1.
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
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The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour was an American comedy and variety show television series hosted by the Smothers Brothers and initially airing on CBS from 1967 to 1969. Despite this success, continual conflicts with network executives over content led to the show being abruptly pulled from the schedule in violation of the Smothers contract in 1969, the evolution of The Comedy Hour was unique to a medium that was fearful of change. The show debuted in the winter of 1967 as a hip version of the typical comedy-variety show of its era. But within weeks it rapidly evolved into a program that extended the boundaries of what was considered permissible in television satire, the show also introduced audiences to pop singer Jennifer Warnes, who was a regular on the series. The television premiere of Mason Williams hit record, Classical Gas, took place on the show, the series showcased new musical artists that other comedy-variety shows rarely gave airtime to, due to the nature of their music or their political affiliations. Seegers appearance on the two premiere which aired on September 10,1967 was his first on network commercial television in 17 years since being blacklisted in 1950. His performance of Waist Deep in the Big Muddy was dropped from the broadcast after his refusal to comply with CBSs request to remove the sixth verse. The song, its related to the present by the controversial stanza, was a metaphor for President Lyndon B. Johnson. Seeger was eventually allowed to reappear on the show to perform the song again on Episode 24 later that season, in 1968, the show broadcast several promotional films for The Beatles songs Hey Jude and Revolution and Bee Gees. Before a rowdy crowd at the Los Angeles Forum, Jimi Hendrix dedicated I Dont Live Today to the Smothers Brothers, the show became both popular and controversial for those same references to youth culture and the issues that both interested and affected this particular target audience. The brothers soon found themselves in conflicts with CBS network censors. At the start of the 1968–69 season, the ordered that the Smothers deliver their shows finished. As the year progressed, battles over content continued, including a David Steinberg sermon about Moses and the Burning Bush. With some local stations making their own deletions of controversial sketches or comments, the network explained the decision by stating that because that weeks episode did not arrive in time to be previewed, it would not be shown. In that program, Joan Baez paid tribute to her then-husband David Harris, when the show finally did air, three weeks later, the network allowed Baez to state that her husband was in prison, but edited out the reason. Despite the conflict, the show was picked up for the 1969–70 season on March 14, however, the episode was aired in Canada on CTV on a pre-release which was a common occurrence at that time. Another of the presidents, Robert Wood, stated that it became evident that the brothers were unwilling to accept the criteria of taste established by CBS. This cancellation led the brothers to file a breach of contract suit against the network, despite this cancellation, the show won the Emmy Award that year for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy, Variety or Music
2.
Maryhill
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Maryhill is an area of the City of Glasgow in Scotland. Maryhill stretches over 7 miles along Maryhill Road, the far north west of the area is served by Maryhill railway station. Hew Hill, the Laird, or Lord, of Gairbraid, had no heir and so he left his estate to his daughter. She married Robert Graham of Dawsholm in 1763, but they had no income from trade or commerce and had to make what they could from the estate. They founded coalmines on the estate but they proved to be wet and unprofitable and it is still known as Acre today. No doubt they would have continued with the struggle, but on 8 March 1768 Parliament approved the cutting of the Forth and Clyde Canal through their estate, which provided some much-needed money. The canal reached the estate in 1775, but the company had run out of money. The Government granted funds from forfeited Jacobite estates to start it again, five locks, the great Kelvin Aqueduct and, between two of the locks, a dry dock boatyard were built. The then village was to be in all times called the town of MaryHill, the new canal waterway attracted industries including, boat-building, saw-milling and ironfounding to its banks within Marys estate. By 1830 the scattered houses had grown to form a village with a population of 3000 people. It was later absorbed into the boundaries of the city of Glasgow in 1891, a part of the Antonine Wall runs through Maryhill, in the Maryhill Park area, where there is the site of a Roman fort adjoining the wall in nearby Bearsden. A roman bath-house may still be seen there, Maryhill had the first Temperance Society in the United Kingdom after lawlessness filled the streets in the Victorian era. Maryhill also boasts one of Glasgows original Carnegie libraries, deftly designed by the Inverness architect James Robert Rhind, Maryhill Barracks was opened in 1872 and once dominated the area that is now the Wyndford housing estate. It was home to the Scots Greys and the Highland Light Infantry, the barracks were decommissioned in the early 1960s. However the Territorial Army unit, the 52nd Lowland, 6th Battalion,32 Signal Regiment is also based near Kelvinside, with 105 Regiment, Royal Artillery in nearby Partick. Maryhill was known as the Venice of the North for its canals and also for being the centre of the industry, with its Caledonia Works. The Glasgow Girl Industrial School moved to Maryhill in 1882, Maryhill is part of the Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn constituency in the Scottish Parliament and of 21 Maryhill/Kelvin Ward on Glasgow City Council. Glasgow Maryhill was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 2005 when it was subsumed into the new Glasgow North constituency
3.
Donovan Leitch (actor)
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Donovan Jerome Leitch is an English-born American actor, former model and documentary film-maker. He was member of the band Camp Freddy, and was a member of neo-glam group Nancy Boy along with Jason Nesmith. Leitch was featured as the villain of the week, Malcolm Lagg, Leitch was born in England, the son of Enid Karl, a model, and singer/songwriter Donovan. He is the brother of actress Ione Skye, after Leitchs parents separated when he was three, he was raised by his mother in the Hollywood Hills of California. He married Scottish model Kirsty Hume on 23 September 1997 and she filed for divorce in summer 2014. Leitch married actress Libby Mintz in LA ceremony on October 3,2015
4.
Ione Skye
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Ione Skye Lee is a British-American actress who starred the 1989 movie Say Anything. In 2006, VH1 placed her at number 84 on its 100 Greatest Teen Stars list, Skye was born Ione Skye Leitch in Hampstead, London, England, the daughter of folk singer/songwriter Donovan and model Enid Karl. Her father is Scottish and her mother was an American of Jewish descent who was raised in The Bronx and her second name comes from the Isle of Skye. She is the sister of Camp Freddy singer Donovan Leitch. Skye grew up in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Connecticut and she attended Immaculate Heart High School and Hollywood High School for the Performing Arts in 1987. Skye made her debut in Rivers Edge in 1986. She played Diane Court in the 1989 film Say Anything, in 1992, she played the role of Eleanor Grey on the short-lived TV show Covington Cross and a supporting role in the Stephen La Rocque film Samantha. She also had a small but well-received part in the 2007 David Fincher film Zodiac, in a rare interview with mondo-video. In 2016, Skye directed the video for the Against Me. single 333. For a few years in the 1980s, Skye had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers frontman Anthony Kiedis, kiediss 2004 book Scar Tissue contains a nude photo of the couple. Skye was 18 when the picture was taken, Skye was first married to Adam Horovitz, a member of the Beastie Boys. The couple married in 1992, separated in 1995, and divorced in 1999, Skye had a relationship with furniture designer David Netto and they had a daughter, Kate, in December 2001. The family, Skyes home in Hollywood, and Nettos apartment in New York City were featured in the February 2003 issue of Vogue magazine, the two were engaged during their on-again, off-again bi-coastal relationship. In 2008, Skye became engaged to musician Ben Lee, on December 29,2008, Skye and Lee were married in a Hindu wedding ceremony in India. They have a daughter, Goldie Priya Lee, who was born September 24,2009 and she has written a childrens book called My Yiddish Vacation, published by Henry Holt and Company in May 2014. Ione Skye at the Internet Movie Database Ione Skye Paintings Ione Skye Lee on Facebook
5.
Folk rock
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It has also been influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to Britain and gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in decline in popularity. When English bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s defined themselves as electric folk they were making a distinction with the existing folk rock. Folk rock was what they had already been producing, American or American style singer-songwriter material played on instruments, as undertaken by Bob Dylan. They drew the distinction because they were focusing on indigenous songs, the result of this hybridisation was an exchange of specific features drawn from Traditional music and Rock music. For example, electric folk groups, while using traditional material as their source for lyrics and tunes. In the same year, The Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, the Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the Californian band The Byrds, who began playing folk-influenced material and Bob Dylan compositions with rock instrumentation. The Byrds recording of Dylans Mr Tambourine Man was released in April 1965 and reached #1 on the U. S. and UK singles charts, setting off the mid-1960s folk rock movement. The Beatles late 1965 album, Rubber Soul, contained a number of songs clearly influenced by the American folk rock boom, such as Nowhere Man and If I Needed Someone. Folk rock became an important genre among emerging English bands, particularly those in the London club scene towards the end of the 1960s. Like the American revival, it was often overtly left wing in its politics, most important among their responses were the foundation of folk clubs in major towns, starting with London where MacColl began the Ballads and Blues Club in 1953. These clubs were usually urban in location, but the songs sung in them often hearkened back to a rural pre-industrial past, in many ways this was the adoption of abandoned popular music by the middle classes. This meant that there were, by the later 1960s, a group of performers with musical skill and knowledge of a variety of traditional songs. The result was an interpretation of the song A Sailors Life. The rapid expansion of electric folk that followed in the wake of Liege, five Hand Reel a band formed out of the remnants of Spencers Feat proved to be one of the more successful and influential folk rock bands. Releasing 4 albums with Topic/RCA records they were popular in Europe. He then quit that and eventually formed the Albion Country Band, later the Albion Band, a much smaller group of English bands were formed in emulation of existing electric rock bands. Fiddlers Dram were often dismissed as one hit wonders for their single Day Trip to Bangor, most of their career, from that point until they disbanded in 1979, was one of declining profile and sales
6.
