1.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
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Regent Street, Cambridge
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Regent Street is an arterial street in southeast central Cambridge, England. It runs between St Andrews Street, at the junction with Park Terrace, to the northwest and Hills Road at the junction with the A603 to the southeast, Regent Terrace runs in parallel immediately to the northeast. Beyond that is Parkers Piece, a grassed area with footpaths. On the southwestern side of the street is one of the larger University of Cambridge colleges, the St Andrews Street branch of Hobsons Conduit was added in 1631, providing a water supply for the eastern part of the city. It flowed from the head along Lensfield Road in the south of Cambridge, then Regent Terrace. The following year, this moved to Merton House on Queens Road, and in 1875 the first building for Newnham College was built at the current site on Sidgwick Avenue
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Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
4.
Sir George Downing, 3rd Baronet
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Sir George Downing, 3rd Baronet, KB was a politician and, through a donation in his will, the founder of Downing College, Cambridge. He was only son of Sir George Downing, 2nd Baronet, in 1700, aged 15, by procurement and persuasion of those in whose keeping he was, he married his 13-year-old cousin, Sir Williams daughter, Mary, who ultimately died childless in 1734. Between his marriage and 1704 he travelled in Europe, mainly Holland, Germany, Denmark and he was a Member of Parliament for the pocket borough of Dunwich, Suffolk in the parliaments of 1710 and 1713. He lost the 1715 election but, with the aid of a 99-year lease from George I for the borough and he held the seat from that time until his death. He was a politician, but remained loyal to the ministries of Robert Walpole. In 1732, as a result of his loyalty, he was created a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath, Downing succeeded to his fathers baronetcy and estates in 1711. He built a family seat in Gamlingay Park in Cambridgeshire. Sir Jacob Downing died childless in 1764, but his widow, Lady Downing and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
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Lincoln College, Oxford
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Lincoln College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford, situated on Turl Street in central Oxford. Lincoln was founded in 1427 by Richard Fleming, then Bishop of Lincoln and it is the ninth oldest of Oxford Universitys extant colleges. As of 2016, it has an endowment of £108 million. Notable alumni include John Radcliffe, Howard Florey, Edward Abraham, Norman Heatley, Nevil Sidgwick, John Wesley, John le Carré, Rachel Maddow and Theodor Seuss Geisel. Philip May, husband of Theresa May, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, also attended Lincoln College, roland Berrill, an Australian barrister, and Dr. Lancelot Ware, a British scientist and lawyer, founded Mensa at Lincoln College in 1946. Lincoln College has one of the oldest working medieval kitchens in the UK, Richard Fleming founded the College in order to combat the Lollard teachings of John Wyclif. He intended it to be a college of true students of theology who would defend the mysteries of Scripture against those ignorant laymen who profaned with swinish snouts its most holy pearls. To this end, he obtained a charter for the College from King Henry VI, which combined the parishes of All Saints, St. Michaels at the North Gate, and St. Mildreds within the College under a rector. The College now uses All Saints Church as its library and has ties with St Michaels Church at the North Gate. Richard Fleming died in 1431, and the first rector, William Chamberleyn, in 1434, leaving the College with few buildings, the second rector, John Beke, secured the Colleges safety by attracting donors. By 1436, the College had seven fellows, John Forest, Dean of Wells and a close friend of Bekes, donated such an amount that the College promised to recognise him as a co-founder, it did not keep this promise. His gifts saw the construction of a chapel, a library, hall, after a pointed sermon from the incumbent rector, Thomas Rotherham was compelled to give his support and effectively re-founded it in 1478, with a new charter from King Edward IV. His appearances at College became less frequent after he departed for Georgia as a chaplain in 1735. Indeed, he took to signing his publications as John Wesley, a portrait of him hangs in the Hall and a bust overlooks the front quad. The room where he is believed to have worked is also named him and was renovated by American Methodists at the beginning of the 20th century. As is common with Oxford colleges, the College has a rivalry with neighbour Brasenose College. The two colleges share a tradition revived annually on Ascension Day, an alternative is that a Lincoln man bested a Brasenose man in a duel. Since the nineteenth century, the beer has been flavoured with ivy so as to discourage excessive consumption, academically, Lincoln has been one of the top ten in the Norrington Table each year since 2006
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Geoffrey Grimmett
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He is the Professor of Mathematical Statistics in the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, and the Master of Downing College, Cambridge. Grimmett was educated at King Edwards School, Birmingham and Merton College and he graduated in 1971, and completed his DPhil in 1974 under the supervision of John Hammersley and Dominic Welsh. He was the IBM Research Fellow at New College, Oxford from 1974–1976 before moving to the University of Bristol and he was appointed Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of Cambridge in 1992, becoming a fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. He was Director of the Statistical Laboratory from 1994–2000, Head of the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics from 2002–2007, Grimmett was awarded the Rollo Davidson Prize in 1989. He was the editor of the journal from 2000–2005, and was appointed managing editor of in 2009. He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal as a member of the Great Britain Mens Foil Team, in October 2013 he was installed as Master of Downing College, Cambridge in succession to Professor Barry Everitt. In May 2014 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and his nomination reads, Geoffrey Grimmett is the son of Benjamin J Grimmett and Patrica W Grimmett
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Colleges of the University of Cambridge
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This is a list of the colleges within the University of Cambridge. They also provide funding, accommodation, or both, for some of the research posts in the University. They are self-governed charities in their own right, with their own endowments, until the mid-19th century, both Cambridge and Oxford comprised a group of colleges with a small central university administration, rather than universities in the common sense. The University of Cambridge has 31 colleges, founded between the 13th and 20th centuries, the oldest college is Peterhouse, founded in 1284, and the newest is Robinson, founded in 1977. Homerton, which was first founded in the century as a dissenting academy. All 16 of the old colleges and 7 of the 15 new ones admit both male and female students as undergraduates and postgraduates, without any age restrictions. No colleges are all-male, although most originally were, darwin, founded in 1964, was the first mixed college, while in 1972 Churchill, Clare and Kings colleges were the first previously all-male colleges to admit women. The last all-male college to become mixed was Magdalene, in 1988, in 1973 Hughes Hall became the first all-female college to admit men, and Girton admitted men in 1976. Lucy Cavendish also places restrictions on the admission of staff members, the same is true of Newnham, but not Murray Edwards. Key, U–undergraduates, P–postgraduates, Abb-Official abbreviation used in the Reporter, there are also several theological colleges in Cambridge that are affiliated with the university through the Cambridge Theological Federation. Most colleges are led by a Master, even when the Master is female, Girton College has always had a Mistress, even though male candidates have been able to run for the office since 1976. These include, Ayerst Hostel, founded in the 1880s, renamed as St Edmunds House in 1896, buckingham College, founded in 1428 as a Benedictine hall, refounded as Magdalene in 1542. Bull College, a college for US GIs returning from World War II, existing in Michaelmas 1945. Cavendish College, founded in 1873, an attempt to allow students to sit the Tripos examinations. Clare Hall was the name of Clare College between 1338 and 1856, Clare College founded a new college named Clare Hall in 1966. Gonville Hall, founded in 1348, and re-founded in 1557 as Gonville, gods House, founded in 1437, and re-founded in 1505 as Christs College. Kings Hall, founded in 1317, and combined with Michaelhouse to form Trinity College in 1546, Michaelhouse, founded in 1324, and combined with Kings Hall to form Trinity College in 1546. List of Oxbridge sister colleges List of fictional Cambridge colleges Colleges of the University of Oxford Colleges of Durham University Colleges of the University of York
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Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet
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Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet was an Anglo-Irish preacher, soldier, statesman, diplomat, turncoat and spy, after whom Downing Street in London is named. As Treasury Secretary he is credited with instituting major reforms in public finance and his influence was substantial on the passage and substance of the mercantilist Navigation Acts. The Acts strengthened English commercial and Naval power, contributing to the security of the English state and its ability to project its power abroad. More than any man he was responsible for arranging the acquisition of New York from the Dutch. He was the son of Emmanuel Downing, barrister, and of Lucy Winthrop and he was born in Dublin, Ireland. While Downing Street, London, is named after him, Downing College, Cambridge derives its name from his grandson, Sir George Downing, the title became extinct when the 3rd Baronets cousin, Sir Jacob Downing, 4th Baronet, died in 1764. His family joined Winthrop in America in 1638, settling in Salem, Downing attended Harvard College and was one of nine students in the first graduating class of 1642. He was hired by Harvard as the colleges first tutor, in 1645 he sailed for the West Indies with slaves in tow, as a preacher and instructor of the seamen, and arrived in England some time afterwards, becoming chaplain to Colonel John Okeys regiment. His marriage in 1654 with Frances, daughter of Sir William Howard of Naworth, in Cromwells parliament of 1654 he represented Edinburgh, and Carlisle in those of 1656 and 1659. He was one of the first to urge Cromwell to take the royal title, in 1655 he was sent to France to remonstrate on the massacre of the Protestant Vaudois. He showed himself in negotiations a able diplomat. Jamess Park for building purposes, now known as Downing Street, during the Restoration period, he was instrumental organising the spy-rings which hunted down many of his former comrades. He engineered the arrest in Holland of the regicides John Barkstead, Miles Corbet and John Okey, his former commander, on 1 July 1663 he was created a baronet. Downing had from the first been hostile to the Dutch as the rivals of England. That year, as a member of parliament, Downing attached a clause to a bill to fund the continuation that specified that the money could only be used for the war effort. This previously little-used move, opposed strongly by Lord Clarendon as an encroachment on the royal prerogative and he was appointed a commissioner of the customs in 1671. His unpopularity there was extreme, and after three months residence Downing fled to England, in fear of the fury of the mob, for this unauthorised step he was sent to the Tower on 7 February 1672, but released some few weeks afterwards. He defended the Declaration of Indulgence the same year, and made useful in supporting the court policy
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Oliver Cromwell
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Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Cromwell was born into the gentry, albeit to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIIIs minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life as only four of his letters survive alongside a summary of a speech he delivered in 1628. He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a conversion in the 1630s. He was a religious man, a self-styled Puritan Moses. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short and he entered the English Civil War on the side of the Roundheads or Parliamentarians. Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles Is death warrant in 1649 and he was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649–1650. Cromwells forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, during this period, a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics, and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651, as a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, the Royalists returned to power in 1660, and they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. In a 2002 BBC poll in Britain, Cromwell, sponsored by military historian Richard Holmes was selected as one of the ten greatest Britons of all time. However, his measures against Catholics in Scotland and Ireland have been characterised as genocidal or near-genocidal, Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 25 April 1599 to Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. Katherine married Morgan ap William, son of William ap Yevan of Wales, Henry suggested to Sir Richard Williams, who was the first to use a surname in his family, that he use Cromwell, in honour of his uncle Thomas Cromwell. They had ten children, but Oliver, the child, was the only boy to survive infancy. Jasper was the uncle of Henry VII and great uncle of Henry VIII, Cromwells paternal grandfather Sir Henry Williams was one of the two wealthiest landowners in Huntingdonshire. Cromwells father Robert was of modest means but still a part of the gentry class, as a younger son with many siblings, Robert inherited only a house at Huntingdon and a small amount of land. This land would have generated an income of up to £300 a year, near the bottom of the range of gentry incomes, Cromwell himself in 1654 said, I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in considerable height, nor yet in obscurity. He was baptised on 29 April 1599 at St Johns Church and he went on to study at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, then a recently founded college with a strong Puritan ethos
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Charles II of England
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Charles II was king of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, Charles IIs father, Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim, after 1660, all legal documents were dated as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. Charless English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England, Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the treaty of Dover. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oatess revelations of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charless brother, the crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church on his deathbed, Charless wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no live children, but Charles acknowledged at least twelve illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James, Charles II was born in St Jamess Palace on 29 May 1630. His parents were Charles I and Henrietta Maria, Charles was their second son and child. Their first son was born about a year before Charles but died within a day, England, Scotland and Ireland were respectively predominantly Anglican, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic. At birth, Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, at or around his eighth birthday, he was designated Prince of Wales, though he was never formally invested. During the 1640s, when Charles was still young, his father fought Parliamentary, by spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety. Charles I surrendered into captivity in May 1646, at The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter, who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married
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10 Downing Street
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Situated in Downing Street in the City of Westminster, London, Number 10 is over 300 years old and contains approximately 100 rooms. A private residence occupies the floor and there is a kitchen in the basement. At the rear is a courtyard and a terrace overlooking a garden of 0.5 acres. Adjacent to St Jamess Park, Number 10 is near Buckingham Palace, the London residence of the British monarch, and the Palace of Westminster, originally three houses, Number 10 was offered to Sir Robert Walpole by King George II in 1732. Walpole accepted on the condition that the gift was to the office of First Lord of the Treasury rather than to him personally, Walpole commissioned William Kent to join the three houses and it is this larger house that is known as Number 10 Downing Street. The arrangement was not an immediate success, despite its size and convenient location near to Parliament, few early Prime Ministers lived there. Costly to maintain, neglected, and run-down, Number 10 was close to being demolished several times but the property survived and became linked with many statesmen, in 1985 Margaret Thatcher said Number 10 had become one of the most precious jewels in the national heritage. Number 10 Downing Street was originally three properties, a mansion overlooking St Jamess Park called the House at the Back, a house behind it. The town house, from which the building gets its name, was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684. Downing, a spy for Oliver Cromwell and later Charles II, invested in property. In 1654, he purchased the lease on land south of St Jamess Park, Downing planned to build a row of town houses for persons of good quality to inhabit in. The street on which he built them now bears his name, straightforward as the investment seemed, it proved otherwise. The Hampden family had a lease on the land that they refused to relinquish, Downing fought their claim, but failed and had to wait thirty years before he could build. When the Hampden lease expired, Downing received permission to build on land further west to take advantage of recent property developments. The new warrant issued in 1682 reads, Sir George Downing. to build new, subject to the proviso that it be not built any nearer than 14 feet of the wall of the said Park at the West end thereof. Between 1682 and 1684, Downing built a cul-de-sac of two-storey town houses with coach-houses, stables, over the years, the addresses changed several times. In 1787 Number 5 became Number 10, Downing employed Sir Christopher Wren to design the houses. Although large, they were put up quickly and cheaply on soft soil with shallow foundations, the fronts were façades with lines painted on the surface imitating brick mortar
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Court of Chancery
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The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid the slow pace of change and possible harshness of the common law. The Chancery had jurisdiction over all matters of equity, including trusts, land law, the administration of the estates of lunatics and the guardianship of infants. Thus the Court of Chancery had a far greater remit than the law courts, whose decisions it had the jurisdiction to overrule for much of its existence. From the time of Elizabeth I onwards the Court was severely criticised for its pace, large backlogs. Those problems persisted until its dissolution, despite being mitigated somewhat by reforms, for much of its existence the Court was formally led by the Lord Chancellor, assisted by the judges of the common law courts. The staff of the court included a number of clerks, led by the Master of the Rolls. In 1813 a Vice-Chancellor was appointed to deal with the Chancerys increasing backlogs, offices of the Chancery were sold by the Lord Chancellor for much of its history, raising large amounts of money. The Court of Chancery originated, as did the other High Courts before 1875, in the Norman curia regis or Kings Council, maintained by most early rulers of England after 1066. Under the feudal system, the Council was made up of the Monarch and its jurisdiction was virtually unlimited, with executive, judicial and legislative functions. This large body contained lawyers, peers, and members of the Church and it soon became apparent that it was too unwieldy to deal with the nations day-to-day business. The Chancery started as the staff of the Lord Chancellor, described as a great secretarial bureau, a home office, a foreign office. The Chancery came to prominence after the decline of the Exchequer, dealing with the law of equity, something more fluid, complaints were normally brought via a bill or petition, which had to show that the common law did not provide a remedy for the problem. The Chancery writs were in French, and later English, rather than the Latin used for common law bills, in the reign of Edward III, the Court found a fixed home at Westminster Hall, where it sat almost continually until its dissolution. Prior to this, the disposing of justice had been made difficult by the fact that the Lord Chancellor was required to travel with the King wherever he went. By 1345 the Lord Chancellor began to be seen as the leader of the Court of Chancery, rather than as a representative of the King, and writs and bills were addressed directly to him. Under Richard II it became practice to consider the Chancery separate from the curia, the King gave evasive answers to the requests, and made no decision. Kerly suggests that many complaints from the Commons came from lawyers of the common law, the growth in the number of is a primary indicator of the changing position of Chancery. Chancery English, used in documents, can be seen as the beginnings of Standard English – a national standard of spelling
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Quinlan Terry
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John Quinlan Terry CBE is a British architect. He was educated at Bryanston School and the Architectural Association and he was a pupil of architect Raymond Erith, with whom he formed the partnership Erith & Terry. Terry is a representative of New Classical Architecture. He continues to practice with his son Francis Terry at the joint Quinlan, the practice is based in Dedham, Essex and employs between 15 and 20 staff. A book by David Watkin entitled Radical Classicism, The Architecture of Quinlan Terry was published in 2006, during the three year construction period of the house Terry kept a diary published later in which he bemoans the modern world and stoically defends his conservative, reformed, evangelical faith. His design for the 1992 Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College, Cambridge won the Building of the Year Award in 1994, one of his best known works is Brentwood Cathedral in Essex. Terrys new work has a portico based on the portico of St Pauls cathedral designed by Sir Christopher Wren. Unusually, all five classical orders of architecture were used and Terry has said in lectures that he views classical architecture as an expression of the Divine order, terrys work there is more assertive than Eriths. In 1989, he designed a series of three new villas for the Crown Estate Commissioners in Outer Circle in Londons Regents Park, six villas were eventually built between 1989 and 2002. Also in the 90s he designed a Castle for the Barclay brothers in their island of Becqhou in the Channel Islands. His works in the US include the Abercrombie Residence and this classical mansion is based on Marble Hill House, Twickenham, UK. Complete with a piano nobile approached by a staircase, it has a pediment supported by Corinthian columns. The house is constructed of Kasota limestone, with Indiana limestone dressings, in 2003 Terry won the Best Modern Classical House 2003, awarded by the British Georgian Group for Ferne House in Wiltshire. In 2005 Terry won the 3rd Annual Driehaus Prize, the most prestigious award for outstanding classical and traditional architects and he holds the Philippe Rothier European Prize for the Reconstruction of the City of Archives dArchitecture Moderne. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to classical architecture. Terry has said that he working for American clients because. apart from the fact that have got the money no moral hangups against building a building in an outdated style. To Americans, morality is morality, architecture is architecture, ISBN 978-0-9572867-4-0 OCLC931005141 David Watkin The Practice of Classical Architecture, The Architecture of Quinlan and Francis Terry, 2005–2015. New York, Rizzoli,2015, ISBN 978-0-8478-4490-6, David Watkin Radical Classicism, The Architecture of Quinlan Terry
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William Wilkins (architect)
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William Wilkins RA was an English architect, classical scholar and archaeologist. He designed the National Gallery and University College London, and buildings for several Cambridge colleges, Wilkins was born in the parish of St Giles, Norwich, the son of a successful builder who also managed a chain of theatres. His brother George Wilkins was Archdeacon of Nottingham and he was educated at Norwich School and then won a scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He graduated as 6th wrangler in 1800, on his tour he was accompanied by the Italian landscape painter Agostino Aglio, whom Wilkins had commissioned as a draughtsman on the expedition. Aglio supplied the drawings for the aquatint plates of monuments illustrationing Wilkins volumes from the expedition, Wilkins was a member of the Society of Dilettanti from 1817. He published researches into both Classical and Gothic architecture, becoming one of the figures in the English Greek Revival of the early 19th century. His architectural career began in 1804 with his Greek-revival designs for the newly established Downing College, Cambridge, the commission came after earlier plans in a Palladian style by James Wyatt had been rejected as insufficiently classical. Wilkins arranged the buildings around a single large courtyard. Construction began in 1807 and proceeded slowly, coming to a halt in 1821 with Wilkins scheme still incomplete, in 1806 Wilkins designed a college near Hertford for the East India Company. It became Haileybury College following the dissolution of the company and he built or added to Osberton House, near Worksop. These works were followed in 1808 by the Doric entrance to the Lower Assembly Rooms at Bath, in 1815 Wilkins inherited his fathers chain of six theatres. He continued to manage them for the rest of his life, in 1822–26, he collaborated with John Peter Gandy on the Clubhouse for the new United University Club, in Pall Mall. He was made an associate of the Royal Society in 1824, Wilkins was influential in the development of Trafalgar Square in London, which had been opened up as part of a scheme by John Nash. He campaigned to have the new National Gallery sited on the side of the square, initially suggesting that the existing building. The government accepted the idea, but opted for a new building. Wilkins also drew up plans for the out of the square itself. They were not put into effect, although the scheme eventually carried out by Charles Barry after Wilkins death replicated many of his ideas. Wilkins carried out two other major London buildings in a severe Classical style, University College, Gower Street and his other Greek Revival works include the Theatre Royal Bury St Edmunds 1819, St. Pauls Church, George Street, Nottingham 1822 and the Yorkshire Museum
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Clare College, Cambridge
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Clare College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. The college was founded in 1326 as University Hall, making it the second-oldest surviving college of the University after Peterhouse and it was refounded in 1338 as Clare Hall by an endowment from Elizabeth de Clare. Clare is famous for its choir and for its gardens on the Backs. The current Master is Anthony Grabiner, Baron Grabiner, a British barrister, Clare is consistently one of the most popular Cambridge colleges amongst prospective applicants. As of 2016, it had an endowment of over £106m, the college was founded in 1326 by the universitys Chancellor, Richard Badew, and was originally named University Hall. Providing maintenance for only two fellows, it hit financial hardship. In 1338, the college was refounded as Clare Hall by an endowment from Elizabeth de Clare, a granddaughter of Edward I, the college was known as Clare Hall until 1856, when it changed its name to Clare College. Clares Old Court, a Grade I listed building, frames Kings College Chapel as the border of one of the most celebrated architectural vistas in England. It was built between 1638 and 1715, with an interruption for the English Civil War. The colleges chapel was built in 1763 and designed by Sir James Burrough and its altarpiece is Annunciation by Cipriani. Clare has a bridge over the river which is the oldest of Cambridges current bridges. Fourteen stone balls decorate it, one of which has a missing section, a more likely explanation is that a wedge of stone cemented into the ball as part of a repair job became loose and fell out into the river. Clares bridge connects Old Court to Memorial Court, which was designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, a new court, Lerner Court, was opened in January 2008 and was designed by architects van Heyningen and Haward. Clare is known as a liberal and progressive college, in 1972 it became one of the three male Cambridge colleges that led the way in admitting female undergraduates. Clare continues in tradition and has won praise for the transparency of its admissions process. Clare is known as one of the most musical colleges in Cambridge and its choir has performed all over the world. Many Clare students play instruments, and the music society, Clare College Music Society, is well known. Like most Cambridge colleges, Clare allows students to have a piano in their college rooms, as well as popular jazz and comedy nights, Clare is renowned for Clare Ents, a student night held every Friday in term time
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St John's College, Cambridge
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St Johns College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. The college was founded by Lady Margaret Beaufort, in constitutional terms, the college is a charitable corporation established by a charter dated 9 April 1511. The aims of the college, as specified by its Statutes, are the promotion of education, religion, learning, the colleges alumni include the winners of ten Nobel Prizes, seven prime ministers and twelve archbishops of various countries, at least two princes, and three Saints. HRH Prince William was affiliated with St Johns while undertaking a course in 2014. St Johns College is also known for its choir, its members success in a wide variety of inter-collegiate sporting competitions. In 2011 the college celebrated its quincentenary, an event marked by a visit of HM Queen Elizabeth II and HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The college was founded on the site of the 13th-century Hospital of St John in Cambridge at the suggestion of Saint John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester and chaplain to Lady Margaret Beaufort. However, Lady Margaret died without having mentioned the foundation of St Johns in her will, and it was largely the work of Fisher that ensured that the college was founded. He had to obtain the approval of King Henry VIII of England, the Pope through the intermediary Polydore Vergil, the college received its charter on 9 April 1511. In November 1512 the Court of Chancery allowed Lady Margarets executors to pay for the foundation of the college from her estates, when Lady Margarets executors took over they found most of the old Hospital buildings beyond repair, but repaired and incorporated the Chapel into the new college. A kitchen and hall were added, and a gate tower was constructed for the College Treasury. The doors were to be closed each day at dusk, sealing the monastic community from the outside world. Over the course of the five hundred years, the college expanded westwards towards the River Cam, and now has eleven courts. The first three courts are arranged in enfilade, St Johns College first admitted women in October 1981, when K. M. Wheeler was admitted to the fellowship, along with nine female graduate students. The first women undergraduates arrived a year later, St Johns distinctive Great Gate follows the standard contemporary pattern employed previously at Christs College and Queens College. The gatehouse is crenelated and adorned with the arms of the foundress Lady Margaret Beaufort, above these are displayed her ensigns, the Red Rose of Lancaster and Portcullis. The college arms are flanked by curious creatures known as yales, mythical beasts with elephants tails, antelopes bodies, goats heads, and swivelling horns. Above them is a tabernacle containing a figure of St John the Evangelist
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Archbishop of Canterbury
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The current archbishop is Justin Welby. His enthronement took place at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013, Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the Apostle to the English, sent from Rome in the year 597. From the time of Augustine in the 6th until the 16th century, during the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. In the Middle Ages there was variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury. At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral, today the archbishop fills four main roles, He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, which covers the eastern parts of the County of Kent. Founded in 597, it is the oldest see in the English church and he is the metropolitan archbishop of the Province of Canterbury, which covers the southern two-thirds of England. He is the primate and chief religious figure of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury plays a part in national ceremonies such as coronations, due to his high public profile. As spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop, although without legal authority outside England, is recognised by convention as primus inter pares of all Anglican primates worldwide, since 1867 he has convened more or less decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences. In the last two of these functions he has an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England, the archbishops main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth. He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury, located beside Canterbury Cathedral, as holder of one of the five great sees, the Archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords. He is one of the men in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdoms order of precedence. Since Henry VIII broke with Rome, the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English monarch, today the choice is made in the name of the monarch by the prime minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad-hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission. Since the 20th century, the appointment of Archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between more moderate Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals, the current archbishop, Justin Welby, the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 4 February 2013. As archbishop he signs himself as + Justin Cantuar and his predecessor, Rowan Williams, 104th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 27 February 2003. Immediately prior to his appointment to Canterbury, Williams was the Bishop of Monmouth, on 18 March 2012, Williams announced he would be stepping down as Archbishop of Canterbury at the end of 2012 to become Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. In addition to his office, the archbishop also holds a number of positions, for example, he is Joint President of the Council of Christians. Some positions he formally holds ex officio and others virtually so, geoffrey Fisher, 99th Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first since 1397 to visit Rome, where he held private talks with Pope John XXIII in 1960
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Archbishop of York
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The Archbishop of York is a senior bishop in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The archbishop is the bishop of the Diocese of York and the metropolitan bishop of the Province of York. The Archbishop of York is an ex member of the House of Lords and is styled Primate of England. The archbishops throne is in York Minster in central York and his residence is Bishopthorpe Palace in the village of Bishopthorpe outside of York. The incumbent, from 5 October 2005, is John Sentamu who signs as +Sentamu Ebor, there was a bishop in Eboracum from very early times, during the Middle Ages, it was thought to have been one of the dioceses established by the legendary King Lucius. Bishops of York are known to have been present at the Councils of Arles, however, this early Christian community was later destroyed by the pagan Anglo-Saxons and there is no direct succession from these bishops to the post-Augustinian ones. The diocese was refounded by Paulinus in the 7th century, notable among these early bishops is Wilfrid. Until the Danish invasion the archbishops of Canterbury occasionally exercised authority, at the time of the Norman invasion York had jurisdiction over Worcester, Lichfield, and Lincoln, as well as the dioceses in the Northern Isles and Scotland. But the first three sees just mentioned were taken from York in 1072, of these, Durham was practically independent, for the palatine bishops of that see were little short of sovereigns in their own jurisdiction. Sodor and Man were returned to York during the fourteenth century, several of the archbishops of York held the ministerial office of Lord Chancellor of England and played some parts in affairs of state. The bishoprics role was complicated by continued conflict over primacy with the see of Canterbury. Until the mid 1530s the bishops and archbishops were in communion with the pope in Rome and this is no longer the case, as the Archbishop of York, together with the rest of the Church of England, is a member of the Anglican Communion. Walter de Grey purchased York Place as his London residence, which after the fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, was renamed the Palace of Whitehall. The Archbishop of York is the bishop of the Province of York and is the junior of the two archbishops of the Church of England after the Archbishop of Canterbury. Since 5 October 2005, the incumbent is the Most Reverend John Sentamu who is also an ex member of the House of Lords. Bede, Willibrord and the Letters of Pope Honorius I on the Genesis of the Archbishopric of York
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Downing Street, Cambridge
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Downing Street is a street in central Cambridge, England. It runs between Pembroke Street and Tennis Court Road at the end and a T-junction with St Andrews Street at the eastern end. Corn Exchange Street and St Tibbs Row lead off to the north, Downing Place leads off to the south. To the north at the end is the New Museums Site of the University of Cambridge. To the south is the Downing Site of the University, many of the Universitys departments are located here. The area south of Downing Street was originally known as Pembroke Leys and this was acquired for Downing College. The architect William Wilkins was tasked by the trustees of the Downing estate to design the plan for the college, however, the estate was much reduced from that expected and these grand plans failed to materialize. Much of the end of the Pembroke Leys was sold to the University and is now home to scientific departments. There are several of the Universitys museums in this location, on the corner with Tennis Court Road is the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. On the corner with Downing Place is the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, to the north at the eastern end on the New Museums Site is the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology. Just to the west is the Whipple Museum of the History of Science in Free School Lane off Pembroke Street
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Lensfield Road
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Lensfield Road is a road in southeast central Cambridge, England. It runs between the junction of Trumpington Street and Trumpington Road to the west and the junction of Regent Street and it continues as Gonville Place to the northeast past Parkers Piece, a large grassed area with footpaths. On the south side of the road are the Scott Polar Research Institute, St Albans Primary School, on the corner with Hills Road is Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church. To the north between Tennis Court Road and Regent Street is one of the larger University of Cambridge colleges, Downing College and this area used to be known as Pembroke Leys, a boggy area south of medieval Cambridge. The St Andrews Street branch of Hobsons Conduit was added in 1631 and it flowed from the conduit east along Lensfield Road, then north along Regent Terrace, and on to St Andrews Street in the centre of the city. A major fire in 1849 meant that a new fountain for the Market Place branch of Hobsons Conduit was erected in 1855, the previous structure was moved to the corner of Lensfield Road and Trumpington Road in 1856 as a monument to Thomas Hobson
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Downing Site
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The Downing Site is a major site of the University of Cambridge, located in the centre of the city of Cambridge, England, on Downing Street and Tennis Court Road, adjacent to Downing College. The Downing Site is the larger and newer of two city-centre science sites of the university, largely populated with utilitarian brick buildings dating from the 1930s, the more notable buildings include the Zoology Laboratory, Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences and Downing Street entrance. To the northwest is the New Museums Site and to the southwest is the Old Addenbrookes Site, the current site was part of Pembroke Leys, a boggy area of small fields lying between Regent Street and Tennis Court Road, to the south of the medieval town of Cambridge. The Pembroke Leys was acquired by Downing College on its foundation and this northern portion was purchased by the university in 1896–97, and now forms the Downing Site. Though several university departments have relocated to larger modern buildings elsewhere
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University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
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Trinity College, Cambridge
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Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. With around 600 undergraduates,300 graduates, and over 180 fellows, by combined student numbers, it is second to Homerton College, Cambridge. Members of Trinity have won 32 Nobel Prizes out of the 91 won by members of Cambridge University, five Fields Medals in mathematics were won by members of the college and one Abel Prize was won. Other royal family members have studied there without obtaining degrees, including King Edward VII, King George VI, along with Christs, Jesus, Kings and St Johns colleges, it has also provided several of the well known members of the Apostles, an intellectual secret society. In 1848, Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing private schools such as Westminster drew up the first formal rules of football, Trinitys sister college in Oxford is Christ Church. Like that college, Trinity has been linked with Westminster School since the schools re-foundation in 1560, the college was founded by Henry VIII in 1546, from the merger of two existing colleges, Michaelhouse, and Kings Hall. At the time, Henry had been seizing church lands from abbeys, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, being both religious institutions and quite rich, expected to be next in line. The King duly passed an Act of Parliament that allowed him to any college he wished. The universities used their contacts to plead with his sixth wife, the Queen persuaded her husband not to close them down, but to create a new college. The king did not want to use royal funds, so he combined two colleges and seven hostels to form Trinity. Contrary to popular belief, the lands granted by Henry VIII were not on their own sufficient to ensure Trinitys eventual rise. In its infancy Trinity had owed a great deal to its college of St Johns. Its first four Masters were educated at St Johns, and it took until around 1575 for the two colleges application numbers to draw even, a position in which they have remained since the Civil War. Bentley himself was notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Masters Lodge, most of the Trinitys major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Thomas Nevile, who became Master of Trinity in 1593, rebuilt and this work included the enlargement and completion of Great Court, and the construction of Neviles Court between Great Court and the river Cam. Neviles Court was completed in the late 17th century when the Wren Library, in the 20th century, Trinity College, St Johns College and Kings College were for decades the main recruiting grounds for the Cambridge Apostles, an elite, intellectual secret society. In 2011, the John Templeton Foundation awarded Trinity Colleges Master, Trinity is the richest Oxbridge college, with a landholding alone worth £800 million. Trinity is sometimes suggested to be the second, third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK – after the Crown Estate, the National Trust, in 2005, Trinitys annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million
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Trinity Great Court
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Great Court is the main court of Trinity College, Cambridge, and reputed to be the largest enclosed court in Europe. The court was completed by Thomas Nevile, master of the college, in the years of the 17th century. The Great Gate is home to the statue of founder Henry VIII whose sceptre was replaced by a chair leg by students in the 19th century. Next comes the East Range, and staircases F-K that contain the college bursary, staircase I leads to Angel Court, containing rooms for students and fellows, and to the college bar. The South Range runs from staircases L–Q with rooms for students and fellows, R staircase can be found in a passage leading to Bishops Hostel, while S staircase is on the left in the passage leading past the Hall into Neviles Court. The West Range is dominated by the Great Hall, the dining hall modelled on that of Middle Temple. The fourth side begins with staircases A–C, before reaching Kings Gate, and the entrance to the oldest part of the college, originally built on the site of the current sundial in the middle of the court, Nevile moved it 20 metres north when completing the court. Kings Gate also houses the clock that chimes every 15 minutes and strikes the hour twice. In the centre of the court is a fountain, built during Neviles time. Many have tried to run the 341 metres around the court in the 43 seconds that it takes to strike 12 oclock, known as the Great Court Run, students traditionally attempt to complete the circuit on the day of the Matriculation Dinner. Only two people are believed to have completed the run in the time. The first was Lord Burghley in 1927, Sebastian Coe and Steve Cram attempted the feat in a charity race on 29 October 1988. Coes time was reported by Norris McWhirter to have been 45.52 seconds, the clock on that day took 44.4 seconds and the video film confirms that Coe was some 12 metres short of his finish line when the fateful final stroke occurred. The television commentators were suggesting that the sounds of the bell could be included in the striking time. This conflicts with Trinity Colleges website, which states, In October 1988 the race was recreated for charity by Britains two foremost middle-distance runners, Sebastian Coe and Steve Cram, daley Thompson, the decathlete, was a reserve. Coe won, getting round in 42.53 seconds, alas, he didnt quite beat the chimes, as the clock had been wound the day before, and the chimes ran somewhat faster than their usual 43 seconds because of the extra turn of rope on the drum. The event was organized by 36-year-old undergraduate Nigel McCrery and raised £50,000 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, in 2007, Sam Dobin was seen to beat the clock in a time of 42. 77s, improving on his 3rd-place finish the previous year. Dobins achievement received national newspaper coverage which reported it as the fastest time in the history of the race, beating Burghley, from 2012 to 2014, Cornelius Roemer won the run three times in a row, beating the clock in his 2014 run
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Caruso St John
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Caruso St John is an architectural firm established in 1990 by Adam Caruso and Peter St John. Caruso St John have gained a reputation for excellence in designing contemporary projects in the public realm. The practice came to attention with The New Art Gallery Walsall. Current and past clients include Tate Britain, the V&A, English Heritage and the Arts Council of England, as well as European housing developers Trudo, the SBB and the Gagosian Gallery. Caruso St John aims to have a range of work at a variety of scales and want to resist the trend of increased size. The practice is interested in the potential and physical qualities of construction. This attitude has developed out a fascination for materials, backed up with an involvement in academic, built projects incorporate this research and respond to their physical context and brief in unexpected ways. The projects stand out by resisting off the peg construction, both the New Art Gallery, Walsall and the Brick House, London have been short listed for the Stirling Prize, the UK’s most prestigious architecture award, in recognition of this ambition. The office of approximately 20 work in a studio in a 1930s factory building in East London which the practice converted to studio use for themselves in 2000. Both Adam Caruso and Peter St John have taught in architecture schools consistently throughout the lifetime of Caruso St John, Adam Caruso taught at the University of North London from 1990 to 2000, and was Professor of Architecture at the University of Bath from 2002 to 2005. In 2011 Adam Caruso was appointed Professor of Architecture and Construction at ETH Zürich, Peter St John taught at the University of North London from 1990 to 2000. In 2005 he was a critic at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. From 2007 to 2009 he was a professor at ETH Zürich
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The Cambridge Union
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The Cambridge Union Society, commonly referred to as The Cambridge Union, is a debating and free speech society in Cambridge, England, and the largest society at the University of Cambridge. It is the oldest continuously running debating society in the world, additionally, the Cambridge Union has served as a model for the foundation of similar societies at several other prominent universities, including the Oxford Union and the Yale Political Union. The Union is a society with membership open to all students of Cambridge University or Anglia Ruskin University. The Union became a charity in May 2010. The Cambridge Union was founded on 13 February 1815, several years after it was founded, on 24 March 1817, the Union was temporarily shut down by the University. In 1821 the Union was allowed to reform, under strict guidelines, the Unions Bridge Street premises were designed by Alfred Waterhouse and formally opened on 30 October 1866. An additional wing was added several decades later, the future radical Liberal politician, Sir Charles Dilke, was the President chiefly responsible for construction. Included among the many rooms are the debating chamber, a dining room, bar, snooker room. Although Cambridge escaped virtually undamaged from the widespread bombing destruction of World War II, the explosion caused extensive damage to the Unions library. The Union is legally a charity that owns and has full control over its private property. It enjoys strong relations with the university, and allows other student societies to hire rooms for a nominal cost, guests are sometimes admitted to Union events for a charge. After more than 200 years, The Cambridge Union is best known for its debates, the top members of its debating team compete internationally against other top debating societies. The Union also organises talks by visiting speakers and an array of events throughout the academic year. Although The Cambridge Union has never functioned as a union in the modern sense. In 2015 the Union celebrated its bicentenary, a composed of former. This included special debates, dinners and parties in Cambridge and, for the first time in its history, in January 2015 the Union announced a £9. The development is to be financed through the leasing of disused parts of its site to Trinity College in a deal worth £4.5 million. A fundraising campaign to cover the remaining cost is to be launched on March 11th with a debate between Jon Snow and Nick Robinson
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Nick Griffin
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Nicholas John Griffin is a British politician who represented North West England as a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014. He served as chairman and then president of the far-right British National Party from 1999 to 2014, born in Barnet, Griffin was educated at Woodbridge School in Suffolk. He joined the National Front at the age of 14 and, following his graduation from the University of Cambridge, in 1980 he became a member of its governing body, and later wrote articles for several right-wing magazines. He was the National Fronts candidate for the seat of Croydon North West in 1981 and 1983, in 1995 he joined the BNP and in 1999 became its leader. He stood as the candidate in several elections and became a member of the European Parliament for North West England in the 2009 European elections. In 1998 Griffin was convicted of distributing material likely to incite racial hatred, in 2006 he was acquitted of separate charges of inciting racial hatred. In recent years, events where Griffin has been invited to participate in debates or political discussions have proven controversial and often resulted in protests. The son of former Conservative councillor Edgar Griffin and his wife Jean, Nicholas John Griffin was born on 1 March 1959 in Barnet and moved to Southwold in Suffolk aged eight. He was educated at Woodbridge School before winning a scholarship to the independent Saint Felix School in Southwold. Griffin read Adolf Hitlers Mein Kampf when he was 14, and found all, in a four-page leaflet written in 1999, Webster claimed to have had a homosexual relationship with Griffin, then the BNPs publicity director. Griffin has denied any such relationship, from 1977, Griffin studied history, then law, at Downing College, Cambridge. His affiliation with the National Front was revealed during a Cambridge Union debate and he later founded the Young National Front Student organisation. He graduated with an honours degree in law, and a boxing blue. He boxed three times against Oxford in the annual Varsity match, winning twice and losing once, in an interview with The Independent, he said he gave it up because of a hand injury. He is a fan of Ricky Hatton and Joe Calzaghe, following his graduation, Griffin became a political worker at the National Front headquarters. As a teenager he had accompanied his father to a National Front meeting and he helped set up the White Noise Music Club in 1979, and several years later worked with white power skinhead band, Skrewdriver. As a National Front member, Griffin contested the seat of Croydon North West twice, in the 1981 by-election and 1983 general election, membership of the National Front declined significantly following the election of the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher. By 1983, the group had broken away to form the NF Political Soldier faction, which advocated a revival of country values, writing for Bulldog in 1985, Griffin praised the black separatist Louis Farrakhan, but his comments were unpopular with some members of the party
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British National Party
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The British National Party is a far-right political party in the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria, and its current leader is Adam Walker and it currently has one councillor in UK local government. During its heyday in the 2000s, it had over fifty seats in local government, the BNP was formed in 1982 by John Tyndall and other former members of the National Front. By Tyndalls admission, it remained ideologically identical to the NF, during its first two decades, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly, but rather focused on street marches and rallies. A growing moderniser faction was frustrated by Tyndalls leadership and in 1999 ousted him and this resulted in increased electoral growth throughout the 2000s, to the extent that it became the most electorally successful far-right party in British history. Concerns regarding financial mismanagement resulted in Griffin being ousted in 2014, by point the BNPs membership. Ideologically positioned on the far-right of British politics, the BNP has been characterised as fascist or neo-fascist by political scientists, under Tyndalls leadership, it was more specifically regarded as Neo-Nazi. The party is ethnic nationalist, and espouses the view that only white people should be citizens of the United Kingdom and it calls for an end to non-white migration into the UK and the removal of settled non-white populations from the country. Initially, it called for the expulsion of non-whites, although has since advocated voluntary removals with financial incentives. It promotes biological racism, calling for racial separatism and condemning mixed race relationships. Under Tyndall, the BNP emphasised anti-semitism and Holocaust denial, although Griffin switched the focus on to Islamophobia. It promotes economic protectionism, Euroscepticism, and an away from liberal democracy, while its social policies oppose feminism, LGBT rights. The BNP has a centralised structure that gives its chairman near total control. It established a range of sub-groups—such as a wing, record label. More widely, it was unpopular and faced much opposition from anti-fascists, religious organisations. BNP members were banned from a number of professions and polling suggested that a majority of Britons favoured the partys criminalisation, the British National Party was founded by the extreme-right political activist John Tyndall. Tyndall had been involved in Neo-Nazi groups since the late 1950s before leading the far-right National Front throughout most of the 1970s, following an argument with senior party member Martin Webster, he resigned from the NF in 1980. In June 1980 Tyndall established a rival, the New National Front, at the recommendation of Ray Hill—who was secretly an anti-fascist spy seeking to sow disharmony among Britains far-right—Tyndall decided to unite an array of extreme-right groups as a single party
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Ultimate (sport)
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Ultimate, originally known as ultimate frisbee, is a non-contact team sport originally played by players with a flying disc. Points are scored by passing the disc to a teammate in the end zone. Other basic rules are that players must not take steps while holding the disc, and interceptions, incomplete passes, rain, wind, or occasionally other adversities can make for a testing match with rapid turnovers, heightening the pressure of play. Players call their own fouls, and dispute a foul only when they believe it did not occur. In 2012 there were 5.1 million ultimate players in the United States, Ultimate is played across the world in pickup games and by recreational, school, club, professional, and national teams at various age levels and with open, womens, and mixed divisions. The 2014 World Ultimate Club Championship was held in July in Lecco, Italy, the 2016 WFDF World Ultimate & Guts Championships was held in London in 2016, where US teams finished first in every division. Team flying disc games using pie tins and cake pan lids were part of Amherst College student culture for decades before plastic discs were available, a similar two-hand touch football-based game was played at Kenyon College in Ohio starting in 1942. Jared, an instructor and dorm advisor, taught this game to high school student Joel Silver during the summer of 1967 or 1968 at Mount Hermon Prep school summer camp. Joel Silver, along with fellow students Jonny Hines, Buzzy Hellring, the first sanctioned game was played at CHS in 1968 between the student council and the student newspaper staff. Beginning the following year evening games were played in the glow of lights on the schools student-designated parking lot. Initially players of ultimate frisbee used a Master disc marketed by Wham-O, Hellring, Silver, and Hines developed the first and second edition of Rules of Ultimate Frisbee. In 1970 CHS defeated Millburn High 43-10 in the first interscholastic ultimate game, CHS, Millburn, and three other New Jersey high schools made up the first conference of Ultimate teams beginning in 1971. Alumni of that first league took the game to their colleges and universities, rutgers defeated Princeton 29-27 in 1972 in the first intercollegiate game. This game was played exactly 103 years after the first intercollegiate American football game by the teams at precisely the same site. Rutgers won both games by an identical margin, rutgers also won the first ultimate frisbee tournament in 1975, hosted by Yale, with 8 college teams participating. That summer ultimate was introduced at the Second World Frisbee Championships at the Rose Bowl and this event introduced ultimate on the west coast of the USA. In 1975, ultimate was introduced at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships in Toronto as a showcase event, Ultimate League play in Canada began in Toronto in 1979. The Toronto Ultimate Club is one of ultimates oldest leagues, in January 1977 Wham-O introduced the World Class 80 Mold 165 gram frisbee
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Downing College Boat Club
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Downing College Boat Club is the rowing club for members of Downing College, Cambridge. Downing men have not been below the top 9 boats for over 3 decades, on occasion being the boat club with a second boat in the first division. Downing men and women have rowed internationally, winning World Rowing Championship medals, despite the college admitting undergraduates in 1821, Downings boat club did not form until 1863, with their first race being in the spring of 1864. Downing women formed in 1981 and held their first headship of the Lent Bumps from 2004–2005, regaining it in 2011 and they retained both headships in 2012. Not until the 1960s did the mens 1st VIII regularly feature in the 1st division of the Lent and May Bumps, cUCBC/ Cambridge University Combined Boat Club Downing College Boat Club
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Lent Bumps
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The Lent Bumps are a set of rowing races held annually on the River Cam in Cambridge. They began in 1887, after separating from the May Bumps, prior to the separation there had been a single set of annual bumps dating from its inception in 1827. The races are open to all college boat clubs from the University of Cambridge, the Lent Bumps take place over five days at the end of February /start of March and are run as bumps races. The most recent in the series was the Lent Bumps 2017, the races are run in divisions, each containing 17 crews. The number of crews in each bottom division varies yearly depending on new entrants, each crew consists of eight rowers and one coxswain. Unlike the May Bumps, rowers trialling for places in university crews are not allowed to take part in the Lents, a total of 121 crews took part in 2012, totalling around 1100 participants. There are currently four divisions for mens crews and three divisions for womens crews, the divisions represent an overall race order, with Division 1 at the top. The ultimate aim is to try to finish Head of the River, at the start, signalled by a cannon, each crew is separated by a distance of about 1½ boat lengths. Once the race has begun, a crew must attempt to catch up with the crew ahead of it, a crew which bumps or is bumped must pull to the side of the river to allow other crews to continue racing. A crew which bumps the crew ahead nor is bumped by the crew behind before crossing the finishing post is said to have rowed over. Any crew which bumps then swaps places with the crew that it bumped in the days racing. A crew which rows over stays in the same position, crews finishing at the top of a division, the sandwich boat, row at the bottom of the next division to try to move up a division. The process is repeated four days, allowing crews to move up or down in the overall order of boats. The finish order of one years Lent Bumps is then used as the order of the following years races. The leading mens and womens crews of the Lent Bumps go on to race the leading Oxford Torpids mens and womens crews at the Henley Boat Races around Easter, Lent Bumps were cancelled from 1915 to 1918 due to war, and in 1895 and 1963 due to ice. The Lents in 1888 were not completed due to the death of an oarsman, when the races ceased, Jesus were in 1st position. The Lent Bumps 2001 were not completed due to an outbreak of Foot, the outbreak closed the towpath along the river, where all of the umpiring for the bumps takes place. When the races were abandoned on Friday 2 March 2001, Emmanuel were in 1st position, in 1919, college 1st VIIIs did not race as it was the first race after World War I
32.
