Doctorate
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A doctorate or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi.
Cover of the thesis presented by Claude Bernard to obtain his Doctor of Medicine degree (1843)
Man and woman wearing Durham and Glasgow PhD gowns, respectively
American academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at Brigham Young University (April 2008). The American code for academic dress identifies academic doctors with three bands of velvet on the sleeve of the doctoral gown.
The ancient ceremony of bestowing Complutense's doctoral biretta
Thesis
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A thesis, or dissertation, is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings. In some contexts, the w
Dutch 18th century doctoral ceremony at Leiden University shown on the frontispiece of a PhD thesis, Netherlands. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de spatio vacuo (lit. 'Inaugural Philosophical Disputation on Empty Space') by Guilielmus ab Irhoven (Willem van Irhoven) on the authority of the Rector magnificus Johannes Jacobus Vitriarius (Jan Jacob Glazenmaker), 7 July 1721.
Cover page of a licentiate dissertation in Sweden