Psychedelic folk
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Psychedelic folk is a loosely defined form of psychedelia that originated in the 1960s. It retains the acoustic instrumentation of folk, but adds musical influences common to psychedelic music. Psychedelic folk generally favors acoustic instrumentation although it incorporates other instrumentation. Chanting, early music and various folk music influences are often found in psych folk. Much like its counterpart, psychedelic folk is often known for a peculiar, trance-like. Its lyrics are concerned with such subjects as the natural world, love and beauty. The first musical use of the term psychedelic is thought to have been by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Bellys Hesitation Blues in 1964. Folk/avant-garde guitarist John Fahey recorded several songs in the early 1960s that experimented with recording techniques, including backward tapes. His nineteen-minute The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations, Other songs from Faheys The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party & Other Excursions also used unsettling moods and dissonances that took them beyond the typical folk fare. In 1967, he performed with the rock band Red Krayola at the Berkeley Folk Festival which was recorded. Among other descriptions, their performance has been likened to the very weirdest parts of late-60s Pink Floyd pieces, similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bulls early work incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes. His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles and instrumentation, later albums, such as 1968s E Pluribus Unum and his live album Still Valentines Day 1969, which use experimental recording techniques and extended improvisation, also have psychedelic elements. In the mid 1970s psychedelia began to fall out of fashion, in Britain folk groups also tended to electrify as did acoustic duo Tyrannosaurus Rex which became the electric combo T. Rex. This was a continuation of a process by which progressive folk had considerable impact on mainstream rock, anti-folk Freak folk Jam bands Neofolk Ptolemaic Terrascope – a psychedelic folk & rock magazine PsychedelicFolk
7.
Psychedelic rock
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Many psychedelic groups differ in style, and the label is often used indiscriminately. Musically, the effects may be represented via novelty studio tricks, electronic or non-Western instrumentation, disjunctive song structures, some of the earlier 1960s psychedelic rock musicians were based in folk, jazz, and the blues, while others showcased an explicit Indian classical influence called raga rock. In the 1960s, there existed two main variants of the genre, the whimsical British pop-psychedelia, and the harder American West Coast acid rock. While acid rock is often deployed interchangeably with the psychedelic rock, it can also refer more specifically to the heavier. The genre bridged the transition from early blues- and folk-based rock to rock and hard rock. Since the late 1970s it has revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia. The term psychedelic was first coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. As the countercultural scene developed in San Francisco, the acid rock. In the popular music of the early 1960s, it was common for producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with form, arrangements, unnatural reverb. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spectors Wall of Sound production formula, there was no transition to be made. You go from things like Flying Purple People Eater to I Am the Walrus, music critic Richie Unterberger says that attempts to pin down the first psychedelic record are therefore nearly as elusive as trying to name the first rock & roll record. Some of the far-fetched claims include the instrumental Telstar and the Dave Clark Fives massively reverb-laden Any Way You Want It, the first mention of LSD on a rock record was the Gamblers 1960 surf instrumental LSD25. American folk singer Bob Dylan was an influence on mid 1960s rock music. He led directly to the creation of rock and the psychedelic rock musicians that followed. Molly Longman of mic. com writes that, in terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens, the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the eras most pivotal acts. The considerable success enjoyed by these two bands allowed them the freedom to experiment with new technology over entire albums. In Unterbergers opinion, the Byrds, emerging from the Californian folk scene, with their ominous minor key melodies, hyperactive instrumental breaks, and use of Gregorian chants. In the songs lyric, the requests, Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship
8.
Contemporary folk music
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Contemporary folk music refers to a wide variety of genres that emerged in the mid 20th century which were associated with traditional folk music. Starting in the century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. The most common name for new form of music is also folk music. This type of music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, electric folk. One of the earliest figures in this revival was Woody Guthrie, in the United Kingdom, the folk revival fostered a generation of singer-songwriters such as Donovan, who achieved initial prominence in the 1960s. The folk revival spawned Canadas first true wave of successful artists such as Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell. Major performers who emerged from the 1940s to the early 1960s included Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, the mid-1960s through the early 1970s was associated with large musical, political, lifestyle, and counterculture changes. Folk music underwent a rapid evolution, expansion and diversification at that same time. During this period, the term protest music was used to characterize folk music with topical political themes. The Canadian performers Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Bruce Cockburn and Joni Mitchell represented such fusions, the late 1960s saw the advent of electric folk groups, a form of folk rock. Starting in the 1970s folk music was fueled by new singer-songwriters such as Joni Mitchell and John Denver. Other subgenres of folk include anti folk, folk punk, indie folk, folktronica, freak folk and Americana and fusion genres such as metal, progressive folk, psychedelic folk. Definitions of contemporary music are generally vague and variable. Here, it is taken to all music that is called folk that is not traditional music. According to Hugh Blumenfeld, for the American folk scene, This is the use of the term contemporary folk music. Nueva canción, an evolution of a new form of socially committed music, occurred in several Spanish-speaking countries. Contemporary country music descends ultimately from a rural American folk tradition, bluegrass music is a professional development of American old time music, intermixed with blues and jazz
9.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
10.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
11.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
12.
Harmonica
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There are many types of harmonica, including diatonic, chromatic, tremolo, octave, orchestral, and bass versions. A harmonica is played by using the mouth to direct air into or out of one or more holes along a mouthpiece, behind each hole is a chamber containing at least one reed. A harmonica reed is a flat elongated spring typically made of brass, stainless steel, or bronze, when the free end is made to vibrate by the players air, it alternately blocks and unblocks the airway to produce sound. Reeds are pre-tuned to individual pitches, tuning may involve changing a reeds length, the weight near its free end, or the stiffness near its fixed end. Longer, heavier and springier reeds produce deeper, lower sounds, an important technique in performance is bending, causing a drop in pitch by making embouchure adjustments. Such two-reed pitch changes actually involve sound production by the normally silent reed, the basic parts of the harmonica are the comb, reed plates and cover plates. The comb is the body of the instrument, which. The term comb may originate from the similarity between this part of a harmonica and a hair comb, Harmonica combs were traditionally made from wood but now are also made from plastic or metal. Some modern and experimental designs are complex in the way that they direct the air. There is dispute among players about whether comb material affects the tone of a harmonica, among those saying yes are those who are convinced by their ears. Few dispute, however, that comb surface smoothness and air-tightness when mated with the reedplates can greatly affect tone, the main advantage of a particular comb material over another one is its durability. In particular, a comb can absorb moisture from the players breath. This can cause the comb to expand slightly, making the instrument uncomfortable to play, various types of wood and treatments have been devised to reduce the degree of this problem. Much effort is devoted by serious players to restoring wood combs, some players used to soak wooden-combed harmonicas in water to cause a slight expansion, which they intended to make the seal between the comb, reed plates and covers more airtight. Modern wooden-combed harmonicas are less prone to swelling and contracting, players still dip harmonicas in water for the way it affects tone and ease of bending notes. The reed plate is a grouping of several reeds in a single housing, the reeds are usually made of brass, but steel, aluminium and plastic are occasionally used. Individual reeds are usually riveted to the plate, but they may also be welded or screwed in place. Reeds fixed on the side of the reed plate respond to blowing
13.