May Bumps
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The May Bumps are a set of rowing races, held annually on the River Cam in Cambridge. They began in 1887 after separating from the Lent Bumps, the equivalent bumping races held at the end of February or start of March, prior to the separation there had been a single set of annual bumps dating from its inception in 1827. The races are open to all college boat clubs from the University of Cambridge, the May Bumps takes place over four days in mid-June and is run as a bumps race. The most recent in the series was the May Bumps 2016, the races are run in divisions, each containing 17 crews. The number of crews in each bottom division varies yearly depending on new entrants, each crew contains 8 rowers and one coxswain. A total of 154 crews took part in 2014, totalling around 1390 participants, there are currently 6 divisions for mens crews and 4 divisions for womens crews. The divisions represent a total race order with Division 1 at the top, the ultimate aim is to try and finish Head of the River, i. e. 1st position in division 1. At the start, signalled by a cannon, each crew is separated by a distance of about 1½ boat lengths. Once the race has begun, a crew must attempt to catch up with the crew ahead of it, a crew which bumps or is bumped must pull to the side of the river to allow all the other crews to continue racing. If a crew is able to catch and bump the boat which started 3 places in front of it, a crew which neither bumps a crew ahead nor is bumped by a crew behind before crossing the finishing post is said to have rowed over. After the race, any crew which bumps or over-bumps swaps places with the crew that it has bumped for the days racing. A crew which rows over stays in the same position, crews finishing at the top of a division also, at the bottom of the next division, as the sandwich boat, in an attempt to try to move up into the next division. The process is repeated four days, allowing crews to move up or down several places in the overall order of boats. The finishing order of one years May Bumps are then used as the order of the following years races. May Bumps were cancelled between 1915 and 1918, and in 1940 due to war, prior to 1946 1st & 3rd Trinity were two separate rowing clubs, 1st Trinity and 3rd Trinity, hence both separate and combined titles. The Womens May Bumps were rowed in coxed-fours between 1974 and 1989, changing to coxed-eights from 1990 onwards, a new start order was used for the womens 1990 races. Sixteen boats have been head of the river, prior to 1946 1st & 3rd Trinity were two separate rowing clubs, 1st Trinity and 3rd Trinity, hence both separate and combined titles. The Pegasus Cup is a Cambridge rowing prize first awarded in 2006 and it was donated by Milton Brewery and will be awarded annually to the most successful college boat club competing in the Cambridge May Bumping Races
33.
Ai Weiwei
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Ai Weiwei is a Chinese Contemporary artist and activist. His fathers original surname was written Jiang, Ai collaborated with Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron as the artistic consultant on the Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Olympics. As a political activist, he has been highly and openly critical of the Chinese Governments stance on democracy and he has investigated government corruption and cover-ups, in particular the Sichuan schools corruption scandal following the collapse of so-called tofu-dreg schools in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Ais father was the Chinese poet Ai Qing, who was denounced during the Anti-Rightist Movement, in 1958, the family was sent to a labour camp in Beidahuang, Heilongjiang, when Ai was one year old. They were subsequently exiled to Shihezi, Xinjiang in 1961, where lived for 16 years. Upon Mao Zedongs death and the end of the Cultural Revolution, in 1978, Ai enrolled in the Beijing Film Academy and studied animation. In 1978, he was one of the founders of the avant garde art group the Stars, together with Ma Desheng, Wang Keping, Huang Rui, Li Shuang, Zhong Acheng. The group disbanded in 1983, yet Ai participated in regular Stars group shows, The Stars, Ten Years,1989, from 1981 to 1993, he lived in the United States. For the first few years, Ai lived in Philadelphia and San Francisco, he studied English at the University of Pennsylvania, later, he moved to New York City. He studied briefly at Parsons School of Design, Ai attended the Art Students League of New York from 1983 to 1986, where he studied with Bruce Dorfman, Knox Martin and Richard Pousette-Dart. He later dropped out of school, and made an out of drawing street portraits. During this period, he gained exposure to the works of Marcel Duchamp, Andy Warhol, and Jasper Johns, Ai befriended beat poet Allen Ginsberg while living in New York, following a chance meeting at a poetry reading where Ginsberg read out several poems about China. Ginsberg had travelled to China and met with Ais father, the noted poet Ai Qing, when he was living in the East Village, Ai carried a camera with him all the time and would take pictures of his surroundings wherever he was. The resulting collection of photos were selected and is now known as the New York Photographs. At the same time, Ai became fascinated by blackjack card games and he is still regarded in gambling circles as a top tier professional blackjack player according to an article published on blackjackchamp. com. In 1993, Ai returned to China after his father became ill, in 1999, Ai moved to Caochangdi, in the northeast of Beijing, and built a studio house – his first architectural project. Due to his interest in architecture, he founded the architecture studio FAKE Design, in 2000, he co-curated the art exhibition Fuck Off with curator Feng Boyi in Shanghai, China. Ai is married to artist Lu Qing, and has a son from an extramarital relationship, in 2005, Ai was invited to start blogging by Sina Weibo, the biggest internet platform in China
34.
Criminal law
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Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety and it includes the punishment of people who violate these laws. Criminal law varies according to jurisdiction, and differs from civil law, the first civilizations generally did not distinguish between civil law and criminal law. The first written codes of law were designed by the Sumerians, another important early code was the Code Hammurabi, which formed the core of Babylonian law. Only fragments of the criminal laws of Ancient Greece have survived, e. g. those of Solon. In Roman law, Gaiuss Commentaries on the Twelve Tables also conflated the civil and criminal aspects, assault and violent robbery were analogized to trespass as to property. Breach of such laws created an obligation of law or vinculum juris discharged by payment of compensation or damages. The criminal law of imperial Rome is collected in Books 47–48 of the Digest, the first signs of the modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the Norman Invasion of England. The development of the state dispensing justice in a court clearly emerged in the century when European countries began maintaining police services. From this point, criminal law had formalized the mechanisms for enforcement, Criminal law is distinctive for the uniquely serious potential consequences or sanctions for failure to abide by its rules. Every crime is composed of criminal elements, capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. Physical or corporal punishment may be imposed such as whipping or caning, individuals may be incarcerated in prison or jail in a variety of conditions depending on the jurisdiction. Length of incarceration may vary from a day to life, government supervision may be imposed, including house arrest, and convicts may be required to conform to particularized guidelines as part of a parole or probation regimen. Fines also may be imposed, seizing money or property from a convicted of a crime. Five objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the law by punishments, retribution, deterrence. Jurisdictions differ on the value to be placed on each, retribution – Criminals ought to Be Punished in some way. This is the most widely seen goal, Criminals have taken improper advantage, or inflicted unfair detriment, upon others and consequently, the criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant disadvantage to balance the scales. People submit to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if people contravene these laws, thus, one who murders may be executed himself
35.
Lawrence Collins, Baron Collins of Mapesbury
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Lawrence Antony Collins, Baron Collins of Mapesbury, PC FBA, is a British judge and former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. He was also appointed to the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong on 11 April 2011 as a non-permanent judge from other common law jurisdictions and he was formerly a partner in the British law firm Herbert Smith. He is now a member of Essex Court Chambers and an Adjunct Professor of Law at NYU School of Law. Collins was born on 7 May 1941 and educated at the City of London School, and then at Downing College, Cambridge, graduating with a starred first in Law. He received an LL. M. degree from Columbia Law School in New York City and was admitted as a solicitor in 1968 and he served as head of the Litigation and Arbitration Department at Herbert Smith from 1995 to 1998. He and Arthur Marriott were the two first practising solicitors ever to be appointed Queens Counsel, on 27 March 1997, as a solicitor-advocate, he appeared before the English Court of Appeal, the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, and the European Court of Justice. He acted for the Government of Chile in the case to extradite General Pinochet and he has one daughter, Hannah, and one son, Aaron. In 1997, he was appointed a Deputy High Court Judge, becoming a full-time Judge in the Chancery Division on 28 September 2000, at which time he left Herbert Smith. In a landmark case in 2006, he required file sharers who had refused to settle with the British Phonographic Industry to pay damages running into thousands of pounds. His appointment as a Lord Justice of Appeal was announced on 11 January 2007, on 8 April 2009, it was announced that he would replace Lord Hoffmann as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. He is the first solicitor to be appointed to senior levels of the judiciary. Accordingly, on 21 April 2009, he was created Baron Collins of Mapesbury, of Hampstead Town in the London Borough of Camden, on 1 October 2009, he and nine other Lords of Appeal became Justices of the Supreme Court upon that bodys inauguration. He has been a Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge, since 1975 and he is a member of the Institut de droit international. He has been the editor of Dicey & Morris, the standard reference work on conflict of laws, since 1987. He is also the author of other books and articles on private international law. He became a Bencher of the Inner Temple in 2001, Collins reached the compulsory retirement age of 70 on 7 May 2011 but stayed on as an acting justice until July. He has continued membership of the House of Lords, and sits as a non-affiliated member, HJ and HT v Home Secretary UKSC31, homosexuality in asylum claims R v Bentley posthumous overturning of unsafe murder conviction Photograph at the Wayback Machine from Downing College
36.
International Court of Justice
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The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice, the Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the Court. The Courts workload covers a range of judicial activity. Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter authorizes the UN Security Council to enforce Court rulings, however, such enforcement is subject to the veto power of the five permanent members of the Council, which the United States used in the Nicaragua case. The election process is set out in Articles 4–19 of the ICJ statute, elections are staggered, with five judges elected every three years to ensure continuity within the court. Should a judge die in office, the practice has generally been to elect a judge in an election to complete the term. No two judges may be nationals of the same country, according to Article 9, the membership of the Court is supposed to represent the main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world. Essentially, that has meant common law, civil law and socialist law, the exception was China, which did not have a judge on the Court from 1967 to 1985 because it did not put forward a candidate. Judicial independence is dealt with specifically in Articles 16–18, judges of the ICJ are not able to hold any other post or act as counsel. A judge can be dismissed only by a vote of the other members of the Court. Despite these provisions, the independence of ICJ judges has been questioned, judges may deliver joint judgments or give their own separate opinions. Judges may also deliver separate dissenting opinions, Article 31 of the statute sets out a procedure whereby ad hoc judges sit on contentious cases before the Court. The system allows any party to a case if it otherwise does not have one of that partys nationals sitting on the Court to select one additional person to sit as a judge on that case only. It is thus possible that as many as seventeen judges may sit on one case, the system may seem strange when compared with domestic court processes, but its purpose is to encourage states to submit cases. Although this system does not sit well with the nature of the body. Ad hoc judges usually vote in favor of the state that appointed them, generally, the Court sits as full bench, but in the last fifteen years, it has on occasion sat as a chamber. Articles 26–29 of the statute allow the Court to form smaller chambers, usually 3 or 5 judges, Two types of chambers are contemplated by Article 26, firstly, chambers for special categories of cases, and second, the formation of ad hoc chambers to hear particular disputes. In 1993, a chamber was established, under Article 26 of the ICJ statute
37.
Aitzaz Ahsan
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Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan is a Pakistani politician and a laywer who serves as the Senator from Punjab, in office since 2012. Born in Murree, Ahsan studied law at the Government College, Ahsan became the Planning and Development Minister for Punjab in 1975. After the Operation Fair Play Ahsan became a prominent figure of the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy, Ahsan was elected to the National Assembly from Lahore in 1988 and served as the Interior minister of Pakistan under Benazir Bhuttos first government and served until 1990. Ahsan was elected as a member of the Senate in 1994 and he re-joined the cabinet after Benazir re-election, and went on to serve as the Minister for Law, Justice and Human Rights until 1997. He served as the minority leader in the Senate between 1996 and 1999, Ahsan was elected to National Assembly again in 2002, and went on to serve as the president of the Supreme Court Bar Association between 2007 and 2008. Ahsan was elected to the senate in 2012 and in 2015 became the minority leader, Ahsan was born on September 27,1945 in Murree, Punjab. He received his education from Aitchison College. He then enrolled in Government College, Lahore and later studied law at Downing College, Cambridge and he was at Grays Inn in 1967. He then appeared in Central Superior Services examination where he reportedly topped and he however did not joined the government service. Ahsan return to Pakistan in 1967 and he joined PPP and began his political career in 1970s. He was inducted in the cabinet of Punjab and was appointed as the Provincial Minister for information, planning. Ahsan was in his twenties during his tenure as provincial minister and he was reportedly jailed for two years during Zia -ul-Haq presidency. He was elected as the member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on PPP ticket for the first time in Pakistan General elections of 1988 from Lahore constituency. He was inducted into federal cabinet and was appointed as the Minister for Law and Justice, along with the portfolio of the Ministry of Interior. He was re-elected as the member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on PPP ticket for the time in Pakistan General elections of 1990 from Lahore constituency. He lost the Pakistan General elections of 1993 to Humayun Akhtar Khan of Pakistan Muslim League, in 1994 he was elected as the member of the Senate of Pakistan for the first time representing PPP, where he sat as Leader of the Opposition until 1999. In Pakistan General elections of 2002, he ran for the membership of the National Assembly on PPP seat from two constituencies and he was re-elected as the member of the National Assembly for the third time from constituencies of Bahawalpur and Lahore. Ahsan didnt ran in the Pakistan General elections of 2008 due to his involvement in the movement for the restoration of deposed judges
38.
John Cleese
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John Marwood Cleese is an English actor, voice actor, screenwriter, producer, and comedian. He achieved success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and as a scriptwriter and performer on The Frost Report. In the mid-1970s, Cleese and his first wife, Connie Booth, co-wrote and starred in the British sitcom Fawlty Towers, with Cleese receiving the 1980 BAFTA for Best Entertainment Performance. Later, he co-starred with Kevin Kline, Jamie Lee Curtis and he also starred in Clockwise and has appeared in many other films, including two James Bond films as R and Q, two Harry Potter films, and the last three Shrek films. With Yes Minister writer Antony Jay, he co-founded Video Arts, in 1976, Cleese co-founded The Secret Policemans Ball benefit shows to raise funds for the human rights organisation Amnesty International. Cleese was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, the child of Reginald Francis Cleese, an insurance salesman. His familys surname was originally Cheese, but his father had thought it was embarrassing, as a child, Cleese supported Bristol City FC and Somerset County Cricket Club. Cleese was educated at St Peters Preparatory School, where he received a prize for English and did well at cricket, when he was 13, he was awarded an exhibition at Clifton College, an English public school in Bristol. He was already more than 6 feet tall by then, Cleese allegedly defaced the school grounds, as a prank, by painting footprints to suggest that the statue of Field Marshal Earl Haig had got down from his plinth and gone to the toilet. Cleese played cricket in the First XI and did well academically, passing 8 O-Levels and 3 A-Levels in mathematics, physics, I believe that this moment changed my perspective on the world. He then took up a place he had won at Downing College, Cambridge and he also joined the Cambridge Footlights. He recalled that he went to the Cambridge Guildhall, where each university society had a stall and he replied no as he was not allowed to sing at his school because he was so bad, and if there was anything worse than his singing, it was his dancing. He was then asked Well, what do you do, to which he replied, I make people laugh. At the Footlights theatrical club, he spent a lot of time with Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie, Cleese wrote extra material for the 1961 Footlights Revue I Thought I Saw It Move, and was Registrar for the Footlights Club during 1962. He was also in the cast of the 1962 Footlights Revue Double Take, Cleese graduated from Cambridge in 1963 with a 2,1. Despite his successes on The Frost Report, his father would send him cuttings from The Daily Telegraph offering management jobs in places like Marks, Cleese was a scriptwriter, as well as a cast member, for the 1963 Footlights Revue A Clump of Plinths. After Cambridge Circus, Cleese briefly stayed in America, performing on, while performing in the musical Half a Sixpence, Cleese met future Python Terry Gilliam, as well as American actress Connie Booth, whom he married on 20 February 1968. At their wedding at a Unitarian Church in Manhattan, the couple attempted to ensure an absence of any theistic language
39.
Victoria Cross
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The Victoria Cross is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry in the face of the enemy to members of the British armed forces and it was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 and these investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace. The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to honour acts of valour during the Crimean War, since then, the medal has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients. Only 15 medals,11 to members of the British Army, the traditional explanation of the source of the metal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from Russian cannon captured at the Siege of Sevastopol. Some research has suggested a variety of origins for the material, research has established that the metal for most of the medals made since December 1914 came from two Chinese cannons that were captured from the Russians in 1855. Owing to its rarity, the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched over £400,000 at auction, a number of public and private collections are devoted to the Victoria Cross. The private collection of Lord Ashcroft, amassed since 1986, contains over one-tenth of all VCs awarded, following a 2008 donation to the Imperial War Museum, the Ashcroft collection went on public display alongside the museums Victoria and George Cross collection in November 2010. These are unique awards of honours system, recommended, assessed, gazetted and presented by each country. In 1854, after 39 years of peace, Britain found itself fighting a war against Russia. The Crimean War was one of the first wars with modern reporting, before the Crimean War, there was no official standardised system for recognition of gallantry within the British armed forces. This structure was limited, in practice awards of the Order of the Bath were confined to officers of field rank. Brevet promotions or Mentions in Despatches were largely confined to those who were under the notice of the commanders in the field. Other European countries had awards that did not discriminate against class or rank, France awarded the Légion dhonneur and The Netherlands gave the Order of William. There was a feeling among the public and in the Royal Court that a new award was needed to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with a mans lengthy or meritorious service. Queen Victoria issued a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that officially constituted the VC, the order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War. Queen Victoria had instructed the War Office to strike a new medal that would not recognise birth or class, the medal was meant to be a simple decoration that would be highly prized and eagerly sought after by those in the military services
40.
