1.
Duke University
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Duke University is an American private research university located in Durham, North Carolina. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the town of Trinity in 1838. In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment, at time the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father. Dukes campus spans over 8,600 acres on three campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort. The main campus—designed largely by architect Julian Abele—incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot Duke Chapel at the campus center, the first-year-populated East Campus contains Georgian-style architecture, while the main Gothic-style West Campus 1.5 miles away is adjacent to the Medical Center. Duke is the seventh-wealthiest private university in America with $11.4 billion in cash, Dukes research expenditures in the 2015 fiscal year were $1.037 billion, the seventh largest in the nation. In 2014, Thomson Reuters named 32 of Dukes professors to its list of Highly Cited Researchers, Duke also ranks fifth among national universities to have produced Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Goldwater, and Udall Scholars. Ten Nobel laureates and three Turing Award winners are affiliated with the university, Dukes sports teams compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference and the basketball team is renowned for having won five NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championships, most recently in 2015. Duke is consistently included among the best universities in the world by numerous university rankings, according to a Forbes study, Duke is ranked 11th among universities that have produced billionaires. Duke started in 1838 as Browns Schoolhouse, a subscription school founded in Randolph County in the present-day town of Trinity. Organized by the Union Institute Society, a group of Methodists and Quakers, the academy was renamed Normal College in 1851 and then Trinity College in 1859 because of support from the Methodist Church. Carr donated land in 1892 for the original Durham campus, which is now known as East Campus, in 1924 Washington Dukes son, James B. Duke, established The Duke Endowment with a $40 million trust fund, income from the fund was to be distributed to hospitals, orphanages, the Methodist Church, and four colleges. Duke thought the change would come off as self-serving. Money from the endowment allowed the University to grow quickly, Dukes original campus, East Campus, was rebuilt from 1925 to 1927 with Georgian-style buildings. By 1930, the majority of the Collegiate Gothic-style buildings on the one mile west were completed. In 1878, Trinity awarded A. B. degrees to three sisters—Mary, Persis, and Theresa Giles—who had studied both with private tutors and in classes with men. With the relocation of the college in 1892, the Board of Trustees voted to allow women to be formally admitted to classes as day students
2.
David F. Levi
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David F. Levi is a former U. S. jurist and current Dean of the Duke University School of Law. From 1990–2007, he was a Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California, at the time Levi left the bench, he was widely considered to be one of the top federal judges in the nation. He has been mentioned as a nominee to the Supreme Court. Levi was born in Chicago, Illinois and his father was Edward H. Levi, a former president of the University of Chicago and United States Attorney General under President Gerald R. Ford. He received his law degree in 1980 from the Stanford Law School, from 1980 to 1981 he served as clerk for Judge Ben C. Duniway of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and from 1981 to 1982 as clerk for Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, in 1983, he joined the U. S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of California as a prosecutor. In 1986 he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of California, in 1990 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush as a judge to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. He served as Chief Judge of the Eastern District of California from May 2003 –2007 and he resigned from the bench on June 30,2007. In 1994 Levi was appointed by Chief Justice William Rehnquist to the Advisory Committee on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and he was appointed Chair of the Civil Rules Committee in 2000. He was the first president and a founder of the Milton L, in 2005, Levi was elected to the Council of the American Law Institute. A member of the ALI since 1991, Judge Levi was an Adviser to its Federal Judicial Code Revision Project and he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007. He is coauthor of Federal Trial Objections, in 2010, he was named to the board of directors of Equal Justice Works. He is on the Rehnquist Centers National Board of Advisers and his brother, John G. Levi, introduced Barack and Michelle Obama. His cousin Daniel Meltzer is a former White House Counsel, list of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States David F. Levi, Career Profile Wall Street Journal, Law Blog Above the Law, Legal Tabloid
3.
Durham, North Carolina
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Durham is a city in the U. S. state of North Carolina. It is the county seat of Durham County, though portions also extend into Wake County in the east, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated the citys population to be 251,893 as of July 1,2014. Durham is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area and it is the home of Duke University and North Carolina Central University, and is also one of the vertices of the Research Triangle area. The Eno and the Occoneechi, related to the Sioux and the Shakori and they may have established a village named Adshusheer on the site. The Great Indian Trading Path has been traced through Durham, and Native Americans helped to mold the area by establishing settlements, in 1701, Durhams beauty was chronicled by the English explorer John Lawson, who called the area the flower of the Carolinas. During the mid-1700s, Scots, Irish, and English colonists settled on land granted to George Carteret by King Charles I, early settlers built gristmills, such as West Point, and worked the land. Prior to the American Revolution, frontiersmen in what is now Durham were involved in the Regulator movement, according to legend, Loyalist militia cut Cornwallis Road through this area in 1771 to quell the rebellion. Later, William Johnston, a shopkeeper and farmer, made Revolutionaries munitions, served in the Provincial Capital Congress in 1775. Large plantations, Hardscrabble, Cameron, and Leigh among them, were established in the antebellum period, by 1860, Stagville Plantation lay at the center of one of the largest plantation holdings in the South. There were free African-Americans in the area as well, including several who fought in the Revolutionary War and this road, eventually followed by US Route 70, was the major east-west route in North Carolina from colonial times until the construction of interstate highways. Steady population growth and an intersection with the road connecting Roxboro and Fayetteville made the area near this site suitable for a US Post Office, Durhams location is a result of the needs of the 19th century railroad industry. The wood-burning steam locomotives of the time had to frequently for wood and water. Eventually a railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849, sherman occupied the nearby state capital of Raleigh during the American Civil War. The last formidable Confederate Army in the South, commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston, was headquartered in Greensboro 50 miles to the west. After the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9,1865, fortunately for Durham, its future had nothing to do with 19th-century politics. As both armies passed through Durham, Hillsborough, and surrounding Piedmont communities, they confiscated the areas Brightleaf Tobacco, the community of Durham Station grew slowly before the Civil War, but expanded rapidly following the war. Much of this attributed to the establishment of a thriving tobacco industry. Veterans returned home after the war, with an interest in acquiring more of the tobacco they had sampled in North Carolina
4.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
5.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
6.