Pye Records
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Pye Records was a British record label. Its best known artists were Lonnie Donegan, Petula Clark, the Searchers, the label changed its name in 1980, but was briefly reactivated in 2006. The Pye Company originally manufactured televisions and radios and its main plant was situated off what used to be Haig Road, in Cambridge, and it entered the record business when it bought Nixa Records in 1953. In 1958, Pye International Records was established, the company licensed recordings from American and other foreign labels for the UK market, including Chess, A&M, Kama Sutra, Colpix, Warner Bros. Buddah, Cameo, 20th Century, and King and it also released recordings from British artist Labi Siffre which were produced outside the company. In 1959, Pye Nixa became Pye Records and ATV acquired 50% of the label, ATV bought the other half of the business in 1966. The company entered the album market in 1957, reissuing older Pye material on Pye Golden Guinea Records. This was closed in the seventies and eventually replaced by Marble Arch Records, Pye also offered a series of 4D quadraphonic albums, using the Sansui QS matrix system. In 1969, Pye launched a less mainstream label for folk, jazz, blues and progressive acts, Dawn Records, the most successful Dawn act being Mungo Jerry. When the rights to the name Pye expired in 1980, the changed its name to PRT. Postman Pat songs and music from the series were recorded at PRT Studios. PRTs parent company ACC was purchased by the Bell Group of Australia in 1982, in 1988 the Bell Group was purchased by the Bond Corporation. However, the Bond Corporation was suffering financial problems itself and proceeded to sell of most of its assets. PRTs record and cassette factory was sold to another record manufacturer, the masters of PRTs catalogue were sold to Castle Communications. Precision Records & Tapes Ltd, formerly Pye Records Ltd, was liquidated in December 2013. In July 2006, Pye Records was reactivated by Sanctuary Records as an indie and alternative label, however, plans for continued usage of the Pye name were abandoned when Universal Music Group bought Sanctuary in 2007. Pye Records was a company to the better known ATV Music Publishing. This company, which owned Beatles publisher Northern Songs, was bought by Michael Jackson in 1985, Records, Donovan to Hickory Records, the Searchers to Mercury Records, Liberty Records, and finally Kapp Records, and Status Quo to Chess Records
14.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
15.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
16.
The Jeff Beck Group
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The Jeff Beck Group was an English rock band formed in London in January 1967 by former The Yardbirds guitarist Jeff Beck. Their innovative approach to heavy-sounding blues and rhythm and blues was an influence on popular music. The first Jeff Beck Group formed in London in early 1967 and included guitarist Jeff Beck, vocalist Rod Stewart, rhythm guitarist Ronnie Wood, early bass players were Jet Harris and Dave Ambrose, with Clem Cattini and Viv Prince trying out on drums. The line-up went through months of personnel changes, notably no fewer than four drummers before settling on Aynsley Dunbar and this line up spent most of 1967 playing the UK club circuit and appeared several times on BBC Radio. Beck signed a management contract with record producer and manager Mickie Most who had no interest in the group. The line-up for that included guitarist Jimmy Page on rhythm guitar, John Paul Jones on bass, Keith Moon on drums. Waller went on to play with the band all through 1968 and early 1969, Peter Grant, a road manager at the time, had been to the US with The New Vaudeville Band, and was aware of the new concert and Album-oriented rock FM radio format developing there. It was now possible to break out a band using the hit single formula. Grant realised that Becks band was ideal for market and tried several times to buy Becks contract from Mickie Most. By early 1968 the band was ready to throw in the towel, and again to his credit, Grant convinced them not to break up, Beck is quoted as saying We were literally down to one change of clothing each. Grants first stop for them was in New York City, for four shows at Fillmore East and they apparently took the town by storm. The reviews from The Boston Tea Party were as good or better, were in a state of pandemonium the likes of which hadnt been witnessed since The Beatles hit town. By the time they wrapped up the tour at San Franciscos Fillmore West, the band quickly returned to England to record Truth, which reached No.15 in the US charts. The tracks were recorded two weeks, with overdubs added the following month. Mickie Most was busy with projects at the time and delegated most of the work to Ken Scott who basically recorded the band playing their live set in the studio. Becks amplifier was apparently so loud, it was recorded from inside a closet, the extra line up for these sessions included John Paul Jones on Hammond organ, drummer Keith Moon and Nicky Hopkins on piano. They returned to the US for a tour to promote the release of Truth, long time Beck fan Jimi Hendrix jammed with the band at Cafe Wha during this and their following tours. They embarked on their tour in December 1968 with Nicky Hopkins who, although in poor health
17.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
18.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
19.
Popular music
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Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training and it stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or folk music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of music, although since the beginning of the recording industry. Traditional music forms such as blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller. The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States, although popular music sometimes is known as pop music, the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies, in the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have an appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local traditions to create new hybrid styles. Sales of recordings or sheet music are one measure, middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Manuel states that one criticism of music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, moreover, understandings of popular music have changed with time. A societys popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published, david Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values and this allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most common sections being verse, chorus or refrain, other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, chorus form *, and twelve-bar blues. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics, the verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the melody, but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated
20.
World music
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The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of world musics audiences and scope and it has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion, and worldbeat. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia, the term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry. There are several conflicting definitions for world music, one is that it consists of all the music in the world, though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless. The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music and it may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as music from out there. It is a nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture. As a result, definitions of the genre have become particularly varied, similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. In a report on the 2014 globalFEST National Public Radios Anastasia Tsioulcas said Even within the music community. Whats more, I believe that in peoples imaginations, world music means a kind of fairly awful, gloppy, hippy-ish. Its a problematic, horrible term that satisfies absolutely no one, the Breton musician Alan Stivell pioneered the connection between traditional folk music, modern rock music and world music with his 1972 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp. At this time, Stivells contemporary, Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens popularised Welsh folk music, more recently, other Welsh-language bands such as Calan and 9 Bach have achieved international acclaim. The broad category of music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. World fusion / Worldbeat / Ethnic fusion / Global fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements of Western pop. Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share the music genre. Good examples are Tibetan bowls, Tuvan throat singing, Gregorian chant or Native American flute music, World music blended with new-age music is a sound, loosely classified as the hybrid genre, ethnic fusion
21.
Calypso music
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Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the early to mid-20th century and spread to the rest of Caribbean Antilles and Venezuela. Its rhythms can be traced back to West African Kaiso and the arrival of French planters, Calypso drew upon African and French influences, and became the voice of the people. It was characterized by rhythmic and harmonic vocals, which was most often sung in a French creole. As calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually, as English replaced patois as the dominant language, calypso migrated into English, and in so doing it attracted more attention from the government. It allowed the masses to challenge the doings of the unelected Governor and Legislative Council, Calypso continued to play an important role in political expression, and also served to document the history of Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago. It is thought that the name calypso was originally kaiso which is now believed to come from Efik ka isu and Ibibio kaa iso, there is also a Trinidadian term cariso that is used to refer to old-time calypsos. The term calypso is recorded from the 1930s onwards, Calypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African Kaiso and canboulay music brought by African slaves imported to that Caribbean island to work on sugar plantations. The slaves, brought to toil on sugar plantations, were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and they used calypso to mock the slave masters and to communicate with each other. Many early calypsos were sung in French Creole by an individual called a griot, as calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually, calypsonian. Modern calypso, however, began in the 19th century, a fusion of disparate elements ranging from the masquerade song lavway, French Creole belair, calypsos early rise was closely connected with the adoption of Carnival by Trinidadian slaves, including canboulay drumming and the music masquerade processions. The French brought Carnival to Trinidad, and calypso competitions at Carnival grew in popularity, the first identifiably calypso genre song was recorded in 1912, by Loveys String Band while visiting New York City. In 1914, the second song was recorded, this time in Trinidad, by chantwell Julian Whiterose, better known as the Iron Duke. Jules Sims would also record vocal calypsos, the majority of these calypsos of the World War I era were instrumentals by Lovey and Lionel Belasco. Calypso evolved into a way of spreading news around Trinidad, politicians, journalists and public figures often debated the content of each song, and many islanders considered these songs the most reliable news source. Calypsonians pushed the boundaries of free speech as their lyrics spread news of any topic relevant to island life, eventually British rule enforced censorship and police began to scan these songs for damaging content. Even with this censorship, calypsos continued to push boundaries, with a variety of ways to slip songs past the eyes of the editor. Sex, scandal, gossip, innuendo, politics, local news, bravado and insulting other calypsonians were the order of the day in classic calypso, and just as the hip-hop of today, the music sparked shock and outrage in the moral sections of society. Decca Records lost untold pressings in this manner, as did its rival, an entrepreneur named Eduardo Sa Gomes played a significant role in spreading calypso in its early days
22.
Hertfordshire
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Hertfordshire is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region, in 2013, the county had a population of 1,140,700 living in an area of 634 square miles. Four towns have between 50,000 and 100,000 residents, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage, Watford and St Albans. Hertford, once the market town for the medieval agricultural county derives its name from a hart. Elevations are high for the region in the north and west and these reach over 240m in the western projection around Tring which is in the Chilterns. The countys borders are approximately the watersheds of the Colne and Lea, hertfordshires undeveloped land is mainly agricultural and much is protected by green belt. The countys landmarks span many centuries, ranging from the Six Hills in the new town of Stevenage built by local inhabitants during the Roman period, Leavesden filmed much of the UK-based $7.7 Bn box office Harry Potter film series and has the countrys studio tour. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill and his martyrs cross of a yellow saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag and coat of arms of Hertfordshire. Hertfordshire is well-served with motorways and railways, providing access to London. The largest sector of the economy of the county is in services, Hertfordshire was the area assigned to a fortress constructed at Hertford under the rule of Edward the Elder in 913. Hertford is derived from the Anglo-Saxon heort ford, meaning deer crossing, the name Hertfordshire is first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011. Deer feature in many county emblems, there is evidence of humans living in Hertfordshire from the Mesolithic period. It was first farmed during the Neolithic period and permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of the Bronze Age and this was followed by tribes settling in the area during the Iron Age. 293 the first recorded British martyrdom is believed to have taken place. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill. His martyrs cross of a saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag. He is the Patron Saint of Hertfordshire, with the departure of the Roman Legions in the early 5th century, the now unprotected territory was invaded and colonised by the Anglo-Saxons. By the 6th century the majority of the county was part of the East Saxon kingdom
23.
County Cork
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County Cork is the largest and southernmost county of Ireland. It lies in the province of Munster and is named after the city of Cork, Cork County Council is the local authority for the county. Its largest settlements are Cork City, Ballincollig and Carrigaline, in 2016, the countys population was 542,196, making it the third most populous county in Ireland. There are two local authorities whose remit collectively encompasses the area of the county and city of Cork. The county, excluding Cork city, is administered by Cork County Council, both city and county are part of the South-West Region. For standardized European statistical purposes both Cork County Council and Cork City Council rank equally as first-level local administrative units of the NUTS3 South-West Region, there are 34 such LAU1 entities in the Republic of Ireland. For elections to Dáil Éireann, the county is divided into five constituencies—Cork East, Cork North–Central, Cork North–West, Cork South–Central, together they return 19 deputies to the Dáil. The county is part of the South constituency for the purposes of European elections, for purposes other than local government, such as the formation of sporting teams, the term County Cork is often taken to include both city and county. County Cork is located in the province of Munster and it borders four other counties, Kerry to the west, Limerick to the north, Tipperary to the north-east and Waterford to the east. Cork is the largest county in the state by land area and it is the largest of Munsters 6 counties by both population and area. The population of Cork city stood at 125,622 in 2016, the population of the entire county is 542,196 making it the states second most populous county and the third most populous county on the island of Ireland. The remit of Cork County Council includes some suburbs of the city not within the area of Cork City Council, there are 24 historic baronies in the county—the most of any county in Ireland. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, there are 253 civil parishes in the county. Townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland, there are approximately 5447 townlands in the county, the Shehy Mountains are on the border with Kerry and may be accessed from the area known as Priests Leap, near the village of Coomhola. The Galtee Mountains are located across parts of Tipperary, Limerick, the upland areas of the Ballyhoura, Boggeragh, Derrynasaggart and the Mullaghareirk Mountain ranges add to the range of habitats found in the county. Important habitats in the uplands include blanket bog, heath, glacial lakes, Cork has the 13th highest county peak in Ireland. The three great rivers, the Bandon, the Blackwater and the Lee, and their valleys dominate central Cork, habitats of the valleys and floodplains include woodlands, marshes, fens and species-rich limestone grasslands
24.
Ready Steady Go!
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Ready Steady Go. was a British rock/pop music television programme every Friday evening from 9 August 1963 until 23 December 1966. It was conceived by Elkan Allan, head of Rediffusion TV, Allan wanted a light entertainment programme different from the low-brow style of light entertainment transmitted by ATV. The programme was produced without scenery or costumes and with a minimum of choreography, Allan recruited a fellow journalist, Francis Hitching, as producer. Hitching became a figure in light entertainment in the 1960s. Robert Fleming was the first director, followed by the documentary director Rollo Gamble, then Michael Lindsay-Hogg, Daphne Shadwell, the programme was produced by Associated-Rediffusion, the weekday ITV contractor for London, called Rediffusion-London after 1964. The live show was networked nationally. The show gained its highest ratings on 20 March 1964 when it featured the Beatles being interviewed and performing It Wont Be Long, You Cant Do That, USA. was a Dick Clark production in 1964. A trademark infringement suit ended the show after six episodes, in the 1980s Dave Clark of the Dave Clark Five acquired the rights to the 1960s UK music show and bought the rights to the surviving recordings. The show went out early on Friday evenings with the line The weekend starts here, and was introduced by the Surfaris Wipe Out, later by Manfred Manns 5-4-3-2-1, then Manfred Manns Hubble Bubble, Toil and Trouble, then the Stones, lastly, with Goin Home). It was more youth-orientated and informal than its BBC rival, Top of the Pops and it was notable for featuring the audience as dancers and for the interaction of artists and audience. Artists appeared on different mini-stages, sometimes on studio gantries and stairs, or on the floor for solo artists. The producers chose the audience in London clubs, picking out the best or the most fashionably dressed dancers and this ensured a hip audience in tune with the artists. Owing to scheduling of news in parts of the UK. Initially, RSG. artists mimed but by late 1964 some performed live and it was noted for allowing artists to perform the full version of songs rather than short versions demanded by other shows. The programme was never broadcast in the United States, perhaps because it was in black and white when ABC, CBS, the show was recorded at small studios in Rediffusions headquarters in Kingsway, London. Although the company had facilities at Wembley in the west of the capital, it was easier to attract stars. As the studios were compact it was not possible to hide cameras, RSG was originally from Studio 9 in Kingsway when artists mimed, it later moved to Studio 5 at Wembley, enabling artists to perform live. Artists own recorded backing tracks were not allowed by the Musicians Union so the whole of Studio 5 was used so an orchestra could perform the backing live, the show was popular among young people
25.
Clive Davis
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Clive Jay Davis is an American record producer, A&R executive and music industry executive. He has won five Grammy Awards and is a member of the Rock, from 1967 to 1973, Davis was the president of Columbia Records. He was the founder and president of Arista Records from 1975 through 2000 until founding J Records, from 2002 until April 2008, Davis was the chairman and CEO of the RCA Music Group, chairman and CEO of J Records, and chairman and CEO of BMG North America. Currently Davis is the chief officer of Sony Music Entertainment. He currently plays a part in the careers of TLC, Rod Stewart, Air Supply, Alicia Keys, Barry Manilow, Christina Aguilera, Carlos Santana, Kelly Clarkson, Leona Lewis, Davis is also credited with bringing Whitney Houston and Barry Manilow to prominence. Davis was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family and his father was an electrician and salesman. Davis was raised in the neighborhood of Crown Heights, Brooklyn. His mother died at age 47, and his father died the year when Davis was only a teenager. He then moved in with his sister in Bayside, Queens, New York City. He received a scholarship to New York University College of Arts and Science. He received a scholarship to Harvard Law School, where he was a member of the Board of Student Advisers. Davis practiced law in a firm in New York, then moved on to the firm of Rosenman, Colin, Kaye, Petschek. Davis was subsequently hired by a colleague at the firm, Harvey Schein, to become assistant counsel of CBS subsidiary Columbia Records at age 28. As part of a reorganization of Columbia Records Group, group president Goddard Lieberson appointed Davis as administrative vice president, in 1966, CBS formed the Columbia-CBS Group which reorganized CBSs recorded music operations into CBS Records with Davis heading the new unit. The next year, Davis was appointed president and became interested in the newest generation of rock and rock. One of his earliest pop signings was the British folk-rock musician Donovan, in June 1967, at the urging of his friend and business associate Lou Adler, Davis attended the Monterey Pop Festival. The company, which had previously avoided rock music, doubled its share in three years. One of the most commercially successful recordings released during Davis tenure at Columbia was Lynn Andersons Rose Garden and it was Davis who insisted Rose Garden be the country singers next single release
26.
Mickie Most
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Most was born as Michael Peter Hayes in Aldershot, Hampshire. The son of a regimental sergeant-major, he moved with his parents to Harrow in 1951 and he was influenced by skiffle and early rock and roll in his youth. They recorded the single Takes A Whole Lotta Loving to Keep My Baby Happy with Decca Records before disbanding, wharton later went on to produce the Moody Blues single Go Now. After changing his name to Mickie Most in 1959, Mickie travelled to South Africa with his wife Christina, and formed a pop group, Mickie Most and the Playboys. The band scored 11 consecutive No.1 singles there, mostly cover versions of Ray Peterson, Gene Vincent, Buddy Holly. Becoming tired of touring clubs, Most decided to concentrate on other aspects of the music industry and his first job was selling records in stores and displaying them on racks before finding a niche with production for Columbia Records. After spotting The Animals at Newcastles Club A-Go-Go, he offered to produce their first single, Baby Let Me Take You Home and their follow-up 1964 single, The House of the Rising Sun, became an international hit. Most had success with Hermans Hermits after being approached by their manager Harvey Lisberg at Derek Everetts suggestion. Their first Most production, Im into Something Good, went to No.1 in 1964, beginning a run of single and album sales, in July 1964, Most scored another top 10 hit with the Nashville Teens cover of the John D. Loudermilk song Tobacco Road. In September 1964, with Most at the board, Brenda Lee recorded Is It True. Is It True was released in England and later in the US, and it became a hit, Whatd I Say became another hit throughout Europe but was never released in the US. Most also produced the studio single of the 1960s by The Seekers, Days of My Life, in 1968. Additionally in the 1960s, Most signed and produced such as singer-guitarist Terry Reid. He produced Jeff Becks hits Love is Blue and Hi Ho Silver Lining and he teamed the Beck group with Donovan for the single Barabajagal. By 1967, after commercial and critical failure of The Yardbirds album Little Games, the Yardbirds objected to his insistence that every song be cut to three minutes and that albums were an afterthought following the singles. His focused approach also led to a split with Donovan in late 1969, Most and Donovan reunited in 1973 for the album Cosmic Wheels on which Most was credited under his real name, Michael Peter Hayes. Despite these setbacks, Most set up his own office at 155 Oxford Street. It was through Mosts association that Grant was asked to manage The Yardbirds, in 1968, Most and Grant set up RAK Management, but Grants involvement with The Yardbirds, which soon evolved into Led Zeppelin, meant Most had control in late 1969
27.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
28.
Catch the Wind
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Catch the Wind is a song written and recorded by British singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on March 12,1965 through Pye Records, the single was backed with Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do. on both the United Kingdom and United States releases. The melody of the song was influenced by Chimes of Freedom by Bob Dylan, catch the Wind was the first release by Donovan. It reached No.4 in the United Kingdom singles chart, the single version featured Donovans vocals with echo and a string section. The song was re-recorded for Donovans first album Whats Bin Did and Whats Bin Hid, without the vocal echo and strings, Donovan re-recorded both songs for the album, with a full backing band including Big Jim Sullivan playing guitar and Mickie Most producing. Johnny Rivers Melinda Marx in Vee Jay Records Paul Revere & the Raiders covered the song in their 1966 studio album Just Like Us and this version was released as a single in 1971. Eero Jussi and the Boys recorded it as Tuuli Kuiskaa Vain in Finnish Reinhard Mey recorded a German version, Geh und fang den Wind, the translation was done by Joe Menke. In 1985, the TV show Miami Vice used the song at the beginning of the episode Golden Triangle, in 1989, the TV show, The Wonder Years used the song at the end of the episode Brightwing. In 1992, the movie The Efficiency Expert used the song, in 2001, the TV show Heartbeat used the song in the show Old Masters In 2002, the TV show Louis Therouxs Weird Weekends used the song during a scene at a hypnosis conference in Las Vegas. In 2005, the TV show Cold Case used the song at the end of the episode A Perfect Day, in 2006, the TV show Alias used the song at the end of the episode No Hard Feelings. In 2006, the movie Flicka used the song, in 2007, GE Ecomagination used the song in a television commercial promoting their achievements in wind power. In 2009, thatgamecompany used the song in a advertisement for the PlayStation Network title Flower. In 2009, MassMutual used the song in a financial services commercials. In 2009, the movie The Invention of Lying used nearly the entire song following the scene in which the mother dies. In 2009, the movie Charlie and Boots used the song in the final scene, in 2011, the TV show Parenthood used the song at the end of the November 8th episode, In-Between. Catch The Wind - Donovan Unofficial Site Donovan discography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
29.
Colours (Donovan song)
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Colours is a song written and recorded by British singer-songwriter Donovan. The Colours single was released in the United Kingdom on May 28,1965 through Pye Records, the Colours single was backed with To Sing for You on the United Kingdom release and Josie on the United States release. Donovan followed up the success of Catch the Wind with Colours, the single matched the success of Catch the Wind in the United Kingdom, reaching No.4 on the charts. In the United States, Colours reached No.61 and marked a decline in the artists popularity relative to Catch the Wind, a different mix of the song was released on his second album Fairytale. When Epic Records was compiling Donovans Greatest Hits, they were unable or unwilling to secure the rights to the original recordings of Catch the Wind. Donovan re-recorded both songs in the studio with Big Jim Sullivan playing guitar, John Paul Jones on bass and keyboards and Clem Cattini on drums, the re-recordings were included on the greatest hits album. A live duet with Joan Baez from the 1965 Newport Folk Festival is included on the 1995 compilation Folk Music at Newport, Part 1, the song was used in the 1967 film Poor Cow and the 2002 film The Rules of Attraction as well as in various television commercials. Joan Baez included a version of Colours on her 1965 album Farewell. In 1967, Van Dyke Parks created a instrumental adaption of this song titled Donovans Colours and this version features mostly the original chord progression, albeit in completely different ragtime arrangement. Donovan collaborated with the Spanish group Mocedades for a cover of the song with Spanish/English lyrics included in the latters 1986 album Colores. A cover of the song, released in 1990, was the first single of British art rock duo No-Man, the later re-release of the song had an original song, Drink Judas, as a b-side. Both songs were included in the duos 1992 third EP, Lovesighs – An Entertainment, with Drink Judas being re-recorded. Finbar Furey included a version of Colours on his 2012 album of the same name, Colours - Donovan Unofficial Site Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
30.
Sunshine Superman
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Sunshine Superman is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. The Sunshine Superman single was backed with The Trip on both the United States and United Kingdom releases and it has been described as classics of the era, and as the quintessential bright summer sing along. Sunshine Superman reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and it was Donovans only single to reach No.1 on Billboards Hot 100 survey. A different mix of The Trip is also included in the album, the song features styles of psychedelic folk, psychedelic pop and folk rock. Sunshine Superman and his world were wiped out by the Crisis on Infinite Earths, Sunshine Superman returned for a brief, non-speaking cameo in Final Crisis #7, in an army of alternate Supermen. JJ Cales first band The Leathercoated Minds covered the song on their album A Trip To The Sunset Strip in 1967. The song was covered by Mike Vickers, former member of Manfred Mann, on his 1968 album, I Wish I Were a Group Again, with a verse removed from the song, mel Tormé covered this song on his 1969 album Raindrops Keep Fallin on My Head. The song was covered by Dr. Lonnie Smith recorded live on Move Your Hand in Atlantic City on 9 August 1969 and it was also covered by The Sugarman 3 on their debut 1998 album Sugars Boogaloo. Hardcore punk band Hüsker Dü covered Sunshine Superman as a brief 1,56 rendition on their 1983 studio debut Everything Falls Apart, new York punk rock band Alice Donut covers the song on their debut album Donut Comes Alive. Spirit of the West covered the song for the 1992 Donovan tribute album Island of Circles and their version also appears on their greatest hits compilation Spirituality 1983–2008, The Consummate Compendium. Seattle band Telekinesis performed a version of the song in July 2013 for The A. V, in 1997, Imani Coppola sampled the instrumental track for her song Legend of a Cowgirl. The first two lines of the lyrics to Sunshine Superman are alluded to and parodied in the chorus to The Happy Mondays song Donovan, shaun Ryder, lead singer of the band, was at the time in a relationship with Donovans daughter, Oriole
31.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
32.
Mellow Yellow
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Mellow Yellow is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It reached No.2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1966, the song was rumoured to be about smoking dried banana skins, which was believed to be a hallucinogenic drug in the 1960s, though this aspect of bananas has since been debunked. According to The Rolling Stone Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll, he admitted later the song made reference to a vibrator, an electrical banana as mentioned in the lyrics. This definition was re-affirmed in an interview with NME magazine, its about being cool, laid-back, paul McCartney can be heard as one of the background revellers on this track, but the quite rightly whispering answering lines in the chorus is not McCartney but rather Donovan himself. Donovan had a part in coming up with the lyrics for Yellow Submarine. In 2005, the track was remastered by EMI Records for the Mellow Yellow album re-issue, Mellow Yellow was covered in 1967 by soul singer Big Maybelle on her album Got a Brand New Bag. It was also covered in 1968 by British R&B singer/keyboardist Georgie Fame on his album The Third Face of Fame, in 1970, a Czech version of the song was issued by Czech singer and actor Václav Neckář on the Supraphon label. The music mix was done by the Dust Brothers, in 2015 the song was covered by Spanish singer Abraham Mateo for the soundtrack and promotion of the film Minions. In Brazil Michel Teló covered the song, adapted to Portuguese, one of the oldest coffeeshops in Amsterdam is called Mellow Yellow. Mellow Yellow - Donovan Unofficial Site Mellow Yellow at MusicBrainz
33.
Hurdy Gurdy Man
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Hurdy Gurdy Man is a song by the Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was written during a trip to India, was recorded in early 1968 and it gave its name to the album The Hurdy Gurdy Man, which was released in October of that year in the U. S. The single reached No.5 in the U. S. the song features a harder rock sound than Donovans usual material, supplying a range of distorted guitars. It also features an Indian influence with the use of a tambura, the song may have been influenced by Green Circles, a psychedelic 1967 UK single by Small Faces. The similarity is in the melody of the verse, the strange vocal delivery, and most tellingly. In 2012, Donovan said that he had friends with them in 1965. However, there is no mention of this story in the chapter of Donovans autobiography that is devoted to the song – there he says that he wanted it to be recorded by Jimi Hendrix. However, according to John Paul Jones, who arranged and played bass on the track, Clem Cattini played the drums and this line-up was confirmed by Cattini. In Donovans autobiography, he credits Cattini and Bonham for the drums, on Jimmy Pages website, he lists this song as one on which he plays. In Donovans autobiography, he credited both Page and Allen Hollsworth as the guitar wizards for the song, however, he also says that Hollsworth had played with Blue Mink, which was a band that Alan Parker had played in. In the autobiography, Donovan said that perhaps this session inspired the creation of Led Zeppelin, the session was produced by Mickie Most and engineered by Eddie Kramer. Donovan had originally hoped Jimi Hendrix would play on the song, the lyrics recount the tale of a nameless narrator being visited in his dreams by the eponymous hurdy gurdy man, who comes singing songs of love. The song invokes histories of ages past with unenlightened shadows cast and the crying of humanity through all eternity and he played the song for Harrison when they met in Rishikesh, and Harrison offered to write a verse for the song. Donovan said the Hurdy Gurdy Man is the one who re-awakens this knowledge, in this case, the Maharishi. The song has been covered by many musicians over the years, including, Progressive rock musician Steve Hillage, neil Pye, the hippie character from British comedy series The Young Ones in 1984 for an album called Neils Heavy Concept Album. Alternative rock band the Butthole Surfers, on their 1991 album piouhgd, guns on their 2004 covers album Rips the Covers Off. American alternative band Wild Colonials on their Life As We Know It EP 1/4. The Losers, Howard Sterns band, performed the song on The Howard Stern Show Viva Voce included a cover of the song on the edition of their 2009 album
34.
Atlantis (song)
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Atlantis is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer/songwriter Donovan. It was released as a single in 1968 and became a success, becoming a No.1 hit in Switzerland in 1969, No.2 in Germany and South Africa, No.12 in Canada. In the United States, where it served as the b-side to To Susan on the West Coast, Waiting, it reached No.7, whilst in the singers native country the single managed only a modest No.23 placing. In 2001, Donovan and German pop band No Angels re-recorded the track for the credits of the Walt Disney Feature Animation picture Atlantis. Included on a concomitant album for the German-speaking music market, it was more released as a single and re-entered the top five in Austria. Aware of their fate, the Atlanteans sent out ships to carry their masters to safety, when the song begins in earnest, it conveys the message that the singers true love may be in Atlantis. The overall theme is common for the 1960s, fanciful mythology as the symbol of the counterculture movement, many believe that the song Atlantis features the background vocals of Paul McCartney. However, according to Donovan in a 2008 interview with Goldmine Magazine, the albums liner notes, which state that the song was recorded in Los Angeles in November 1968, do not list McCartney as a performer on the album. Also, the works of Beatles expert Mark Lewisohn do not support the statement, neither The Complete Beatles Chronicles nor The Beatles Day by Day, A Chronology 1962-1989 mentions McCartneys participation on this song. According to Lewisohns chronology, McCartney spent the month of November 1968 mostly at his farm in Scotland, contract disputes at the time caused a complicated series of different releases in the United Kingdom and United States. It was originally released in the UK as a single with I Love My Shirt as the B-side, in 1969 it was released in the US on the album Barabajagal. The LP was not released in the UK, however, the song was not deemed likely to be a hit in the US because of its length and the fact that the first third of the song is spoken prose and therefore not radio-friendly. It was for this reason that, despite its success in Europe, however, the record company A&R executives were proved wrong when the popularity of Atlantis far surpassed that of its A-side. The song was successful, reaching #7 on the Billboard charts. In the late 1990s, Walt Disney Feature Animation started production on Atlantis, The Lost Empire, by 2000, Disney had committed German producer Leslie Mándoki to produce a concomitant album for the German-speaking music markets, entitled Stars Inspired by Atlantis. The singles music video was directed by Hannes Rossacher for DoRo Productions and shot in Berlin and it shows Donovan and the band in a recording studio accented by underwater settings, backdrops, and scenes inspired by the animated movie. These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of Atlantis. CD single Atlantis —4,14 When the Angels Sing —3,47 When the Angels Sing —3,56 When the Angels Sing —4,08 Atlantis —4,00 Mistakes in Donovans Atlantis Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
35.
Joan Baez
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Joan Chandos Baez is an American folk singer, songwriter, musician, and activist whose contemporary folk music often includes songs of protest or social justice. Baez has performed publicly for over 55 years, releasing over 30 albums, fluent in Spanish and English, she has recorded songs in at least six other languages. She is regarded as a singer, although her music has diversified since the counterculture days of the 1960s and now encompasses everything from folk rock and pop to country. In recent years, she has found success interpreting songs of modern songwriters such as Ryan Adams, Josh Ritter, Steve Earle and her recordings include many topical songs and material dealing with social issues. She began her career in 1960 and achieved immediate success. Her first three albums, Joan Baez, Joan Baez, Vol.2, and Joan Baez in Concert all achieved gold status and stayed on the Billboard. Songs of acclaim include Diamonds & Rust and covers of Phil Ochss There but for Fortune and she is also known for Farewell, Angelina, Love Is Just a Four-Letter Word, Forever Young, Joe Hill, Sweet Sir Galahad and We Shall Overcome. Baez will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7,2017, Baez was born on Staten Island, New York, on January 9,1941. Joans grandfather, the Reverend Alberto Baez, left Catholicism to become a Methodist minister and her father, Albert Baez, was born in Puebla, Mexico and grew up in Brooklyn, New York, where his father preached to—and advocated for—a Spanish-speaking congregation. Albert first considered becoming a minister but instead he turned to the study of mathematics and physics, Albert was later credited as a co-inventor of the x-ray microscope. Baez, is a mathematical physicist, whom Albert interested in physics as a child, born in April 1913, she died on April 20,2013, days after her one hundredth birthday. Baez had two sisters — the elder, Pauline Thalia Baez Bryan, and the younger, Mimi Fariña, Mimi, also a musician and activist, died of cancer in California in 2001. The Baez family converted to Quakerism during Joans early childhood, and she has continued to identify with the tradition, particularly in her commitment to pacifism, while growing up, Baez was subjected to racial slurs and discrimination due to her Mexican heritage. Consequently, she became involved with a variety of social causes early in her career and she declined to play in any venues that were segregated, which meant that when she toured the Southern states she would play only at black colleges. Joan graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1958, Joan Baez became involved with a variety of social causes early in her career, including civil rights and non-violence. Social justice, she stated in the PBS series American Masters, is the core of her life. The opening line of Baezs memoir And a Voice to Sing With is I was born gifted, a friend of Joans father gave her a ukulele. She learned four chords, which enabled her to play rhythm and blues and her parents, however, were fearful that the music would lead her into a life of drug addiction
36.
Brian Jones
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Lewis Brian Hopkin Jones was an English musician, the founder and the original leader of the Rolling Stones. Although he was originally the leader of the band, Joness fellow band members Mick Jagger and Keith Richards soon overshadowed him, Jones developed a serious drug problem over the years and his role in the band steadily diminished with help from Jagger and Richards. The band asked Jones to leave the Rolling Stones in June 1969, Jones died less than a month later by drowning in the swimming pool at his home on Cotchford Farm in Hartfield, East Sussex. Original Rolling Stones bass guitarist Bill Wyman said of Jones, He formed the band and he chose the music we played. He was very influential, very important, and then slowly lost it – highly intelligent – and just kind of wasted it, Lewis Brian Hopkin Jones was born in the Park Nursing Home in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on 28 February 1942. An attack of croup at the age of four left him with asthma and his middle-class parents, Lewis Blount Jones and Louisa Beatrice Jones were of Welsh descent. Brian had two sisters, Pamela, who was born on 3 October 1943 and died on 14 October 1945 of leukemia, in 1957 Jones first heard Cannonball Adderleys music, which inspired his interest in jazz. Jones persuaded his parents to buy him a saxophone, and two years later his parents gave him his first acoustic guitar as a 17th birthday present and he enjoyed badminton and diving at school and attained first clarinet in the school orchestra. In 1957 he reportedly obtained seven O-level passes, then he continued into the sixth form and he also took three A-levels in Physics, Chemistry and Biology and passed in Physics and Chemistry, but failed in Biology. Jones was able to well in exams despite a lack of academic effort. However, he found school regimented and disliked conforming and he disliked the school uniforms and angered teachers with his behaviour, though he was popular with classmates. Jones himself said, When I made the sixth form I found myself accepted by the older boys and his hostility to authority figures resulted in his suspension from school on two occasions. According to Dick Hattrell, a friend, He was a rebel without a cause. In late summer 1959, Joness 17-year-old girlfriend, a Cheltenham schoolgirl named Valerie Corbett, although Jones is said to have encouraged her to have an abortion, she carried the child to term and placed baby Barry David for adoption. Jones quit school in disgrace and left home, travelling for a summer through Northern Europe, during this period, he lived a bohemian lifestyle, busking with his guitar on the streets for money, and living off the charity of others. Eventually, he ran short of money and returned to England, Jones listened to classical music as a child, but preferred blues, particularly Elmore James and Robert Johnson. He began performing at blues and jazz clubs, while busking and working odd jobs. He reportedly stole small amounts of money from work to pay for cigarettes, in November 1959, Jones went to the Wooden Bridge Hotel in Guildford to see a band perform
37.
John Lennon
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John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE was an English singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a songwriting partnership. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the craze as a teenager, his first band, the Quarrymen, first became the Silver Beatles. After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he added Ono as one of his middle names, Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release, Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. By 2012, Lennons solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and, as writer, co-writer, or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002, a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and, in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist. Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman of Irish descent and his parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John Jack Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, after her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpools Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennons father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her, according to author Mark Lewisohn, Lennons parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home as Alf left again. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said the scene often portrayed with a young John Lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened. It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again, Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived at Mendips,251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own. His aunt purchased volumes of stories for him, and his uncle. In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature, Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society, but I cannot be what I am not. I was the one who all the other boys parents—including Pauls father—would say, the parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friends home, partly out of envy that I didnt have this so-called home
38.
Fingerstyle guitar
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Fingerstyle guitar is the technique of playing the guitar by plucking the strings directly with the fingertips, fingernails, or picks attached to fingers, as opposed to flatpicking. The term is used synonymously with fingerpicking, although fingerpicking can also refer to a specific tradition of folk, blues. Often, the guitarist will play the notes, interspersed with the melodys accompanying chords. Some fingerpicking guitarists also intersperse percussive tapping along with the melody, chords and this enables a single guitarist to provide all of these important song elements. This enables singer-guitarists to accompany themselves, and it enables smaller groups which have only a single guitarist to use one guitarist to provide all of these musical elements. Fingerpicking is a technique on the classical or nylon string guitar. Fingerpicking is less common on electric guitars, except in the metal music virtuoso style of lead guitar playing known as shred guitar. Because individual digits play notes on the rather than the hand working as a single unit. Deep bass notes, harmonic accompaniment, melody, and percussion can all be played simultaneously when playing Fingerstyle, players do not have to carry a plectrum, but fingernails may have to be maintained at the right length and in good condition. It is possible to play multiple non-adjacent strings at exactly the same time and this enables the guitarist to play a very low bass note and a high treble note at the same time. This enables the guitarist to play double stops, such as an octave, a fifth, (an exception to this may be found in the flamenco technique of rasgueado. It is easy to play arpeggios, but the techniques for tremolo and it is possible to play chords without any arpeggiation, because up to five strings can be plucked simultaneously. There is less need for fretting hand damping in playing chords, a greater variation in strokes is possible, allowing greater expressiveness in timbre and dynamics. A wide variety of strums and rasgueados are possible, less energy is generally imparted to strings than with plectrum playing, leading to lower volume when playing acoustically. Playing on heavier gauge strings can damage nails, fingerstyle is more suited to nylon strings or lighter gauge steel strings Nylon string guitars are most frequently played fingerstyle. The term Classical guitar music can refer to any kind of art music played on a nylon string guitar, or more narrowly to music of the classical period, as opposed to baroque or romantic music. The major feature of classical fingerstyle technique is that it enables solo rendition of harmony, the technique is intended to maximise the degree of control over the musical dynamics, texture, volume and timbral characteristics of the guitar. Careful attention is paid to the posture of the player
39.
Dear Prudence
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Dear Prudence is a song by the English rock group the Beatles from their 1968 album The Beatles. The song was written by John Lennon, and credited to Lennon–McCartney, written in India, it was inspired by Prudence Farrow, a sister of actress Mia Farrow, who became obsessive about meditating while practising with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. The song has been covered by artists, including Siouxsie. The subject of the song is Prudence Farrow, a sister of actress Mia Farrow, Farrow became so serious about her meditation that she turned into a near recluse and rarely came out of the cottage she was living in. John Lennon was asked to contact her and make sure she came out more often to socialize, as a result, Lennon wrote the song Dear Prudence. In the song Lennon asks Farrow to open up your eyes, the song was said to be a simple plea to a friend to snap out of it. Lennon said later that Shed been locked in for three weeks and was trying to reach God quicker than anyone else. A song about Mia Farrows sister, who seemed to go slightly barmy, meditating too long and they selected me and George to try and bring her out because she would trust us. If shed been in the West, they would have put her away and we got her out of the house. Shed been locked in for three weeks and wouldnt come out, trying to reach God quicker than anybody else and that was the competition in Maharishis camp, who was going to get cosmic first. What I didnt know was I was already cosmic, according to Farrow, I would always rush straight back to my room after lectures and meals so I could meditate. John, George and Paul would all want to sit around jamming and having a good time and they were all serious about what they were doing, but they just werent as fanatical as me. Lennon did play the song for Farrow while they were in India together, according to Farrow, I was flattered. It was a thing to have done. The lyrics of the song are simple and innocent and praise the beauty of nature in the lines, The sun is up, the sky is blue, its beautiful, the Beatles recorded the song at Trident Studios in London on 28,29 and 30 August 1968. The next day, McCartney overdubbed the track and Lennon recorded additional layers to his vocals. Handclapping, cowbell and tambourine were then added by Harrison and McCartney, on the last day of the recording session, piano and flugelhorn tracks were recorded by McCartney. The descending chromatic bass-line in the song is similar to that of Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, the song was first played on the radio in November and December of that year
40.
Julia (Beatles song)
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Julia is a song by the Beatles, but performed as a solo work by John Lennon. The song was written by Lennon regarding his mother Julia Lennon, the track is the final song on side two of the bands 1968 double album, The Beatles and was the last song recorded for the album. It was also released as the B side of the Beatles single Ob-La-Di, Julia was written by John Lennon and features Lennon on vocals and acoustic guitar. It was written during the Beatles 1968 visit to Rishikesh in northern India and it was here where Lennon learned the songs finger-picking guitar style from the Scottish musician Donovan. Donovan said, He told me he wanted to write a song about his mother and he said, Donovan, youre the king of childrens songs. I want to write a song about the childhood that I never really had with my mother and he asked me to help him with the images that he could use in lyrics for a song about this subject. So I said, Well, when you think of the song, and John said, Im at a beach and Im holding hands with my mother and were walking together. And I helped him with a couple of lines, Seashell eyes / windy smile — for the Lewis Carroll, no other Beatle sings or plays on the song. Julia was written for Johns mother, Julia Lennon, who was knocked down, Julia Lennon had encouraged her sons interest in music and bought him his first guitar. Their relationship began to improve as he neared adolescence, though and he and Daddy got along well enough, and in the evenings when our daddy, a headwaiter, was at work, John and Mummy would sit together and listen to records. She was an avid Elvis Presley fan, and she and John would jive around the room to Heartbreak Hotel and other early Elvis recordings. John inherited his love of music from her, and she encouraged him to start with piano and banjo, I lost her twice, Lennon said. Once as a five-year-old when I was moved in with my auntie, and once again when she actually physically died. The song was written for his future wife Yoko Ono, whose first name. Towards the end of his life, he often called Yoko Mother. Lennon also adapted the lines When I cannot sing my heart, I can only speak my mind from Gibrans When life does not find a singer to sing her heart she produces a philosopher to speak her mind. The song is in the key of D and begins with a I–vi7–v7–v9–VI7 progression from D chord note A on Jul. to Bm7 chord on. ia to Am7 chord on Jul. to Am9 chord on. ia to B7 chord on ocean child. A feature is that the degree in the minor ninth chord Bm9 is heard in the melody as well as the guitar chord
41.
