive, King of New York, and Trading Places. He also performed in TV shows such as Miami Vice and Spenser and he played J. C. Pierce, a cadet in the 1981 movie Taps. In 1988, he landed his role as the leader of the black fraternity Gamma Phi Gamma in director Spike Lees film School Daze. Over the next four years, Esposito and Lee collaborated on three movies, Do the Right Thing, Mo Better Blues, and Malcolm X. During the 1990s Esposito appeared in the indie films Night on Earth, Fresh and Smoke. He also appeared in the mainstream film Reckless with Mia Farrow, Esposito is known for his portrayal of FBI agent Mike Giardello on the TV crime drama Homicide, Life on the Street. That role drew from both his African-American and Italian ancestry and he played this character during the shows seventh and final season. Mikes estranged father, shift lieutenant Al Giardello, is portrayed as subject to racism, another multiracial role was as Sergeant Paul Gigante in the television comedy series, Bakersfield P. D. In 1997, Esposito played the roles of Darryl in Trouble on the Corner. Other TV credits include NYPD Blue, Law & Order, The Practice, New York Undercover, Esposito has portrayed drug dealers, policemen, political radicals, and a demonic version of the Greek God of Sleep Hypnos from another dimension. In 2001, he played Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr. in Ali, in 2006, Esposito starred in Last Holiday as Senator Dillings, alongside Queen Latifah and Timothy Hutton. Also in 2006, he played a detective named Esposito in the 2005 film. Esposito played Robert Fuentes, a Miami businessman with shady connections and he has appeared in New Amsterdam and CSI, Miami
Giancarlo Esposito
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Esposito at the 2013
Monte-Carlo Television Festival
Giancarlo Esposito
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Giancarlo Esposito at the 2015
San Diego Comic-Con International.
7.
Bill Nunn
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William Goldwyn Bill Nunn III was an American actor known for his roles as Radio Raheem in Spike Lees film Do the Right Thing and Robbie Robertson in the Sam Raimi Spider-Man film trilogy. Bill Nunn III was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Frances Nunn and William G. Nunn, Jr. a well-known journalist and editor at the Pittsburgh Courier and his paternal grandfather was the first African American football player at George Westinghouse High School. While ball boys for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Bill Nunn and current Steelers President Art Rooney II stole Mean Joe Greenes car during training camp at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. Joe Greene showed up in a beautiful green Lincoln Continental, and me and Bill Nunn, somehow Bill got the keys one night and we decided to take it for a ride. We only told Joe that story about 10 years ago and we figured that enough time had passed that we could disclose our little joy ride. Nunn was a 1970 graduate of Schenley High School and a 1976 graduate of Morehouse College and he attended college with Spike Lee and appeared in several of Lees early feature films. Nunn also performed on stage, including August Wilsons Fences, a Pittsburgh-based play, Nunn performed alongside Anthony Mackie, Nunn was also very involved in community outreach, and he formed his own Pittsburgh-area outreach project in 2008. Nunn died on September 24,2016 in his home in Pittsburghs Hill District and his widow, Donna, confirmed that he had leukemia. Bill Nunn at the Internet Movie Database Obituary Life of Bill Nunn
Bill Nunn
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Nunn in the play
Fences
8.
John Turturro
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He has appeared in over sixty films and has worked frequently with the Coen brothers, Adam Sandler and Spike Lee. An Emmy Award winner, Turturro has also nominated for four Screen Actors Guild Awards. Turturros mother was Sicilian and his father immigrated from Giovinazzo, Bari, Turturro was raised a Roman Catholic and moved to the Rosedale section of Queens, New York with his family when he was six. He majored in Theatre Arts at the State University of New York at New Paltz, Turturros first film appearance was a non-speaking extra role in Martin Scorseses critically acclaimed Raging Bull. He created the role of John Patrick Shanleys Danny and the Deep Blue Sea at the Playwrights Conference at the Eugene ONeill Theatre Center in 1983. He repeated it the following year Off-Broadway and won an Obie Award, Spike Lee liked Turturros performance in Five Corners so much that he cast him in Do the Right Thing. He has also appeared in several of Adam Sandlers movies, such as Mr. Deeds and he played a severely disturbed patient of Jack Nicholsons character in the comedy Anger Management and played Johnny Depps characters antagonist in Secret Window. He won an Emmy award for his portrayal of Adrian Monks brother Ambrose in the USA Network series Monk and he has also been nominated and won many awards from film organizations such as Screen Actors Guild, Cannes Film Festival, Golden Globes and others. Turturro produced and directed, as well as acted in, the film Illuminata and he wrote and directed the film Romance and Cigarettes. In 2006 he appeared in Robert De Niros The Good Shepherd, in 2010 he directed Passione, which chronicles the rich musical heritage of Naples, Italy. The cast included Julie Kavner, Marlo Thomas, Mark Linn-Baker, Turturros fifth directorial film Fading Gigolo premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in mid-September 2013. Turturro also acts in the film alongside Woody Allen, who played a novice pimp overseeing the sex work of Turturros character. In March 2014, Turturro received the Career Achievement tribute and award at the 31st Edition of the Miami International Film Festival at the Olympia Theater in Downtown Miami, Turturros brother is actor Nicholas Turturro. Artist Ralph Turturro, composer and film director Richard Termini and actress Aida Turturro are his cousins and he has two sons, Amedeo and Diego, with his wife, actress Katherine Borowitz. Turturro participates as a member of the Jury for the NYICFF, in January 2011, Turturro received his Italian passport, and holds dual Italian and U. S. citizenship
John Turturro
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Turturro at the 2009
Tribeca Film Festival
John Turturro
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Turturro at the
2010 Toronto International Film Festival
9.
John Savage (actor)
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John Savage is an American actor, best known for his roles in the films The Deer Hunter, The Onion Field, Hair and Salvador. He is also known for his role as Donald Lydecker in the TV series Dark Angel, Savage was born in Old Bethpage, New York to Floyd-Jones Youngs, an insurance salesman who served on Guadalcanal during World War II with the Marine Corps. His sisters are Boston-based radio and television personality Robin Young and actress Gail Youngs and his brother is actor Jim Youngs. His first major role was as Steven in the 1978 film, The Deer Hunter. He also had a role in 1979s The Onion Field. One of his most famous roles was as Claude Bukowski in Miloš Formans 1979 film Hair and he had a brief role in Terrence Malicks war film, The Thin Red Line. In the late 1970s, he appeared on Broadway in David Mamets play. In 1991 he was featured in a role in Italian director Lucio Fulcis final film Door to Silence. In more recent years he has seen on the small as well as the big screen. He was the character of Donald Lydecker in the first and second seasons of Dark Angel. Another recurring role found him as Henry Scudder in the HBO-produced television series Carnivàle, in 2005, he appeared on Law & Order, Special Victims Unit. He lent his voice to a monologue on the track of the album, This Town. In September 2009, he appeared in the episode of Season 2 of the Fox network drama Fringe. He most recently starred in the western thriller The Sorrow with Kirk Harris and he also played a supporting role in Hit List. John Savage at the Internet Movie Database
John Savage (actor)
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John Savage
10.
40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks
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40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks is the production company of noted American filmmaker Spike Lee. The company is named after an episode of early Reconstruction. After President Lincoln was assassinated, President Andrew Johnson revoked the order, took the land away from the freed slaves, and returned it to the previous owners. After the success of such as Do The Right Thing and Malcolm X. Lee has also done collaborations with clothing companies such as Nike, Eckō Unltd. 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks also has a division with DDB called Spike DDB located in New York. They have done several famous Super Bowl, Nike and Lays potato chip commercial spots and they have produced hundreds of commercials and music videos in addition to Lees famous films. In 2004,40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks moved all of its operations to New York City with headquarters in Spike Lees native borough of Brooklyn,40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks headquarters is located on South Elliott Place in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn. The production company won a Peabody Award in 2010 for If God Is Willing, official website 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks at the Internet Movie Database
40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks
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40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks
11.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
Universal Pictures
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Mark Dintenfass was co-founder of Universal Studios.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Studios Inc.
Universal Pictures
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Boris Karloff in
Bride of Frankenstein (1935)
Universal Pictures
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Ceremonial gate to Universal Studios Hollywood (the theme park attached to the studio lot)
12.
