Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was an Italian state created in 1545 and located in northern Italy, in the current region of Emilia-Romagna.
Northern Italy in 1815.
The 16th-century city of Parma, at the early stages of the duchy.
Parma in the early 18th century.
Northern Italy is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy. The Italian National Institute of Statistics defines the region as encompassing the four northwestern regions of Piedmont, Aosta Valley, Liguria and Lombardy in addition to the four northeastern regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Emilia-Romagna.
Migration of the Lombards towards northern Italy
The defence of the Carroccio during the battle of Legnano (1176) by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)
San Michele Maggiore, Pavia, where almost all the kings of Italy were crowned up to Frederick Barbarossa
The Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy