1.
Springfield, Massachusetts
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Springfield is a city in western New England, and the seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Springfield sits on the bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers, the western Westfield River, the eastern Chicopee River, and the eastern Mill River. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 153,060. Metropolitan Springfield, as one of two areas in Massachusetts, had an estimated population of 698,903 as of 2009. The first Springfield in the New World, it is the largest city in Western New England, and the urban, economic and it is the third-largest city in Massachusetts and fourth-largest in New England after Boston, Worcester, and Providence. Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, lies 23.9 miles south of Springfield, bradley International Airport, which sits 12 miles south of Metro Center Springfield, is Hartford-Springfields airport. Springfield was founded in 1636 by English Puritan William Pynchon as Agawam Plantation under the administration of the Connecticut Colony, in 1641 it was renamed after Pynchons hometown of Springfield, Essex, England, following incidents that precipitated the settlement joining the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From 1777 until its closing during the Vietnam War, the Springfield Armory attracted skilled laborers to Springfield, arsenal at Springfield during Shays Rebellion of 1787 led directly to the formation of the U. S. Springfield is located at 42°6′45″N 72°32′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.2 square miles, of which 32.1 square miles is land and 1.1 square miles is water. Once nicknamed The City in a Forest, Springfield features over 4, aside from its rivers, Springfields 2nd most prominent topographical feature is the citys 735 acres Forest Park, designed by renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. Forest Park also borders Western Massachusetts most affluent town, Longmeadow, Springfield shares borders with other well-heeled suburbs such as East Longmeadow, Wilbraham, Ludlow and the de-industrializing city of Chicopee. The small cities of Agawam and West Springfield, Massachusetts lie less than a mile from Springfields Metro Center, across the Connecticut River. The City of Springfield also owns the Springfield Country Club, which is located in the city of West Springfield, Massachusetts. Springfield, like other cities in southern New England, has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold with a average in January of around 26 °F. During winter, noreaster storms can drop significant snowfalls on Springfield, Springfields summers are very warm and sometimes humid. During summer, several times per month, on hot days afternoon thunderstorms will develop when unstable warm air collides with approaching cold fronts, the daily average in July is around 74 °F. Usually several days during the summer exceed 90 °F, constituting a heat wave, Spring and fall temperatures are usually pleasant, with mild days and crisp, cool nights
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
4.
Charles Duryea
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Charles Edgar Duryea was the engineer of the first-ever working American gasoline-powered car and co-founder of Duryea Motor Wagon Company. It was in Springfield that Charles and his brother, Frank and he was born on December 15,1861 near Canton, Illinois to George Washington Duryea and Louisa Melvina Turner. Generally speaking, Charles engineered the automobiles, while Frank built, on September 20,1893, the Duryea Brothers road-tested the first-ever, working American gasoline-powered automobile in a portion of Springfield, Massachusetts that is now located in another town. The Duryeas motor wagon was a horse drawn buggy that the brothers had purchased for $70 and into which they had installed a 4 HP. The car had a transmission, spray carburetor and low tension ignition. Frank Duryea test drove it again on November 10 — this time in a prominent location, the next day it was reported by The Republican newspaper with great fanfare. This particular car was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until 1920 and he was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1973. On November 28,1895 in Chicago, their vehicle, driven by brother Frank, had won Americas first car race and it ran to Evanston, Illinois and back. The only other finisher was one of three Benz cars mostly made in Germany, after Frank won, demand grew for the Duryea Motor Wagon. For the history of the company and its cars, see Duryea Motor Wagon Company, Charles Duryea sought out investors and buyers while his brother, Frank Duryea, primarily handled the mechanical side of the business. A Duryea car was involved in the worlds first known auto accident, New York City motorist Henry Wells hit a bicyclist with his new Duryea. The rider suffered a leg, Wells spent a night in jail. Due to low production and extraordinarily pricey cars, e. g. in 1913, George Vanderbilt purchased and drove a Stevens-Duryea and his 1913 Duryea is Vanderbilts only original car kept at his Biltmore Estate. Charles Duryea died of an attack in Philadelphia on September 28,1938 and was buried in Ivy Hill Cemetery. The annual Duryea Hillclimb is named in his honor, elwood Haynes, also credited with first gasoline automobile Duryea, Charles, Homans, James E. The Automoble Book Sturgis & Walton, New York, at Open Library, Charles Duryea at Find a Grave
5.
J. Frank Duryea
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James Frank Duryea and his brother Charles invented the first gasoline-powered automobile in America. The brothers were born in Illinois, Charles in Canton, Illinois, in 1861 and Frank in Wyoming, Illinois, Charles moved to Washington, D. C. to work in the bicycle business. Frank followed closely on his heels in 1888, two more moves in as many years brought the Duryea brothers to Springfield, Massachusetts. Charles had already earned a reputation for design elements in his sylph bicycle, with a smaller wheel in front. Said one colleague, Charles, its a freak, the two brothers researched the internal combustion engine at the Springfield public library. Charles drew the designs and made the connection with their chief investor, Markham provided $1,000, which paid for space in an old machine shop, a collection of cast-off parts, including an old phaeton buggy, and Franks $3-a-day salary. Charles went back to Illinois to follow other pursuits, Frank worked ten hours a day to make Charless design a reality. Over the course of four tests, Frank changed those designs in significant ways. By trial-and-error, Frank worked out problems of ignition, carburetion and he devised a method of muffling the engines extreme noise with a wooden box. In January 1894 Frank made what he believed was his first successful road test, a total of three times Erwin Markham agreed to provide money, but when it came time to put the vehicle in production he backed out. 175 other investors stepped forward to buy $100 shares, Frank was awarded 160 shares, and Charles was given 320. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company was established in 1895. was incorporated in September 1895, on November 28,1895, Frank Duryea won the first motor-car race in the United States, a 54-mile loop along the lakeshore from Chicago to Evanston and back again. Duryea, who completed the race in 10 hours and 23 minutes, the world’s first motor race, the 1894 Paris–Rouen, had clearly demonstrated the merits of the Daimler gasoline motor and had generated a great deal of publicity for the horseless carriage. More than 80 people entered, most of whom were building their own cars at home, as a result, on the morning of November 28, six inches of snow covered the race-course. A horse-drawn snowplow inched along ineffectually, ten hours and 23 minutes after the race began, the Duryea wagon sputtered across the finish line, finishing first. It crossed the line an hour and a half after Duryea had—though Mueller himself. The Macy’s Benz was perhaps the most hapless racer of all, It collided with a streetcar on the way to Evanston and with a sleigh and then a hack on the way back, neither did the De La Vergne Benz. But the race had accomplished what Kohlstaadt had hoped it would, It introduced Americans to the motor-wagon and proved once and for all that the days of the horse, for his part, Frank Duryea returned to his shop in Massachusetts and got to work
6.