Law school
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A law school is an institution specializing in legal education, usually involved as part of a process for becoming a lawyer within a given jurisdiction. Nowadays the legal education consists in a 5-year-long course in which, afterwards, the practice of law is conditioned upon admission to the bar of a particular state or other territorial jurisdiction. Public attorneys, public prossecutors and magistrates admission is made, mainly, through an entrance examination and a constitutional mandatory three years of legal experience. The postgraduation, stricto sensu, consists in a, a) master´s degree, which is usually a two-year degree, and a b) doctorate´s degree, which can take up another four years. The typical law degree required to practice law in Canada is now the Juris Doctor, there is some scholarly content in the coursework. The programs consist of three years, and have content in their mandatory first year courses. Some schools, however, have not switched from LL. B. to the J. D. – one notable university that still awards the LL. B is McGill University. Given that the Canadian legal system includes both the French civil law and the Anglo-American common law, some law schools offer both an LL. B. or J. D. and a B. C. L. LL. L. or LL. B. degree, such as McGill University, University of Ottawa, in particular, McGill University Faculty of Law offers a combined civil law and common law program, which has been called transsystemic. At other faculties, if a person completes a common law degree and this is also true for civil law graduates who wish to complete a common law degree. Despite changes in designation, schools opting for the J. D. have not altered their curricula, neither the J. D. or LL. B. and the École du Barreau du Québec. In France, the education is a three tier system. The student may study for a LLB, then a LLM and, for those interested in Law theory, many French universities offers Law courses in department labelled as Research and Education Units and/or Faculties of Law or Law Schools. Law Degree in Indonesia consists of three tier systems, the first tier is the Degree of which carries the title of Sarjana Hukum/S. H. This can be obtained in 4–7 years after they enter Law School straight from Senior High School, the second tier varies depending on the legal specialties taken after the first tier. The general title for this tier is Magister Hukum / M. H, although it is also common to see other title for secondary tier such as Magister Kenotariatan / M. Kn. for Notarial professionals line of work. The second tier can be obtained normally in 1-2 year, the third tier in Indonesian Law Degree is Doctor / DR. To work in legal professions of choice in Indonesia, a Bachelor Law Degree is obligatory, graduates can pursue their career as Legal in-house counsel, Judge profession, Public Prosecutor, other legal-related work and Advocate
7.
History of Duke University
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The History of Duke University began when Browns Schoolhouse, a private subscription school in Randolph County, North Carolina, was founded in 1838. The school was renamed to Union Institute Academy in 1841, Normal College in 1851, in 1924, Washington Dukes son, James B. Duke, established The Duke Endowment, a $40 million trust fund, the president thus renamed the school Duke University, as a memorial to Washington Duke and his family. The state legislature granted a rechartering of the academy as Normal College in 1851, and this era was a time of important firsts. In 1871, Chi Phi was organized as the schools first student social organization, in 1878, Mary, Persis, and Theresa Giles became the first women to be awarded degrees. At that time, women were allowed only as day students, in 1881, Yao-ju Charlie Soong from Weichau, China, enrolled, becoming the schools first international student. In 1887, Yale-educated economist John Franklin Crowell became President of Trinity College, committed to the German university model which emphasized research over recitation, Crowell directed a major revision in the curriculum and convinced the trustees to move to a more urban location. In 1892, Trinity opened in Durham, largely due to the generosity of Washington Duke and Julian S. Carr, powerful, kilgo became president in 1894 and greatly increased the interest of the Duke family in Trinity. Washington Duke offered three gifts of $100,000 each for endowment, Trinity was the first white institution of higher education in the South to invite Booker T. Washington to speak. That same year, the first Native American student graduated from Trinity, in 1903, a controversy arose that would eventually lead to a significant event in the evolution of academic freedom in U. S. higher education. This series of events is known as the Bassett Affair, popular professor John Spencer Bassett published an article in the South Atlantic Quarterly entitled Stirring Up the Fires of Race Antipathy in October 1903. In the article, he spoke about improving relations and gave praise to numerous African Americans. Near the end of the article, he wrote. Booker T. Washington the greatest man, save General Lee and this led to an outpouring of anger from powerful Democratic party leaders as well as the media and public. Many demanded that Bassett be fired and encouraged parents to take their children out of the university, resulting from immense public pressure, Bassett offered his resignation if the Board of Trustees requested that he do so. The Board of Trustees then held a meeting to decide the fate of Bassett, in the end, they voted 18-7 not to accept the resignation citing academic freedom. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt commended Trinity and Bassetts courageous stand for freedom while speaking to the university. The mascot for Dukes athletic teams, the Blue Devil, has an interesting history, the team was then known as the Trinity Eleven, the Blue and White, or the Methodists. Because of the ambiguity, the student newspaper, the Trinity Chronicle launched a campaign to create a new mascot, nominations for a new team name included Catamounts, Grizzlies, Badgers, Dreadnaughts, and Captains
8.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
9.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
10.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
11.
Charlie Rose
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Charles Peete Charlie Rose, Jr. is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has hosted Charlie Rose, a show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. Rose has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since 2012, Rose also substitutes for CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley when Pelley is off or on assignment. Rose was born in Henderson, North Carolina, the child of Margaret and Charles Peete Rose. As a child, Rose lived above his parents store in Henderson, Rose admitted in a Fresh Dialogues interview that as a child, his insatiable curiosity was constantly getting him in trouble. Everett Jordan got him interested in politics, Rose graduated in 1964 with a Bachelors Degree in History. At Duke, Rose was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity, Rose earned a Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law in 1968. Rose met his wife, Mary, while attending Duke, after his wife was hired by the BBC, Rose handled some assignments for the BBC on a freelance basis. In 1972, while working at New York bank Bankers Trust, Roses break came in 1974, after Bill Moyers hired Rose as managing editor for the PBS series Bill Moyers International Report. In 1975, Moyers named Rose Executive Producer of Bill Moyers Journal, Rose soon began appearing on camera. A Conversation with Jimmy Carter that aired on Moyerss TV series U. S. A, people and Politics, won a 1976 Peabody Award. The Nightwatch broadcast of Roses interview with Charles Manson won an Emmy Award in 1987, on September 30,1991, Charlie Rose premiered on PBS station Thirteen/WNET and has been nationally syndicated on PBS since January 1993. In 1994, Rose moved the show to a studio owned by Bloomberg Television, Rose was a correspondent for 60 Minutes II from its inception in January 1999, until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes. Rose was a member of the Board of Directors of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation from 2003 to 2009, in May 2010, Charlie Rose delivered the commencement address at North Carolina State University. Rose has appeared as himself in the film Primary Colors, in a 2000 episode of The Simpsons, Rose and his show were parodied in the Wes Anderson film The Royal Tenenbaums. He appears as himself in the George Clooney-directed film The Ides of March, episodes of The Good Wife and Breaking Bad, Rose has attended several Bilderberg Group conference meetings, including meetings held in the United States in 2008, Spain in 2010, and Switzerland in 2011. Member of Council of Foreign Relations 2014, Rose received an honorary doctorate from the State University of New York at Oswego on October 16,2014, during the colleges annual Lewis B. ODonnell Media Summit, for his contributions in the broadcast, media, on May 8,2016, Rose also received an honorary degree from the University of the South
12.