Samuel L. Jackson
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Samuel Leroy Jackson is an American actor and film producer. With Jacksons permission, his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury. He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D and he is married to LaTanya Richardson, with whom he has a daughter, Zoe. Samuel L. Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $4.9053 billion total box office gross, Jackson was born in Washington, D. C. the son of Elizabeth and Roy Henry Jackson. He grew up as a child in Chattanooga, Tennessee. His father lived away from the family in Kansas City, Missouri, Jackson only met his father twice during his life. Jackson was raised by his mother, who was a worker and later a supplies buyer for a mental institution. According to DNA tests, Jackson partially descends from the Benga people of Gabon, Jackson attended several segregated schools and graduated from Riverside High School in Chattanooga. Between the third and twelfth grades, he played the French horn, during childhood, he had a stuttering problem. While he eventually learned to pretend to be people who didnt stutter and use the curse word motherfucker as an affirmation word. Initially intent on pursuing a degree in biology, he attended Morehouse College in Atlanta. After joining a local acting group to earn points in a class, Jackson found an interest in acting. Before graduating in 1972, he co-founded the Just Us Theatre, after the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Jackson attended the funeral in Atlanta as one of the ushers. Jackson then flew to Memphis to join an equal rights protest march, in a Parade interview Jackson revealed, I was angry about the assassination, but I wasnt shocked by it. I knew that change was going to something different – not sit-ins. In 1969, Jackson and several other students held members of the Morehouse College board of trustees hostage on the campus, demanding reform in the schools curriculum and governance. The college eventually agreed to change its policy, but Jackson was charged with and eventually convicted of unlawful confinement, Jackson was then suspended for two years for his criminal record and his actions. He would later return to the college to earn his Bachelor of Arts in Drama in 1972, while he was suspended, Jackson was employed as a social worker in Los Angeles
Samuel L. Jackson
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Jackson at the 2014
San Diego Comic Con International
Samuel L. Jackson
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Jackson at the premiere for
Cleaner in Paris, April 2008
Samuel L. Jackson
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Jackson's handprints in front of
The Great Movie Ride at
Walt Disney World 's
Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.
Samuel L. Jackson
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Jackson at the
2005 Cannes Film Festival
13.
Martin Lawrence
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Martin Fitzgerald Lawrence is a German-born American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, writer, and voice actor. Lawrence was named after civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and U. S. President John F. Kennedy and his parents divorced when he was eight years old and Lawrence rarely saw his estranged father, who worked as a police officer. His mother, Chlora, began working several jobs to support her family, during his teen years, Lawrence excelled at boxing. Lawrence lived in Queens, New York, and Landover, Maryland and he seriously considered a professional career until he suffered a broken eye that prompted him to reconsider. Lawrence ended up moving to New York City and found his way to the legendary The Improv, shortly after appearing at The Improv, Lawrence won a performance spot on Star Search. He did well on the show and made it to the final round, however, executives at Columbia Pictures Television saw Martins performance and offered him the role of Maurice in Whats Happening Now. This was his first acting job, upon cancellation of that show, Lawrence found bit parts in various films and television series. His breakthrough role was as Cee in Do the Right Thing, other roles followed in films such as the House Party series, Talkin Dirty After Dark, and the Eddie Murphy vehicle Boomerang. During this period, entertainment mogul Russell Simmons selected him to host the groundbreaking series Def Comedy Jam on HBO, Def Comedy Jam gave many comedians mainstream exposure. During his stint with Def Comedy Jam, Lawrence appeared in his own hit series, Martin, the show ran from 1992 to 1997 and was an enormous success. Martin was the flagship of Foxs Thursday-night line-up, which millions of viewers away from NBCs Must See TV line-up. Martins ratings continued to skyrocket so much that Fox became more of a contender against NBC, after Martin ended its run in 1997, Lawrence found work in comedy films. He often starred as the lead opposite actors including Eddie Murphy, Danny DeVito. Many of his films were blockbusters at the box office, including Nothing to Lose, Life, Blue Streak and he also starred in critical- and box-office failures, including Black Knight and National Security. Regardless, his salary increased to over $10 million per film role. He continues to work in film, with films as Big Mommas House 2. In 2006, Lawrence appeared on Inside the Actors Studio, during which Lawrence briefly brought back to some of the characters hed portrayed on Martin. In 2008, Lawrence starred in Disneys College Road Trip co-starring with Raven-Symoné and it was his first G-rated film, but not his first appearance in a childrens film, he supplied a voice for Open Season opposite Ashton Kutcher
Martin Lawrence
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Lawrence in June 2013
14.
Academy Award
–
The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Award
–
Academy Awards
Academy Award
–
31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Award
–
81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Award
–
Pantages Theatre, 2008
15.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
Walter Brennan was the first winner in this category for 1936's
Come and Get It; He would also win for his roles in
Kentucky (1938) and
The Westerner (1940).
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
Van Heflin won in 1942 for his performance in
Johnny Eager.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
George Sanders won for his role in 1950's
All About Eve.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
Karl Malden won in 1951 for
A Streetcar Named Desire.
16.
List of films considered the best
–
This is a list of films voted the best in a notable survey—either by critics or by the public. Some surveys focus on all films, while others focus on a genre or country. Both national surveys and worldwide surveys are included, the winner of a survey may depend on the voting system, which differs from poll to poll. Some surveys suffer from such as self-selection or skewed demographics. Every decade, starting in 1952, the British film magazine Sight & Sound asks a group of film critics to vote for the greatest film of all time. Starting in 1992, they invited directors as well, to vote in a separate poll and this poll is regarded as one of the most important greatest ever film lists. American critic Roger Ebert described it as by far the most respected of the polls of great movies—the only one most serious movie people take seriously. Bicycle Thieves topped the first poll in 1952 with 25 votes, Citizen Kane topped five critics polls, with 22 votes in 1962,32 votes in 1972,45 votes in 1982,43 votes in 1992, and 46 votes in 2002. It also topped the first two polls, with 30 votes in 1992 and 42 votes in 2002. Vertigo topped the poll in 2012 with 191 votes, dethroning Citizen Kane. Tokyo Story topped the poll in 2012 with 48 votes. La Règle du jeu is the movie to have appeared in every critics poll, achieving its highest rank of #2 in 1972,1982. It was also ranked #1 when the Brussels Worlds Fair polled 117 experts from 26 countries in 1958, Citizen Kane was ranked #1 with 48 votes when French film magazine Cahiers du cinéma asked 78 French critics and historians to vote for the best films in 2007. It was also ranked #1 with 48 votes when Chinese website Cinephilia. net asked 135 Chinese-speaking critics, scholars, curators and it was ranked #1 with 49 votes when Spanish film magazine Nickel Odeon asked 150 Spanish film experts to vote for the best films in 1999. Vertigo was ranked #1 with 39 votes when German film magazine Steadycam asked 174 critics and it was also ranked #1 with 25 votes when Iranian film magazine Film asked 92 Iranian critics to vote for the best films in 2009. 8½ was voted the best foreign sound film with 21 votes in a 1964 poll of 50 Swedish film professionals organized by Swedish film magazine Chaplin. It was also ranked #1 when the Museum of Cinematography in Łódź asked 279 Polish film professionals to vote for the best films in 2015. The Godfather was ranked #1 when Japanese film magazine Kinema Junpo asked 114 Japanese critics and it was also voted the greatest film in a Hollywood Reporter poll of 2120 industry members, including every studio, agency, publicity firm and production house in Hollywood in 2014
List of films considered the best
–
Orson Welles as Charles Foster Kane in
Citizen Kane (1941)
17.
Library of Congress
–
The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
Library of Congress
–
Construction of the
Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888, to May 15, 1894.
Library of Congress
Library of Congress
–
The West façade of the Library of Congress in 1898
Library of Congress
–
The Library of Congress inside the
U.S. Capitol Building c. 1890
18.
National Film Registry
–
The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
National Film Registry
–
Logo for the National Film Registry
National Film Registry
–
The 47-second long
The Kiss (1896) was one of the first films shown commercially to the public.
National Film Registry
–
The Great Train Robbery (1903) used a variety of editing techniques that were becoming popular at the time of its release.
National Film Registry
–
Although not the first animated film,
Gertie the Dinosaur became the first popular cartoon.
19.