Duryea Motor Wagon
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The Duryea Motor Wagon was among the first standardized automobiles and among the first powered by gasoline. Fifteen examples were built by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company of Chicopee, Massachusetts and their enterprise followed the first commercially available automobile which was patented by Karl Benz on January 29,1886, and put into production in 1888. To construct the first Duryea Motor Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a 4 HP, the car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor, and low tension ignition. It was road-tested again on 10 November, when the newspaper The Springfield Republican made the announcement and this particular car was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until 1920 when it was rescued by Inglis M. Uppercu and presented to the United States National Museum. The Duryea Motor Wagon remained in production until 1917, the Duryea brothers entered their horseless carriage in many shows and races. The Duryea Motor Wagon carriage won the first prize in the first-ever American automobile race Times-Herald race, the Duryeas also won first and second place in the Cosmopolitan Race on Decoration Day,1896 in New York City. On November 14,1896 they joined the Procession/Race from London to Brighton England, Davidson-Duryea Gun Carriage The Duryea was used as the basis of the Davidson-Duryea car of 1898, which has the distinction of being the first American armored car. P. Davidson, of the Illinois National Guard, then commandant of the Northwestern Military and Naval Academy, Highland Park, the First Duryea The 1893 Duryea Automobile In the Museum of History and Technology at Project Gutenberg Duryea Motor Wagon Company List of automotive superlatives Quadricycle Wagon Horse and buggy
7.
Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
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Metro Center is the original colonial settlement of Springfield, Massachusetts, located beside a bend in the Connecticut River. As of 2011, Metro Center features a majority of Western Massachusetts most important cultural, business, Metro Center, founded in 1636 by William Pynchon and a group of pioneers, was originally called Agawam Plantation. Within less than a decade after its founding in 1636, differences arose between the leaders of Agawam and Newtown over how to treat the regions Native population and this difference of opinion led to Agawam annexing itself to Massachusetts in 1640. At that time, William Pynchon was named magistrate of the settlement, in early colonial days, Springfield was the dominant trading post on the Connecticut River. In 1675, during King Philips War, the Metacomet-led Attack on Springfield burned over 75% of Springfield, which was only Metro Center, including the saw and grist mills. Following King Philips War, thought was given to abandoning the settlement at Springfield, however, luckily, cooler heads prevailed, subsequently, Springfield developed neighborhoods other than Metro Center. In 1813, the green in the middle of Metro Center was officially named Court Square, the arrival of the railroad to Springfield in the 1830s brought great wealth to the city, again, due to its location. Goods from New York, Boston, Chicago, and even as far west as San Francisco travelled through Springfield on their ways to coastal distribution centers, Metro Center features the majority of Western Massachusetts most important cultural institutions. For example, it features the Springfield Armory National Park, which includes a museum featuring the worlds largest historic firearm collection, a block west of the Armory is the Quadrangle, which includes an extraordinary grouping of world-class and regional museums, each with a different focus. The Quadrangle features the George Walter Vincent Smith Museum, which is known worldwide for having the largest collection of Chinese cloisonné outside of China, the American Collection features works by Springfielder James McNeill Whistler. The Springfield Science Museum features the first-ever American planetarium Dinosaur Hall, Springfield Symphony Hall at Court Square features famously perfect acoustics, and frequent performances by the innovative Springfield Symphony Orchestra. It also features traveling performances of Broadway shows, also, close by, the Community Music School of Springfield, located at 127 State Street, features musical programs during the day and evenings. If you plan an excursion to City Stage, it is best to check ahead to see if whats showing meets your tastes, the area surrounding Stearns Square has been Springfield Club Quarter for over 120 years. As of 2011, Springfields Club Quarter continues to expand, now featuring over 70 clubs, bars, restaurants, an 1893 model Duryea stands in a small park outside of what is today Alumni Club at 90 Worthington Street, mere feet from the historically important Duryea shop. In Springfields Club Quarter, many different scenes co-mingle peaceably, including hip-hop, rock, LGBT, jazz, the restaurants and clubs by the Basketball Hall of Fame also feature live music Las Vegas-style shows and of course, several sports bars, such as Samuels and Maxs Tavern. A majority of its buildings were built in the late 1800s and early 1900s, giving it a Victorian look, however, Metro Center is cut off from the Connecticut Riverfront by Interstate 91, an 8-lane highway. Across Interstate 91 sits the Basketball Hall of Fame complex, Springfields largest tourist draw, during Springfields resurgence in the new millennium, prominent architects – like Moshe Safdie, who built the $57 million,2008 U. S. With energy prices rising, Springfields 1908 building height limit now seems like an idea that was far ahead of its time, ultimately, this renovation of the old Montrealer line will take passengers to Montreal, Canada
8.