Solicitor General of the United States
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The United States Solicitor General is the third-highest-ranking official in the U. S. Department of Justice. The United States Solicitor General is the appointed to represent the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States. The current Acting Solicitor General, Jeffrey Wall, took office on March 10,2017, the Solicitor General determines the legal position that the United States will take in the Supreme Court. In the federal courts of appeal, the Office of the Solicitor General reviews cases decided against the United States and determines whether the government will seek review in the Supreme Court. The Office of the Solicitor General also reviews cases decided against the United States in the district courts. The Solicitor General is assisted by four Deputy Solicitors General and seventeen Assistants to the Solicitor General, three of the deputies are career attorneys in the Department of Justice. The remaining deputy is known as the Principal Deputy, sometimes called the deputy and, like the Solicitor General. The current Principal Deputy is Jeffrey B, Wall, who succeeded Noel J. Francisco after Francisco was nominated to be Solicitor General in March 2017. The other deputies currently are Michael Dreeben, Edwin Kneedler, the Solicitor General or one of the deputies typically argues the most important cases in the Supreme Court. Cases not argued by the Solicitor General may be argued by one of the assistants or another government attorney, the Solicitors General tend to argue 6–9 cases per Supreme Court term, while deputies argue 4–5 cases and assistants each argue 2–3 cases. As the most frequent advocate before the Court, the Office of the Solicitor General generally argues dozens of each term. As a result, the Solicitor General tends to remain particularly comfortable during oral arguments that other advocates would find intimidating, other than the justices themselves, the Solicitor General is among the most influential and knowledgeable members of the legal community with regard to Supreme Court litigation. Five Solicitors General have later served on the Supreme Court, William Howard Taft, Stanley Forman Reed, Robert H. Jackson, Thurgood Marshall, some who have had other positions in the office of the Solicitor General have also later been appointed to the Supreme Court. Only one former Solicitor General has been nominated to the Supreme Court unsuccessfully, eight other Solicitors General have served on the United States Courts of Appeals. Within the Justice Department, the Solicitor General exerts significant influence on all appeals brought by the department, the Solicitor General is the only U. S. officer that is statutorily required to be learned in law. Whenever the DOJ wins at the stage and the losing party appeals. However, if the DOJ is the party at the trial stage. For example, should the tort division lose a jury trial in district court
13.
Whitewater controversy
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Little Rock U. S. Attorney Charles A. Banks and the FBI determined that the referral lacked merit, from 1992 to 1994, Lewis issued several additional referrals against the Clintons, and repeatedly called the U. S. Attorneys Office in Little Rock and the Justice Department regarding the case. Her referrals eventually became public knowledge, and she testified before the Senate Whitewater Committee in 1995, a U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project. Jim Guy Tucker, Bill Clintons successor as governor, was convicted of fraud, Susan McDougal served 18 months in prison for contempt of court for refusing to answer questions relating to Whitewater. Neither Bill Clinton nor Hillary were ever prosecuted, after three separate inquiries found insufficient evidence linking them with the conduct of others related to the land deal. The matter was handled by the Whitewater Independent Counsel, most known for being Kenneth Starr, the last of these conclusions came from the final Independent Counsel, Robert Ray, in 2000. Susan McDougal was granted a pardon by President Clinton before he left office, but Whitewater proper refers only to the matters stemming from the Whitewater Development Corporation and subsequent developments. Bill Clinton had known Arkansas businessman and political figure Jim McDougal since 1968 and it was around this time that Hillary Clinton also began trading cattle futures. The plan was to hold the property for a few years, the four borrowed $203,000 to buy land, and subsequently transferred ownership of the land to the newly created Whitewater Development Corporation, in which all four participants had equal shares. Susan McDougal chose the name Whitewater Estates and their sales pitch was, One weekend here, the business was incorporated on June 18,1979. By the time the Whitewater lots were surveyed and available for sale at the end of 1979, prospective buyers could no longer afford to buy vacation homes. Rather than take a loss on the venture, the four decided to build a model home, when Bill Clinton failed to win re-election in 1980, Jim McDougal lost his job as the governors economic aide and decided to go into banking. He acquired the Bank of Kingston in 1980 and the Woodruff Savings & Loan in 1982, renaming them the Madison Bank & Trust and the Madison Guaranty Savings & Loan, respectively. In spring 1985, McDougal held a fundraiser at Madison Guarantys office in Little Rock that paid off Clintons 1984 gubernatorial campaign debt of $50,000, McDougal raised $35,000, $12,000 of that was in Madison Guaranty cashiers checks. In 1985, Jim McDougal invested in a construction project called Castle Grande. The 1,000 acres, located south of Little Rock, were priced at about $1.75 million, according to current law, McDougal could borrow only $600,000 from his own savings and loan, Madison Guaranty. Therefore, McDougal involved others to raise the additional funds, among these was Seth Ward, an employee of the bank, who helped funnel the additional $1.15 million required. To avoid potential investigations, the money was moved back and forth among several other investors, Hillary Clinton, then an attorney at Rose Law Firm provided legal services to Castle Grande
14.
Independent Counsel
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The office was terminated in 1999 and replaced by the U. S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel. As the president could not dismiss those investigating the executive branch it was felt that the independence of the office would ensure impartiality of any reports presented to Congress, however, there have been many critics of this law including Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. Many argued the new Independent Counsels office was a sort of fourth branch of government that had virtually unlimited powers and was answerable to no one, however, the constitutionality of the new office was ultimately upheld in the 1988 Supreme Court case Morrison v. Olson. Relating in any way to the acceptance of gifts by him from organizations or individuals with business pending before the Department of Agriculture, the most famous Independent Counsel was Kenneth Starr, whose report led to the impeachment of President Bill Clinton. The Office of the Independent Counsel is not to be confused with the U. S and it should also not be confused with the independent counsel who is appointed by the Attorney General pursuant to United States Department of Justice regulations. 28 Code of Federal Regulations 600.1, finally, it should also not be confused with the appointment in 2003 of Patrick Fitzgerald regarding the investigation into the public naming of CIA spy Valerie Plame. This was done pursuant to the statutory authority of the Attorney General. Stein relating to Edwin Meese III,1984 Independent Counsel Whitney North Seymour, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1988–98 Independent Counsel Lawrence E. Espy acquitted at trial. Bua relating to allegations that officials of the United States Department of Justice during the Reagan Administration had acted improperly for personal gain to bankrupt Inslaw Inc. Bua was appointed by Attorney General William Barr to advise Barr on whether or not an independent prosecutor ought to be appointed to investigate the allegations
15.
Ken Starr
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Kenneth Winston Ken Starr is an American lawyer who has also been a federal judge and U. S. He is the former President and Chancellor of Baylor University, and he carried out a controversial investigation of members of the Clinton administration. Starr served as a federal Court of Appeals judge and as general for George H. W. Bush. He received the most publicity for his tenure as independent counsel while Bill Clinton was U. S. president, Starr was initially appointed to investigate the suicide death of deputy White House counsel Vince Foster and the Whitewater real estate investments of Bill Clinton. After several years of investigation, Starr filed the Starr Report, the allegation opened the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton and the five-year suspension of Clintons law license. Starr served as the president and chancellor of Baylor University in Waco, Texas, the Regents said he would continue as Chancellor, but on June 1, Starr told ESPN that he would resign that position effective immediately. On August 19,2016, Starr announced he will resign from his professor position at Baylor Law School. Ken Starr was born near Vernon, Texas, and was raised in Centerville and his father was a minister in the Churches of Christ who also worked as a barber. Starr attended Sam Houston High School in San Antonio and was a popular and he was voted most likely to succeed by his classmates. In 1970, Starr married Alice Mendell, who was raised Jewish and he later transferred to The George Washington University in Washington, D. C. where he received his bachelor of arts degree in history in 1968. During his time at The George Washington University, Starr was a member of Delta Phi Epsilon, Starr worked for the Southwestern Company. He later attended Brown University where he earned masters degree in 1969 and then went to Duke University School of Law, Starr was not drafted for military service during the Vietnam War, as he was classified 4‑F, because he has psoriasis. He joined the Washington, D. C. office of the Los Angeles–based law firm Gibson, Dunn, Starr was nominated for a judgeship on United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by President Ronald Reagan and served from 1983 to 1989. He was the United States Solicitor General from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush, when the Senate Ethics Committee needed someone to review Republican Senator Bob Packwoods diaries, the committee chose Starr. In 1990, Starr was the candidate for the U. S. Supreme Court nomination after William Brennans retirement. He encountered strong resistance from the Department of Justice leadership, which feared that Starr might not be reliably conservative as a Supreme Court justice, President George H. W. Bush nominated David Souter instead of Starr. Starr also considered running for the United States Senate from Virginia in 1994 against incumbent Chuck Robb, but opted against opposing Oliver North for the Republican nomination. In August 1994, pursuant to the newly reauthorized Ethics in Government Act, fiske, a moderate Republican who had been appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno
16.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
17.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and it is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data, the publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the first ranking was published in September 2010. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores, and its clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities. He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as embarrassing in The Australian, The sample was too small. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, the Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be arguably the most influential. The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories, Teaching, research, citations, international mix, the number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators. A draft of the methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, the overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data. The reputational component of the came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars statistically representative of global higher educations geographical, the magazines category for industry income – innovation came from a sole indicator, institutions research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff. The magazine stated that it used this data as proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer, the Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database. The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011, at the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five categories and will keep its fundamental foundations. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, however, a new international outlook – staff, students and research will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. One 2011–2012 indicator, the public research income, will be dropped
18.
LSAT
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The Law School Admission Test is a half-day standardized test administered four times each year at designated testing centers throughout the world. Administered by the Law School Admission Council for prospective law school candidates, the LSAT is designed to assess reading comprehension, logical, and verbal reasoning proficiencies. The test is an part of the law school admission process in the United States, Canada, the University of Melbourne, Australia. An applicant cannot take the LSAT more than three times within a two-year period, the test has existed in some form since 1948, when it was created to give law schools a standardized way to assess applicants aside from GPA. The current form of the exam has been used since 1991, the exam has six total sections, four scored multiple choice sections, an unscored experimental section, and an unscored writing section. Raw scores are converted to a score with a high of 180, a low of 120. When an applicant applies to a law school all scores from the past five years are reported, though, depending on the school, the 2016–2017 price to take the LSAT is US$180. The purpose of the LSAT is to aid in predicting student success in law school, researchers Balin, Fine, and Guinier performed research on the LSATs ability to predict law school grades at the University of Pennsylvania. They found that the LSAT could explain about 14% of the variance in first year grades, the goal was to find a test that would correlate with first year grades rather than bar passage rates. This led to an invitation of representatives from Harvard Law School and Yale Law School who ultimately accepted the invitation and began to draft the first administration of the LSAT exam. At a meeting on November 10,1947, with representatives of law schools extending beyond the original Columbia, Harvard, and Yale representatives, the first administration of the LSAT followed and occurred in 1948. LSAC administers the LSAT four times per year, June, September/October, December, the June examination marks the start of a new cycle of testing as most test-takers plan to apply for admission the following year. The September/October administration is typically the most popular with the February administration being the least popular, the number of LSATs administered fell more than 25% over a two-year period. The October 2012 administration reflected a 16. 4% drop in volume from its 2011 counterpart, LSAT numbers continued to drop over the next two cycles but to a lesser degree, with 13. 4% and 6. 2% drops, respectively, for the 2012–13 and 2013–14 cycles. February 2014 showed the first increase in test takers since June 2010, LSAT—India is a test conducted to test an aspirants reasoning and reading skills. LSAT—India is designed by the USA based Law School Admission Council and is conducted in India by Pearson VUE, on the basis of a students score in LSAT—India 2016, he/she can secure admission in law programmes offered in more than 70 colleges in India. The LSAT consists of five 35-minute multiple choice sections followed by a writing sample section. Modern tests have 99–102 scored items in total, the LSAT contains two logical reasoning sections, commonly known as arguments, designed to test the takers ability to dissect and analyze arguments
19.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
20.
Master of Laws
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The Master of Laws is a postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In some jurisdictions the Master of Laws is the professional degree for admission into legal practice. To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and countries, while in most common law countries a Bachelor of Laws is required, the U. S. and Canada generally require a professional doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law. The Juris Doctor is a doctorate and first professional graduate degree in law. The degree is earned by completing law school in the United States, Canada, Australia, the majority of individuals holding a J. D. must pass an examination in order to be licensed to practice law within their respective jurisdictions. If a person wishes to gain specialized knowledge through research in a area of law. The word legum is the plural form of the Latin word lex. When used in the plural, it signifies a body of laws, as opposed to the general collective concept embodied in the word jus, from which the words juris. The highest research degree in law is the S. J. D. and it is equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy in Law, Doctorat en Droit, or the Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften in Germany. There are also variant doctoral degrees, such as the D. C. L. degree bestowed by McGill University in Canada, most schools require an LL. M. before admission to a SJD or a PhD in law degree program. Like the PhD, the SJD degree generally requires a dissertation that is graded, orally defended, the Doctor of Laws degree in the United States of America is usually an honorary degree. Historically, the LL. M. degree is an element particular to the system of English speaking countries. Over the past years, however, specialized LL. M, Programs have been introduced in many European countries, even where the Bologna process has not yet been fully implemented. Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Cyprus, Italy and Switzerland require a Masters with a two to five years to become a lawyer. As of 2014, Spain requires a degree in addition to a 4 years degree to become a lawyer. In Finland, an LL. M. is the graduate degree required to practice law. To be allowed to practice law in the Netherlands, one needs an LL. M. degree with a course in litigation law. The Dutch Order of Lawyers require these courses for every potential candidate lawyer who wants to be written in the district court for three years
21.
Randolph County, North Carolina
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Randolph County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 141,752, Randolph County is included in the Greensboro-High Point, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area. In 2010, the center of population of North Carolina was located in Randolph County, some of the first settlers of what would become the county were English Quakers, who settled along the Haw, Deep, and Eno Rivers. The county was formed in 1779 from Guilford County and it was named for Peyton Randolph, first president of the Continental Congress. The Legislature of 1779, then sitting at Halifax, passed an act providing for the formation of a new county out of Guilford and Rowan, notice having been given, the citizens met accordingly on Monday, the 8th day of March,1779. Randolph County was the location of what became Duke University. The county is home to one of the last remaining covered bridges in the state, the Pisgah Covered Bridge, in Union Township, in the southwestern part of the county, was destroyed by a flood in 2003, but has been completely restored and is still standing. In 1911, a new county called Piedmont County was proposed, with High Point as its county seat, to be created from Guilford, Davidson, many people appeared at the Guilford County courthouse to oppose the plan, vowing to go to the state legislature to protest. The state legislature voted down the plan in February 1911, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 789 square miles, of which 783 square miles is land and 6.8 square miles is covered by water. Randolph County is located in the center of North Carolina, Randolph County is located in the Piedmont section of central North Carolina, a region of gently rolling hills and woodlands. However, the central and western parts of the county contain the Uwharrie Mountains and these two ranges are the remnants of a much-higher range of ancient peaks. Today, they rarely top 1,000 feet above sea level, yet due to the low terrain around them. The highest point in Randolph County is Shepherd Mountain, a peak in the Caraways, the North Carolina Zoo is located atop Purgatory Mountain, one of the peaks of the Uwharries. Guilford County - north Alamance County - northeast Chatham County - east Moore County - southeast Montgomery County - southwest Davidson County - west I‑73 I‑74 I‑85 I‑85 Bus, the population density was 166 people per square mile. The 54,422 housing units averaged 69 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 20% White,5. 63% Black or African American,0. 45% Native American,0. 64% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,3. 01% from other races, and 1. 06% from two or more races. About 6. 63% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race, as with much of North Carolina, the Latino population of Randolph County continued to grow into the 21st century. In 2005, figures placed the Latino population as 9. 3% of the countys total, about 22. 50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
22.
James Buchanan Duke
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James Buchanan Duke was a U. S. tobacco and electric power industrialist best known for the introduction of modern cigarette manufacture and marketing, and his involvement with Duke University. Washington Duke, had owned a company that his sons James Buchanan Duke. In 1885, James Buchanan Duke acquired a license to use the first automated cigarette making machine, in that year, Duke consolidated control of his four major competitors under one corporate entity, the American Tobacco Company, which was a monopoly in the American cigarette market. His robber baron business tactics directly led to the Black Patch Tobacco Wars in 1906-1908, after two years of intense competition in Great Britain, Imperial Tobacco took the fight to the U. S. market, forcing American Tobacco to look for a settlement. During this time, Duke was repeatedly sued by business partners and shareholders, in 1906, the American Tobacco Company was found guilty of antitrust violations, and was ordered to be split into four separate companies, American Tobacco Company, Liggett and Myers, R. J. In 1892, the Dukes opened their first textile firm in Durham, North Carolina, at the turn of the century, Buck Duke organized the American Development Company to acquire land and water rights on the Catawba River. Duke Power established a grid that supplied cities and towns in the Piedmont Region of North and South Carolina. Lake James, a reservoir in Western North Carolina, was created by the company in 1928. Buck Steam Station in Rowan County, North Carolina, built in 1926, is named for Duke. In 1911, the U. S. Supreme Court upheld an order breaking up the American Tobacco Companys monopoly, the company was then divided into several smaller enterprises, of which only the British-American Tobacco Company remained in Dukes control. Duke was married twice, first in 1904 to Lillian Fletcher McCredy and they divorced in 1906 and had no children. In 1907 he married the widow Nanaline Holt Inman, with whom he had his only child, Duke died in New York City on October 10,1925, and is interred with his father and brother in the Memorial Chapel on the campus of Duke University. He resided at the James Buchanan Duke House in Charlotte, North Carolina during the last five years of his life and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In December 1924, Duke established The Duke Endowment, $40 million trust fund, the University was renamed Duke University in honor of his father. Duke Library, the campus library at Furman University, is also named for him because of his philanthropic relationship with the university. On his death, he left half of his huge estate to The Duke Endowment. The remainder of Dukes estate, estimated at approximately $100 million, went to his daughter, Doris. Doris sued her mother for control of the Duke Farms estate and these gardens showcased her fathers extensive sculpture collection and were open to the public from 1964 until closed by her foundation trustees in May 2008
23.
