1.
Latin language
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin language
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Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin language
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Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin language
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin language
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Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
2.
Preparatory school (UK)
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A preparatory school in the United Kingdom is a student selective, fee-paying independent primary school that caters primarily for children up to approximately the age of 13. They are also now used by parents in the hope of getting their child into a good state selective grammar school, boys prep schools are generally for 8- to 13-year-olds, who are prepared for the Common Entrance Examination, the key to entry into many secondary independent schools. Before the age of seven or eight, the term school is used. Girls private schools in England tend to follow the age ranges of state schools more closely than those of boys. Girls preparatory schools usually admit girls from the age of four or five, however, as more girls now go on to formerly single-sex boys schools that have become co-educational, the separation is less clear. There are 130,000 pupils in over 500 prep schools of all types and sizes, prep schools may be for boys or girls only, or may be co-educational. They may be day schools, boarding schools, weekly boarding, flexi-boarding, pre-prep schools are generally associated with prep schools, and take children from reception through to year two. Earlier provision is generally characterised as nursery or kindergarten and they are now found in all parts of the United Kingdom, and elsewhere. Incorporated Association of Preparatory Schools Independent Schools Council THE MAKING OF THEM - The British Attitude to Children and the Boarding School System
Preparatory school (UK)
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The Perse Preparatory School
3.
Church of England
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The Church of England is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It dates its establishment as a church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII sought to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, the English Reformation accelerated under Edward VIs regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles, Nicene, in the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants, in the 17th century, political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church, but this ended with the Restoration. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English, the church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo-Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality, the church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop, within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament, according to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian, three Romano-British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippos doctrine of original sin. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrews from Rome to evangelise the Angles and this event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, the Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, while some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian Church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain and this meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hildas double monastery of Streonshalh, later called Whitby Abbey
Church of England
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Hereford is one of the church's 43 cathedrals; many have histories stretching back centuries
Church of England
Church of England
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Stained glass window in
Rochester Cathedral, Kent
Church of England
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Richard Hooker (1554–1600), one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity
4.
Bardwell Road
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Bardwell Road is a road in North Oxford, England, off the Banbury Road. The road is the location of the Dragon School, a preparatory school. The second headmaster, Charles Cotterill Lynam, took a lease on land to the southeast of Bardwell Road in 1893. In 1894, Lynams Oxford Preparatory School was established on this site, £4,000 was quickly raised through subscriptions from local parents for the erection of new school buildings. The school moved from its previous location at 17 Crick Road within a year, the choice of its new location proved to be a wise one and the school has prospered as the Dragon School on this site to the present day. The Bardwell Road Centre, one of the two locations of St Clares International School, is to be here as well. Also off the road is the Cherwell Boathouse, down a lane at the junction with Chadlington Road next to the Dragon School playing fields, where punts can be rented for use on the River Cherwell. Northmoor Road, Charlbury Road lead off Bardwell Road and Chadlington Road is at the far end from the Banbury Road, houses on Bardwell Road were largely built during the 1890s. Architects included Harry Wilkinson Moore, Herbert Quinton, and Messrs Radclyffe and Watson
Bardwell Road
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The
Banbury Road end of Bardwell Road.
Bardwell Road
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School House at the
Dragon School, on Bardwell Road.
5.
Oxford
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Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire. With an estimated 2015 population of 168,270, it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom, the city is situated 57 miles from London,69 miles from Bristol,65 miles from both Southampton and Birmingham and 25 miles from Reading. The city is known worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford, buildings in Oxford demonstrate notable examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period. Oxford is known as the city of dreaming spires, a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold, Oxford has a broad economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a number of information technology and science-based businesses. Oxford was first settled in Saxon times and was known as Oxenaforda, meaning Ford of the Oxen. It began with the establishment of a crossing for oxen around AD900. In the 10th century, Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes, Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned to a governor, Robert DOyly, the castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. DOyly set up a community in the castle consisting of a chapel. The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of Britains oldest places of formal education and it was there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place and we have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation, a grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order, and friars of various orders all had houses of varying importance at Oxford. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century, the Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort, these documents are often regarded as Englands first written constitution. Richard I of England and John, King of England the sons of Henry II of England, were born at Beaumont Palace in Oxford, on 8 September 1157 and 24 December 1166 respectively. A plaque in Beaumont Street commemorates these events, the University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, what put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxfords earliest colleges were University College, Balliol and Merton and these colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers
Oxford
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From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum.
Oxford
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The
Radcliffe Camera, completed in 1748
Oxford
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Royal proclamation granting Lord Mayoralty to Oxford.
Oxford
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Photochrom of the High Street, 1890–1900
6.
Oxfordshire
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Oxfordshire is a county in South East England bordering on Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. The county has major education and tourist industries and is noted for the concentration of performance companies and facilities. Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms, the main centre of population is the city of Oxford. The highest point is White Horse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, oxfordshires county flower is the Snakes-head Fritillary. Historically the area has always had some importance, since it contains valuable agricultural land in the centre of the county, largely ignored by the Romans, it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford in the eighth century that the area grew in importance. Alfred the Great was born across the Thames in Wantage, Vale of White Horse, the University of Oxford was founded in 1096, though its collegiate structure did not develop until later on. The university in the county town of Oxford grew in importance during the Middle Ages, the area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century, generating much wealth, particularly in the western portions of the county in the Oxfordshire Cotswolds. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912, bringing industry to an otherwise agricultural county. The importance of agriculture as an employer has declined rapidly in the 20th century though, nonetheless, Oxfordshire remains a very agricultural county by land use, with a lower population than neighbouring Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, which are both smaller. The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, the army unit in the area, was based at Cowley Barracks on Bullingdon Green. Conversely, the Caversham area of Reading, now administratively in Berkshire, was part of Oxfordshire as was the parish of Stokenchurch. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Oxfordshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Oxfordshire has a comprehensive education system with 23 independent schools and 35 state secondary schools. Only eight schools do not have a form, these are mostly in South Oxfordshire. The county has two universities, the ancient University of Oxford and the modern Oxford Brookes University, both located in Oxford, in addition, Wroxton College, located in Banbury, is affiliated with Fairleigh Dickinson University of New Jersey. The dreaming spires of the buildings of the University of Oxford are among the reasons for Oxford being the sixth most visited city in the United Kingdom for international visitors. Among many notable University buildings are the Sheldonian Theatre, built 1664–68 to the design of Sir Christopher Wren, Blenheim Palace close to Woodstock was built by the great architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener Capability Brown, in the palace, which can also be visited by the public, Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874
Oxfordshire
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Oxfordshire County Council http://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk
Oxfordshire
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Flag
Oxfordshire
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Brasenose Lane in Oxford city centre, a street onto which three colleges back.
Oxfordshire
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The University of Oxford's Chemistry Research Laboratory.
7.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
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Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
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Flag
United Kingdom
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The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
9.
Department for Education
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The Department for Education is a department of Her Majestys Government responsible for child protection, education, apprenticeships and wider skills in England. The DfE is also responsible for women and equalities policy, the DfE was formed on 12 May 2010 by the incoming Cameron ministry, taking on the responsibilities and resources of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. In July 2016, the Department took over responsibilities for higher and further education and for apprenticeship from the dissolved Department for Business, Innovation, the Permanent Secretary is Jonathan Slater. DfE is responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, in 2015-16, the DfE has a budget of £58. 2bn, which includes £53. 6bn resource spending and £4. 6bn of capital investments. The EFA was formed on 1 April 2012 by bringing together the functions of two non-departmental public bodies, the Young Peoples Learning Agency and Partnerships for Schools and it was established on 1 April 2013, when the Teaching Agency merged with the National College for School Leadership. The Skills Funding Agency is responsible for funding skills training for further education in England, as well as running the National Apprenticeship Service, the SFA was formed on 1 April 2010, following the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. It shares a Chief Executive, Peter Lauener, and Chief Financial Officer with the Education Funding Agency, the Standards and Testing Agency is responsible for developing and delivering all statutory assessments for school pupils in England. It was formed on 1 October 2011 and took over the functions of the Qualifications, the STA is regulated by the examinations regulator, Ofqual. The DfE is also supported by 10 public bodies, Education, youth, following Michael Goves speech in 2012, the subject of Information Communication Technology has been disapplied and replaced by Computing. With the new curriculum, materials have been written by companies, to support non-specialist teachers. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a Network of Teaching Excellence to support schools with the new curriculum, deflecting European Union influence on national education policy-making, the case of the United Kingdom. Official website Official department YouTube channel Official Flickr presence
Department for Education
Department for Education
–
Department for Education
10.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
11.
Preparatory school (United Kingdom)
–
A preparatory school in the United Kingdom is a student selective, fee-paying independent primary school that caters primarily for children up to approximately the age of 13. They are also now used by parents in the hope of getting their child into a good state selective grammar school, boys prep schools are generally for 8- to 13-year-olds, who are prepared for the Common Entrance Examination, the key to entry into many secondary independent schools. Before the age of seven or eight, the term school is used. Girls private schools in England tend to follow the age ranges of state schools more closely than those of boys. Girls preparatory schools usually admit girls from the age of four or five, however, as more girls now go on to formerly single-sex boys schools that have become co-educational, the separation is less clear. There are 130,000 pupils in over 500 prep schools of all types and sizes, prep schools may be for boys or girls only, or may be co-educational. They may be day schools, boarding schools, weekly boarding, flexi-boarding, pre-prep schools are generally associated with prep schools, and take children from reception through to year two. Earlier provision is generally characterised as nursery or kindergarten and they are now found in all parts of the United Kingdom, and elsewhere. Incorporated Association of Preparatory Schools Independent Schools Council THE MAKING OF THEM - The British Attitude to Children and the Boarding School System
Preparatory school (United Kingdom)
–
The Perse Preparatory School
12.
Great Britain
–
Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
Great Britain
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Satellite image of Great Britain in April 2002
Great Britain
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Prima Europe tabula. A copy of
Ptolemy 's 2nd century map of Roman Britain
Great Britain
–
The
robin is popularly known as "Britain's favourite bird".
Great Britain
–
Heather growing wild in the
Highlands at
Dornoch.
13.
Boarding schools
–
A boarding school is a school at which most or all of the students live during the part of the year that they go to lessons. The word boarding is used in the sense of bed and board, i. e. lodging, some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution by day and return to their families in the evenings. Many independent schools are boarding schools, Boarding school pupils normally return home during the school holidays and often weekends, but in some cultures may spend most of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. In the United States, boarding schools comprise various grades, most commonly grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years, other schools are for younger children, grades two through eight. A military school, or military academy, also features military education, in the former Soviet Union schools were introduced, these sometimes are known as Internat-schools. Some schools were a type of specialized school with a focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports. Other schools were associated with orphanages after all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs, general schools offered extended stay programs featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work. In post-soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country, the term boarding school often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world are modeled on these. A typical boarding school has separate residential houses, either within the school grounds or in the surrounding area. Pupils generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds, they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times, depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options, full, weekly, or on a flexible schedule. Each may be assisted in the management of the house by a housekeeper often known as matron. In the U. S. boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm and they also have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older pupils are often unsupervised by staff, and a system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior pupils, houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. In others, separate houses accommodate needs of different years or classes, in some schools, day pupils are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. Each student has a timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion. Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the day to include sports, clubs and societies
Boarding schools
–
Boarding house of the
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney, Australia
Boarding schools
–
Anderson Hall at
Asheville School in
Asheville, North Carolina, is one of three residential halls at the co-ed college preparatory boarding school for students in grades 9 through 12. Founded in 1900, Asheville School has more than 75% of its students living on campus.
Boarding schools
–
Dormitory at
The Armidale School, Australia, 1898
Boarding schools
–
Schloss Torgelow, a renowned
Gymnasium boarding school in
Germany, that leads to the prestigious
Abitur exams.
14.
Eton College
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Eton College /iːtən/ is an English independent boarding school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor. It educates more than 1,300 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years and it was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor, making it the 18th oldest Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school. Eton is one of the seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows, who appoint the Head Master and it contains 25 boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, which numbers some 155. Almost all of the pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge. The Head Master is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron was the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, about 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, Eton has been described as the most famous public school in the world, and been referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The Good Schools Guide called the school the number one public school, adding that The teaching. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys, in the late 18th century, there were about 300, while today, the total has risen to over 1,300. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to Kings College, Cambridge. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster, when Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England, the school also came into possession of one of Englands Apocalypse manuscripts. Legend has it that Edwards mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the schools behalf and she was able to save a good part of the school, although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced. Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Etons first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, as the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors
Eton College
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16-17th century
coat of arms produced from the masonry of Eton College building.
Eton College
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Eton College
Eton College
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Eton College, Provost's Garden
Eton College
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Statue of the founder
Henry VI in School Yard
15.
Harrow School
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Harrow School /ˈhæroʊ/ is an independent boarding school for boys in Harrow, London, England. There is some evidence that there has been a school on the site since 1243, Harrow is one of the original nine public schools that were regulated by the Public Schools Act 1868. For the academic year 2016/17, Harrow charges boarders up to £12,450 per term, being the fourth most expensive boarding school in the Headmasters, the school has an enrolment of 805 boys spread across twelve boarding houses, all of whom board full-time. It remains one of four all-boys, full-boarding schools in Britain, harrows uniform includes straw hats, morning suits, top hats and canes. The school in its current form was founded in February 1572 under a Royal Charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I to John Lyon, a wealthy local farmer. In the original charter, six governors were named, including two members of the Gerard family of Flambards, and two members of the Page family of Wembley and Sudbury Court. It was only after the death of Lyons wife in 1608 that the construction of the first school building began and it was completed in 1615 and remains to this day, however it is now much larger. Lyon died in 1592, leaving his assets to two causes, the lesser was the School, and by far the greater beneficiary was the maintenance of a road to London,10 miles away. The school owned and maintained road for many years following Lyons death. At first the subject taught was Latin, and the only sport was archery. Both subjects were compulsory, archery was dropped in 1771, although most boys were taught for free, their tuition paid for by Lyons endowment, there were a number of fee-paying foreigners. It was their presence that amplified the need for boarding facilities, by 1701 for every local there were two foreign pupils, these generated funds for the School as fees increased. It is now known as The John Lyon School and is a prominent independent school and it maintains close links with Harrow. The majority of the boarding houses were constructed in Victorian times. The 20th century saw the innovation of a dining hall. Presently there are about 800 boys boarding at Harrow, according to a 2009 article, the school has expanded overseas, opening additional schools in Beijing, China, Shanghai, China, Bangkok, Thailand, and New Territories, Hong Kong. Boys at Harrow have two uniforms, the photograph was placed on the front cover of the News Chronicle the next morning under the tagline Every picture tells a story. The picture was reproduced in other national publications and became
Harrow School
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Old Schools
Harrow School
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Harrow School
Harrow School
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Harrow School has 24 tennis courts which include
acrylic,
hard and synthetic
lawn which belong to Harrow Lawn Tennis Club (HLTC)
Harrow School
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The original Old Schools, as they were in 1615
16.
Radley College
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Radley College /ˈrædli/ is a boys independent boarding school near Radley, Oxfordshire, England, founded in 1847. The school covers 800 acres including playing fields, a course, lake. It is one of four boys-only, boarding-only independent senior schools in the United Kingdom, for the academic year 2015/16, Radley charged boarders up to £11,475 per term, making it the 19th most expensive HMC boarding school. Radley was founded in 1847 by William Sewell and Robert Corbet Singleton, the first pupil was Samuel Reynolds who in 1897 wrote his reminiscences of the school. The school was housed in Radley Hall, now known as the Mansion. Later in the 18th century the estate passed to the Bowyer family, building work has continued throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, with two new Socials, a weights-room/gym, a theatre, and a Real Tennis court being completed since 2006. The grounds include a lake, golf course and woodland, the school was inspected by the independent schools Inspectorate in February 2008. The inspection report rated the schools standard of education as outstanding, there was a subsequent inspection by ISI in 2013. The school fields 21 rugby teams on most Saturdays of the Michaelmas term, Radley is widely recognised for its rowing reputation, having won events at Henley Royal Regatta on 6 occasions. Only Eton, Shrewsbury and St Edwards have won events at the Regatta. Some recent Old Radleians have progressed to play cricket for England or captain county level cricket teams, the cricket grounds have been described as arguably one of the best in the country while the sporting facilities have been described as world class. Sports such as fives, rackets, sailing, badminton and polo are all represented. A real tennis court opened in July 2008, which made Radley College the only school in the world to have fives, squash, badminton, tennis, racquets and real tennis courts all on campus. Foundation documents include the diary of Robert Corbet Singleton, co-founder and it is available on the web. It is a resource for the history of educational reform in the mid-19th century. There have been three official histories of the College, commissioned to celebrate the anniversary of the foundation, the centenary. ‘Sicut Columbae, fifty years of St Peters College, Radley. ’’ By T. D. Raikes, the sections on school sports are particularly valuable. A second edition was produced by Ernest Bryans in 1925 under an amended title Sicut Columbae, Basil Blackwell, for the Radleian Society, Oxford
Radley College
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Radley College
Radley College
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South front of Radley Hall – the "Mansion" – with part of the school's main corridor to the right.
Radley College
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West front and spire of the College Chapel.
Radley College
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Radley College Boat House on the Thames.
17.
Rugby School
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Rugby School is a day and boarding co-educational independent school in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. It is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain and its re-establishment by Thomas Arnold during his time as Headmaster, from 1828 to 1841, was seen as the forerunner of the Victorian Public School. It is one of the original seven English Public Schools defined by the Public Schools Act 1868, total enrolment of day pupils from forms 4 to 12 numbers around 800. Rugby School was the birthplace of Rugby football, in 1845, three Rugby School pupils produced the first written rules of the Rugby style of game. Rugby School was founded in 1567 as a provision in the will of Lawrence Sheriff, since Lawrence Sheriff lived in Rugby and the neighbouring Brownsover, the school was intended to be a free grammar school for the boys of those towns. Up to 1667, the school remained in comparative obscurity, a final decision was handed down in 1667, confirming the findings of a commission in favour of the trust, and henceforth the school maintained a steady growth. Floreat Rugbeia is the school song. Pupils beginning Rugby in the F Block study various subjects and this is continued through to D block. The school then provides standard A-levels in 29 subjects, students at this stage have the choice of taking 3 or four subjects and are also offered the opportunity to take an extended project. The Governing Body provides financial benefits with school fees to families unable to afford them, parents of pupils who are given a Scholarship are capable of obtaining a 10% fee deduction, although more than one scholarship can be awarded to one student. Rugby School claim they aim to give more than education with their new tagline being The Whole Person. The school has three magazines, The Meteor, The Boomer and Quod, the core of the school was completed in 1815 and is built around the Old Quad, with its Georgian architecture. Especially notable rooms are the Upper Bench, the Old Hall of School House, Thomas Hughes once carved his name onto the hands of the school clock, situated on a tower above the Old Quad. By the twentieth century Rugby expanded and new buildings were inspired by this Edwardian Era. The Temple Speech Room, named after former headmaster and Archbishop of Canterbury Frederick Temple and now used for assemblies, speech days, concerts, musicals –. Oak-panelled walls boast the portraits of alumni, including Neville Chamberlain holding his piece of paper. Between the wars, the Memorial Chapel, the Music Schools and she wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed, rugbys most famous headmaster was Thomas Arnold, appointed in 1828, he executed many reforms to the school curriculum and administration
Rugby School
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Rugby School from The Close, the playing field where according to legend the game of rugby was invented
Rugby School
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Rugby School
Rugby School
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The logo of Rugby School in an
ex libris
Rugby School
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William Webb Ellis plaque
18.