Reading, Pennsylvania
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Reading, is the county seat of Berks County and with a population of 98,653 is the fifth-largest city in Pennsylvania. Located in southeastern Pennsylvania, it is the city of the Greater Reading Area. Reading Railroad is one of the four properties in the classic United States version of the Monopoly board game. Reading was one of the first localities where outlet shopping became a tourist industry and it has been known as The Pretzel City, because of numerous local pretzel bakeries. Currently, Bachman, Dieffenbach, Tom Sturgis, and Unique Pretzel bakeries call the Reading area home, according to the 2010 census, Reading has the highest share of citizens living in poverty in the nation. In recent years, the Reading area has become a destination for cyclists, with more than 125 miles of trails in five major preserves, it is an International Mountain Bicycling Association Ride Center and it annually hosts the Reading 120 international road cycling race. In April 2017, it was announced that an indoor velodrome, or cycling track, will be built in Reading as the first of its kind on the East Coast and it will also serve as the Cycling Leagues world headquarters. Lenni Lenape people, also known as Delaware Indians, were the inhabitants of the Reading area. The Colony of Pennsylvania was a 1680 land grant from King Charles II of England to William Penn, comprising more than 45,000 square miles, it was named for his father, Sir William Penn. In 1743, Richard and Thomas Penn mapped out the town of Reading with Conrad Weiser, taking its name from Reading, Berkshire, England, the town was established in 1748. Upon the creation of Berks County in 1752, Reading became the county seat, the region was settled by emigrants from southern and western Germany, who bought land from the Penns. The first Amish community in the New World was established in Greater Reading, the Pennsylvanian German dialect was spoken in the area well into the 1950s and later. During the French and Indian War, Reading was a base for a chain of forts along the Blue Mountain. By the time of the American Revolution, the iron industry had a total production which exceeded Englands. That output that would help supply George Washingtons troops with cannons, rifles, during the early period of the conflict, Reading was again a depot for military supply. Hessian prisoners from the Battle of Trenton were also detained here, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was the capital of the United States at the time of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793. President Washington traveled to Reading, and considered making it the national capital. Susanna Cox was tried and convicted for infanticide in Reading in 1809 and her case attracted tremendous sympathy,20,000 viewers came to view her hanging, swamping the 3,000 inhabitants
9.
Chicago Times-Herald race
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The Chicago Times-Herald race was the first automobile race held in the United States. Sponsored by the Chicago Times-Herald, the race was held in Chicago in 1895 between six cars and won by Charles Duryeas Motorized Wagon, the race created considerable publicity for the motocycle, which had been introduced in the United States only two years earlier. On July 10,1895 the Chicago Times-Herald announced a race to be held in the city, the promotion was an attempt to foster growth of the young auto industry in the United States and to boost newspaper sales. The first automobiles in the nation were produced two years earlier, and they were so new at the time that the papers editors could not easily agree upon a name for them. After considerable wrangling, the decided to call it a Moto-Cycle race. The original course of the race was to run from Chicago north to Milwaukee, the route was changed to be only 54 miles from Chicago to Evanston and back. The finish line was near what is now the Chicago Museum of Science, the race was intended to be held on November 2, but few cars had shown up, and the race was rescheduled. Eighty-three cars were entered into the race, but only six arrived for the actual competition. Many of the entrants did not have their cars completed on time, elwood Haynes car, which was a favorite to win the race, was damaged en route and unable to compete. Both Haynes and the driver of a Benz car, were stopped by police while driving their cars into the city and they were forced to requisition horses to pull the cars. As the police informed them, they had no right to drive their vehicles on the city streets. The situation caused the race to again be postponed while the Times-Herald editors convinced the city leaders to pass an ordinance to confirm the right of these vehicles to travel on city streets, once the ordinance passed, the race was held on November 28, Thanksgiving Day. The day was snowy and 38 °F, the roads muddy, the first car to arrive was a German made car by inventor Karl Benz. In total, three Benz cars ran in the race, the only other four-wheeled car to run in the race was Charles Duryeas motorized wagon. The two other vehicles that took part were two-wheeled automobiles, the motorcycles lacked the power to climb one of the courses grades. Another entrant was electric-powered, and its battery died because of the weather before getting very far. Just after starting, one Benz struck a horse, and was forced to leave the race, on the return trip the Duryea began to take the lead. The Duryea car took first place and the prize, completing the race after seven hours and fifty-three minutes
10.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
11.
Thanksgiving
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Thanksgiving Day is a national holiday celebrated in Canada, in the United States, in some of the Caribbean islands and in Liberia. It was originally celebrated as a day of giving thanks for the blessing of the harvest, similarly named festival holidays occur in Germany and Japan. Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday of October in Canada and on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States, although Thanksgiving has historical roots in religious and cultural traditions, it has long been celebrated as a secular holiday as well. Prayers of thanks and special thanksgiving ceremonies are common among almost all religions after harvests, the Thanksgiving holidays history in North America is rooted in English traditions dating from the Protestant Reformation. It also has aspects of a harvest festival, even though the harvest in New England occurs well before the date on which the modern Thanksgiving holiday is celebrated. Before 1536 there were 95 Church holidays, plus 52 Sundays, the 1536 reforms reduced the number of Church holidays to 27, but some Puritans wished to completely eliminate all Church holidays, including Christmas and Easter. The holidays were to be replaced by specially called Days of Fasting or Days of Thanksgiving, unexpected disasters or threats of judgement from on high called for Days of Fasting. Special blessings, viewed as coming from God, called for Days of Thanksgiving, for example, Days of Fasting were called on account of drought in 1611, floods in 1613, and plagues in 1604 and 1622. Days of Thanksgiving were called following the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588, an unusual annual Day of Thanksgiving began in 1606 following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and developed into Guy Fawkes Day on November 5. Some researchers state that there is no compelling narrative of the origins of the Canadian Thanksgiving day, the origins of Canadian Thanksgiving are also sometimes traced to the French settlers who came to New France in the 17th century, who celebrated their successful harvests. The French settlers in the area typically had feasts at the end of the harvest season and continued throughout the winter season, as settlers arrived in Nova Scotia from New England after 1700, late autumn Thanksgiving celebrations became commonplace. New immigrants into the country—such as the Irish, Scottish, most of the US aspects of Thanksgiving, were incorporated when United Empire Loyalists began to flee from the United States during the American Revolution and settled in Canada. The 1621 Plymouth feast and thanksgiving was prompted by a good harvest, Pilgrims and Puritans who began emigrating from England in the 1620s and 1630s carried the tradition of Days of Fasting and Days of Thanksgiving with them to New England. In the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God, now called Oktober Feesten, Leidens autumn thanksgiving celebration in 1617 was the occasion for sectarian disturbance that appears to have accelerated the pilgrims plans to emigrate to America. Later in Massachusetts, religious thanksgiving services were declared by civil leaders such as Governor Bradford, the practice of holding an annual harvest festival did not become a regular affair in New England until the late 1660s. Thanksgiving proclamations were made mostly by church leaders in New England up until 1682, during the revolutionary period, political influences affected the issuance of Thanksgiving proclamations. Various proclamations were made by governors, John Hancock, General George Washington. James Baker maintains, The American holidays true origin was the New England Calvinist Thanksgiving, never coupled with a Sabbath meeting, the Puritan observances were special days set aside during the week for thanksgiving and praise in response to Gods providence
12.
London to Brighton Veteran Car Run
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The London to Brighton Veteran Car Run is the longest-running motoring event in the world. The first run was in 1896, and it has taken place most years since its revival in 1927. To qualify, the cars must have built before 1905. It is also the worlds largest gathering of veteran cars –443 started in 2005,484 in 2009, compared to 37 starters in 1927,51 starters in 1930 and 131 in 1938. It takes place, currently, on the first Sunday in November and starts at sunrise from Hyde Park, London, there are two official stops along the way, Crawley and Preston Park. Preston Park is the finishing point, the cars then proceed to Madeira Drive on the seafront, also the venue for Brightons other big motoring event. The organisers emphasise that the event is not a race – they do not even publish the order in which cars finish, any that finish before 4,30 pm are awarded a medal. The first run took place on 14 November 1896, a wet Saturday, since 1878 the speed limit had been 4 mph in the country and 2 mph in the town and an escort had been required to walk 20 yards ahead of the vehicle. The 1865 act had required the escort to carry a red flag at a distance of 60 yards, the event started with a breakfast at the Charing Cross Hotel, which included the symbolic tearing in two by Lord Winchelsea of a red flag. A total of 33 motorists set off from London for the coast and 17 arrived in Brighton. The first of the set off from London at 10,30 am. Two Duryea cars participated in the run, marking the first appearance of American motor vehicles in Europe, the run was not staged again until 1927, and then annually run from 1927 until the onset of the Second World War. Owing to petrol rationing, the event was cancelled until 1947, with all this considered, it is the worlds longest running motoring event. Since 1930, the event has been controlled by the Royal Automobile Club, the 1953 comedy movie Genevieve is set during one of these runs. The 72nd anniversary run took place in 1968 and was joined by celebrity participants Prince Rainier and Princess Grace of Monaco and that year Stirling Moss also participated, driving a 1903 four-cylinder Mercedes. Some participants dress up in a late Victorian or Edwardian style of clothing, in 1971 Queen Elizabeth II was a passenger in a 1900 Daimler. A regular participant is Prince Michael of Kent, the event is intended to showcase low energy impact vehicles of various technologies – Electric, Hybrid and Low-Emission ICE. Participants compete to minimise energy consumption using road legal vehicles in real world conditions
13.
