1.
Amazon Kindle
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The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. com. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, all Kindle devices integrate with Kindle Store content and as of January 2017, the store has over five million e-books available in the US. Founder and CEO of Amazon. com Jeff Bezos commanded his deputies in 2004 to build the worlds best e-reader before Amazons competitors could, in reference to this e-reader, Amazon originally used the codename Fiona. The Kindle name was devised by branding consultants Michael Cronan and Karin Hibma, lab126 tasked them to name the product, so Cronan and Hibma suggested Kindle, meaning to light a fire. They felt this was an apt metaphor for reading and intellectual excitement, Kindle hardware has evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX introduced in 2009. The range includes devices with a keyboard, devices with high resolution and contrast screens, a tablet with the Kindle app. Amazon has also introduced Kindle software for use on devices and platforms, including Microsoft Windows, iOS, BlackBerry, Mac OS X, Android, webOS. Amazon also has a reader to allow users to read. Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries, through a service called Whispersync, customers can synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle hardware and other mobile devices. Amazon released the Kindle, its first e-reader, on November 19,2007 and it sold out in five and a half hours. The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008, the device features a 6 inches 4-level grayscale display, with 250 MB of internal storage, which can hold approximately 200 non-illustrated titles. It also has a speaker and a jack that allows the user to listen to audio files on Kindle. It is the only Kindle with expandable storage, via an SD card slot, the devices Whispernet feature was co-designed with Qualcomm, and Kindle was the first device to include free US-wide 3G access to download e-books from Amazons Kindle Store. Amazon did not sell the first generation Kindle outside the US, on February 10,2009, Amazon announced the Kindle 2, the second generation Kindle. It became available for purchase on February 23,2009, the Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud, and 2 GB of internal memory of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazons estimates, the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books, unlike the first generation Kindle, Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards. It was slimmer than the original Kindle, the Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz, ARM-1190 nm processor,32 MB main memory,2 GB flash memory and a 3.7 V1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery. To promote the Kindle 2, in February 2009 author Stephen King made UR, his then-new novella, on July 8,2009, Amazon reduced price of the Kindle 2 from $359 to $299
2.
Mobile computing
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Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage, which allows for transmission of data, voice and video. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software, communication issues include ad hoc networks and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components, Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. Portability, Facilitates movement of device within the computing environment. Individuality, Adapting the technology to suit individual needs, or Portability, Devices/nodes connected within the mobile computing system should facilitate mobility. These devices may have limited device capabilities and limited power supply, connectivity, This defines the quality of service of the network connectivity. Interactivity, The nodes belonging to a computing system are connected with one another to communicate and collaborate through active transactions of data. Mobile phones including a key set primarily intended but not restricted to for vocal communications, as smartphones, cell phones, feature phones. The existence of these classes is expected to be long lasting and these networks are usually available within range of commercial cell phone towers. High speed network wireless LANs are inexpensive but have limited range. Security standards, When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks, security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a number of networks interconnected through the line. Power consumption, When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power, combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life. Transmission interferences, Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception, reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor. Potential health hazards, People who use mobile devices while driving are often distracted from driving and are thus assumed more likely to be involved in traffic accidents, cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. Questions concerning mobile phone radiation and health have been raised, human interface with device, Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or handwriting recognition require training, many commercial and government field forces deploy a rugged portable computer with their fleet of vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for safety, device security
3.