Marlborough College
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Marlborough College is an independent boarding and day school in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. Founded in 1843 for the sons of Church of England clergy, for the academic year 2015/16, Marlborough charges £9,610 per term for day pupils, making it the most expensive HMC day school in the UK. Fees for full boarders are up to £11,310 per term – the 28th most expensive HMC boarding school, the Good Schools Guide described Marlborough as a famous, designer label, co-ed boarding school still riding high. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, a sister school in Johore, Malaysia opened in 2012. Founded in 1843 for the education of the sons of Church of England clergy, currently there are just over 800 pupils, approximately one third of whom are female. New pupils are admitted at the ages of 13+ and 16, Marlborough was, in 1968, the first major British independent school to allow girls into the sixth form, setting a trend that many other schools followed subsequently. The school became fully co-educational in 1989, the school has also been pioneering in other fields, making a major contribution to the School Mathematics Project and initiating the teaching of Business Studies at A level. Fagging was officially abolished in the 1920s, and Marlborough was one of the first public schools to do so, however, unofficial fagging did persist beyond this change for some time. In 1963 a group of boys, led by the future political biographer Ben Pimlott, wrote a book, Marlborough, the writer and television critic T. C. Worsley wrote about predatory masters at the school in his acclaimed autobiography Flannelled Fool. She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying and they are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed. The college is built beside the Mound and this was used as the motte of a castle. No remains of the castle can be seen today, radiocarbon dating of core samples in the early 2010s indicated that the Mound dates from 2400 BC. This is close to the established for Silbury Hill. The main focus of the college is the Court and this is surrounded by buildings in a number of different styles. At the south end is the back of an early 18th-century mansion, next to it are the old stables, now converted into boarding houses. The west side consists of the 1959 red brick dining hall, the rest of the Court is surrounded by buildings in styles ranging from the Jacobethan to classical Georgian and Victorian prison. The latter, B house, was designed by the Victorian architect Edward Blore, whose works include the facade of Buckingham Palace
Marlborough College
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Marlborough College
Marlborough College
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A variety of buildings around Court.
Marlborough College
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The listed Science Labs
Marlborough College
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"Marlborough College". Caricature of George Charles Bell by
Spy published in
Vanity Fair in 1902.
19.
Canford School
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Canford School is a coeducational independent school for both day and boarding pupils aged 13 to 18. The school is situated in 300 acres of parkland near to the town of Wimborne Minster in Dorset. The school provides opportunities for a variety of sports and leisure activities. The school is as a Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school, referred to as a public school, Canford charges up to £11,171 per half. Canford is the 11th most expensive HMC day school and 19th most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK, the school is rated outstanding by Ofsted and is consistently ranked among the best co-educational independent schools nationally. In 2014, Canford was voted Public School of the Year, the school has an enrolment of 630 students spread across seven boarding and three day houses. Its alumni include foreign statesmen, former and current members of houses of the British Parliament as well as members of various royal families. Canford School count among their alumni high-ranking military officers, pioneers in industry, computing, of that early period, only the Norman church and 14th century refectory known as John O Gaunts Kitchen. The main building is later and was designed by Edward Blore. It is a Grade I listed building, in 1992, a lost Assyrian stone relief was rediscovered on the wall of the Grubber. The relief was sold by Christies at auction in 1994 for £7.7 million, by far the highest price that had been paid at the time for an antiquity. Although it is at first sight rather unlikely that such an item should be found on the wall of a school tuck shop. It had been back from the site of Nimrud in northern Mesopotamia by Sir Austen Henry Layard along with other antiquities which were displayed at Canford before it was a school. At that time, the now known as the Grubber had been used to display antiquities and was known as the Nineveh Porch. A dartboard was even hung in the Grubber close to where the frieze was displayed and it was John Russell of Columbia University who identified the frieze as an original, one of a set of three relief slabs taken from the throne room of Assyrian King Assurnasirpal II. The original relief is now part of the collection of the Miho Museum in Japan. She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying and they are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed. In March 2006, the school suffered an outbreak of Legionnaires disease though only two students were affected, in 1923, the school was founded when the manor was purchased from Lord Wimborne
Canford School
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Overhead view of Canford School
Canford School
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Assyrian frieze rediscovered at Canford School.
20.
North Oxford
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North Oxford is a suburban part of the city of Oxford in England. It was owned for many centuries largely by St Johns College, Oxford, the leafy roads of Woodstock Road to the west and Banbury Road to the east run north-south through the area, meeting at their southern ends to become St Giles Street. North Oxford is noted for its schools, especially its private schools and these include the Dragon School and Summer Fields, which are preparatory schools, and St Edwards School and the Oxford High School for Girls, which are secondary schools, as well as St. It includes Park Town, Norham Manor, and the parts of Walton Manor. Four of Oxford Universitys former womens colleges, Lady Margaret Hall, St Annes, St Hughs and Somerville are located in North Oxford. There are also four graduate colleges, Green Templeton College, St Antonys, to the south of the college is the Cherwell Boathouse, a popular punting spot. Further south, also bordering the Cherwell, are the University Parks, a large open area of ancient common land, Port Meadow, adjoining the River Isis is located to the west. Much of the area contains excellent examples of late 19th century Victorian Gothic architecture. There are Regency-style houses built in the century in the crescents of Park Town, initially in the middle of the countryside. Central North Oxford between the city centre and Summertown, has described as the most desirable suburb of Oxford. It is popularly supposed that it was developed for the dons of the University once they were allowed to marry. However central North Oxford in particular includes many houses which were then unaffordable by most dons. Today, many homes are occupied by rich London commuters, attracted by the good schools, a number of the larger houses are used by Oxford colleges and other educational establishments. At the northern extremity of North Oxford, which is approximately the line of the A40 are three suburbs, Sunnymead and Cutteslowe and Wolvercote to the west of Woodstock Road, beyond the bypass is the village of Kidlington. Wolvercote Cemetery contains the grave of J. R. R. Tolkien, Cutteslowe Park is a large open area just to the north of this bypass. North Oxford has attracted famous residents, such as the authors and academics J. R. R. Tolkien, Murdoch lived with her husband and fellow academic John Bayley, and the area was featured in the biographical film, Iris. T. E. Lawrence grew up in Polstead Road, North Oxford, and a constant sound of flushing runneth from windows whenceThe toothbrush too is airing in this new North Oxford air. Norham Manor Walton Manor Acland Hospital Cherwell Boathouse Oxford Ecohouse St Philip and St James Church Moreton Road Eleanor Chance, crossley, Alan, Elrington, C. R. eds
North Oxford
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Park Town, one of central North Oxford's earliest
Victorian suburban developments
North Oxford
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37 Banbury Road,
St Anne's College, a typical North Oxford
Gothic house.
North Oxford
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School House at the
Dragon School on
Bardwell Road.
North Oxford
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The former home of the author and academic
J. R. R. Tolkien, 20
Northmoor Road.
21.
Crick Road
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Crick Road is a road in North Oxford, England, an area characterised by large Victorian Gothic villas. At the western end is the Bradmore Road and at the end is Fyfield Road. To the north is Norham Road and to the south are Norham Gardens, houses in the road were first leased between 1876 and 1880. Architects include Willson Beasley, Frederick Codd, Galpin & Shirley, the houses are mostly in pairs, with Jacobean as well as more traditional North Oxford Gothic detailing. In 1879, the school that was to become known as the Dragon School moved from rooms at Balliol Hall in St Giles to 17 Crick Road, the headmaster was initially A. E. Clarke and from 1886 Charles Cotterill Lynam. The school expanded and moved in 1895 to its current location at Bardwell Road, in 1879, the historian and later Master of Balliol College, Oxford, Arthur Lionel Smith married Mary Smith. They first lived at 7 Crick Road until 1893 and they had had nine children together, six of whom were born at the house in Crick Road. The Haldane family lived at 11 Crick Road and the house is marked with a blue plaque, the family later moved to Cherwell at the end of Linton Road to the north, now the location of Wolfson College on the banks of the River Cherwell. The botanist and Mayor of Oxford, George Claridge Druce, moved to 9 Crick Road in 1909 and he named the house Yardley Lodge, after the village of Yardley Gobion where he lived in his youth. He died at his home and was buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford
Crick Road
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View east along Crick Road from the junction with
Bradmore Road
Crick Road
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The
blue plaque for the physiologist
J. S. Haldane, who lived at 11 Crick Road during 1891–9.
Crick Road
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The geneticist
J. B. S. Haldane FRS, the son of J. S. Haldane, who lived at 11 Crick Road.
22.
River Cherwell
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The River Cherwell is a major tributary of the River Thames in central England. It rises near Hellidon in Northamptonshire and flows south through Oxfordshire for 40 miles to meet the Thames at Oxford. It adds a significant discharge to the Thames—when entering Oxford, the Thamess discharge is 17.6 m³/s, the river gives its name to the Cherwell local government district and Cherwell, an Oxford student newspaper. The Cherwell is the northernmost tributary of the Thames and it rises in the ironstone hills at Hellidon, two miles west of Charwelton near Daventry. South of Charwelton, the River Cherwell passes between the villages of Hinton and Woodford Halse, two miles further on, the River Cherwell swings westward for a few miles, passing below the village of Chipping Warden through Edgcote, site of a Romano-British villa. The river passes from Northamptonshire into Oxfordshire at Hays Bridge on the A361 Daventry to Banbury road, in total the river drains an area of 943 square kilometres. Half-a-mile north of the village of Cropredy, the River Cherwell turns southward again, the Oxford Canal enters the river valley here and more or less follows the Cherwell on its route to Oxford until it reaches Thrupp near Kidlington. The canal was projected to connect the Coventry Canal to the River Thames, a few years earlier, Oxford merchants had proposed canalising the River Cherwell upstream from their city to Banbury. The River Cherwell skirts the east side of Cropredy itself and passes under Cropredy Bridge, the battle was a protracted encounter with riverside skirmishes concentrated along a three-mile stretch of the River Cherwell between Hays bridge and a ford at Slat Mill near Great Bourton. King Charless forces beat the Parliamentarian army, on Cropredy Bridge is a plaque bearing the words Site of the Battle of Cropredy Bridge 1644. The bridge was rebuilt in 1780 and this plaque is a facsimile of the original one, cropredys church contains relics from the battle, and local tradition holds that local people hid the churchs eagle lectern in the River Cherwell in case marauding soldiers damaged or stole it. South of Cropredy Bridge, the runs through fields used for the annual Cropredy Festival. It then passes the site of a water mill. A sufficient head of water to power the mill was created by a weir system, there may have been more rudimentary mill works upstream but this is the first major mill along the rivers course. After a few miles the River Cherwell passes under the M40 motorway and enters the industrial hinterland of Banbury, from here, a main line railway runs alongside on the west side. This line was built by the Great Western Railway and links London and Oxford with Birmingham, south of this point, the railway closely follows the Cherwell valley. The town of Banbury grew up alongside the River Cherwell, a Roman villa at nearby Wykham Park dates from around the year 250 but it was the Saxons who built the first settlement west of the River Cherwell. On the opposite bank is the Saxon settlement of Grimsbury, now absorbed into Banbury, Banbury Castle was built in 1135 on the west bank of the Cherwell commanding the river
River Cherwell
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River Cherwell as it joins the River Thames at Oxford
River Cherwell
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The River Cherwell near
Edgcote, Northamptonshire
River Cherwell
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View upstream as the River Cherwell (flowing under the bridge) is joined by the
Oxford Canal (coming from the right)
River Cherwell
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Punts on the river at Oxford
23.