Quadrangle (architecture)
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In architecture, a quadrangle is a space or courtyard, usually rectangular in plan, the sides of which are entirely or mainly occupied by parts of a large building. The word is probably most closely associated with college or university campus architecture, most quadrangles are open-air, while a few have been roofed over, to provide additional space for social meeting areas or coffee shops for students. The word quadrangle was originally synonymous with quadrilateral, but this usage is now relatively uncommon, some modern quadrangles resemble cloister gardens of medieval monasteries, called garths, which were usually square or rectangular, enclosed by covered arcades or cloisters. However, it is clear from the oldest examples which are plain and unadorned with arcades, grander quadrangles that look like cloisters came later, once the idea of a college was well established and benefactors or founders wished to create more monumental buildings. In North America, Thomas Jeffersons design for the University of Virginia centered the housing, later, some American college and university planners imitated the Jeffersonian plan, the Oxbridge idea, Beaux-Arts forms, and other models. The University of Chicagos Gothic campus is notable for its innovative use of quadrangles. All five barracks at The Citadel feature quadrangles with red-and-white squares, quadrangles are also found in traditional Kerala houses and is known as the Nadumittam
24.
Granite
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Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be white, pink, or gray in color. The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is a rock with at least 20% quartz. The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks, petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite, Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 •1019 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C, it is reduced in the presence of water. Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability, true granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite, when a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite, pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite, two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. A worldwide average of the composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age, it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs, granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as small, less than 100 km² stock masses
25.
Academic journal
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An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny and they are usually peer-reviewed or refereed. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, the term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields, this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Upon receipt of an article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by scholars of the editors choosing who typically remain anonymous. Though these reports are confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, even accepted articles are often subjected to further editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take several weeks to several months. Review articles, also called reviews of progress, are checks on the published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms, some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some journals are enumerative, listing all significant articles in a subject, others are selective. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field, some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions and they are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field. Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the books published by scholars, unlike articles. Journals typically have a book review editor determining which new books to review. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editors request for a book review, publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook, an academic journals prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline there are dominant journals that receive the largest number of submissions, yet, not only the largest journals are of excellent quality
26.
Erwin Chemerinsky
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Erwin Chemerinsky is an American lawyer and law professor. He is a prominent scholar in United States constitutional law and federal civil procedure and he is the current and founding dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Law, which began classes in the fall semester of 2009. A study of publications between 2009 and 2013 found Chemerinsky to be the second-most frequently cited American legal scholar, behind Cass Sunstein. Raised in a working-class Jewish family on Chicagos South Side, Chemerinsky attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools for high school and he earned a bachelors degree in communication from Northwestern University in 1975, where he competed as a debater. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he was a member of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau and he graduated cum laude in 1978. In 1995, Chemerinsky was a commentator on the O. J. Simpson trial on KCBS-TV, KNX, and CBS News. Chemerinsky has published six books, numerous articles, and a column on the United States Supreme Court carried by California Lawyer, the Los Angeles Daily Journal. Chemerinsky has also argued several cases before the United States Supreme Court, including Scheidler v. NOW, Tory v. Cochran, Van Orden v. Perry and Lockyer v. Andrade. Mr. Chemerinsky filed a lawsuit on January 24,2017, with other high-profile lawyers, in March 2011, The National Jurist, The Magazine for Law Students named Chemerinsky one of the 23 Law Profs to Take Before You Die. Chemerinsky is also one of the Guantanamo Bay attorneys, Chemerinsky supports gun control and disagreed with the decision in District of Columbia v. Heller. He thinks that if an individual right to bear arms exists. George Will specifically mentioned and responded to Chemerinskys argument in a column that ran four days later, Chemerinsky believes that Roe v. Wade was correctly decided. He says, Judicial activism is the label for the decision that people dont like and he also believes that gay marriage should be legal. Chemerinsky also represents a client held at the Guantanamo Bay detention center, Chemerinsky has defended freedom of speech from the hecklers veto. But you dont get the right to come in when Im talking, otherwise people can always silence a speaker by hecklers veto, and Babel results. After the interruptions, Oren completed his remarks and canceled the question-and-answer session, the students were arrested by University of California Irvine Police, which were on hand. However, Chemerinsky also publicly disagreed with the Orange County District Attorneys Offices decision to file charges against the students. In addition to teaching at the School of Law, Chemerinsky also teaches classes in Political Science
27.
Creative Commons
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Creative Commons is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public and these licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. An easy-to-understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual symbols, Creative Commons licenses do not replace copyright, but are based upon it. The result is an agile, low-overhead and low-cost copyright-management regime, Wikipedia uses one of these licenses. The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, the first article in a general interest publication about Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin, was published in February 2002. The first set of licenses was released in December 2002. In 2003 the Open Content Project, a 1998 precursor project by David A. Wiley, announced the Creative Commons as successor project, matthew Haughey and Aaron Swartz also played a role in the early stages of the project. As of January 2016 there were an estimated 1.1 billion works licensed under the various Creative Commons licenses, as of March 2015, Flickr alone hosts over 306 million Creative Commons licensed photos. Creative Commons is governed by a board of directors and their licenses have been embraced by many as a way for creators to take control of how they choose to share their copyrighted works. Beyond that, Creative Commons has provided institutional, practical and legal support for individuals and groups wishing to experiment, Creative Commons attempts to counter what Lawrence Lessig, founder of Creative Commons, considers to be a dominant and increasingly restrictive permission culture. Lessig describes this as a culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the powerful, as of 2017, they are Paul Keller, Jonathan Nightingale, Chris Thorne. As of 2015, there are more than 100 affiliates working in over 75 jurisdictions to support, Creative Commons Korea is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon, the major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was consequently founded as an incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been promoting the liberal. Since March 15,2012 he has been detained by the Syrian government in Damascus at Adra Prison, on October 17,2015 Creative Commons Board of Directors approved a resolution calling for Bassel Khartabil release. All current CC licenses require attribution, which can be inconvenient for works based on other works. Critics also worried that the lack of rewards for content producers will dissuade artists from publishing their work, Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig countered that copyright laws have not always offered the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that todays law provides
28.
Graduate School of Duke University
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The Graduate School of Duke University is one of ten graduate and professional schools that make up the university. The current dean of The Graduate School is Paula D. McClain, the Graduate School enrolls approximately 2,220 students. At Duke, the faculty consists of all members of the university faculty who have been so designated by their respective departments or schools. Since the early 1960s, the dean of the Graduate School has concurrently held the title of vice provost and this dual title is in recognition of the role played by the dean in reviewing academic departments and doctoral programs throughout the university. Official website Duke University Historical Notes, Dean William H. Glasson Directs Growth in Graduate Studies
29.