Hippie
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The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
42.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
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Rave
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A rave is a large dance party featuring performances by DJs and occasionally live performers playing electronic music. The music is amplified with a large, powerful sound reinforcement system, the music is accompanied by laser light shows, projected images, visual effects and fog machines. The word rave was first used in the late 1980s to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement. While some raves may be small parties held at nightclubs or private residences, some raves have grown to immense size, some electronic dance music festivals have features of raves, but on a large, often commercial scale. Raves may last for a time, with some events continuing for twenty-four hours. In the late 1950s in London the term rave was used to describe the wild bohemian parties of the Soho beatnik set, in 1958, Buddy Holly recorded the hit Rave On, citing the madness and frenzy of a feeling and the desire for it never to end. The word rave was used in the burgeoning mod youth culture of the early 1960s as the way to describe any wild party in general. People who were gregarious party animals were described as ravers, pop musicians such as Steve Marriott of The Small Faces and Keith Moon of The Who were self-described ravers. Presaging the words subsequent 1980s association with music, the word rave was a common term used regarding the music of mid-1960s garage rock. It was later part of the title of a music performance event held on 28 January 1967 at Londons Roundhouse titled the Million Volt Light. The event featured the only public airing of an experimental sound collage created for the occasion by Paul McCartney of The Beatles – the legendary Carnival of Light recording. With the rapid change of British pop culture from the mod era of 1963–1966 to the era of 1967 and beyond. Its use during that era would have perceived as a quaint or ironic use of bygone slang. Also during the 1970s the Chicago house movement continued to expand along with a new club - Studio 54, Studio 54 was a world-famous New York nightclub and discothèque. Founded and created by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager in 1977, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. In the late 1970s, the club was arguably the best-known nightclub in the world, the perception of the word changed again in the late 1980s when the term was revived and adopted by a new youth culture, possibly inspired by the use of the term in Jamaica. In the late 1980s, the word rave was adopted to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement
44.
Sutras (album)
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Sutras is the nineteenth studio album by Scottish singer/songwriter Donovan. It was released in the UK and the US on 14 October 1996, the US version does not contain the final track, The Garden. By the mid-1990s, the CD reissues of Donovans 1960s albums and these releases also introduced him to newer generations, which helped rebuild his fan base. In 1993, producer and American Recordings founder Rick Rubin contacted Johnny Cash to record a set of songs featuring Cash with sparse instrumentation, Cashs American Recordings succeeded both critically and commercially, and signaled a fresh start in his career. This success prompted Rubin to search for artists who would benefit from the same model. While in the studio with Tom Petty, Rubin mentioned that he would like to work with Donovan, Petty suggested that he call Donovan, which he did. Donovan agreed to have Rubin produce his album, and prepared over one hundred songs for the recording sessions. The sessions were to feature sparse instrumentation, much like the sessions that made Cashs American Recordings such a success, Rubin insisted that Donovan listen to the folk material that Donovan recorded for Pye Records in 1964 and 65 for inspiration. The recording sessions commenced in 1995 with mixing of the song El Dorado in Los Angeles by Sylvia Massy, the deeply meditative Sutras was released late the following year. Sutras received mixed reviews and failed to achieve the kind of commercial success Cashs American Recordings had, Donovan did not receive a longer contract, and Sutras became his only collaboration with Rubin, it is now out of print in the US. Yet for all its lack of success, Sutras galvanized Donovans fan base by reestablishing him as a current artist releasing new material. The internet in particular served a role in uniting his fans after the release of Sutras. Donovan paid close attention to movement, and spent the next five years reorganizing his business around the internet to better reach his fans. Sutras can be seen as one of his most coherent solo efforts, since his creative period shortly after learning Transcendental Meditation, all tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted. The US version of Sutras retained the track sequence, but deleted the last song on the album
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Rick Rubin
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Frederick Jay Rick Rubin is a Jewish-American record producer and former co-president of Columbia Records. Along with Russell Simmons, Rubin is the co-founder of Def Jam Records, with the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, Public Enemy, and Run–D. M. C. Rubin helped popularize hip hop music, in 2007, MTV called him the most important producer of the last 20 years, and the same year Rubin appeared on Times 100 Most Influential People in the World. Frederick Jay Rubin was born in Long Beach, New York and grew up in Lido Beach and his father, Michael was a shoe wholesaler and his mother, Linda, a housewife. While a student at Long Beach High School he befriended the schools audiovisual department director Steve Freeman who gave him a few lessons in playing and songwriting. Their biggest claim to fame was being thrown off the stage at CBGB after two songs for brawling with the heckling audience and these hecklers were friends of the band instructed to instigate a confrontation so as to get the show shut down and create a buzz. Somewhat anecdotally, this story was confirmed in an interview with music journalist Zane Lowe. Although he had no authority in New York City, Rubins father traveled from Nassau County, New York, during his senior year, Rubin founded Def Jam Records using the schools four-track recorder. He moved on to form Hose, influenced by San Franciscos Flipper, in 1982, a Hose track became Def Jams first release, a 45 rpm 7 vinyl single in a brown paper bag, and no label. The band broke up in 1984 as Rubins passion moved towards the NYC hip hop scene, having befriended Zulu Nations DJ Jazzy Jay, Rubin began to learn about hip hop production. By 1983, the two men produced Its Yours for rapper T La Rock, and released it on their independent label, Producer Arthur Baker helped to distribute the record worldwide on Bakers Streetwise Records in 1984. Jazzy Jay introduced Rubin to concert promoter/artist manager Russell Simmons in a club, Simmons and Rubin edged out Jazzy Jay and the official Def Jam record label was founded while Rubin was attending New York University in 1984. Their first record released was LL Cool Js I Need a Beat, Rubin went on to find more hip-hop acts outside The Bronx, Brooklyn and Harlem including rappers from Queens, Staten Island and Long Island, which eventually led to Def Jams signing of Public Enemy. Rubin was instrumental in pointing the members of the Beastie Boys away from their roots and into rap. 1985s Rock Hard/Partys Gettin Rough/Beastie Groove EP by the Beastie Boys came out on the success of Rubins production work with breakthrough act Run–D. M. C, which previous recordings were produced by Russell Simmons and Orange Krushs musician Larry Smith. His productions were characterized by occasionally fusing rap with heavy rock, Rubin tapped Adam Dubin and Ric Menello to co-direct the music videos for the Beastie Boys Fight for Your Right and No Sleep till Brooklyn, effectively launching the bands mainstream hip hop careers. It was the idea of Rick Rubins friend Sue Cummings, an editor at Spin magazine, to have Run–D. M. C. and this 1986 production is often credited with both introducing rap hard rock to mainstream ears and revitalizing Aerosmith. In 1986, he worked with Aerosmith again on demos for their forthcoming album, in the same year, Rubin began his long musical partnership with Slayer, producing Reign in Blood, considered a classic of the heavy metal genre
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Beat Cafe
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Beat Cafe is the 23rd studio album, and 28th album overall, from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It is his first collection containing newly written songs since his 1996 album Sutras, beat Cafe was released worldwide on August 24,2004. The first 1000 CDs were autographed and hand numbered, after the launching of his website and three new releases within two years, Donovan entered the studio with a new band including his longtime friends Danny Thompson on bass and Jim Keltner on drums. The new sessions, produced by John Chelew, mixed rock, in addition to handling production duties, Chelew contributed keyboards to many of the songs on the finished album. While many of the songs were new compositions, Donovan also revamped a few older compositions, among these songs are Poormans Sunshine, originally titled Poor Mans Sunshine, and Lord of the Universe. Both originated during the Barabajagal sessions, Lover O Lover was originally released on Love Is Only Feeling in 1983. All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted
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