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
–
Bedford–Stuyvesant is a neighborhood of 153,000 inhabitants in the north central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 3, Brooklyn Community Board 8, the neighborhood is patrolled by the NYPDs 79th and 81st precincts. In the City Council, the district is represented by Robert Cornegy of the 36th Council District, Bedford–Stuyvesant is bordered by Flushing Avenue to the north, Classon Avenue to the west, Broadway to the east, and Atlantic Avenue to the south. It is served by Postal Service ZIP codes 11205,11206,11216,11221,11233, and 11238. The main north–south thoroughfare is Nostrand Avenue, but the shopping street is Fulton Street. Fulton Street runs east–west the length of the neighborhood and intersects high-traffic streets including Bedford Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, Bedford–Stuyvesant is actually made up of four neighborhoods, Bedford, Stuyvesant Heights, Ocean Hill, and Weeksville. Part of Clinton Hill used to be considered part of Bedford–Stuyvesant, for decades, it has been a cultural center for Brooklyns African American population. Following the construction of the IND Fulton Street Line in 1936, from Bedford–Stuyvesant, African Americans have since moved into the surrounding areas of Brooklyn, such as East New York, Crown Heights, Brownsville, and Fort Greene. These homes were developed by developers for the expanding middle to upper middle class from the 1890s to the late 1910s. The neighborhoods name is a combination of the names of the Village of Bedford, the name Stuyvesant derives from Peter Stuyvesant, the last governor of the colony of New Netherland. In pre-revolutionary Kings County, Bedford was the first major settlement east of the then Village of Brooklyn on the road to the town of Jamaica. Stuyvesant Heights, however, was farmland, the became a community after the American Revolutionary War. In 1838 the Weeksville subsection was recognized as one of the first free African American communities in the United States, the petition to form a new hamlet was approved by Governor Stuyvesant in 1663. Its leading signer was Thomas Lambertsen, a carpenter from Holland, a year later the British capture of New Netherland signaled the end of Dutch rule. In Governor Nicolls Charter of 1667 and in the Charter of 1686, Bedford hamlet had an inn as early as 1668, and in 1670 the people of Breuckelen purchased from the Canarsie Indians an additional area for common lands in the surrounding region. Farmers from New Lots and Flatbush used this road on their way to Manhattan, within the Stuyvesant Heights Historic District, the Turnpike ran along the approximate line of Decatur Street. Cripplebush Road to Newtown and the Clove Road to Flatbush also met at Bedford Corners, hunterfly Road, which joined the Turnpike about a mile to the east of Clove Road, also served as a route for farmers and fishermen of the Canarsie and New Lots areas. At the time of the Revolution, Lefferts son Jakop was a citizen of Bedford
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
–
Bedford-Stuyvesant
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
–
Macon Street and Arlington Place
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
–
Along Stuyvesant Avenue.
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
–
Row houses on MacDonough Street.
20.
Italian-American
–
Italian Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Italy, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, about 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004. Immigration began in earnest during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades altogether. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to America. This period of large scale immigration ended abruptly with the onset of the First World War in 1914 and, except for one year, further immigration would be greatly limited by a number of restrictive laws passed by Congress in the 1920s. Approximately 84% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy and Sicily, after unification, the Italian government initially encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in the South. After the American Civil War, which resulted in over a million killed or wounded, immigrant workers were recruited from Italy. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers in Eastern cities, mining camps, Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in the first generation to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, the Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry, third only to Brazil with 31 million, and Argentina, Italians and their descendants in America have helped to shape the country and, in turn, have adapted to it. They have gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the arts, the culinary arts. Italian navigators and explorers played a key role in the discovery, exploration, christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. Englands claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot, in 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of todays United States, and to enter New York Bay. In 1539, Marco da Nizza, explored the territory later became the states of Arizona. In the 17th century, Henri de Tonti, together with the French explorer LaSalle, De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683. With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years and his brother Alphonse de Tonty, with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native population, included among these missionaries were numerous Italians
Italian-American
Italian-American
Italian-American
Italian-American
21.
Brownstone
–
Brownstone is a brown Triassic-Jurassic sandstone which was once a popular building material. The term is used in the United States to refer to a townhouse clad in this material. In the 19th century, Basswood Island, Wisconsin, was the site of a run by the Bass Island Brownstone Company which operated from 1868 into the 1890s. The stone comes from the Hummelstown Quarry in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, the Hummelstown Quarry is the largest provider of brownstone on the east coast. Typically the stone was transported out of Hummelstown through the Brownstone, connecticut River Brownstone, is also very popular. C. and Baltimore. Quarries from the Passaic Formation in northern New Jersey once supplied most of the used in New York City. The Manhattan neighborhood of the Upper West Side, too, retains many brownstones, Brownstones also predominate in some Hudson County neighborhoods directly across the Hudson River from Manhattan, especially in Hoboken and around Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park in Jersey City. New York City brownstones usually cost several million dollars to purchase, a typical architectural detail of brownstones in and around New York City is the stoop, a steep staircase rising from the street to the entrance on what amounts to almost the second-floor level. This design was seen as hygienic at the many were built. Lately, it has become fashionable to use the term brownstone to refer to almost any townhouse from a certain period, many townhouses in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, for example, are basically built of brick, some having concrete masonry cladding to make them resemble actual stone. The Rittenhouse Square and Fairmount, Philadelphia neighborhoods of Philadelphia also include examples of brownstone architecture, many of these homes have been converted into apartment buildings. Back Bay, Boston, is known for its Victorian brownstone homes – considered some of the examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States. Although some brownstones exist in Chicago, a similar residential form known as greystones are by far more prevalent, a greystone is a type of residential structure that utilizes Indiana limestone for its facade, regardless of its overall architectural style. As in Brooklyn, there exists a Greystone Belt in Chicago, with numbers of such structures located in the south. It is estimated that around 30,000 of Chicagos greystones built between 1890 and 1930 are still standing, Brownstone, also known as freestone due to its durability and advantages as a building material, was used by early Quakers in Pennsylvania to construct stone mills and mill houses. In central Pennsylvania, some 1700s-era structures survive, including one used as a residence. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13, cS1 maint, BOT, original-url status unknown in Wisconsin. Website devoted to the Weser brownstone quarries from Germany being imported into the US, after Fight, a Brooklyn Brownstones Costly Rescue, The New York Times Website devoted to the colonial-era Quaker Mill House in Pennsylvania
Brownstone
–
Five-story brownstones in
Harlem, just south of 125th Street, 2004
Brownstone
–
The
Barbour County Courthouse (1903–05) in
Philippi, West Virginia, is faced entirely in
Hummelstown brownstone
Brownstone
–
At Rutgers University, Old Queen's, built 1809–1823, was constructed from ashlar brownstone quarried in the hills near New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Brownstone
–
Painted brownstone rowhouses in
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn,
New York
22.
Public Enemy (group)
–
Public Enemy is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Khari Wynn, DJ Lord, and the S1W group. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called them the most influential and radical band of their time, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Public Enemy number 44 on its list of the Immortals,100 Greatest Artists of All Time, the highest ranking for a hip hop act. The group was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007, the band were announced as inductees for the 2013 class of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on December 11,2012, making them the fourth hip-hop act to be inducted. Carlton Ridenhour and William Drayton met at Long Islands Adelphi University in the early-1980s. M. C. Chuck D put out a tape to promote WBAU and to fend off a local MC who wanted to battle him. He called the tape Public Enemy #1 because he felt like he was being persecuted by people in the local scene and this was the first reference to the notion of a public enemy in any of Chuck Ds songs. The single was created by Chuck D with a contribution by Flavor Flav, around 1986, Bill Stephney, the former Program Director at WBAU, was approached by Ali Hafezi and offered a position with the label. Stephney accepted, and his first assignment was to help fledgling producer Rick Rubin sign Chuck D, according to the book The History of Rap Music by Cookie Lommel, Stephney thought it was time to mesh the hard-hitting style of Run DMC with politics that addressed black youth. With the addition of Flavor Flav and another local mobile DJ named Terminator X, according to Chuck, The S1W, which stands for Security of the First World, represents that the black man can be just as intelligent as he is strong. It stands for the fact that were not third-world people, were people, were the original people. Public Enemy started out as opening act for the Beastie Boys during the latters Licensed to Ill popularity, and in 1987 released their debut album Yo. Bum Rush the Show. Over the next few years, Public Enemy released It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Fear of a Black Planet, and Apocalypse 91… The Enemy Strikes Black. In addition to ushering in the age of hip hop, during this time, Public Enemy reached the height of their popularity, adulation. The group then separated from Def Jam and has since been producing, marketing. Their debut album, Yo. Bum Rush the Show, was released in 1987 to critical acclaim, the album was the groups first step toward stardom. In October 1987, music critic Simon Reynolds dubbed Public Enemy a superlative rock band, Nation of Millions. was the first hip hop album to be voted album of the year in The Village Voices influential Pazz & Jop critics poll. In 1989, the returned to the studio to record Fear of a Black Planet. The album was supposed to be released in late 1989, but was pushed back to April 1990 and it was the most successful of any of their albums and, in 2005, was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress. Fight the Power is regarded as one of the most popular and it was the theme song of Spike Lees Do the Right Thing
Public Enemy (group)
–
Public Enemy performing at the
Southbound Festival (2011)
Public Enemy (group)
–
Public Enemy at Vegoose in 2007. From left:
DJ Lord,
Chuck D, and
Flavor Flav.