Aung San Suu Kyi
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Aung San Suu Kyi is a Burmese politician, diplomat, and author who is the First and incumbent State Counsellor and Leader of the National League for Democracy. The youngest daughter of Aung San, Father of the Nation of modern-day Myanmar, after graduating from the University of Delhi in 1964 and the University of Oxford in 1968, she worked at the United Nations for three years. She married Michael Aris in 1972, and gave birth to two children, Aung San Suu Kyi rose to prominence in the 1988 Uprisings, and became the General Secretary of the newly formed National League for Democracy. In the 1990 elections, NLD won 81% of the seats in Parliament and she had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest for almost 15 of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010 and her party boycotted the 2010 elections, resulting in a decisive victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Aung San Suu Kyi became a Pyithu Hluttaw MP while her party won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the 2012 by-elections and she is an honorary citizen of many countries, including Canada, and was an honorary member of Nelson Mandelas Elders. The Burmese refer to her as Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Daw, literally meaning aunt, is not part of her name but is a Burmese honorific for any older and revered woman, akin to Madame. Burmese sometimes address her as Daw Suu or Amay Suu, Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, British Burma. According to Peter Popham, she was born in a village outside Rangoon called Hmway Saung. Her father, Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burmas independence from the British Empire in 1947 and she grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at the age of eight, when he drowned in a lake on the grounds of the house. Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen, after Aung San Lins death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Aung San Suu Kyi met people of various backgrounds, political views and religions. She was educated in Methodist English High School for much of her childhood in Burma and she speaks four languages, Burmese, English, French and Japanese. Suu Kyis mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a figure in the newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960 and she studied in the Convent of Jesus and Mary School in New Delhi, and graduated from Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi with a degree in politics in 1964. Suu Kyi continued her education at St Hughs College, Oxford, obtaining a B. A degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1967, graduating with a third and M. A degree in politics in 1968. After graduating, she lived in New York City with family friend Ma Than E and she worked at the United Nations for three years, primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr. Michael Aris. On 1 January 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi and Aris, the following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London, their second son, Kim, was born in 1977
Aung San Suu Kyi
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Daw Aung San Suu Kyi အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်
AC
Aung San Suu Kyi
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A family portrait, with Aung San Suu Kyi (in white) as a toddler, taken shortly before her father's assassination in 1947.
Aung San Suu Kyi
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A portrait of Khin Kyi and her family in 1948. Aung San Suu Kyi is seated on the floor.
Aung San Suu Kyi
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Aung San Suu Kyi at the age of 6
24.
Michael Aris
–
Michael Vaillancourt Aris was a British historian who wrote and lectured on Bhutanese, Tibetan and Himalayan culture and history. He was the husband of Aung San Suu Kyi, the current State Counsellor of Myanmar, Aris was born in Havana, Cuba. His mother, Josette Aris, was the Canadian Ambassadors daughter, Aris was an academic and lecturer in Asian history at St Johns College and later at St Antonys College, Oxford. In the last years before his death, he helped to establish a specialist Tibetan and Himalayan Studies centre at Oxford, in 1972, Aris married Aung San Suu Kyi, whom he had met while in college. They married in a Buddhist ceremony, after spending a year in Bhutan, they settled in North Oxford, where they raised their two sons, Alexander Aris and Kim Aris. During this time, he did postgraduate studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, in 1988, Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma at first to care for her mother but later to lead the countrys pro-democracy movement. St Johns College provided Aris with a leave of absence as a fellow on full stipend so that he could lobby for his wifes cause. In 1997, Aris was diagnosed prostate cancer which was later found to be terminal. The Burmese government would not grant him a visa to visit Burma, saying that they did not have the facilities to care for him, Aris died of prostate cancer on his 53rd birthday in 1999, in Oxford. After 1989, when his wife was first placed under house arrest, he had seen her only five times, freedom from Fear and Other Writings, Revised Edition by Aung San Suu Kyi, Václav Havel, Desmond M. Tutu, Michael Aris. Tibetan Studies in Honor of Hugh Richardson, edited by Michael Aris and Aung San Suu Kyi. Notes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridor, in, * Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson, pp. 9–20. Edited by Michael Aris and Aung San Suu Kyi, hidden Treasures and Secret Lives, A Study of Pemalingpa and the Sixth Dalai Lama. The Raven Crown, The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan, lamas, Princes, and Brigands, Joseph Rocks Photographs of the Tibetan Borderlands of China. Bhutan, the Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom, views of Medieval Bhutan, The Diary and Drawings of Samuel Davis 1783. High Peaks, Pure Earth, Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture by Hugh Richardson, ceremonies of the Lhasa Year by Hugh Richardson, Michael Aris. Sources for the history of Bhutan, arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien. Tibetan studies and resources in Oxford
Michael Aris
–
Michael Aris
25.
Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster
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Robert Temple Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, GCB, CVO, son of the musician Sir Thomas Armstrong, is a British Lord Temporal and former civil servant. He was educated at the Dragon School, Eton College, where he was a Kings Scholar, and Christ Church, Oxford, in a long civil service career, Armstrong worked in several departments, including HM Treasury and the Home Office. From 1970 to 1975 he served as the Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, from 1979 to 1987, he served as Secretary of the Cabinet under Margaret Thatcher. Armstrong was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1974, in the 1978 Birthday Honours he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and to Knight Grand Cross in the 1983 New Year Honours. He was created a peer as Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, of Ashill in the County of Somerset on 26 February 1988. From 1994 to 2006, Lord Armstrong was Chancellor of the University of Hull and he was chairman of the Sir Edward Heath Charitable Foundation until 2013. At the time Wright was a retired high-ranking member of MI5 and was about to publish his book in Australia, the evidence given by Armstrong was widely ridiculed by the British press for its absurd ambiguity and seemly deceptive nature. Wrights lawyer, Malcolm Turnbull, who is now Prime Minister of Australia, was successful in lifting the publication ban. Turnbull described Armstrong as being like Sir Humphrey Appleby from Yes, Minister and said f he is an honest man, then he appears rather like a well-educated mushroom. Armstrong was aware of Sir Peter Hayman’s paedophilia, and since leaving office, has commented “Clearly, I was aware of it at the time but I was not concerned with the personal aspect of it. ”. Armstrong gave Margaret Thatcher what he calls a warning not to sanction Jimmy Savile’s knighthood for charitable work. Armstrong was warned by the security services in 1986 that an MP had ‘a penchant for small boys’, but no action was taken and Armstrong, who refused to name the MP involved, insisted the allegations were just ‘shadows of a rumour’. He said he believed the decision not to investigate the claims was ‘correct at the time’. Armstrong has been portrayed by the actors in film and television productions. Timothy West in the 2004 BBC production of The Alan Clark Diaries. org Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou. com Profile at Westminster Parliamentary Record Profile at BBC News Democracy Live
Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster
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Sir Warren Fisher
26.