John Leslie Green
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At the outbreak of World War I he had not yet completed his medical studies, but was commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps. Green married Miss E M Moss on 1 January 1916, Green served as a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps, British Army, attached to 1/5th Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters. He saw action in the Battle of Loos, for most conspicuous devotion to duty. Captain Green then endeavoured to bring the wounded officer into safe cover and his Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum in Aldershot, England. Leslie Green has a named after him in Houghton, Cambridgeshire. He is listed on the Roll of Honour in the village church, Monuments to Courage The Register of the Victoria Cross VCs of the First World War - The Somme Buzzell, Nora. Monuments to Courage, Victoria Cross Monuments and Headstones, john Leslie Green at Find a Grave
41.
Andy Hamilton
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Andrew Neil Andy Hamilton is a British comedian, game show panellist, television director, comedy screenwriter, radio dramatist, and novelist. Hamilton was born in Fulham, southwest London, Hamilton first came to notice while performing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in the 1970s. In the mid-1970s he sustained himself by taking jobs at Harrods and his early radio work, mostly on BBC Radio 4 included Week Ending, The News Huddlines and The Million Pound Radio Show. He has since appeared regularly in Chelmsford 123, Have I Got News for You, The News Quiz, QI, Hamilton is frequently invited as a panellist on The News Quiz and as a guest panellist on Im Sorry I Havent a Clue. He is the voice of Dr Elephant, the dentist in the childrens show Peppa Pig and he was also the original voice of Bob Fish, who is also a dentist, in the cartoon Bob and Margaret. Hamilton is also voice of Captain Squid, the pirate in the childrens show Ben & Hollys Little Kingdom, since 1995, Hamilton has written and played the lead role of Satan in the Radio 4 sitcom Old Harrys Game. He toured with his UK stand-up show Hat of Doom in 2008, in 2009, Hamilton presented the BBC Four series Its Only a Theory with Reginald D. Hunter. Hamilton is 5 feet 3 inches tall and he has no thumb on his right hand. He is married to Libby Asher and lives in Wimbledon, south London, the couple have three children, Pip, Robbie and Isobel. co. uk
42.
Ray Lankester
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Sir Edwin Ray Lankester KCB FRS was a British zoologist. An invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist, he held chairs at University College London and he was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. Ray Lankester was born on 15 May 1847 on Burlington Street in London, the son of Edwin Lankester, a coroner and doctor-naturalist who helped abolish cholera in London, and his wife Phebe Pope. Ray Lankester was probably named after the naturalist John Ray, his father had just edited the memorials of John Ray for the Ray Society, in 1855 Ray went to boarding school at Leatherhead, and in 1858 to St Pauls School. Lankester achieved first-class honours in 1868 and his education was rounded off by study visits to Vienna, Leipzig and Jena, and he did some work at the Stazione Zoologica at Naples. He took the examination to become a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, Lankester therefore had a far better education than most English biologists of the previous generation, such as Huxley, Wallace and Bates. Even so, it could be argued that the influence of his father Edwin and his friends were just as important. Huxley was a friend of the family, and whilst still a child Ray met Hooker, Henfrey, Clifford, Gosse, Owen, Forbes, Carpenter, Lyell, Murchison, Henslow. He was a man with a large presence, of warm human sympathies. His interventions, responses and advocacies were often colourful and forceful, as befitted an admirer of Huxley, in his personal manner he was not so adept as Huxley, and he made enemies by his rudeness. This undoubtedly damaged and limited the second half of his career, Lankester appears, thinly disguised, in several novels. He is the model for Sir Roderick Dover in H. G. Wells Marriage, and in Robert Briffaults Europa and he died in London on 15 August 1929. A finely decorated memorial plaque to him can be seen at the Golders Green Crematorium, Hoop Lane, Lankester became a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, in 1873. He co-edited the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science which his father had founded, from 1869 until his death he edited this journal. He worked as one of Huxleys team at the new buildings in South Kensington and he was a founder in 1884 of the Marine Biological Association and served as its second President between 1890 and 1929. Influential as teacher and writer on biological theories, comparative anatomy, and evolution, Lankester studied the protozoa, mollusca and he was knighted in 1907, awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1913, and the Linnean Society of Londons Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908. At University College London Lankester taught W. F. R, Weldon, who went on to succeed him in the chair at UCL. Another interesting student was Alfred Gibbs Bourne, who went on to senior positions in biology
43.
Thandie Newton
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Melanie Thandiwe Thandie Newton is an English actress. She also currently portrays DCI Roz Huntley in Series 4 of the BBC One police procedural series Line of Duty, Newton was born in Westminster, London, England, the daughter of Nyasha, a Zimbabwean, and Nick Newton, an English laboratory technician and artist. Her birthplace has been reported to be Zambia in some biographies. The name Thandiwe means beloved in Ndebele, Zulu, Xhosa or siSwati, according to Newton, her mother is a Shona princess. Regarding her childhood, Newton remarked at a TED conference, From about the age of 5, I was aware that I didnt fit, I was the black, atheist kid in the all-white, Catholic school run by nuns. Newton was brought up in London and Penzance, Cornwall and studied dance at the Tring Park School for the Performing Arts, between 1992 and 1995, Newton attended Downing College, Cambridge, where she studied social anthropology. After the film Flirting, Newton played a house slave Yvette in the Brad Pitt/Tom Cruise film Interview with the Vampire. The film also starred Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover, Newton then starred as Nyah Hall, again opposite Cruise, in Mission, Impossible II. Her next role was in the low-budget film It Was an Accident, written by her husband, between 2003 and 2005, Newton played Makemba Kem Likasu, love interest and later wife of Dr. John Carter on the American television series ER. She reprised the role for the finale in 2009. In 2004, she appeared in The Chronicles of Riddick. Newton won a BAFTA award for Best Supporting Actress in 2006 for her role in Crash and she played Chris Gardners wife, Linda Gardner, in The Pursuit of Happyness. Also in 2006, Newton performed on radio in a version of Cinderella. In 2007, Newton co-starred with Eddie Murphy in the comedy Norbit as his love interest, Newton next portrayed U. S. National Security Advisor-turned Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in W. Oliver Stones film biography of President George W. Bush. The film was released 17 October 2008, Newton was an introducer at Wembley Stadium on 7 July 2007, for the UK leg of Live Earth. She was due to introduce Al Gore to the concert, but he was delayed, first Daughter Laura Wilson in 2012, a disaster film directed by Roland Emmerich and released 13 November 2009. In July 2011, Newton delivered a TED Talk on Embracing otherness and she discussed finding her otherness as a child growing up in two distinct cultures, and as an actress playing many different selves. In 2012, she starred alongside Tyler Perry in the drama film Good Deeds
44.
British Academy Film Awards
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The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
45.
Remi Fani-Kayode
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SAN, CON was a leading Nigerian politician, aristocrat, nationalist, statesman and lawyer. He was elected Deputy Premier of the Western Region of Nigeria in 1963 and he played a role in Nigerias legal history. Fani-Kayode hailed from a prominent and well educated Yoruba family who are of Ife stock from south-western Nigeria and his mother was Mrs. Aurora Kayode who was the daughter of the respected Rev. This was a school that was founded by Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther. In July 1958 he successfully moved the motion for Nigerias independence in the Federal House of Assembly and he argued that independence should take place on 2 April 1960. In 1959 there was a motion that was moved in the Nigerian Parliament asking for a slight amendment to the Fani-Kayode motion of July 1958. This motion of amendment was passed and approved by Parliament and it was acquiesced to by the British and he was called to The British Bar at Middle Temple in 1945 and he went on to be appointed Queens Counsel in 1960 and later Senior Advocate of Nigeria in 1977. The law firm was called Thomas, Williams and Kayode, in 1970 he established another law firm called Fani-Kayode and Sowemimo with his old friend and partner Chief Sobo Sowemimo, S. A. N. Chief Remilekun Fani-Kayode played a role in the struggle for Nigerias Independence. He was elected the leader of the Action Group youth wing in 1954 and he set up a youth wing for the party who wore black shirts and used the mosquito as their emblem to reflect their disdain for British colonial rule. He, alongside Chief Awolowo, S. O. Ighodaro, E. O. Eyo, Adeyemi Lawson and S. G. Ikoku, in July 1958 he successfully moved the motion for Nigerias independence in the Federal House of Assembly. In 1959 Remilekun Fani-Kayode resigned from the Action Group and joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, in 1960 he was elected the leader of the NCNC in the Western House of Assembly. In 1963 he was elected Deputy Premier of the old Western Region of Nigeria under Chief Samuel Akintola on the platform of the Nigerian National Democratic Party and he was also appointed Minister of Local Government Affairs for the Western Region in that same year. In the early hours of the morning of 15 January 1966, Major Kaduna Nzeogwu, the attempt, though ultimately unsuccessful, resulted in a lot of bloodshed and many senior members of the ruling party, the military and the government of the day were brutally killed. Early that morning the coupists, under the command of Captain Emmanuel Nwobosi, attacked and stormed the home of Chief Remi Fani-Kayode, the Deputy Premier of the Western Region. Fani-Kayode was brutalised by the mutineers in front of his family and in the presence of his son Femi Fani-Kayode. He was then whisked away by them to an unknown destination, after leaving Fani-Kayodes home the mutineers, with Fani-Kayode in their custody, went to the Ibadan home of Chief S. L. Akintola, who was Premier of the Western Region, stormed his house as well and they also wounded his grandson and daughter-in-law
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