E-book
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An electronic book is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as a version of a printed book. Commercially produced and sold e-books are usually intended to be read on dedicated e-reader devices, however, almost any sophisticated computer device that features a controllable viewing screen can also be used to read e-books, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones. In the 2000s, there was a trend of print and e-book sales moving to the Internet, where readers buy traditional paper books and e-books on websites using e-commerce systems. With e-books, users can browse through online, and then when they select and order titles. At the start of 2012 in the U. S. more e-books were published online than were distributed in hardcover, the main reasons that people are buying e-books online are due to possibly lower prices, increased comfort and a larger selection of titles. With e-books, lectronic bookmarks make referencing easier, and e-book readers may allow the user to annotate pages, although fiction and non-fiction books come in e-book formats, technical material is especially suited for e-book delivery because it can be searched for keywords. In addition, for programming books, code examples can be copied, E-book reading is increasing in the U. S. by 2014, 28% of adults had read an e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. This is increasing, because by 2014 50% of American adults had an e-reader or a tablet, E-books are also referred to as ebooks, eBooks, e-Books, e-journals, e-editions or as digital books. The devices that are designed specifically for reading e-books are called e-readers, the idea of an e-reader that would enable a reader to view books on a screen came to Bob Brown after watching his first talkie. In 1930, he wrote a book on this idea and titled it The Readies, although Brown came up with the idea intellectually in the 1930s, early commercial e-readers did not follow his model. Schuessler relates it to a DJ spinning bits of old songs to create a beat or a new song as opposed to just a remix of a familiar song. The inventor of the first e-book is not widely agreed upon and her idea behind the device was to decrease the number of books that her pupils carried to school. The first e-book may be the Index Thomisticus, a heavily annotated electronic index to the works of Thomas Aquinas, prepared by Roberto Busa beginning in 1949, although originally stored on a single computer, a distributable CD-ROM version appeared in 1989. In 2005, the Index was published online, augment ran on specialized hardware, while FRESS ran on IBM mainframes. All these systems also provided extensive hyperlinking, graphics, and other capabilities, van Dam is generally thought to have coined the term electronic book, and it was established enough to use in an article title by 1985. FRESS was used for reading extensive primary texts online, as well as for annotation and online discussions in several courses, browns faculty made extensive use of FRESS, for example the philosopher Roderick Chisholm used it to produce several of his books. Thus in the Preface to Person and Object he writes The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval, despite the extensive earlier history, several publications report Michael S. Hart as the inventor of the e-book
4.
Periodical literature
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Periodical literature is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar example is the magazine, typically published weekly, monthly, newspapers, often published daily or weekly, are, strictly speaking, serials, not periodicals. Other examples of periodicals are newsletters, literary magazines, academic journals, science magazines and these examples are typically published and referenced by volume and issue. Volume typically refers to the number of years the publication has been circulated, for example, the April 2011 publication of a monthly magazine first published in 2002 would be listed as, Volume 10, Issue 4. Roman numerals are used in reference to the Volume number. When citing a work in a periodical, there are standardized formats such as The Chicago Manual of Style. In the latest edition of this style, a work with volume number 17 and issue number 3 may be written as follows, James M. Heilman, wikipedia and Medicine, Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language. Journal of Medical Internet Research 17, no.3, periodicals can be classified into two types, popular and scholarly. Scholarly journals are most commonly found in libraries and databases, examples are The Journal of Psychology and the Journal of Social Work. Trade/professional magazine are also examples of periodicals and they are written for an audience of professionals in the world. As of the early 1990s, there were over 6,000 business, technical, academic, scientific and trade publications in the United States alone. These examples are related to the idea of a continuing cycle of production and publication, magazines plan to continue publishing. A novel, in contrast, might be published in monthly parts and this approach is called part-publication, particularly when each part is from a whole work, or a serial, for example in comic books. It flourished during the century, for example with Abraham John Valpys Delphin Classics. The International Standard Serial Number is to serial publications what the International Standard Book Number is to books, postal services often carry periodicals at a preferential rate, for example, Second Class Mail in the United States only applies to publications issued at least quarterly
5.
Tablet computer
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Tablets often come equipped with sensors, including digital cameras, a microphone, and an accelerometer so images on screens are always displayed upright. The touchscreen display uses the recognition of finger or stylus gestures to replace the mouse, trackpad, tablets are typically larger than smartphones or personal digital assistants with screens 7 inches or larger, measured diagonally. However much of a tablets functionality resembles that of a modern smartphone, tablets can be classified according to the presence and physical appearance of keyboards. Slates and booklets do not have a keyboard, and usually accept text. Hybrids, convertibles, and 2-in-1s do have physical keyboards, yet they also make use of virtual keyboards. Some 2-in-1s have processors and operating systems like a full laptop, most tablets can use separate keyboards connected using Bluetooth. The format was conceptualized in the century and prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century. In April 2010, Apple released the iPad, the first mass-market tablet to achieve widespread popularity, thereafter in the 2010s, tablets rapidly rose in ubiquity and became a large product category used for both personal and workplace applications. The tablet computer and its operating system began with the development of pen computing. Throughout the 20th century devices with these characteristics have been imagined and created whether as blueprints, prototypes, a device more powerful than todays tablets appeared briefly in Jerry Pournelle and Larry Nivens The Mote in Gods Eye. Adults could also use a Dynabook, but the audience was children. In 1992, Atari showed developers the Stylus, later renamed ST-Pad, the ST-Pad was based on the TOS/GEM Atari ST Platform and prototyped early handwriting recognition. Shiraz Shivjis company Momentus demonstrated in the time a failed x86 MS-DOS based Pen Computer with its own GUI. In 1994, the European Union initiated the NewsPad project, inspired by Clarke, Acorn Computers developed and delivered an ARM-based touch screen tablet computer for this program, branding it the NewsPad, the project ended in 1997. During the November 2000 COMDEX, Microsoft used the term Tablet PC to describe a prototype handheld device they were demonstrating, all three products were based on extended versions of the MS-DOS operating system. In 1992, IBM announced and shipped to developers the 2521 ThinkPad, also based on PenPoint was AT&Ts EO Personal Communicator from 1993, which ran on AT&Ts own hardware, including their own AT&T Hobbit CPU. Apple Computer launched the Apple Newton personal digital assistant in 1993 and it utilised Apples own new Newton OS, initially running on hardware manufactured by Motorola and incorporating an ARM CPU, that Apple had specifically co-developed with Acorn Computers. The operating system and platform design were later licensed to Sharp and Digital Ocean, in 1996, Palm, Inc. released the first of the Palm OS based PalmPilot touch and stylus based PDA, the touch based devices initially incorporating a Motorola Dragonball CPU
6.
Laptop
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Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use. Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks, the former being bigger and heavier than the latter, as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference. Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, Internet surfing using sites such as YouTube and for personal multimedia, most 2016-era laptops also have integrated webcams and built-in microphones. Laptops can be powered either from a battery or by an external power supply from an AC adapter. Hardware specifications, such as the speed and memory capacity. Design elements, form factor, and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on intended use, as portable computers evolved into the modern laptop, they became widely used for a variety of purposes. The terms laptop and notebook are used interchangeably to describe a computer in English. Regardless of the etymology, by the late 1990s, the terms were interchangeable, as the personal computer became feasible in 1971, the idea of a portable personal computer soon followed. A personal, portable information manipulator was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968, the IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable was demonstrated in 1973. This prototype was based on the IBM PALM processor, the IBM5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype. As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly, the Osborne 1, released in 1981, used the Zilog Z80 and weighed 23.6 pounds. It had no battery, a 5 in CRT screen, in the same year the first laptop-sized portable computer, the Epson HX-20, was announced. The Epson had an LCD screen, a battery. Both Tandy/RadioShack and HP also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period, the first laptops using the flip form factor appeared in the early 1980s. The Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85, the US$8,150 GRiD Compass 1101, released in 1982, was used at NASA and by the military, among others. The Sharp PC-5000, Ampere and Gavilan SC released in 1983, the Gavilan SC was the first computer described as a laptop by its manufacturer, while the Ampere had a modern clamshell design. The Toshiba T1100 won acceptance not only among PC experts but the market as a way to have PC portability. From 1983 onward, several new techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the touchpad, the pointing stick
7.
Electronic paper
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Electronic paper and e-paper are display devices that mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. Unlike conventional backlit flat panel displays that light, electronic paper displays reflect light like paper. This may make them comfortable to read, and provide a wider viewing angle than most light-emitting displays. The contrast ratio in electronic displays available as of 2008 approaches newspaper, an ideal e-paper display can be read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade. Many electronic paper technologies hold static text and images indefinitely without electricity, flexible electronic paper uses plastic substrates and plastic electronics for the display backplane. There is ongoing competition among manufacturers to provide full-color ability, Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at Xeroxs Palo Alto Research Center. The first electronic paper, called Gyricon, consisted of polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106 micrometers across, each sphere is a janus particle composed of negatively charged black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other. The spheres are embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that they can rotate freely. The polarity of the applied to each pair of electrodes then determines whether the white or black side is face-up. At the FPD2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology, in the simplest implementation of an electrophoretic display, titanium dioxide particles approximately one micrometer in diameter are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil. A dark-colored dye is added to the oil, along with surfactants. This mixture is placed between two parallel, conductive plates separated by a gap of 10 to 100 micrometres, when a voltage is applied across the two plates, the particles migrate electrophoretically to the plate that bears the opposite charge from that on the particles. When the particles are located at the front side of the display, it appears white, when the particles are located at the rear side of the display, it appears dark, because the incident light is absorbed by the colored dye. Electrophoretic displays are considered examples of the electronic paper category, because of their paper-like appearance. These displays are constructed from an electrophoretic imaging film manufactured by E Ink Corporation, a mobile phone that used the technology is the Motorola Fone. Electrophoretic Display technology has also developed by Sipix and Bridgestone/Delta. SiPix is now part of E Ink, the Sipix design uses a flexible 0. 15mm Microcup architecture, instead of E Inks 0. 04mm diameter microcapsules. Bridgestone Corp. s Advanced Materials Division cooperated with Delta Optoelectronics Inc. in developing the Quick Response Liquid Powder Display technology, an electrophoretic display forms images by rearranging charged pigment particles with an applied electric field
8.
Sony Reader
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The Sony Reader was a line of e-book readers manufactured by Sony, who invented the first commercial E Ink e-reader with the Sony Librie in 2004. It used an electronic paper display developed by E Ink Corporation, was viewable in direct sunlight, required no power to maintain a static image, and was usable in portrait or landscape orientation. Sony sold e-books for the Reader from the Sony eBook Library in the US, UK, Japan, Germany, Austria, Canada and was reported to be coming to France, Italy and Spain starting in early 2012. The Reader also could display Adobe PDFs, ePub format, RSS newsfeeds, JPEGs, some Readers could play MP3 and unencrypted AAC audio files. Compatibility with Adobe digital rights management protected PDF and ePub files allowed Sony Reader owners to borrow ebooks from lending libraries in many countries. The DRM rules of the Reader allowed any purchased e-book to be read on up to six devices, although the owner could not share purchased eBooks on others devices and accounts, the ability to register five Readers to a single account and share books accordingly was a possible workaround. On August 1,2014, Sony announced that it would not make another consumer e-reader, in late 2014, Sony released the Sony Digital Paper DPTS1 that is only aimed at professional business users that only view PDFs and it has a stylus for making notes. The PRS-500 was made available in the United States in September 2006, on 1 November 2006, Readers went on display and for sale at Borders bookstores throughout the US. Borders had a contract for the Reader until the end of 2006. From April 2007, Sony Reader has been sold in the US by multiple merchants, including Frys Electronics, Costco, Borders, the eBook Store from Sony is only available to US or Canadian residents or to customers who purchased a US-model reader with bundled eBook Store credit. On July 24,2007, Sony announced that the PRS-505 Reader would be available in the UK with a date of September 3,2008. Waterstones is the retail partner and the Reader is available at selected stores such as Argos, Sony Centres and Dixons. On October 2,2008 the PRS-700, with touch screen, on August 5,2009 Sony announced two new readers, the budget PRS-300 Pocket Edition and the more advanced PRS-600 Touch Edition. On August 25,2009 Sony announced the Reader PRS-900 Daily Edition and this features a 7 diagonal screen to compete with the Amazon Kindle DX. Its also the first to feature free 3G wireless through AT&T to access the Sony eBookstore without the need of a computer, the launch of the new models also represented the introduction of the Sony Reader into the Australian and New Zealand markets for the first time. On August 31,2011, Sony announced a new reader replacing all of their previous models, on August 16,2012, Sony announced the PRS-T1 successor, the PRS-T2. On September 4,2013, Sony announced the PRS-T2 successor, unlike previous Sony reader models, the T3 is not sold in the US, and Sony has abandoned the North American market due to competition from Amazon, B&N and Kobo. On February 6,2014, Sony announced that it was closing its North American, Europe, on August 1,2014, Sony announced that it would not release another ereader but would keep selling its remaining stock
9.
Ectaco jetBook
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ECTACO jetBook is a series of electronic-book reader devices developed by Ectaco. The original device was announced in the United States in October 2008, size,153 x 109 x 10mm,6 x 4.2 x 0.4. Weight,7. 5oz, 215gr Display,5 Reflective LCD16 level grayscale 640 x 480 VGA,160 ppi, internal Li-ion polymer battery - up to 22 hours Colors, Burgundy, Gray, White, Black. Pre-loaded with Fodors Travel Guide and CIA World Factbook, a separate version includes a Bible in English, Polish, or Russian. T9 Text Input jetBook uses the advanced T9 text input method that refers back to its pre-installed dictionaries to complete words as you type them, on Device File Manager The on device file manager allows you to move, rename and delete files. You can also create and delete folders, folder System The Jetbook has a full support for user defined nested folders with the built in file manager or when connected to a PC. The folders displayed on the mirror the folder structure on the device. The folders on the card are combined with the folders on the device, the Jetbooks uses a file naming convention of Author_Name#Title_of_Book. txt in order to list/sort the books by either author or title. PDF Viewer The PDF viewer was Foxit PDF reader and it includes Zoom and Pan/Scroll support. Zoom a portion of the document is allowed, the PDF reader does not support reflow. In the latest firmware with DRM support was Foxit reader replaced by Contains Reader Mobile 9.1.1 from Adobe Systems that supports text reflow, dictionary Support The dictionaries are in multiple languages and some can be used for translation
10.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
11.
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi or WiFi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers, digital audio players, Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN network and a wireless access point. Such an access point has a range of about 20 meters indoors, hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5 gigahertz SHF ISM radio bands, having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as Ethernet. In 1971, ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network, ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet, and later the IEEE802.11 protocols, respectively. A1985 ruling by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use and these frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference. In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, the first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN. They are the credited with inventing Wi-Fi. In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method used in Wi-Fi to unsmear the signal. The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997 and this was updated in 1999 with 802. 11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved to be popular. In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as an association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold. Wi-Fi uses a number of patents held by many different organizations. In April 2009,14 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO $1 billion for infringements on CSIRO patents and this led to Australia labeling Wi-Fi as an Australian invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy. In 2016, the local area network Test Bed was chosen as Australias contribution to the exhibition A History of the World in 100 Objects held in the National Museum of Australia. The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand, the Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was a little catchier than IEEE802. 11b Direct Sequence. Phil Belanger, a member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the selection of the name Wi-Fi, has stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a pun upon the word hi-fi. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo, the yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability
12.
OPDS
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The Open Publication Distribution System Catalog format is a syndication format for electronic publications based on Atom and HTTP. OPDS Catalogs enable the aggregation, distribution, discovery, and acquisition of electronic publications, OPDS Catalogs use existing or emergent open standards and conventions, with a priority on simplicity. The Open Publication Distribution System specification is prepared by a grouping of partners, combining Internet Archive, OReilly Media, Feedbooks, OLPC. OPDS is based on the work done by Lexcycle, the company behind Stanza. All revisions of the specification were produced by a group organized around an open mailing list. An example of a feed in OPDS, Dozens of OPDS catalogs are available online. Many users of OPDS also create their own OPDS catalog, as a way to access their ebooks from any device, developers implementing an OPDS catalog usually use the Feedbooks catalog as an example of a fully featured catalog. An OPDS validator is also available to test OPDS feeds, in order to test client compatibility, a test catalog is available as a GitHub project. Over a dozen OPDS clients are available on platforms such as Android, iOS. This is a comparison for some of these clients, based on the results published for the test catalog
13.
Memory card
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A memory card, flash card or memory cartridge is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information. PC Cards were the first commercial memory card formats to come out, since 1994, a number of memory card formats smaller than the PC Card arrived, the first one was CompactFlash later SmartMedia and Miniature Card. The desire for smaller cards for cell-phones, PDAs, and compact digital cameras drove a trend that left the previous generation of compact cards looking big, in digital cameras SmartMedia and CompactFlash had been very successful. In 2001, SM alone captured 50% of the camera market. By 2005 however, SD/MMC had nearly taken over SmartMedias spot, though not to the level and with stiff competition coming from Memory Stick variants. In industrial and embedded fields, even the venerable PC card memory cards still manage to maintain a niche, while in mobile phones and PDAs, since 2010, new products of Sony and Olympus have been offered with an additional SD-Card slot. Effectively the format war has turned in SD-Cards favor, PCMCIA ATA Type I Card PCMCIA Type II, Type III cards CompactFlash Card, CompactFlash High-Speed CompactFlash Type II, CF+, CF3. MU-Flash C-Flash SIM card Smart card UFC FISH Universal Transportable Memory Card Standard Intelligent Stick SxS memory card, SxS complies to the ExpressCard industry standard. Nexflash Winbond Serial Flash Module cards, size range 1 mb,2 mb and 4 mb, many older video game consoles used memory cards to hold saved game data. Cartridge-based systems primarily used battery-backed volatile RAM within each individual cartridge to hold saves for that game, cartridges without this RAM may have used a password system, or wouldnt save progress at all. The Neo Geo AES, released in 1990 by SNK, was the first video game console able to use a memory card, AES memory cards were also compatible with Neo-Geo MVS arcade cabinets, allowing players to migrate saves between home and arcade systems and vice versa. Memory cards became commonplace when home consoles moved to read-only optical discs for storing the game program, until the sixth generation of video game consoles, memory cards were based on proprietary formats, later systems have used established industry hardware formats for memory cards, such as FAT32. Comparison of memory cards Hot swapping
14.
E Ink Corporation
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E Ink Corporation is a privately held manufacturer of electrophoretic displays, a kind of electronic paper. E Ink is located in Billerica, Massachusetts, and was co-founded in 1997 by undergraduates J. D. Albert & Barrett Comiskey, Joseph Jacobson, Jerome Rubin, two years later, E Ink partnered with Philips to develop and market the technology. Jacobson and Comiskey are listed as inventors on the patent filed in 1996. Albert, Comiskey and Jacobsen were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2016, in 2005, Philips sold the electronic paper business as well as its related patents to Prime View International. On June 1,2009, E Ink announced an agreement to be purchased by one of its business partners, PVI. It is predicted that the acquisition will speed the development of color E Ink, PVI renamed itself E Ink Holdings Inc. after the purchase. In December 2012, E Ink acquired SiPix, a rival electrophoretic display company, E Inks Vizplex technology is used by Nook, Kindle 2, txtr Beagle and Kobo Mini. E Inks Pearl technology is claimed to have a 50% better contrast ratio and it is used by 2011-2012 Kindle models, Barnes & Noble Nook Simple Touch, Kobo Touch and Sony PRS-T1. E Inks Carta technology is used by Kindle Paperwhite, Kindle Voyage, Kobo Glo HD, Kobo Aura H2O and Kindle Oasis. At SID Display Week in May 2016, E Ink announced Advanced Color ePaper and it is expected for commercial production in the next two years. The E Ink logo was designed by Andre Hsieh and was created to represent the legacy passed on by technology. Sharing his thought process on the design, Hsieh says, “The E Ink drop symbolizes the merging of the qualities of printed text with the precision of electronic media. The combination of upper and lowercase letters shows our natural reading habits and the human touch of technology. ”
15.
Amazon (company)
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Amazon. com, also called Amazon, is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company that was founded on July 5,1994, by Jeff Bezos and is based in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet-based retailer in the world by total sales, the company also produces consumer electronics—notably, Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo—and is the worlds largest provider of cloud infrastructure services. Amazon also sells certain low-end products like USB cables under its in-house brand AmazonBasics. Amazon has separate retail websites for the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Japan, China, India, and Mexico. Amazon also offers international shipping to other countries for some of its products. In 2016, Dutch, Polish, and Turkish language versions of the German Amazon website were launched. In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the United States by market capitalization, in 1994, Bezos left his employment as vice-president of D. E. Shaw & Co. a Wall Street firm and moved to Seattle. He began to work on a plan for what would eventually become Amazon. com. Bezos incorporated the company as Cadabra on July 5,1994, Bezos changed the name to Amazon a year later after a lawyer misheard its original name as cadaver. In September 1994, Bezos purchased the URL Relentless. com and briefly considered naming his online store Relentless, the domain is still owned by Bezos and still redirects to the retailer. The company went online as Amazon. com in 1995, Bezos placed a premium on his head start in building a brand, telling a reporter, Theres nothing about our model that cant be copied over time. But you know, McDonalds got copied, and it still built a huge, multibillion-dollar company. A lot of it comes down to the brand name, brand names are more important online than they are in the physical world. Additionally, a beginning with A was preferential due to the probability it would occur at the top of any list that was alphabetized. Since June 19,2000, Amazons logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile. After reading a report about the future of the Internet that projected annual Web commerce growth at 2, 300% and he narrowed the list to what he felt were the five most promising products, which included, compact discs, computer hardware, computer software, videos and books. Amazon was founded in the garage of Bezos home in Bellevue, the company began as an online bookstore, an idea spurred off with discussion with John Ingram of Ingram Book, along with Keyur Patel who still holds a stake in Amazon. Amazon was able to access books at wholesale from Ingram, in the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and over 45 countries
16.
Kindle Store
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The Kindle Store is an online e-book e-commerce store operated by Amazon. com as part of its retail website and can be accessed from any Amazon Kindle, Fire tablet or Kindle mobile app. At the launch of the Kindle in November 2007, the store had more than 88,000 digital titles available and this number increased to more than 275,000 by late 2008, and exceeded 765,000 by August 2011. In July 2014, there were over 2.7 million titles available at the US store, content from the store is purchased online and downloaded using either Wi-Fi or Amazons 3G Whispernet to the users device. In late 2007, new releases and New York Times best sellers were being offered for approximately $11 at the store, with first chapters of many books offered as free samples. Many titles, including classics, are offered free of charge or at a low price. Magazines, newspapers and blogs via RSS are provided for a subscription fee or during a free trial period. Newspaper subscriptions cost from $1.99 to $27.99 per month, Amazon e-book sales overtook print for one day for the first time on Christmas Day 2009. International users may pay different prices for e-books depending on the listed as their home address. In July 2014, Amazon added the Kindle Unlimited subscription service to the store that at release allowed unlimited access to over 638,000 titles, skyhorse Publishing, Storey Publishing, Timber Press and Workman Publishing Company. As of February 2016, the US version of Kindle Unlimited includes over 1.2 million titles that includes over 200,000 foreign language titles, Amazon pays authors using Kindle Unlimited using a per page rate and during 2016 nearly $200 million was paid to authors. The service debuted with the Kindle 2s release in February 2009, the Kindle Store offer e-books in Amazons proprietary e-book formats, AZW, and, for fourth generation and later Kindles, AZW3, also called KF8. In August 2015, Kindle Format 10 file format was added to the Store that has enhanced typography, e-books available in KFX are indicated on the e-books description page. The Kindle Stores terms of use forbid transferring Amazon format e-books to another user or a different type of device, however, Amazon allows limited lending of certain e-books. Books on Google Play iBooks Store Kindle Store, Amazon
17.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
18.