Stevens-Duryea
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Stevens-Duryea was an American manufacturer of automobiles in Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, between 1901 and 1915 and from 1919 to 1927. The company was founded after a falling-out between J. Frank Duryea and his brother Charles in 1898, in 1900 Frank went on to form Hampden Automobile and Launch Company where he developed a new automobile and looked for a manufacturer to produce it. J. Stevens Arms and Tool Company, who were about to enter the car business, entered into a partnership with Frank and took over the factory of steam car. Stevens-Duryeas first product was a two-cylinder,5 hp Runabout that sold for $1,200.00 in 1901, no production numbers are known for 1901 but the firm produced 61 cars in 1902 and 483 in 1903. By 1904 the runabout, a tube chassis 6 hp flat twin buggy runabout victoria, was called the Model L and it had a flat-mounted water-cooled straight twin, situated amidships of the car, four speed gearbox, wire wheels, full-elliptic springs, and tiller steering. Weighing 1300 lb, it sold at US$1300 and this would be imported to Britain by Joseph Baker, but would not succeed there, in the U. S. it would survive several years. It was joined in 1905 by the US$2500 Model R, an aluminum-bodied, five-seat,20 hp four with three-speed gearbox, the model line grew in 1906, adding a US$2400 runabout and a US$3300 limousine. There was also the new Big Six, with a huge 9.6 liter six-cylinder motor, seven-seater tulipwood body, in 1907, both the L and R were dropped, and Stevens-Duryea focused on sixes. The company still put four-cylinder engines in its 1908 Model X and 1909 Model XXX, after 1909, it made only six-cylinder engines. The shortage of skilled labor hampered the company, only some fifty units were sold in 1904, the 1915 Model D was the companys last new design, an 80 hp 472ci six. It was this year Frank Duryea sold out, production stopped in 1915 because of financial problems, several former employees bought the name and goodwill and in 1919 restarted production of the D as the Model E, at a stratospheric US$9500. A nicely preserved example of a 1914 Stevens-Duryea is on display at the Winery at the Biltmore Estate, george Vanderbilt had purchased a 1913 model, but traded it in for 1914 since the latter had electric rather than oil-burning headlamps. This did not improve the prospects, and it was purchased by Ray Owen in 1923 to produce gas and electric cars under the Rauch and Lang brand. A new model Stevens-Duryea was announced, the Model G, after only 28 cars were sold in 1924, manufacture of the Model G continued on an orders received basis until 1927. Stevens-Duryea, A Very Limited Company, in Ward, Ian, world of Automobiles, Volume 19, p. 2188-9. Frank Leslies Popular Monthly Restored 1913 Model C tourer
14.
Stevens Arms
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Stevens Arms was an American firearms manufacturer founded by Joshua Stevens in 1864 in Chicopee Falls, MA. The company introduced the.22 Long Rifle round and made a number of rifle, shotgun, by 1902 they were advertising themselves as the largest producers of sporting arms in the world. They were purchased by New England Westinghouse on 28 May 1915, as a division of Savage, Stevens continued to produce firearms at their Chicopee Falls facility until 1960 when the plant was torn down and Stevens production was moved into other Savage facilities. Savage dropped the Stevens name in 1991 but revived it in 1999 and still uses it today for a number of its low cost rifles and shotguns. Stevens Arms was founded by Joshua Stevens with help from backers W. B. Fay and James Taylor in Chicopee Falls, MA and their earliest product was a tip-up action single shot pistol. Business was slow into 1870, when Stevens occupied a converted grist mill and had just sixty employees, the 1873 Panic had a further negative impact on sales. By 1876 the company had recovered to the extent that it was then manufacturing twice the number of shotguns as it had prior to that year. In 1883 they purchased the Massachusetts Arms Company which Joshua Stevens had helped found in 1850, in 1886, the company was reorganized and incorporated as J. Stevens Arms & Tool Co. The business was able to grow steadily with tool manufacturing and sales now accounting for the bulk of the business output, Stevens and Taylor were bought out in 1896 by I. H. Page, who was one of the new partners and the bookkeeper, page led the company to significant growth, such that by 1902 Stevens had 900 employees and was considered one of the top sporting firearms manufacturers in the world. In 1901, Stevens entered into a partnership with J. Frank Duryea to produce the Stevens-Duryea automobile manufactured at a facility also in Chicopee Falls. In 1915, Stevens led the U. S. arms business in target, on 28 May 1915 Stevens was purchased by New England Westinghouse, a division of Westinghouse Electric. New England Westinghouse was created specifically to fulfill a contract to produce 1.8 million Mosin-Nagant rifles for Czar Nicholas II of Russia for use in World War I and they needed a firearms manufacturing facility in order to accomplish this and chose Stevens. After the purchase they sold off the tool making division, halted production of Stevens-Duryea automobiles, when the Czar was deposed by the communists in 1917, New England Westinghouse was never paid and they fell into financial distress. Stevens was purchased by the Savage Arms Company on 1 April 1920 with Stevens operating as a subsidiary of Savage and this merger made Savage the largest producer of arms in the United States at the time. After World War II they were renamed as Stevens Arms and sometimes identified as Savage-Stevens after 1948, in 1960 Savage closed the Stevens Arms facilities in Chicopee Falls and moved Stevens production to various Savage manufacturing sites. The. 22LR cartridge was available beginning in 1888, in the #1, #2, #9, and #10 break-top rifles, as several manufacturers would later do with other wildcats, Stevens adopted the. 25-20, developed by Francis J. Rabbeth in 1882. The unpopularity of the case led Stevens to develop the. 25-21 in 1897
15.
Hairpin turn
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The hairpin turns are commonly seen in mountaineous area, and often appear continuously. Such turns in ramps and trails may be called switchbacks in American English, in British English switchback is more likely to refer to a heavily undulating road—a use extended from the rollercoaster and the other type of switchback railway. Hairpin turns are often built when a route climbs up or down a slope, so that it can travel mostly across the slope with only moderate steepness. Highways of this style are generally less costly to build. On occasion, the road may loop completely, using a tunnel or bridge to cross itself at a different elevation, when this routing geometry is used for a rail line, it is called a spiral, or spiral loop. In trail building, an alternative to switchbacks is the stairway, the Geiranger road from Geirangerfjord to the mountain pass won the gold medal on the world exhibition, Paris 1900, the original design included a 270° spiral. Norwegian National Road 7 through Måbødalen has a spiral partly within tunnels, the road from Frangokastello to Kallikratis in Crete has 27 tight bends. Due to mountainous profile of the country are many streets in Greece having tight bends. US441 through Great Smoky Mountains National Park on the Tennessee/North Carolina border, US40 over Berthoud Pass in Colorado. It forms half of the Mount Evans Scenic Byway, pikes Peak Highway in Colorado Springs includes numerous hairpins and switchbacks which are known as Ws. Mexican Autopista 95D has a hairpin turn which is known as La Pera. The Crowsnest Highway in British Columbia, Canada east of Osoyoos has several hairpin turns, a sharp hairpin turn on British Columbia Highway 97 alongside Vaseux Lake near Oliver, British Columbia has been the scene of many accidents and deaths. Nova Scotia Highway 105, part of the Trans-Canada Highway in Cape Breton has a turn after peaking Kellys Mountain before descending to cross the Seal Island Bridge. The Duffy Lake Road in British Columbia descending into Pemberton from Lillooet, 50°184. 31N, 122°354. 50W The Paso Internacional Los Libertadores has several switchbacks on the Chilean side of the pass. 26 below the tunnel entrance alone, in Japan, there is the known Nikkō Irohazaka, a one-way switchback mountain road, located at Nikko, Tochigi. This road plays a significant role in Japanese history, The route was popular with Buddhist pilgrims on their way to Lake Chuzenji, iroha-Zaka ascends more than 1,300 feet. In Macau, a part of the Guia Circuit is a hairpin turn, in India, the Gata Loops, a part of the route from Manali to Leh. And the Agumbe Ghat road from Udupi to Teerthahalli in Karnataka have 13 hairpin turns, in fact, most of the Ghats include at least one hairpin turn
16.
