1.
Association of Tennis Professionals
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The Association of Tennis Professionals was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell, Bob Briner, Jack Kramer, and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players. Since 1990, the association has organized the worldwide tour for men. In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour, which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP, in 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour. It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments, the ATPs global headquarters are in London, United Kingdom. ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach, United States, ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco, and ATP International, the counterpart organization in the womens professional game is the Womens Tennis Association. Started in 1972 by Jack Kramer, Donald Dell, and Cliff Drysdale, it was first managed by Jack Kramer, as Executive Director, Jack Kramer created the professional players rankings system, which started the following year and continues to this day. From 1974 to 1989, the circuit was administered by a sub-committee called the Mens International Professional Tennis Council. It was made up of representatives of the International Tennis Federation, the ATP, the ATP requested and got the MIPTC to introduce a drug testing rule, making tennis the first professional sport to institute a drug-testing program. In response the ATP threatened a boycott, stating that if Pilić was not allowed to compete none should, three ATP players, Ilie Năstase, Roger Taylor and Ray Keldie defied the boycott and were fined by the ATPs disciplinary committee. But the tour was run by the tournament directors and the ITF. This re-organisation also ended a lawsuit with Volvo and Donald Dell, on 19 January 1989 the ATP published the Tour calendar for the inaugural 1990 season. By 1991, the men had their first television package to broadcast 19 tournaments to the world, coming on-line with their first website in 1995, was quickly followed by a multi-year agreement with Mercedes-Benz. Lawsuits in 2008, around virtually the same issues, resulted in a restructured tour, the ATP World Tour comprises ATP World Tour Masters 1000, ATP World Tour 500 series, ATP World Tour 250 series and ATP Challenger Tour. The ATP tour also oversees the ATP Champions Tour for seniors, Grand Slams do not fall under the auspices of the ATP. In these events, however, ranking points are awarded, players and doubles teams with the most ranking points play in the season-ending ATP World Tour Finals, which, from 2000-2008, was run jointly with the International Tennis Federation. The week-long introductory level Futures tournaments are ITF events and they count towards ATP Entry Ranking, the four-week ITF Satellite tournaments were discontinued in 2007. Grand Slam tournaments are overseen by the ITF and they count towards the players ATP rankings, the Masters 1000 tournaments are Indian Wells, Miami, Monte Carlo, Rome, Madrid, Toronto/Montreal, Cincinnati, Shanghai and Paris. The end-of-year event, the World Tour Finals, moved from Shanghai to London, Hamburg has been displaced by the new clay court event at Madrid, which is a new combined mens and womens tournament
2.
Women's Tennis Association
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The Womens Tennis Association, founded in 1973 by Billie Jean King, is the principal organizing body of womens professional tennis. It governs the WTA Tour which is the professional tennis tour for women. Its counterpart organization in the professional game is the Association of Tennis Professionals. Rosie Casals won this first event, the WTAs corporate headquarters is in St. Petersburg, Florida, with its European headquarters in London and its Asia-Pacific headquarters in Beijing. The Open Era, in professional players are allowed to compete alongside amateurs. The first open tournament was the British Hard Court Championships in Bournemouth, at the first Open Wimbledon the prize fund difference was 2.5,1 in favour of men. Billie Jean King won £750 for taking the title while Rod Laver won £2,000, the total purses of both competitions were £14,800 for men and £5,680 for women. Confusion also reigned as no one knew how many open tournaments there were supposed to be, the tournaments that did not want to provide prize money eventually faded out of the calendar, including the U. S. Eastern Grass Court circuit with stops at Merion Cricket Club and Essex county club, There were two professional tennis circuits in existence at the start of the Open Era, World Championship Tennis, which was for men only, and the National Tennis League. Ann Jones, Rosie Casals, Françoise Dürr, and Billie Jean King joined NTL, King was paid $40,000 a year, Jones was paid $25,000, and Casals and Durr were paid $20,000 each. The group played established tournaments such as the US Open and Wimbledon, but the group also organised their own tournaments, playing in the south of France for two months. By the 1970s the pay differential had increased, King said Promoters were making more money. Male tennis players were making more money, everybody was making more money except the women. In 1969, ratios of 5,1 in terms of pay between men and women were common at smaller tournaments, by 1970 these figures had increased to up to 12,1. In 1970 Margaret Court won the Grand Slam and received only a $15,000 bonus, the low point in womens pay inequality came before the US Open in 1970. The Pacific Southwest Championships directed by Jack Kramer, had announced a 12,1 ratio in the prize money difference between males and females would win. The tournament would not take place until after the US Open, several female players contacted Gladys Heldman, publisher of World Tennis Magazine, and stated that they wanted to boycott the event. While she advised against it, she created the 1970 Houston Womens Invitation for nine women players
3.