John Betjeman
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Sir John Betjeman, CBE was an English poet, writer, and broadcaster who described himself in Whos Who as a poet and hack. He was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1972 until his death and he was a founding member of the Victorian Society and a passionate defender of Victorian architecture. He began his career as a journalist and ended it as one of the most popular British Poets Laureate and his parents, Mabel and Ernest Betjemann, had a family firm at 34–42 Pentonville Road which manufactured the kind of ornamental household furniture and gadgets distinctive to Victorians. The family name was changed to the less German-looking Betjeman during the First World War, Betjeman was baptised at St Annes Church, Highgate Rise, a 19th-century church at the foot of Highgate West Hill. The family lived at Parliament Hill Mansions in the Lissenden Gardens private estate in Highgate in north London, in 1909, the Betjemanns moved half a mile north to more opulent Highgate. Betjemans early schooling was at the local Byron House and Highgate School, after this, he boarded at the Dragon School preparatory school in North Oxford and Marlborough College, a public school in Wiltshire. In his penultimate year, he joined the secret Society of Amici in which he was a contemporary of both Louis MacNeice and Graham Shepard and he founded The Heretick, a satirical magazine that lampooned Marlboroughs obsession with sport. While at school, his exposure to the works of Arthur Machen won him over to High Church Anglicanism, Betjeman entered the University of Oxford with difficulty, having failed the mathematics portion of the universitys matriculation exam, Responsions. He was, however, admitted as a commoner at Magdalen College and entered the newly created School of English Language, at Oxford, Betjeman made little use of the academic opportunities. His tutor, a young C. S. Lewis, regarded him as an idle prig and Betjeman in turn considered Lewis unfriendly, demanding, at Oxford he was a friend of Maurice Bowra, later to be Warden of Wadham. Betjeman had a poem published in Isis, the university magazine and his first book of poems was privately printed with the help of fellow student Edward James. Much of this period of his life is recorded in his verse autobiography Summoned by Bells published in 1960. In Hilary term 1928, Betjeman failed Divinity for the second time and he had to leave the university for the Trinity term to prepare for a retake of the exam, he was then allowed to return in October. Betjeman then wrote to the Secretary of the Tutorial Board at Magdalen, lee, asking to be entered for the Pass School, a set of examinations taken on rare occasions by undergraduates who are deemed unlikely to achieve an honours degree. Permission to sit the Pass School was granted, Betjeman famously decided to offer a paper in Welsh. Osbert Lancaster tells the story that a tutor came by train twice a week from Aberystwyth to teach Betjeman, however, Jesus College had a number of Welsh tutors who more probably would have taught him. Betjeman finally had to leave at the end of the Michaelmas term,1928, Betjeman did pass his Divinity examination on his third try but was sent down after failing the Pass School. He had achieved a result in only one of the three required papers
John Betjeman
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Betjeman in 1961
John Betjeman
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The John Betjeman Centre Memorabilia Room showing the office from his home in
Trebetherick
John Betjeman
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Betjeman's house on
Cloth Fair in the
City of London.
John Betjeman
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John Betjeman's grave
27.
Alain de Botton
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Alain de Botton, FRSL is a Swiss-born British author and vlogger. His books discuss various contemporary subjects and themes, emphasizing philosophys relevance to everyday life and he published Essays in Love, which went on to sell two million copies. Other bestsellers include How Proust Can Change Your Life, Status Anxiety and he co-founded The School of Life in 2008 and Living Architecture in 2009. In 2015, he was awarded The Fellowship of Schopenhauer, a writers award from the Melbourne Writers Festival. De Botton was born in Zurich, the son of Jacqueline and Gilbert de Botton, who was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and expelled under Nasser. Gilbert went to live and work in Switzerland, where he co-founded an investment firm, Global Asset Management, de Bottons Swiss-born mother was Ashkenazi, and his father was from a Sephardic Jewish family from the town of Boton in Castile and León. De Bottons ancestors include Abraham de Boton, de Bottons paternal grandmother was Yolande Harmer. He has one sister, Miel, and they received a secular upbringing, Alain spent the first twelve years of his life in Switzerland where he was brought up speaking French and German. He was sent to the Dragon School, a school in Oxford. He began studying for a PhD in French philosophy at Harvard University, in his first novel, Essays in Love, published in 1993, de Botton deals with the process of falling in and out of love. In 2010, Essays in Love was adapted to film by director Julian Kemp for the romantic comedy My Last Five Girlfriends, de Botton wrote a sequel to Essays in Love, published in 2016, titled The Course of Love. In 1997 he published his first non-fiction book, How Proust Can Change Your Life, based on the life and it was a bestseller in both the US and UK. This was followed by The Consolations of Philosophy in 2000, the book has been both praised and criticized for its therapeutic approach to philosophy. In The Architecture of Happiness, he discusses the nature of beauty in architecture and how it is related to the well-being and general contentment of the individual and he describes how architecture affects people every day, though people rarely pay particular attention to it. A good portion of the book discusses how human personality traits are reflected in architecture and he ends up defending Modernist architecture, and chastising the pseudo-vernacular architecture of housing, especially in the UK. The best modern architecture, he argues, doesnt hold a mirror up to nature and it gives voice to aspirations and suggests possibilities. The question isnt whether youd actually like to live in a Le Corbusier home, in The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work, de Botton produced a survey of ten different jobs, including accountancy, rocket science and biscuit manufacture. The book, a piece of narrative non-fiction, includes two hundred images and aims to unlock the beauty, interest and occasional horror of the modern world of work
Alain de Botton
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Alain de Botton
28.