Schuylkill River
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The Schuylkill River is an important river running west to east in eastern Pennsylvania, which was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal. Several of its tributaries drain parts of the center-southern and easternmost Coal Regions in the state. It flows for 135 miles before joining the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries in Philadelphia, in 1682 William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation. It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its length was once part of the Delaware peoples southern territories. The waters of its upper end rise in what are called the richest anthracite coal fields in the world. The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton, the Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia, other major tributaries include, Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek. The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, the Lenape or Delaware Indians were the original inhabitants of the area around this river, which they called Tool-pay Hanna or Tool-pay Hok Ing. The river was discovered by European explorers from the Netherlands, Sweden and it was through historical documents called various names, including Manayunk, Manajungh, Manaiunk, and Lenni Bikbi. The Swedish explorer called it Menejackse kill or alternately Skiar kill or the Linde River, the headwaters of the river, up near Reading, was later called Tulpehocken by the English. The river was given the Dutch name Schuylkill. Another explanation is that the name translates to hideout creek in one of the Algonquian languages spoken by a Delaware tribe in their confederation. The two then backed the flagging effort to improve navigation on the Schuylkill, which efforts date back to legislation measures as early as 1762. The success, along with the opening of the first operable sections of New Yorks Erie Canal spurred stockholders of the Schuylkill Canal to finally fund the works. In the 1830s railway technology and new railroads grew in leaps and bounds, from 1820 to the 1860s Iron works, foundries, manufacturing mills, blast furnaces, rolling mills, rail yards, rail roads, warehouses and train stations sprang up throughout the valley. Tiny farm villages grew into vibrant company towns then transitioned into small cities as an industry and supporting businesses transformed local economics. Restoration of the river has been funded by money left for that purpose in Benjamin Franklins will, silt and coal dust from upstream industries, particularly coal mining and washing operations in the headwaters, led to extensive silting of the river through the early 20th century
17.
The Henry Ford
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The Henry Ford is a large indoor and outdoor history museum complex and a National Historic Landmark in the Detroit suburb of Dearborn, Michigan, USA. The Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation and Greenfield Village is the largest indoor-outdoor museum complex in the United States and is visited by 1.6 million people each year and it is one of the largest such collections in the nation. Henry Ford said of his museum, I am collecting the history of our people as written into things their hands made and used. When we are through, we shall have reproduced American life as lived, the Edison Institute was dedicated by President Herbert Hoover to Fords longtime friend Thomas Edison on October 21,1929 – the 50th anniversary of the first successful incandescent light bulb. The attendees included Marie Curie, George Eastman, John D. Rockefeller, Will Rogers, Orville Wright, the dedication was broadcast on radio with listeners encouraged to turn off their electric lights until the switch was flipped at the Museum. The Edison Institute was, at first, a site for educational purposes only. It was originally composed of the Henry Ford Museum, Greenfield Village, the Henry Ford is sited between the Ford Dearborn Development Center and several Ford engineering buildings with which it shares the same style gates and brick fences. In 1970, the museum purchased what it believed to be a 17th-century Brewster Chair, created for one of the Pilgrim settlers in the Plymouth Colony, in September 1977, the chair was determined to be a modern forgery created in 1969 by Rhode Island sculptor Armand LaMontagne. The museum retains the piece as a tool on forgeries. The Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation began as Henry Fords personal collection of historic objects, a model of the nuclear-powered Ford Nucleon automobile An Oscar Mayer Wienermobile The 1961 Lincoln Continental, SS-100-X that President John F. Kennedy was riding in when he was assassinated. The rocking chair from Fords Theatre in which President Abraham Lincoln was sitting when he was shot, a ten-person safety bicycle made in 1896. A collection of several fine 17th- and 18th-century violins including a Stradivarius, Thomas Edisons alleged last breath in a sealed tube. The bus on which Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat, fokker Trimotor airplane that flew the first flight over the North Pole. Bill Elliotts record-breaking race car clocking in at over 212 MPH at Talladega in 1987 Fairbottom Bobs, the Automotive Hall of Fame, adjacent to the Henry Ford Museum. A working fragment of the original Holiday Inn Great Sign A Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 2-6-6-6 Allegheny-class steam locomotive built by Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, the Allegheny was the most powerful steam locomotive ever built. The Research Center also contains the Ford Motor Archives, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the Henry Ford Museum exhibited a vast array of artifacts and media documenting the Titanics voyage and demise. The exhibit was hosted from 31 March to 30 September 2012, Greenfield Village, the outdoor living history museum section of the Henry Ford complex, was dedicated in 1929 and opened to the public in June 1933. It was the first outdoor museum of its type in the nation, patrons enter at the gate, passing by the Josephine Ford Memorial Fountain and Benson Ford Research Center
18.