Duke Divinity School
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The Divinity School at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina is one of ten graduate or professional schools within Duke University. It is also one of thirteen seminaries founded and supported by the United Methodist Church and it has 39 full-time and 18 part-time faculty and over 500 full-time students. The current dean of The Divinity School is Elaine Heath, who assumed the deanship on July 1,2016, former deans include the prominent New Testament scholar Richard B. Hays who stepped down in 2015, and L. Gregory Jones. The Divinity School was founded in 1926 as the first graduate school at Duke, Duke, a tobacco magnate, in 1924. The Divinity School carries on from the founding of Trinity College at the site in 1859. Though the school is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, it is also ecumenical in outlook and has faculty and students from a variety of denominations. The Divinity School building was renovated and also expanded. The Hugh A. Westbrook Building, which opened in 2005, is 53,000 square feet and it also contains the 315-seat Bishop W. Kenneth Goodson Chapel with 55-foot -high ceilings, office space, a bookstore, cafe, outdoor patio, and a 177-seat lecture hall. This is thanks in part to the presence of Stanley Hauerwas, often considered one of the exponents of postliberal. Time Magazine named Hauerwas Americas Best Theologian in 2001, Duke Divinity also benefits from the resources of the Duke Endowment, providing an outlet for this funds support of higher education and the rural church in North Carolina. Resources from this endowment go towards student internships in rural North Carolina Methodist churches, further clergy development, Stanley Hauerwas, Gilbert T. Rowe Professor of Theological Ethics Richard B. Hays, Dean and George Washington Ivey Professor of New Testament Reinhard Hütter, Associate Professor of Theology L. Gregory Jones, andrew Purves - holds the Hugh Thomson Kerr Chair in Pastoral Theology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Mack B. Th. M,1964, Ph. D Graduate Studies in Religion 1967, manson Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis Emerita at Princeton Theological Seminary Official website Duke University The Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection
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Fuqua School of Business
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The Fuqua School of Business is the business school of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, United States. It currently enrolls more than 1,300 students in degree-seeking programs. D, additionally, Duke Executive Education offers non-degree business education and professional development programs. Fuqua is currently the 3rd ranked business school in the United States by Bloomberg BusinessWeek, formed in 1969, the Graduate School of Business Administration enrolled its first class of 20 students in 1970. In 1974, Thomas F. Keller, a 1953 Duke graduate, in three years, Kellers capital campaign raised $24 million, $10 million of which came from businessman and philanthropist J. B. Fuqua. The graduate schools name was changed to The Fuqua School of Business. J. B. Fuqua was raised by his grandparents on a farm in Prince Edward County. Fuqua began his relationship with Duke University when he borrowed books by mail from the Duke library, J. B. Fuquas cumulative giving to Duke was nearly $40 million at the time of his death on April 5,2006. In September 2008, Fuqua launched an initiative to establish offices in St. Petersburg, Russia, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Shanghai/Kunshan, China, New Delhi, India. Admission to the Fuqua School is highly competitive, for the Daytime MBA Class of 2018, 22% of 3,737 applicants were accepted to fill a class of 446, the average GMAT score was 695. Fuqua reports an 80% GMAT range of 640-750, with 40% international, the faculty was ranked No.1 in the US by BusinessWeek in 2010 and 2012. While working at Duke University, former Professor Robert E. Whaley developed the Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index, another notable faculty member is Dan Ariely, an Israeli-American professor of psychology and behavioral economics. The Duke MBA offers several joint degree programs in conjunction with other highly respected graduate and these programs allow students to earn two degrees in less time than if they pursued the two separately. The 2011 Forbes full-time MBA rankings indicated that Fuqua graduates achieved the 15th highest average salary following graduation for the class of 2013, for the graduating, full-time MBA Class of 2013, the top three hiring companies include, Deloitte, Microsoft, and Accenture. Research centers at The Fuqua School of Business further specific academic interests of the business school, Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship – The center promotes innovative and entrepreneurial approaches to improving social conditions through education and research. Center for Energy, Development and the Global Environment – EDGE pursues education, research, Fuqua School of Business spans several buildings. They include, Thomas F. Keller Center has several classrooms, wesley Alexander Magat Academic Center was built in 1999. The majority of faculty offices and smaller meeting rooms are located here, fox Student Center has a student lounge, dining facilities, student communications center, and additional office space. Breeden Hall was named in honor of Dean Douglas Breeden and his wife Josie and it was built in 2008 and holds classrooms and auditoriums, the Ford Library, team rooms, meeting space, and MBA admissions and operations offices
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Duke University School of Medicine
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The Duke University School of Medicine is Duke Universitys medical school operating under the auspices of the Duke University Medical Center. Established in 1925 by James B, Duke, Duke Med has earned its reputation as an integral part of one of the worlds foremost patient care and biomedical research institutions. Furthermore, the School of Medicine is especially noted for its groundbreaking biomedical research, Duke made a bequest to establish the Duke School of Medicine, Duke School of Nursing, and Duke Hospital, with the goal of improving health care in the Carolinas and nationwide. 3,000 applicants applied to the new school in 1929 and 70 first- and third-year students were selected, including four women. In 1935, just five years after it opened, Duke was ranked among the top 25 percent of schools in the country by the AAMC. In 1966, The Duke Medical Scientist Training Program, a joint degree program leading to both the MD and the PhD degrees, was founded, the $94.5 million, 616-bed Duke Hospital opened in 1980, bringing the total number of patient beds to more than 1000. Among its many breakthroughs and discoveries in medicine, the FDA approved lifesaving treatment for Pompe disease and that same year, Duke launched the university-wide Global Health Institute to promote education, research, and service in health care to underserved populations. According to US News and World Report, the Duke University School of Medicine consistently ranks in the top ten schools in the United States. Admission to Duke Med is highly competitive, with roughly 3. 5% of applicants accepted for the 2015 starting class, the 2015 matriculants had an average GPA of 3.82 and average MCAT of 36. These students consisted of 60 men and 55 women representing 31 states and 51 undergraduate institutions, Duke opened a medical school collaboration with the National University of Singapore. The Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School graduated their first class in 2011, the curriculum is similar in structure though the Duke-NUS campus focuses heavily on their team-based learning method called TeamLEAD. The Duke Global Health Institute works to reduce disparities in the local community. It brings together teams to solve complex health problems and to train the next generation of global health scholars. The institute works with faculty and students every school at Duke. The Trent Center for Bioethics, Humanities, and History of Medicine, the Center for Chemical Biology, sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center. The Duke Human Vaccine Institute is a national and international leader in the fight against the major infectious diseases, Duke Integrative Medicine is a pioneer in the attempt to examine and quantify the value of mind-body-spirit interventions for the treatment of chronic heart failure