23.
Boombox
–
Boombox is a common term for a portable transistorized cassette tape recorder/player and AM/FM radio with an amplifier, two or more loudspeakers and a carrying handle. A boombox is a device capable of receiving radio stations. Many models are capable of recording onto cassette tapes from radio. Designed for portability, boomboxes can be powered by batteries as well as by line current, the boombox was introduced to the American market during the mid-1970s. The desire for louder and heavier bass led to bigger and heavier boxes, by the 1980s, most boomboxes were battery-operated, leading to extremely heavy, bulky boxes. The boombox quickly became associated with society in the United States, particularly African American. Cities petitioned for the banning of boomboxes from public places, the boombox became closely linked to American hip hop culture and was instrumental in the rise of hip hop music. The first boombox was developed by the inventor of the compact cassette. Their first Radiorecorder was released in 1966, the Philips innovation was the first time that radio broadcasts could be recorded onto cassette tapes without the cables or microphones that previous stand-alone cassette tape recorders required. Although sound quality of tape recordings was poor, improvements in technology and the introduction of stereo recording, chromium tapes. Several European electronics brands, such as Grundig, also introduced similar devices, boomboxes were soon also developed in Japan in the early 1970s and became popular there due to their compact size and impressive sound quality. The Japanese brands soon took over a portion of the European boombox market and were often the first Japanese consumer electronics brands that a European household might purchase. The Japanese innovated by creating different sizes, form factors, and technology, introducing such advances as stereo boomboxes, removable speakers, in-built TV receivers, and inbuilt CD players. The boombox was introduced to the American market during the mid-1970s, with the bulk of production being carried out by Panasonic, Sony, Marantz, and General Electric. It was immediately noticed by the urban adolescent community and soon had a market, especially in metropolitan centers such as New York, Los Angeles. The development of audio jacks brought the boombox to the height of its popularity, consumers enjoyed the portability and sound quality of boomboxes, but one of the most important features, especially to the youth market, was the bass. The desire for louder and heavier bass led to bigger and heavier boxes, most units can be powered by AC or DC cables in addition to batteries. As boomboxes grew in popularity, they became more complex in design
Boombox
–
A boom box
Boombox
–
A depiction of a
break dancer with a boom box
Boombox
–
a man holding a boombox in 1985
Boombox
–
The Beastie Boys
Solid Gold Hits album cover with a JVC RC-M90
24.
Malcolm X
–
Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little and later also known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz, was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history, Malcolm X was effectively orphaned early in life. His father was killed when he was six and his mother was placed in a hospital when he was thirteen. In 1946, at age 20, he went to prison for larceny, while in prison, he became a member of the Nation of Islam, and after his parole in 1952, quickly rose to become one of the organizations most influential leaders. He served as the face of the controversial group for a dozen years. In his autobiography, Malcolm X wrote proudly of some of the achievements the Nation made while he was a member. The Nation promoted black supremacy, advocated the separation of black and white Americans, by March 1964, Malcolm X had grown disillusioned with the Nation of Islam and its leader Elijah Muhammad. Expressing many regrets about his time with them, which he had come to regard as largely wasted and he continued to emphasize Pan-Africanism, black self-determination, and black self-defense. In February 1965, he was assassinated by three members of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm Little was born May 19,1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the fourth of seven children of Grenada-born Louise Helen Little and Georgia-born Earl Little. Earl was an outspoken Baptist lay speaker, and he and Louise were admirers of Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X later said that white violence killed three of his fathers brothers. Because of Ku Klux Klan threats—Earls UNIA activities were spreading trouble—the family relocated in 1926 to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, there the family was frequently harassed by the Black Legion, a white racist group. When the family home burned in 1929, Earl accused the Black Legion, when Little was six, his father died in what was officially ruled a streetcar accident, though his mother Louise believed Earl had been murdered by the Black Legion. Rumors that white racists were responsible for his fathers death were widely circulated, as an adult, he expressed conflicting beliefs on the question. To make ends meet Louise rented out part of her garden, in 1937 a man Louise had been dating—marriage had seemed a possibility—vanished from her life when she became pregnant with his child. In late 1938 she had a breakdown and was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital. The children were separated and sent to foster homes, Malcolm and his siblings secured her release 24 years later. Malcolm Little excelled in high school but dropped out after a white teacher told him that practicing law. Later Malcolm X recalled feeling that the world offered no place for a career-oriented black man
Malcolm X
–
Malcolm X in March 1964
Malcolm X
–
Malcolm X in 1964
Malcolm X
–
Mosque Maryam,
Chicago,
Illinois,
United States
Malcolm X
–
Cassius Clay (in dark suit) watches Elijah Muhammad speak, 1964
25.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
–
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, with the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech, on October 14,1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, in the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond Vietnam. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. to be called the Poor Peoples Campaign, Kings death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Ray, who fled the country, was arrested two months later at London Heathrow Airport, King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, King was born on January 15,1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther, King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather, as well as African ancestry. King was a child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind. His mother was an accomplished organist and choir leader, and she took him to various churches to sing and he received attention for singing I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus. King later became a member of the choir in his church. King said that his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen, King saw his fathers proud and fearless protests against segregation, such as King Sr. When King was a child, he befriended a boy whose father owned a business near his familys home. When the boys were six, they started school, King had to attend a school for African Americans, King lost his friend because the childs father no longer wanted the boys to play together. King suffered from depression throughout much of his life, in his adolescent years, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the racial humiliation that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South
Martin Luther King, Jr.
–
King in 1964
Martin Luther King, Jr.
–
King's high school alma mater was named after African-American scholar
Booker T. Washington.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
–
King at a Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
–
Lyndon Johnson and
Robert Kennedy with Civil Rights leaders, June 22, 1963
26.
Breakdancing
–
B-boying or breaking, also called breakdancing, is a style of street dance that originated primarily among Puerto Rican and African American youths during the mid-1970s in the Bronx. The dance spread worldwide due to popularity in the media, especially in such as Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, South Korea. While diverse in the amount of variation available in the dance, b-boying consists of four kinds of movement, toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes. B-boying is typically danced to hip-hop, funk music, and especially breakbeats, although modern trends allow for much wider varieties of music along certain ranges of tempo, a practitioner of this dance is called a b-boy, b-girl, or breaker. Although the term breakdance is frequently used to refer to the dance in culture and in the mainstream entertainment industry. These terms are preferred by the majority of the pioneers and most notable practitioners, instead of the term b-boying, the mainstream media promoted the artform as breakdancing, causing many to only know it as such. Enthusiasts consider breakdancing an ignorant and derogatory term due to the exploitation of the artform. The media displayed a simplified version of the dance, making it seem like the so-called “tricks” were everything, ultimately trading the culture for money and promotion. The dance itself is properly called breaking according to such as KRS-One, Talib Kweli, Mos Def. The terms b-boy, b-girl, and breaker are the terms used to describe the dancers who performed to DJ Kool Hercs breakbeats. DJ Kool Herc is a Jamaican-American DJ who is responsible for developing the foundational aspects of hip-hop music, the obvious connection of the term breaking is to the word breakbeat. DJ Kool Herc has commented that the term breaking was 1970s slang for getting excited, most breaking pioneers and practitioners prefer the terms b-boy, b-girl, and/or breaker when referring to these dancers. For those immersed in culture, the term breakdancer may be used to disparage those who learn the dance for personal gain rather than for commitment to the culture. B-boy London of the New York City Breakers and filmmaker Michael Holman refer to these dancers as breakers, frosty Freeze of the Rock Steady Crew says, we were known as b-boys, and hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa says, b-boys, what you call break boys. Or b-girls, what you call break girls, many elements of b-boying can be seen in other antecedent cultures prior to the 1970s. B-boy pioneers Richard Crazy Legs Colon and Kenneth Ken Swift Gabbert, many of b-boyings acrobatic moves, such as the flare, show clear connections to gymnastics. The engraving shows a man apparently B-boying. The dance was called the Giesse Harad Polska or salmon district dance, a young street dancer performing acrobatic headspins was recorded by Thomas Edison in 1898
Breakdancing
–
A b-boy performing outside
Faneuil Hall, Boston, MA, United States
Breakdancing
–
A b-boy practicing
downrock at a
studio in Moscow.
Breakdancing
–
B-boys performing on San Francisco's Powell Street in 2008.
Breakdancing
–
B-Boy performing hand hops in Washington D.C.
27.
Nigger
–
In the present-day English language, the word nigger is an ethnic slur, usually directed at black people. The word originated as a term referring to people with black skin, as a variation of the Spanish and Portuguese noun negro. It was often used derogatorily, and by the century, particularly in the United States, its usage became unambiguously pejorative. Accordingly, it began to disappear from popular culture, and its inclusion in classic works of literature has sparked controversy. In contemporary English, using the word nigger is considered extremely offensive, the variant nigga has to some extent been reclaimed by African Americans. The variants neger and negar derive from the Spanish and Portuguese word negro, etymologically, negro, noir, nègre, and nigger ultimately derive from nigrum, the stem of the Latin niger. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first English use to 1577, other early spellings attested include nigor and Nigre, the first spelling of nigger is in 1608. The second meaning, of a term of abuse or contempt from whites to blacks is first attested in print in 1775. Its use by people both as a neutral or favourable term and as a depreciatory term go back to 1831 and 1834 respectively. In the colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the African slaves shipped to the Virginia colony, lexicographer Noah Webster, whose eponymous dictionary did much to solidify the distinctive spelling of American English, suggested the neger spelling in place of negro in 1806. The dialect spoken in the Southern United States changes the pronunciation of negro to nigra, during the fur trade of the early 1800s to the late 1840s in the Western United States, the word was spelled niggur, and is often recorded in literature of the time. George Fredrick Ruxton used it in his mountain man lexicon, without pejorative connotation, niggur was evidently similar to the modern use of dude or guy. It was not used as a term exclusively for blacks among mountain men during this period, as Indians, Mexicans, the noun slipped back and forth from derogatory to endearing. The term colored became a respectful alternative, in 1851 the Boston Vigilance Committee, an Abolitionist organization, posted warnings to the Colored People of Boston and vicinity. Writing in 1904, journalist Clifton Johnson documented the opprobrious character of the word nigger, by the turn of the century, colored had become sufficiently mainstream that it was chosen as the racial self-identifier for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 2008 Carla Sims, its communications director, said the term colored is not derogatory and its outdated and antiquated but not offensive. Nineteenth-century literature features usages of nigger without racist connotation, mark Twain, in the autobiographic book Life on the Mississippi, used the term within quotes, indicating reported speech, but used the term negro when writing in his own narrative persona. Joseph Conrad published a novella in Britain with the title The Nigger of the Narcissus, president Thomas Jefferson had used this word of his slaves in his Notes on the State of Virginia, but black had not been widely used until the later 20th century
Nigger
–
1885 illustration from
Mark Twain 's
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, captioned "Misto Bradish's nigger"
Nigger
–
Historical American cartoon titled "Why the nigger is not fit to vote", by
Thomas Nast, arguing that the reason Democrats objected to African-Americans having the vote, was that in the
1868 US presidential election African-Americans voted for the Republican candidates
Ulysses S. Grant and
Schuyler Colfax. "Seymour friends meet here" in the background is a reference to the Democratic Party candidate:
Horatio Seymour.
Nigger
–
Poster for "Nigger Hair" tobacco, later known as "Bigger Hair"
Nigger
–
Anti-abolitionist cartoon from the 1860 presidential campaign illustrating colloquial usage of "
Nigger in the woodpile "
28.
Baseball bat
–
A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal club used in the sport of baseball to hit the ball after it is thrown by the pitcher. By regulation it may be no more than 2.75 inches in diameter at the thickest part, although historically bats approaching 3 pounds were swung, today bats of 33 ounces are common, topping out at 34 ounces to 36 ounces. A baseball bat is divided into several regions, the barrel is the thick part of the bat, where it is meant to hit the ball. The part of the barrel best for hitting the ball, according to construction, the end of the barrel is called the top, end or cap of the bat. Opposite the cap, the barrel narrows until it meets the handle, the handle is comparatively thin, so that batters can comfortably grip the bat in their hands. Sometimes, especially on metal bats, the handle is wrapped with a rubber or tape grip, finally, below the handle is the knob of the bat, a wider piece that keeps the bat from slipping from a batters hands. Lumber is a slang term for a bat, especially when wielded by a particularly able batter. The bat drop of a bat is its weight, in ounces, minus its length, for example, a 30-ounce, 33-inch-long bat has a bat drop of minus 3. Larger bat drops help to increase swing speed, bats with smaller drops create more power. The bats form has more refined over time. In the mid-1800s, baseball batters were known to shape or whittle their own bats by hand and this allowed there to be a wide variety in shape, size, and weight. For example, there were flat bats, round bats, short bats, earlier bats were known to be much heavier and larger than todays regulated ones. During the 19th century, many shapes were experimented with, as well as handle designs, today, bats are much more uniform in design. On June 17,1890, Emile Kinst patented the ball-bat, the bat is shaped with a curve, hence the name banana bat. The mushroom bat, made in 1906 by Spalding, with baseball bats being larger in the 1900s the Spalding company designed a larger bat with a mushroom-shaped knob on the handle. This enabled the batter to get a distribution of weight over the entire length of the bat. The Wright & Ditsons Lajoie baseball bat and this bat had a normal size barrel but had two knobs on the handle. The lowest knob was at the bottom of the handle and the other knob was roughly two inches above the lowest knob and this was designed to have better spacing between the hands due to the knob being in the middle of the grip
Baseball bat
Baseball bat
–
The steps involved in making a
Louisville Slugger from raw log to finished bat
Baseball bat
–
A
Tony Gwynn game used and autographed baseball bat.
29.
Police car
–
A police car is a ground vehicle used by police for transportation during patrols and to enable them to respond to incidents. Some police cars are specially adapted for certain locations or for certain operations, Police cars typically have rooftop flashing lights, a siren, and emblems or markings indicating that the vehicle is a police car. Some police cars may have reinforced bumpers and alley lights, for illuminating darkened allies, terms for police cars include cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. In some places, a car may also be informally known as a cop car, a black and white, a cherry top, a gumball machine. Depending on the configuration of the lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit. The first police car was a run by electricity fielded on the streets of Akron, Ohio. The first operator of the patrol wagon was Akron Police officer Louis Mueller. It could reach 16 mph and travel 30 mi before its battery needed to be recharged, the car was built by city mechanical engineer Frank Loomis. The US$2,400 vehicle was equipped with lights, gongs. The cars first assignment was to pick up a man at the junction of Main. In some areas of the world, the car has become more widely used than police officers walking the beat. Vehicles also allow for the transport of larger numbers of personnel, decommissioned police cars are often sold to the general public, either through a police auction or a private seller, after about 3–5 years of use. Such cars are usually sold relatively cheaply due to the high mileage on such cars, in some cases exceeding the 300. In some cases, the cars are re-purposed as a taxicab as a way for cab companies to buy cars instead of fleet vehicle services. There are several types of police car, the car that replaces walking for the beat police officer. Their primary function is to normal police officers between their duties. Patrol cars are able to respond to emergencies, and as such are normally fitted with visual. A response car is similar to a car, but is likely to be of a higher specification, capable of higher speeds
Police car
–
Police BMW X5, with active visual warnings showing, escorts riders on the
Tour of Britain
Police car
–
A
Ford Crown Victoria police car of the
New York City Police Department in April 2008.
Police car
–
A
CHP Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle. This is one of the many vehicle models replacing the discontinued Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor after 2013 in many
American jurisdictions.
Police car
–
A fleet of
Toyota Innova used as police cars by the
Philippine National Police.
30.