Henry Ford
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Henry Ford was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. Although Ford invented neither the nor the assembly line, he developed and manufactured the first automobile that many middle class Americans could afford. In doing so, Ford converted the automobile from an expensive curiosity into a practical conveyance that would impact the landscape of the 20th Century. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry, as the owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with Fordism, mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers, Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation, Ford was also widely known for his pacifism during the first years of World War I, and for promoting antisemitism through his newspaper The Dearborn Independent and the book The International Jew. Henry Ford was born July 30,1863, on a farm in Greenfield Township, Henry Fords siblings were Margaret Ford, Jane Ford, William Ford and Robert Ford. His father gave him a watch in his early teens. At 15, Ford dismantled and reassembled the timepieces of friends and neighbors dozens of times, at twenty, Ford walked four miles to their Episcopal church every Sunday. Ford was devastated when his mother died in 1876 and his father expected him to eventually take over the family farm, but he despised farm work. He later wrote, I never had any love for the farm—it was the mother on the farm I loved. In 1879, Ford left home to work as an apprentice machinist in Detroit, flower & Bros. and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and he was later hired by Westinghouse to service their steam engines. During this period Ford also studied bookkeeping at Goldsmith, Bryant & Stratton Business College in Detroit, Ford married Clara Jane Bryant on April 11,1888 and supported himself by farming and running a sawmill. They had one child, Edsel Ford, in 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company. After his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and these experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of a self-propelled vehicle which he named the Ford Quadricycle. He test-drove it on June 4, after various test drives, Ford brainstormed ways to improve the Quadricycle. Also in 1896, Ford attended a meeting of Edison executives, Edison approved of Fords automobile experimentation
19.
Ford Model T
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The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1,1908, to May 26,1927. The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, ahead of the BMC Mini, Citroën DS, and Volkswagen Type 1. With 16.5 million sold it stands eighth on the top ten list of most sold cars of all time as of 2012, although automobiles had already existed for decades, they were still mostly scarce and expensive at the Model Ts introduction in 1908. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained mass market transportation, it was a runaway success, in a matter of days after the release,15,000 orders were placed. The first production Model T was produced on August 12,1908 and left the factory on September 27,1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26,1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the line at his factory in Highland Park. There were several cars produced or prototyped by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 until the Model T was introduced, although he started with the Model A, there were not 19 production models, some were only prototypes. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, a version of the companys largest success to that point. The follow-up was the Ford Model A, the company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A. The Model T was Fords first automobile mass-produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, Henry Ford said of the vehicle, I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one –, although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to Ransom E. The Model T was designed by Childe Harold Wills, and Hungarian immigrants Joseph A. Galamb, Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin were also part of the team. Production of the Model T began in the quarter of 1908. Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as model years and this is a retroactive classification scheme, the concept of model years as we conceive it today did not exist at the time. The nominal model designation was Model T, although design revisions did occur during the two decades of production. The Model T had a front-mounted 177-cubic-inch inline four-cylinder engine, producing 20 hp, according to Ford Motor Company, the Model T had fuel economy on the order of 13–21 mpg‑US
20.
George B. Selden
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George Baldwin Selden was a patent lawyer and inventor who was granted a U. S. patent for an automobile in 1895. In 1859, his father, Judge Henry R. Selden, anthony, moved to Rochester, New York, where George briefly attended the University of Rochester before dropping out to enlist in the 6th Cavalry Regiment, Union Army. This was not to the liking of his father who after pulling some strings and having some earnest discussions with his son managed to have him released from duty and he married shortly thereafter to Clara Drake Woodruff, with whom he had 4 children. He continued his hobby of inventing in a workshop in his fathers basement, inventing a typewriter, for a time, Selden represented photography pioneer George Eastman in patent matters. Clement and his assistant William Gomm and he filed for a patent on May 8,1879. His application included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car and he then filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on November 5,1895. In 1899 he sold his patent rights to William C, whitney, who proposed manufacturing electric-powered taxicabs as the Electric Vehicle Company, EVC, for a royalty of US$15 per car with a minimum annual payment of US$5,000. Whitney and Selden then worked together to collect royalties from other budding automobile manufacturers and he was initially successful, negotiating a 0. 75% royalty on all cars sold by the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers. He began his own car company in Rochester under the name Selden Motor Vehicle Company. However, Henry Ford, owner of the Ford Motor Company, founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1903, the legal fight lasted eight years, generating a case record of 14,000 pages. The case was publicized in the newspapers of the day. In his decision, the wrote that the patent covered any automobile propelled by an engine powered by gasoline vapor. This stunning defeat, with one year left to run on the patent. He focused production of his car company on trucks, renaming his company the Selden Truck Sales Corporation and it survived in that form until 1930 when it was purchased by the Bethlehem Motor Truck Corporation. Selden suffered a stroke in late 1921 and died aged 75 on January 17,1922 and he was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester. It is estimated he received several hundred dollars in royalties. Stevens, William Morrow, hardcover,272 pages, ISBN 0-688-11818-6, the Automobile Age, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-56055-0 George B. Selden at Find a Grave The Selden Motor Wagon Photos of the vehicle, plus articles about the gestation of the patent and the lengthy lawsuit which followed
21.