Humphry Bowen
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Humphry John Moule Bowen was a British botanist and chemist. Bowen was born in Oxford, son of the chemist Edmund Bowen and he attended the Dragon School, gaining a scholarship to Rugby School and then a demyship to Magdalen College, Oxford. He won the Gibbs Prize in 1949 and completed a DPhil in chemistry at Oxford University in 1953 before starting his career as a chemist. Bowen was also a proficient amateur actor in his early years and his first post was with the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, working at the Wantage Research Laboratory, then in Berkshire. His early work started an interest in radioisotopes and trace elements that he maintained throughout his working life, while at AERE, he spent several months in 1956 attending the British nuclear tests at Maralinga in Australia to study the environmental effects of radiation. Bowen realized that the calibration of different instruments intended to trace elements was an important issue that needed addressing. His solution was to produce a supply of a material which later become known as Bowens Kale. This was probably the first successful example of such a standard, in 1964, he was appointed as a lecturer in the chemistry department at the University of Reading. Later he was promoted to Reader in Analytical Chemistry in 1974, at Reading, Bowen undertook consultancy for Dunlop, investigating potential uses for their products. When the Torrey Canyon oil disaster occurred in 1967, he realized that it might be possible to use foam booms to block the oil from spreading in the English Channel and his original experiments were conducted in a small bucket in his laboratory. Bowen wrote a number of books in the field of chemistry. From 1951 onwards, Bowen was a member of the Botanical Society of the British Isles. He was meetings secretary for a period and the recorder of plants for the counties of Berkshire and Dorset. He retired to Winterborne Kingston in Dorset at the end of his life and he was also one of the leading contributors of botanical data for the Flora of Oxfordshire. He acted as a botanical guide on tours around Europe. Humphry Bowen donated a collection of lichens from Berkshire and Oxfordshire to the Museum of Reading in the 1970s. Bowens son, Jonathan Bowen, a computer scientist, george Claridge Druce, the Victorian botanist who also wrote floras for more than one county. H. J. M. Bowen, Trace Elements in Biochemistry, H. J. M. Bowen, Properties of Solids and their Structures
Humphry Bowen
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Humphry Bowen in 1999
Humphry Bowen
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A jar of the botanical reference material
Bowen's Kale, in the collection of the
Museum of the History of Science,
University of Oxford,
England.
29.
Jonathan Bowen
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Jonathan P. Bowen FBCS FRSA is a British computer scientist. He is Chairman of Museophile Limited and an Emeritus Professor at London South Bank University, Bowen later worked at Imperial College, London, the Oxford University Computing Laboratory, the University of Reading, and London South Bank University. His early work was on formal methods in general, and later the Z notation in particular and he was Chair of the Z User Group from the early 1990s until 2011. In 2002, Bowen was elected Chair of the British Computer Society FACS Specialist Group on Formal Aspects of Computing Science, since 2005, Bowen has been an Associate Editor-in-Chief of the journal Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering. He is also an editor on the editorial board for the ACM Computing Surveys journal, covering software engineering. From 2008–9, he was an Associate at Praxis High Integrity Systems, Bowens other major interest is the area of online museums. In 1994, he founded the Virtual Library museums pages, an online directory that was soon adopted by the International Council of Museums. In the same year he started the Virtual Museum of Computing. In 2002, he founded Museophile Limited to help museums, especially online and he has also worked in industry at Oxford Instruments, Marconi Instruments, Logica, Silicon Graphics, and Altran Praxis. Bowen was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in 2002 and he is a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists in the City of London. Bowen, J. P. editor, Towards Verified Systems, elsevier Science, Real-Time Safety Critical Systems series, volume 2,1994. Hinchey, M. G. and Bowen, J. P. editors, prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science,1995. Bowen, J. P. Formal Specification and Documentation using Z, A Case Study Approach, International Thomson Computer Press, International Thomson Publishing,1996. Bowen, J. P. and Hinchey, M. G. editors, High-Integrity System Specification, Hinchey, M. G. and Bowen, J. P. editors, Industrial-Strength Formal Methods in Practice. Hierons, R. Bowen, J. P. and Harman, M. editors, Formal Methods and Testing. Börger, E. Butler, M. Bowen, J. P. and Boca, P. editors, Abstract State Machines, B and Z. Springer-Verlag, LNCS, Volume 5238,2008. Bowen, J. P. and Siddiqi, J. I. editors, Formal Methods, State of the Art, Bowen, J. P. Keene, S. and Ng, K. editors, Electronic Visualisation in Arts and Culture. Springer Series on Cultural Computing, Springer,2013, copeland, J. Bowen, J. P. Wilson, R. Sprevak, M. et al
Jonathan Bowen
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Jonathan P. Bowen
30.
Julian Brazier
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Sir Julian William Hendy Brazier TD is a British Conservative Party politician. He is the Member of Parliament for Canterbury and he was a shadow transport minister, and is a prominent member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship. He was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at Ministry of Defence in the reshuffle on 15 July 2014, following the government formation by Theresa May in July 2016, he stood down as Minister and returned to the backbenches. He was the president of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1973 and he also attended the London Business School in central London. Brazier joined the Territorial Army aged 19 in 1972 and served for 13 years and he was awarded the Territorial Decoration in 1993. Brazier contested the 1983 general election in Berwick-upon-Tweed, but was defeated by the Liberal MP Alan Beith by 8,215 votes and he contested the Conservative safe seat of Canterbury at the 1987 general election following the retirement of the sitting MP Sir David Crouch. He held the seat with a majority of 14,891 and he has remained as the MP for Canterbury since. Brazier became the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Treasury Gillian Shepherd and he remained Shepherds PPS after the 1992 general election in her new capacity as the Secretary of State for Employment, but he resigned in 1993 as a protest against defence cuts. He was awarded the Backbencher of the Year at the annual Spectator magazine awards in 1996, following the 1997 general election, he became a member of the Defence Select Committee. It was not until after the 2001 general election that Julian Brazier was given a job by Iain Duncan Smith, initially as an Opposition Whip in 2001, he became a spokesman on Work and Pensions in 2002. He was briefly Home Affairs spokesman in 2003, before being moved later in the year by the new Leader of the Opposition Michael Howard to be a spokesman on International Affairs, Brazier remained on the frontbench after the 2005 general election as a spokesman on Transport. Julian Brazier is a member of the Cornerstone Group of Conservative MPs and this group is considered to be on the right of the Conservative Party, and away from the more centrist direction of the leadership. As a practising Roman Catholic, Brazier has been a defender of socially conservative values. Brazier supported a bill put forth by Laurence Robertson in June 2005 that would almost entirely ban abortion, in 2008, he proposed a law that would allow parliament to ban films and games, even if the BBFC had approved them. Unlike many Cornerstone members, Brazier does not belong to Better Off Out, however, in the run up to the 2016 EU membership referendum, Julian Brazier came out in favour of leaving the EU. Because of his background, Brazier has a special interest in the armed forces and has long been an advocate of military issues in the House of Commons. He was also a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014, in May 2014 he was one of eight candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee. Although unsuccessful, he came third on the first round, and was eliminated after six rounds of voting
Julian Brazier
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Julian Brazier
TD MP
Julian Brazier
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Wellington College, Berkshire