Robin Harris
–
Robin Hughes Harris was an American comedian and actor, known for his recurring comic sketch about Bébés Kids. Robin Harris was born in Chicago, Illinois and his father, Earl, was a welder, and his mother, Mattie, was a factory seamstress. In 1961, the moved to Los Angeles, where he attended Manual Arts High School. Harris then attended Ottawa University in Kansas, during this time, he began to hone his craft of comedy. He worked for Hughes Aircraft, a car company. In 1980, he debuted at Los Angeles’ Comedy Store, during the mid-1980s, Harris worked as the master of ceremonies at the Comedy Act Theater. His “old school” brand of humor began to gain him a mainstream following, Harris made his acting debut playing a bartender in Im Gonna Git You Sucka. Harris also had a role in Spike Lee’s Do the Right Thing, as Sweet Dick Willie, Harris served as part of the neighborhood Greek chorus that commented on the events of an increasingly tense day. Harris was Pop, the father of Kid in House Party and he followed up later that year with a small role as a jazz club MC in Mo Better Blues. He also appeared in Eddie Murphys Harlem Nights, in Harris Bébés Kids routines, Harris girlfriend Jamika would insist that he take her son and her friend Bébés three children with them on a date, as she continually agreed to babysit them. The children would make a fool out of and/or annoy Harris. We Bébés kids, they would proclaim, we dont die. we multiply, the Hudlin Brothers had intended to make a feature film based upon the Bébés Kids sketches, but Harris died while the film was in pre-production. Bébés Kids instead became an animated feature and it was directed by Bruce W. Smith and featured the voices of Faizon Love, Vanessa Bell Calloway, Marques Houston, Nell Carter, Rich Little, and Tone Lōc. Harris was transported back to California and interred in a crypt in Inglewood Park Cemetery. However, the legacy continued in the two sequels to House Party. In House Party 3 when Pops brother and Kids uncle, Vester looks at a photograph of him, he tells Kid how he misses his father and wishes he was alive. At the time of Harris March 1990 death, his wife was pregnant with their son, Robin Harris, Jr. who was born in September 1990, in 2006, a posthumous DVD, titled We Dont Die, We Multiply, The Robin Harris Story, was released. The film features never-before seen performances by Harris and accolades from such contemporaries as Martin Lawrence, Bernie Mac, Cedric the Entertainer, hughley, Robert Townsend, and Joe Torry
Robin Harris
–
Robin as seen on the cover of The Robin Harris Story - We Don't Die, We Multiply.
31.
Miguel Sandoval
–
Miguel Sandoval is an American film and television actor. Sandoval was born in Washington, D. C and he began working as a professional actor in 1975 when he joined a mime school in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He later joined the troupe full-time and continued his study of mime and he began his film career in the early 1980s. He had small roles in such acclaimed films Do the Right Thing, Jungle Fever, after appearing in Clear and Present Danger in 1994, he began to take on larger roles, and appeared in Get Shorty, Up Close & Personal, and Blow. Having appeared briefly in Repo Man and Sid and Nancy, Sandoval has also played the roles of Treviranus, Bennie Reyes. In addition to film, Sandoval has acted in television shows. Though shows such as The Court and Kingpin failed, he found a success with Medium in 2005, sandovals other guest starring roles include appearances in popular series such as Frasier, ER, The X-Files, Seinfeld and Lois & Clark, The New Adventures of Superman. He was prominently featured in the first season of the ABC drama Murder One, Sandoval has recently moved into directing, taking the helm for the third season Medium episode Whatever Possessed You which aired in March 2007. He has since directed one episode in each of four through seven. He also co-starred as Judge Hernandez in the new comedy Bad Judge and it premiered on NBC on Oct 02,2014. Sandoval resides in Los Angeles, California, Miguel Sandoval at the Internet Movie Database Profile of Miguel Sandoval
Miguel Sandoval
–
Miguel Sandoval (left) and
John Bair (right) in
Key Biscayne, Florida, filming the
The Crew film
32.
Bedford-Stuyvesant
–
Bedford–Stuyvesant is a neighborhood of 153,000 inhabitants in the north central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 3, Brooklyn Community Board 8, the neighborhood is patrolled by the NYPDs 79th and 81st precincts. In the City Council, the district is represented by Robert Cornegy of the 36th Council District, Bedford–Stuyvesant is bordered by Flushing Avenue to the north, Classon Avenue to the west, Broadway to the east, and Atlantic Avenue to the south. It is served by Postal Service ZIP codes 11205,11206,11216,11221,11233, and 11238. The main north–south thoroughfare is Nostrand Avenue, but the shopping street is Fulton Street. Fulton Street runs east–west the length of the neighborhood and intersects high-traffic streets including Bedford Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, Bedford–Stuyvesant is actually made up of four neighborhoods, Bedford, Stuyvesant Heights, Ocean Hill, and Weeksville. Part of Clinton Hill used to be considered part of Bedford–Stuyvesant, for decades, it has been a cultural center for Brooklyns African American population. Following the construction of the IND Fulton Street Line in 1936, from Bedford–Stuyvesant, African Americans have since moved into the surrounding areas of Brooklyn, such as East New York, Crown Heights, Brownsville, and Fort Greene. These homes were developed by developers for the expanding middle to upper middle class from the 1890s to the late 1910s. The neighborhoods name is a combination of the names of the Village of Bedford, the name Stuyvesant derives from Peter Stuyvesant, the last governor of the colony of New Netherland. In pre-revolutionary Kings County, Bedford was the first major settlement east of the then Village of Brooklyn on the road to the town of Jamaica. Stuyvesant Heights, however, was farmland, the became a community after the American Revolutionary War. In 1838 the Weeksville subsection was recognized as one of the first free African American communities in the United States, the petition to form a new hamlet was approved by Governor Stuyvesant in 1663. Its leading signer was Thomas Lambertsen, a carpenter from Holland, a year later the British capture of New Netherland signaled the end of Dutch rule. In Governor Nicolls Charter of 1667 and in the Charter of 1686, Bedford hamlet had an inn as early as 1668, and in 1670 the people of Breuckelen purchased from the Canarsie Indians an additional area for common lands in the surrounding region. Farmers from New Lots and Flatbush used this road on their way to Manhattan, within the Stuyvesant Heights Historic District, the Turnpike ran along the approximate line of Decatur Street. Cripplebush Road to Newtown and the Clove Road to Flatbush also met at Bedford Corners, hunterfly Road, which joined the Turnpike about a mile to the east of Clove Road, also served as a route for farmers and fishermen of the Canarsie and New Lots areas. At the time of the Revolution, Lefferts son Jakop was a citizen of Bedford
Bedford-Stuyvesant
–
Bedford-Stuyvesant
Bedford-Stuyvesant
–
Macon Street and Arlington Place
Bedford-Stuyvesant
–
Along Stuyvesant Avenue.
Bedford-Stuyvesant
–
Row houses on MacDonough Street.
33.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
Brooklyn
–
Clockwise from top left:
Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones,
Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch,
Brooklyn Borough Hall,
Coney Island
Brooklyn
–
Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn
Brooklyn
–
A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from
The Brooklyn Museum.
34.
Robert De Niro
–
Robert Anthony De Niro is an American actor, producer and director who has both Italian and American citizenship. He was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II and his longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake La Motta in the 1980 film Raging Bull. He received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2003, the Golden Globe Cecil B, deMille Award in 2010, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2016. De Niros first major roles were in the sports drama, Bang the Drum Slowly. He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver and Cape Fear, De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Ciminos Vietnam war drama, The Deer Hunter, Penny Marshalls drama Awakenings, and David O. Russells romantic comedy-drama, Silver Linings Playbook. His portrayal of gangster Jimmy Conway in Scorseses crime film, Goodfellas, other notable performances include roles in Once Upon a Time in America, Brazil, The Untouchables, Heat, and Casino. He has directed and starred in such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale. Robert Anthony De Niro was born in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan, New York, the son of Virginia Admiral and Robert De Niro Sr. Both of his parents were painters, his father was of half Italian and half Irish descent, while his mother was of half German ancestry, with her other roots being French, English and Dutch. De Niros parents, who had met at the classes of Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts. De Niro was raised by his mother in the Greenwich Village and his father lived within walking distance and De Niro spent much time with him as he grew up. His mother was raised Presbyterian but became an atheist as an adult, against his parents wishes, his grandparents had him secretly baptized into the Catholic Church while he was staying with them during his parents divorce. De Niro attended PS41, an elementary school in Manhattan. He then went to Elisabeth Irwin High School, the upper school of the Little Red School House. He was accepted into the High School of Music and Art for the ninth grade, De Niro began high school at the private McBurney School and later attended the private Rhodes Preparatory School, although he never graduated from either. Nicknamed Bobby Milk for his pallor, De Niro hung out with a group of kids as a youth in Little Italy. The direction of his future had already been foreshadowed by his debut at age 10. Along with finding relief from shyness through performing, he was also fixated by cinema and he studied acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory, as well as Lee Strasbergs Actors Studio
Robert De Niro
–
De Niro at the 2011
Tribeca Film Festival
Robert De Niro
–
De Niro in 1971
Robert De Niro
–
De Niro at the
2011 Cannes Film Festival
Robert De Niro
–
De Niro with
Matt Damon in Berlin in February 2007 for the premiere of
The Good Shepherd
35.