Boyertown, Pennsylvania
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Boyertown is a borough in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,055 at the 2010 census and this was approximately a 2. 9% population growth since the 2000 U. S. Census. A post office called Boyertown has been in operation since 1828, the community was named for its founders, brothers Henry and Daniel Boyer. Boyertown is located along the border of Berks County. It is bordered on the north, west, and south by Colebrookdale Township, according to the United States Census Bureau, Boyertown has a total area of 0.77 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,940 people,1,805 households, the population density was 4,941.7 people per square mile. There were 1,885 housing units at a density of 2,364.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 98. 83% White,0. 20% African American,0. 03% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 13% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 74% of the population. 37. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.87. In the borough the population was out, with 21. 1% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,29. 2% from 25 to 44,21. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $39,232, and the median income for a family was $52,943. Males had an income of $33,783 versus $26,507 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $21,194, about 3. 6% of families and 6. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 6% of those under age 18 and 7. 5% of those age 65 or over. Rhoads Opera House Cabot Corporation Pennsylvania Route 73 is the main east-west road through the borough and it leads east-southeast to Schwenksville and eventually Northeast Philadelphia. To the northwest it leads to Blandon north of Reading, Pennsylvania Route 562 leads west to Reading proper. Pennsylvania Route 100 bypasses the borough just outside its border, leading north to Macungie near Allentown. A railroad line south from Boyertown to Pottstown
22.
Sports Car Club of America
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The Sports Car Club of America is an American automobile club and sanctioning body supporting road racing, rallying, and autocross in the United States. Formed in 1944, it runs many programs for amateur and professional racers. The SCCA traces its roots to the Automobile Racing Club of America, ARCA was founded in 1933 by brothers Miles and Sam Collier, and dissolved in 1941 at the outbreak of World War II. The SCCA was formed in 1944 as an enthusiast group, the SCCA began sanctioning road racing in 1948 with the inaugural Watkins Glen Grand Prix. Cameron Argetsinger, an SCCA member and local enthusiast who would later become Director of Pro Racing and Executive Director of the SCCA, helped organize the event for the SCCA. In 1951, the SCCA National Sports Car Championship was formed from existing marquee events around the nation, including Watkins Glen, Pebble Beach, and Elkhart Lake. Many early SCCA events were held on disused air force bases, organized with the help of Air Force General Curtis LeMay, by 1962, the SCCA was tasked with managing the U. S. World Sportscar Championship rounds at Daytona, Sebring, Bridgehampton and Watkins Glen, the club was also involved in the Formula 1 U. S. Bishop was also instrumental in founding the SCCA Trans-Am Series and the SCCA/CASC Can-Am series, in 1969, tension and infighting over Pro Racings autonomy caused Bishop to resign and help form the International Motor Sports Association. The SCCA dropped its policy in 1962 and began sanctioning professional racing. In 1963, the United States Road Racing Championship was formed, in 1966 the Canadian-American Challenge Cup was created for Group 7 open-top sportscars. The Trans-Am Series for pony cars began in 1966. Today, Trans-Am uses GT-1 class regulations, giving drivers a chance to race professionally. A professional series for open-wheel racing cars was introduced in 1967 as the SCCA Grand Prix Championship and this series was then held under various names through to the 1976 SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship. SCCA Pro Racing has also sanctioned professional series for some classes such as Spec Racer Ford Pro. SCCA Pro Racing also sanctioned the Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup during its time, the Club Racing program is a road racing division where drivers race on either dedicated race tracks or on temporary street circuits. Competitors require either a regional or a racing license. Both modified production cars and designed-from-scratch formula and sports cars can be used in Club Racing
23.
Buckeye gasoline buggy
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The Buckeye gasoline buggy or Lambert gasoline buggy was the first practical gasoline automobile available for sale in America, according to automobile historians. John William Lambert made Americas first such automobile in 1891, according to an extensive study by L. Scott Bailey, a well-known automobile historian, editor. The study found evidence to enter this claim on Lamberts behalf. The evidence from Baileys study shows that Lambert designed, built and it shows that neither Henry Ford nor the Duryea Brothers have the distinction of building the first such practical working internal combustion gasoline engine automobile in the United States. In Europe Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler produced the first gasoline automobiles in 1885/1886, the Duryea brothers made their automobile in 1893 and started the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1895 mass-producing cars. Henry Ford started mass-producing cars in 1899 at the Detroit Automobile Company, Lambert initially designed and built his horseless carriage gasoline automobile in 1890. He successfully tested it in January 1891 inside an 80-foot farm implement showroom he owned in Ohio City, Lamberts three-wheeled surrey-top gasoline-powered buggy was his own design. It had a cylinder, four-stroke engine. This, the Buckeye gasoline buggy, was a tricycle with large rear wheels. Lambert designed a sales brochures advertising its specifications in January 1891 and he mailed this brochure out to prospects in the first part of February 1891 with a price of $550. Later in the month of February 1891 he was running his automobile on the street of Ohio City. Other letters of inquire continued, however Lambert ultimately was not able to sell any and this first model had a wipe spark ignition and dry cell batteries. The automobile had two forward and none going backwards. A hand steering device was added later when the automobile was used outside on the roads, the weight of the car was 585 pounds. It had wooden wheels with steel rims for extra wear, the carburetor was a surface vaporizer with a flexible diaphragm compensator. This was patented by Lambert on May 17,1902, the original model cost Lambert $3200. In 1904 it was lost in a fire when a grain elevator building that he was having remodeled burned to the ground, in 1892 Lambert decided to manufacture stationary gasoline engines. He moved to Anderson, Indiana, and there started Buckeye Manufacturing Company, in that same year he announced he would soon have a gasoline vehicle on the market to be called the Buckeye
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