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Nicholas School of the Environment
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The Nicholas School of the Environment is one of ten graduate and professional schools at Duke University and is headquartered on Duke’s main campus in Durham, N. C. A secondary coastal facility is maintained in Beaufort, North Carolina, the Nicholas School is composed of three research divisions, Earth and Ocean Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Policy and Marine Science and Conservation. The current dean of the Nicholas School is Jeffrey Vincent, the Nicholas School celebrates its creation date as 1991, but it represents a coming together of three entities that are almost as old as the university itself. Both formed in 1938, the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, following a $20 million gift from Peter M. and Ginny Nicholas in 1995, the school was named the Nicholas School of the Environment. In 1997, the Department of Geology joined the school as the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences and focuses on a number of areas at the intersection of earth and environmental sciences. It has been designed to meet or exceed the criteria for LEED Green Building platinum certification, Duke University’s Environment Hall Received LEED Platinum Certification on October 26,2015. The building sits in front of the A Wing of Levine Science Research Center its former home and that wing of the LSRC is currently undergoing renovations to house laboratories and student services oriented offices. The Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences occupies renovated laboratories in the Old Chemistry building on the West Campus with plans to relocate to new space in Environment Hall sometime in 2015, the division maintains facilities for geochemical analysis and climate modeling studies. The School also holds classes in the Old Chemistry building as well as in the Gross Chemistry Energy Hub on Duke’s main campus. The Duke University Marine Laboratory is home to the division of the school. The current Chair of the Marine Laboratory is Cindy Lee Van Dover, in addition, the Nicholas School uses the Duke Forest, established in 1931 and spanning 7,060 acres, for teaching and research purposes. As of 2012, the Nicholas School provides educational opportunities for students at the level, graduate professional level. Joint degree programs with Duke University School of Law, Fuqua School of Business, and Sanford School of Public Policy are also available to enrolled students at the Nicholas School
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Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering
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Dukes Pratt School of Engineering is one of two undergraduate schools at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, United States. The other is the Trinity College of Arts and Sciences and it is also one of ten graduate and professional schools at Duke. Pratt awards undergraduate degrees in engineering, civil and environmental engineering, electrical and computer engineering. A Master of Engineering Management degree and a Master of Engineering degree are also offered, the degrees of Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy are awarded by the Duke Graduate School for all four departments. As of the fall 2016 semester, Pratts student body consists of 1,234 undergraduates and 976 graduate students, in 2006, the Pratt Schools graduate program was ranked as the second best engineering graduate program in the country by The Princeton Review. Until 2007, Kristina M. Johnson was the dean of Pratt, after Johnson left to become the provost of Johns Hopkins University, Robert L. Clark became dean pending a national search for Johnsons replacement. Thomas Katsouleas of the University of Southern California was announced as dean in spring of 2008 and he became dean on August 1,2016. The precursor to the school of engineering dates back to 1851, at that time, engineering was included in a Classical course for seniors. A course in engineering was introduced in 1887, eventually becoming a regular course offering in 1903. At that time, engineering courses were limited to fields as architecture and surveying. Engineering then underwent a change becoming separate departments of civil. Seven years later, in 1931, an engineering department was created. Dukes Board of Trustees then decided to create the College of Engineering in 1939, the College of Engineering graduated its first class of women in 1946. The next year, the three departments moved from East Campus to their current location on West Campus, the college was then named the School of Engineering in 1966. Two years later, in 1968, the schools first black students graduated, the Duke University School of Engineering was renamed the Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. School of Engineering in 1999, in honor of Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. a 1947 graduate of the school, Hudson Hall is the oldest engineering building at Duke University, serving as the main hub for the School of Engineering. Constructed in 1948, Hudson Hall was renamed to honor Fitzgerald S. Jerry Hudson in 1992, the Nello L. Teer Library Building opened in 1984. The Fitzpatrick Center for Interdisciplinary Engineering, Medicine and Applied Sciences - often referred to as FCIEMAS - opened in August 2004, Research facilities focus on the fields of photonics, bioengineering, communications, and materials science and materials engineering
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Sanford School of Public Policy
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When the Schools current building on Dukes West Campus opened in 1994, the structure was named—and the Institute renamed—in honor of Sanford. The Sanford School offers bachelors, masters, and doctoral programs in Public Policy, a second building, named for principal benefactor David Rubenstein, opened in August 2005. The building houses several of the schools including the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy. Rubenstein Hall had its dedication, which included a speech by former U. S. Secretary of State Colin Powell on November 4,2005. The Institute officially became Dukes tenth school on July 1,2009, the current dean of the Sanford School is Kelly D. Brownell. Sanford offers a major in Public Policy Studies. The undergraduate program was slightly altered starting with the class of 2009, the department also recently instituted several pathways, or groups of classes focused on one aspect of public policy. One aspect of the program that is unique among Dukes undergraduate majors is the requirement of a public policy-related summer internship, the Institute also offers two undergraduate certificates, the Health Policy Certificate and the Policy Journalism and Media Studies Certificate. Sanford also runs a program at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. One notable aspect of the semester program is a four-day tour of London and its important cultural and political institutions. At the graduate level, the School currently offers Master of Public Policy, the program offers graduate level concentrations in three major areas, Global Policy, Social Policy, and Health Policy. The Ph. D program started in the fall of 2007, the following centers and programs are affiliated with the Institute and/or operated by the Institutes faculty and staff
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James Boyle (academic)
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He was one of the founding board members of Creative Commons, and formerly held the position of Chairman. Boyle graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1980 and subsequently studied at Harvard Law School and he joined Duke University School of Law in July 2000. He had previously taught at American University, Yale, Harvard, and he is the author of Shamans, Software and Spleens, Law and Construction of the Information Society as well as a novel published under a Creative Commons license, The Shakespeare Chronicles. It was also published under a non-commercial CC BY-NC-SA Creative Commons license, boyle also contributes a column to the Financial Times New Technology Policy Forum
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