Dubai
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Dubai is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the countrys legislature. The city of Dubai is located on the northern coastline. Dubai will host World Expo 2020, Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East. It is also a transport hub for passengers and cargo. By the 1960s, Dubais economy was based on revenues from trade and, to an extent, oil exploration concessions. Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969, Dubais oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city, but its reserves are limited and production levels are low, today, less than 5% of the emirates revenue comes from oil. The emirates Western-style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism, aviation, real estate, Dubai was recently named the best destination for Muslim travellers by Salam Standard. Dubai has recently attracted attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events. The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the worlds tallest building, Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the citys largely South Asian and Filipino workforce. As of 2012, Dubai was the 22nd most expensive city in the world, in 2014, Dubais hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world, after Geneva. Dubai was rated as one of the best places to live in the Middle East by U. S. global consulting firm Mercer, Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word Dubai. One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq, another theory states that the name came from a word meaning money, as people from Dubai were commonly believed to be rich due to the thriving trading centre of the location. An Arabic proverb says Daba Dubai, meaning They came with a lot of money, according to Fedel Handhal, a scholar on the UAEs history and culture, the word Dubai may have come from the word daba, referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, an inhabitant or native of the city is a Dubaian. Although stone tools have been found at archaeological sites, little is known about the UAEs early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found. Many ancient towns in the area were trading centres between the Eastern and Western worlds, the remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp, dated at 7000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries
4.
Hardcourt
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A hardcourt is a surface or floor on which a sport is played, most usually in reference to tennis courts. They are typically made of materials such as asphalt or concrete. Historically, hardwood surfaces were also in use in indoor settings, similar to a basketball court. Tennis hard courts are made of synthetic/acrylic layers on top of a concrete or asphalt foundation and these courts tend to play medium-fast to fast because there is little energy absorption by the court, like in grass courts. The ball tends to bounce high and players are able to apply many types of spin during play, flat balls are favored on hard courts because of the extremely quick play style. Speed of rebound after tennis balls bounce on hard courts is determined by how much sand is in the synthetic/acrylic layer placed on top of the asphalt foundation, more sand will result in a slower bounce due to more friction. Of the Grand Slam tournaments, the US Open and Australian Open currently use hard courts, there are numerous hardcourt maintenance methods which are commonly used to keep these facilities in top condition. Some of these include brushing, pressure washing with a solution and applying chemical treatments to prevent the growth of moss. Anti-slip paint is applied to hardcourts to give better playing qualities which enhance player safety
5.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
6.
Roberto Bautista Agut
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Roberto Bautista Agut is a Spanish professional tennis player. He has won five ATP singles titles at the 2014 Topshelf Open, the 2014 Mercedes Cup, the 2016 ASB Classic, the inaugural 2016 Garanti Koza Sofia Open, and he is the first Spaniard younger than Rafael Nadal to get inside of the Top 20. As a junior, Bautista Agut compiled a singles record of 41–13. In 2009, Bautista Agut qualified for the ATP500 Tournament in Valencia and he reached his first ATP-level quarterfinal at St. Petersburg in 2012, losing to Fabio Fognini. Bautista Aguts first tournament of 2013, in Chennai, saw him reach his first career ATP final. He defeated world No.6 Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals in three sets and faced world No.9 Janko Tipsarević in the final, to whom he eventually lost after winning the first set. This run saw Bautista Agut reach a singles ranking of world No.51 in March 2013. Bautista Agut began his 2014 campaign in Auckland, where he made the semifinals of the Heineken Open and he lost to third seed, and eventual champion, John Isner after winning the first set. Agut then participated in the Australian Open, Roberto began his campaign with a first-round, straight-sets, victory over unseeded American Tim Smyczek. In the second round he would face a challenge against the world no.5 Juan Martín del Potro. He recorded one of the 2014 Australian Open upsets, beating del Potro in a classic five-setter to record his first win in seven matches against a top 10 player and his campaign ended two rounds later against Bulgarian Grigor Dimitrov, losing in four sets. This was the best Grand Slam performance, of his career to date, Aguts surprising performances earned him a call-up to Spain for their clash with Germany in the Davis Cup. Agut lost both of his rubbers to Philipp Kohlschreiber and Daniel Brands, Germany would go on to win the tie 4–1. In March, Agut participated in the first Masters 1000 event of the year, in the second round he would come up against fourth seed, and big serving Czech, Tomáš Berdych. Agut secured his second top 10 win of the year, winning in three sets after losing the first and his tournament ended in the fourth round with a defeat to Ernests Gulbis. In May, Roberto played in another Masters 1000 tournament which was the Madrid Open, Roberto made it all the way to the tournaments semifinals after beating former top-10 players, Grand Slam semifinalists and current in-form players en route to this stage. In the semifinal, Agut took on world No.1 Rafael Nadal, Nadal mentioned that Agut is a really dangerous opponent, and Agut certainly gave Rafa a run for his money. In the end, the world no.1 was the player in two sets
7.
Ukraine
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Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
8.
Elina Svitolina
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Elina Mykhaylivna Svitolina is a Ukrainian professional tennis player and the current Ukrainian no.1 on the WTA Tour. As of 27 February 2017, she is ranked at a high of world no. 10, making her the highest-ranked female Ukrainian player, turning professional in 2010, Svitolina has won six WTA titles, her biggest coming at the 2017 Dubai Tennis Championships. In 2015, she made her first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the French Open where she lost to Ivanovic, in February 2017, Svitolina became the first female Ukranian player to break into the Top 10. Elina Svitolina has said that she thinks of herself as an offensive baseliner and her groundstrokes are very consistent and are hit with moderate-to-big power. Her backhand is probably her stronger side, especially with her backhand down the line and her movement around the court is very good and she is capable of hitting very accurate shots on the run. Svitolinas serve is consistent but isnt exceptionally fast and she has recently been working on improving her serve and it is now starting to improve. Svitolinas weakness is probably her volleying at the net as she has known to struggle with this. However she has good reactions and can accelerate well across the court to deal with short balls, Svitolinas best achievement as a junior is winning the Roland Garros girls event in 2010, beating Tunisian Ons Jabeur in the final. She reached her first professional singles final at the ITF $25,000 tournament in Kharkiv in May 2010, Svitolina also reached the final of the girls singles event at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships where she lost to future Top 10 player Eugenie Bouchard. Svitolina qualified for the 2012 US Open and she was defeated in the first round by 12th seed and eventual quarter-finalist Ana Ivanovic of Serbia. Svitolina gained direct entry into the 2013 Australian Open, where she was defeated by fifth seed Angelique Kerber in the first round. She won her first WTA title in at the 2013 Baku Cup by beating Shahar Peer, in doing so, the victory also translated into a jump of 32 spots in the WTA Rankings, landing her at No.49 in the rankings of 29 July 2013. At the 2014 Australian Open, Svitolina defeated two-time Grand Slam champion and she went on to reach the third round, losing to Sloane Stephens in straight sets. She proceeded to reach her first quarterfinal at Premier 5 level, Svitolina began her 2015 season at the 2015 Brisbane International where she reached the semifinals before losing to eventual champion Maria Sharapova. At the Australian Open, Svitolina reached the round, and won the first set against world number one. She fell in the round in both Dubai and Doha, losing in tight three set matches to Petra Kvitová and Victoria Azarenka respectively. As the 23rd seed in Indian Wells, she defeated Alison Van Uytvanck and Lucie Šafářová, the following week in Miami, she defeated Bojana Jovanovski, before losing in the third round to the eighth seed Ekaterina Makarova
Roberto Bautista Agut
Elina Svitolina
Jean-Julien Rojer
Horia Tecău
Chan Hao-ching 
Yang Zhaoxuan
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