Entertainment Weekly
–
Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
Entertainment Weekly
–
Volume 1, Number 1 (February 16, 1990), cover featuring singer
k.d. lang
36.
Rotten Tomatoes
–
Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
Rotten Tomatoes
–
60–100%
Rotten Tomatoes
Rotten Tomatoes
–
≤0-59%
37.
Metacritic
–
Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a color of Green, Yellow or Red summarizes the critics recommendations and therefore the general appeal of the product to reviewers and, to a lesser extent, the public. It is regarded as the game industrys foremost review aggregator. Metacritics scoring converts each review into a percentage, either mathematically from the mark given, before being averaged, the scores are weighted according to the critics fame, stature, and volume of reviews. Metacritic was launched in July 1999 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, rotten Tomatoes was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media. They sold Metacritic to CNET in 2005, CNET and Metacritic are now owned by the CBS Corporation. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote in September 2004, Mr. Doyle,36, is now a product manager at CNET. Speaking of video games, Doyle said, A site like ours helps people cut through. unobjective promotional language and he added that the review process was not taken as seriously when unconnected magazines and websites provided reviews in isolation. In August 2010, the appearance was revamped, reaction from users was overwhelmingly negative. Certain publications are given more significance because of their stature, games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed by Keith Stuart of The Guardian to get a look behind the metascoring process. Stuart wrote, the phenomenon, namely Metacritic and GameRankings, have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years. The ranging of metascores is, Metacritic is regarded as the foremost online review site for the video game industry. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal has written that Metacritic influence the sales of games and he explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores can hurt the sales potential. He claimed that a number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as an early indicator of a games potential sales and, by extension. In 2004, Jason Hall of Warner Bros. began including quality metrics in contracts with partners licensing its movies for games, if a product does not at least achieve a specific score, some deals require the publisher to pay higher royalties. In 2008, Microsoft began using Metacritic averages to de-list underperforming Xbox Live Arcade games and these are the top 10 individual games with the highest scores on the site as of 2 April 2017
Metacritic
–
Metacritic
38.
Gene Siskel
–
Eugene Kal Gene Siskel was an American film critic and journalist for Chicago Tribune. Along with colleague Roger Ebert, he hosted a series of review shows on television from 1975 to 1999. Siskel was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ida and his parents were Russian Jewish immigrants. Siskel was raised by his aunt and uncle after both his parents died when he was ten years old and his first print review was for the film Rascal, which was written one month before he became the papers film critic. His review of the film was favorable but received no stars by default since the paper did not use a system for films at the time. For a time afterwards, Gene was acquainted with Playboy magazine publisher, in 1975, Siskel teamed up with Roger Ebert, film reviewer for Chicago Sun-Times, to host a show on the local Chicago PBS station WTTW which eventually became Sneak Previews. Sneak Previews gained an audience in 1977 WTTW offered it as a series to the PBS program system. Siskel and Ebert left WTTW and PBS in 1982 for syndication and their new show, At the Movies, was produced and distributed by Tribune Broadcasting, the parent company that owned the Chicago Tribune and WGN-TV. Sneak Previews continued on PBS for 14 more years with other hosts, in 1986, Siskel and Ebert left Tribune Broadcasting to have their show produced by the syndication arm of The Walt Disney Company. The new incarnation of the show was originally titled Siskel & Ebert & the Movies, at the Movies also continued a few more years with other hosts. A very early appearance of Siskel, taken from Coming Soon to a Theatre Near You, predecessor to Sneak Previews, is included in For the Love of Movies, The Story of American Film Criticism. In this 2009 documentary film he is debating with Ebert over the merits of the film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Normally, Siskel and Roger Ebert would refuse to guest star in movies or televisual series as they felt it would undermine their responsibility to the public. However, they both could not resist appearing on an episode of the television series The Critic, the title character of which was a film critic who hosted a television show. In the episode, Siskel and Ebert split and each wants Jay Sherman and they also once appeared in an episode of the childrens television series Sesame Street. Siskel also appeared as himself on an episode of The Larry Sanders Show, Siskel was diagnosed with a cancerous brain tumor on May 8,1998. He underwent brain surgery three days later, Siskel died from complications of another surgery at the age of 53 on February 20,1999. After Siskels death, the producers of Siskel & Ebert began using other film critics on a basis as an audition for a permanent successor
Gene Siskel
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Siskel in 1989
39.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year
Roger Ebert
–
Ebert giving an interview for
Sound Opinions in 2006
Roger Ebert
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Roger Ebert (right) with
Russ Meyer in 1970.
Roger Ebert
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Ebert and his wife Chaz Hammelsmith Ebert (left) giving the thumbs up to
Nancy Kwan (right) at the
Hawaii International Film Festival on October 20, 2010
Roger Ebert
–
Ebert (right) at the
Conference on World Affairs in September 2002, shortly after his cancer diagnosis
40.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Awards
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Academy Awards
Academy Awards
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31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Awards
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81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Awards
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Pantages Theatre, 2008
41.
62nd Academy Awards
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During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates, Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the first time. Driving Miss Daisy won four awards including Best Picture and Best Actress for Jessica Tandy, the telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 62nd Academy Awards were announced on February 14,1990, PST at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and the actress Geena Davis. Driving Miss Daisy received the most nominations with nine total, Born on the Fourth of July came in second with eight, winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 26,1990. Driving Miss Daisy became the film to win Best Picture without a Best Director nomination. At age 80, Jessica Tandy became the oldest winner of competitive acting Oscar at the time, kenneth Branagh was the fifth person nominated for Best Lead Actor and Best Director for the same film. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double-dagger, akira Kurosawa Howard W. Koch The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. The committee later determined that Carrs biggest mistake was allowing the opening number to run for 12 minutes. Producer and former Directors Guild of America president Gilbert Cates, who headed the committee, newly elected AMPAS president Karl Malden also commented on the last years telecast, Some of the people in the Academy felt the show got a little out of control. In September 1989, Cates was chosen as producer of the 1990 telecast, the following January, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen as host of the ceremony. We are extremely pleased to have Billy host the show, Cates said in a press release justifying his choice and his unique talents and his ability to handle the unexpected will be important assets this year. Cates christened the show with the theme Around the World in 3 1/2 Hours commenting that it would a party thrown around the world and he also explained, The world is changing, and hopefully the awards show is changing, matching the changes in the world. In tandem with the theme, several presenters announced the winners from various international locales such as Buenos Aires, London, Moscow. Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony, documentary filmmaker Chuck Workman assembled a montage saluting 100 Years at the Movies that was shown at the beginning of the telecast. Film composer and musician Bill Conti served as director for the ceremony. Dancer and singer Paula Abdul supervised the Best Song nominee performances, singer Diana Ross performed the Oscar-winning song Over the Rainbow in a tribute to the 50th anniversary of The Wizard of Oz. At the time of the announcement on February 14, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $244 million with an average of $48.9 million
62nd Academy Awards
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Official poster
62nd Academy Awards
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Oliver Stone, Best Director winner
62nd Academy Awards
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Daniel Day-Lewis, Best Actor winner
62nd Academy Awards
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Jessica Tandy (left), Best Actress winner
42.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
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Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
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Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
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Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
43.
Golden Globe Awards
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Awards
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The Golden Globe statuette
44.
MTV Movie Awards
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The MTV Movie & TV Awards is a film and television awards show presented annually on MTV. The nominees are decided by producers and executives at MTV, winners are decided online by the general public. Presently voting is done through MTVs official website through a special Movie Awards link at movieawards. mtv. com, the most recent award show took place on April 9,2016. Winners are presented with the golden statue, made by New York firm. Unlike its sister event MTV Video Music Awards, the MTV Movie Awards were taped, the entire production was taped in a completely different order than what the MTV viewing audience saw. For example, the shows host would tape all his/her monologues and introductions at one time, celebrities would often only appear at the live taping for the announcement of their award category, and members of the general audience fill their vacant seats during the other times. Through editing, MTV was able to present to its audience a awards show which appears to be taped in live sequence. This method of production allowed profanity to be edited from the show, the actual live taping aired same-day on pay-per-view channels in most metropolitan cities around the world. Some awards telecasts had also shown in television syndication. However, in 2007, this changed, as MTV and Survivor producer Mark Burnett announced that the 2007 edition would be broadcast live on MTV for the first time on June 3,2007 in Los Angeles. The 2016 broadcast was the first show since 2006 not to air live as the event was taped on April 9,2016 before airing on Viacoms MTV networks the following day on April 10. Since 2007, polls for several awards were voted by users on MTVs official website. The Lifetime Achievement Award was an award for movie personalities who made an impact on popular culture. Prior to announcing the winner MTV would air testimonials from major Hollywood celebrities praising the winners greatness while only offering a slight tease as to who the winner was, following Clint Howards win and emotional reaction the award was discontinued. The MTV Generation Award is the successor to the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award, the recipient of the award is celebrated for great achievement in movies. The distinction is given to an artist who has shown us a variety of roles, a personal and professional flair and of course. 2016, Will Smith The Silver Bucket of Excellence is an award that was given to a film that has made lasting impact on moviegoers and it was further defined in 2006 as honoring a film of the past that resonates with even more meaning today. The award is given to an actor of young age that managed to inspire others with a portfolio of work
MTV Movie Awards
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This is a picture of the "golden popcorn" awarded at the 2012 MTV Movie Awards.
45.
2006 MTV Movie Awards
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The 2006 MTV Movie Awards were hosted by Jessica Alba and featured performances by Christina Aguilera, AFI and Gnarls Barkley. In addition to the awards, MTV gave lifetime achievement awards to Jim Carrey. MTV held its 15th annual movie awards show on Saturday, June 3, at the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, MTV first broadcast the award show on 8 June at 9,00 pm ET. Tenth Planet Productions produced the awards, and Joel Gallen was the executive-producer and this is also the second MTV Movie Awards show to have a host win an award. The first show was in 2004 with Lindsay Lohan winning an award, the host for the MTV Movie Awards in 2006 was Jessica Alba. Christina Aguilera performed, for the very first time, her single of her latest release Back to Basics. Pre-recorded parodies include The Da Vinci Code, Mission, Impossible III, – introduced Christina Aguilera Ricky Bobby and Cal Naughton, Jr. Jackson – presented Best Movie Jim Carrey Do the Right Thing BBC article BBC. co. uk Finanzen. net article Finanzen. net
2006 MTV Movie Awards
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2006 MTV Movie Awards
46.
Fight the Power
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Fight the Power is a song by American hip hop group Public Enemy, released as a single in June 1989 on Motown Records. It was conceived at the request of film director Spike Lee, first issued on the films 1989 soundtrack, a different version was featured on Public Enemys 1990 studio album Fear of a Black Planet. Fight the Power incorporates various samples and allusions to African-American culture, including civil rights exhortations, black church services, as a single, Fight the Power reached number one on Hot Rap Singles and number 20 on the Hot R&B Singles. It was named the best single of 1989 by The Village Voice in their Pazz & Jop critics poll and it has become Public Enemys best-known song and has received accolades as one of the greatest songs of all time by critics and publications. In 2001, the song was ranked number 288 in the Songs of the Century list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1988, shortly after the release of their second album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, before embarking on the tour, film director Spike Lee approached Public Enemy with the proposition of making a song for one of his movies. Lee, who was directing Do the Right Thing, sought to use the song as a leitmotif in the film about racial tension in a Brooklyn, New York neighborhood. He said of his decision in a subsequent interview for Time, I wanted it to be defiant, I wanted it to be angry, I thought right away of Public Enemy. At a meeting in Lower Manhattan, Lee told lead MC Chuck D, producer Hank Shocklee of The Bomb Squad, while flying over Italy on the tour, Chuck D was inspired to write most of the song. The groups bass player Brian Hardgroove has said of the songs message, as a species we haven’t evolved past needing that. Fight the Power is not about fighting authority—it’s not that at all, it’s about fighting abuse of power. The Bomb Squad, Public Enemys production team, constructed the music for Fight the Power, through the looping, layering, and transfiguring of numerous samples. In contrast to Marsalis school of thought, Bomb Squad members such as Hank Shocklee wanted to eschew melodic clarity, Marsalis later remarked on the groups unconventional musicality, Theyre not musicians, and dont claim to be—which makes it easier to be around them. And the more unconventional it sounds, the more they like it, as with other Public Enemy songs, the Bomb Squad recontextualized various samples, and used them to complement the vocals and mood of Fight the Power. The percussive sounds were placed ahead of or behind the beat. Particular elements, such as Marsalis solo, were reworked by Shocklee so that they would signify something different from harmonic coherence, the Bomb Squad layered parts of Marsalis D minor improvisations over the songs B♭7 groove, and vice versa. In August 24,2014, Chuck D posted a photo on his Twitter profile of a tape from the Green St. studio. The tapes label is branded with the branding and a hand-written title indicates that the studio was used for the recording of the song
Fight the Power
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"Fight the Power"
Fight the Power
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Saxophonist
Branford Marsalis played a solo for the soundtrack version of the song.
Fight the Power
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The song references musician
James Brown with
samples of his music and allusions to his lyrics.
Fight the Power
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Spike Lee directed the song's music video and accompanying film.
47.
Chuck D
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Carlton Douglas Ridenhour, known professionally as Chuck D, is an American rapper, author, and producer. As the leader of the rap group Public Enemy, he helped create politically and socially conscious hip hop music in the mid-1980s. About. com ranked him at No.9 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time, Ridenhour was born in Queens, New York. After graduating from Roosevelt Junior-Senior High School, he went to Adelphi University on Long Island to study graphic design and he received a B. F. A. from Adelphi in 1984 and later received an honorary doctorate from Adelphi in 2013. He is the son of Lorenzo Ridenhour, upon hearing Ridenhours demo track Public Enemy Number One, fledgling producer/upcoming music-mogul Rick Rubin insisted on signing him to his Def Jam label. Their major label albums were Yo. Bum Rush the Show, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Fear of a Black Planet, the Enemy Strikes Black, Greatest Misses, and Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age. They also released a full-length album soundtrack for the film He Got Game in 1998, Ridenhour also contributed to several episodes of the PBS documentary series The Blues. He has appeared as a featured artist on other songs and albums, having collaborated with artists such as Janet Jackson, Kool Moe Dee, The Dope Poet Society. Ice Cube, Boom Boom Satellites, Rage Against the Machine, Anthrax, John Mellencamp, in 1993, he executive produced Got Em Running Scared, an album by Ichiban Records group Chief Groovy Loo and the Chosen Tribe. In 1996, Ridenhour released Autobiography of Mistachuck on Mercury Records, Chuck D made a rare appearance at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards, presenting the Video Vanguard Award to the Beastie Boys, whilst commending their musicianship. In November 1998, he settled out of court with Christopher The Notorious B. I. G, wallaces estate over the latters sampling of his voice in the song Ten Crack Commandments. The specific sampling is Ridenhour counting off the one to nine on the track Shut Em Down. In September 1999, he launched a multi-format supersite on the web site Rapstation. com, since 2000, he has been one of the most vocal supporters of peer-to-peer file sharing in the music industry. He loaned his voice to Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas as DJ Forth Right MC for the radio station Playback FM, in 2000, he collaborated with Public Enemys Gary G-Whiz and MC Lyte on the theme music to the television show Dark Angel. He appeared with Henry Rollins in a cover of Black Flags Rise Above for the album Rise Above,24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three. He was also featured on Z-Trips album Shifting Gears on a track called Shock and Awe, in 2008 he contributed a chapter to Sound Unbound, Sampling Digital Music and Culture edited by Paul D. Miller a. k. a. DJ Spooky, and also turned up on The Go, teams album Proof of Youth on the track Flashlight Fight. He also fulfilled his dreams of being a sports announcer by performing the play-by-play commentary in the video game NBA Ballers, Chosen One on Xbox 360
Chuck D
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Chuck D of Public Enemy at
Way Out West 2013 in
Gothenburg, Sweden
Chuck D
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Chuck D.
Malmö 1991.
Chuck D
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Gaye Theresa Johnson
48.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
American Film Institute
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American Film Institute
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