Barnes & Noble Nook
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The Barnes & Noble Nook is a brand of e-readers developed by American book retailer Barnes & Noble, based on the Android platform. The original device was announced in the United States in October 2009, the original Nook had a six-inch E-paper display and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device and was capable of Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity. The original nook was followed in November 2010 by a color LCD device called the Nook Color, in June 2011 by the Nook Simple Touch, and in November 2011 and February 2012 by the Nook Tablet. On April 30,2012, Barnes & Noble entered into a partnership with Microsoft that will spin off the Nook, on August 28,2012, Barnes and Noble announced partnerships with retailers in the UK, which began offering the Nook digital products in October 2012. In December 2014, B&N purchased Microsofts Nook shares, ending the partnership, Nook users may read nearly any Nook Store e-book, digital magazines or newspapers for one hour once per day while connected to the stores Wi-Fi. This may encourage customers to visit B&N stores, the Nook name and Identity was devised and created by the Brand Development Group at R/GA. Nook was initially rejected as a name by Barnes & Noble and this decision pivoted on the information contained within an NPR article which suggested that women readers tend to read more than men. The name is claimed by Rex Wilder when he was consulting for Ammunition Design Group. The Nook software is run on Android 4.4 KitKat, the GlowLight Plus uses a Freescale i. MX61 GHz CPU and has 512MB RAM. Since the device runs Android 4.4, third party apps, due to the lack of physical buttons, initial set up to install third party apps is done through a USB connection to a computer. In February 2014, B&N announced a new Nook color tablet would be released in 2014, in June 2014, Barnes & Noble announced it would be teaming up with Samsung to develop co-branded tablets titled the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook. The devices would feature Samsungs hardware with a 7-inch display, the Galaxy Tab 4 Nook was released in the US in August 21,2014, with B&Ns Nook Division focusing on the software and content, and Samsung focusing on the hardware. The product specs, matching the Samsung Galaxy Tab 47.0 and it launched with a US$199 retail price. In May 2015, the price was reduced to $149, in September 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab S28 LCD tablet that includes some Samsung and B&N software. It uses Android 5.0.99 retail price, in October 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab E Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab 9.6 LCD tablet that includes some Samsung, B&N and Microsoft software. In November 2016, B&N released the Nook Tablet 7, which is a Nook branded Chinese tablet 7 screen has a resolution of 600 x 1024 and it is using Android 6.0 Marshmallow with Nook apps included with a 1. 3GHz MediaTek CPU. It has 8GB storage, a card slot, Wi-Fi. It weighs 8.8 ounces and has a battery for up to 7 hours, the device has two versions, a Nook that includes Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity, and one that only includes Wi-Fi
19.
International Data Corporation
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International Data Corporation, an American market research, analysis and advisory firm, specializes in information technology, telecommunications, and consumer technology, Software Development. A wholly owned subsidiary of the International Data Group, IDC has its headquarters in Framingham, Massachusetts, United States. The corporation has approximately 70 offices grouped into Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Central and Eastern Europe, Europe, Asia/Pacific and it employs over 1,100 analysts, who provide consultancy in relation to technology opportunities and trends for over 110 countries. IDC was founded by Patrick Joseph McGovern in Massachusetts, in 1964, at the outset, the company produced a computer installation data base, and published a newsletter, EDP Industry and Market Report. Companies such as RCA, Univac, Xerox, and Burroughs paid IDC for use of the data base, during this time, Mcgovern continued to work as a writer for Computers and Automation magazine, the first computer magazine, published by Edmund C. McGovern frequently described his having sold his old car for $5,000, to fund the startup of IDC, at the time, $5,000 was the purchase price of a new Cadillac. Contrary to a report in 1999, that the company had grossed $600,000 by its third year. With a modest net profit of $2,961, subsequently, failing to wrest control of Computers and Automation magazine from his friend and mentor, Ed Berkeley, he left Berkeley and founded PC World. IDC has had major slips in forecasts, in 2011, IDC predicted Windows Phone to overtake iPhone in market share, but in reality Windows Phone is almost dead. Official website International Data Group official website
20.
Apple Inc.
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Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
21.
IPad
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IPad is a line of tablet computers designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. which run the iOS mobile operating system. The first iPad was released on April 3,2010, the most recent iPad models are the 9. 7-inch iPad Pro released on March 31,2016, the user interface is built around the devices multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPad includes built-in Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity on select models, as of January 2015, there have been over 250 million iPads sold. IPad tablets are second most popular, by sales, against Android-based ones, since 2013, an iPad can shoot video, take photos, play music, and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing. Other functions – games, reference, GPS navigation, social networking, as of March 2016, the App Store has more than one million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties. There have been six versions of the iPad, the first generation established design precedents, such as the 9. 7-inch screen size and button placement, that have persisted through all models. The third generation added a Retina Display, the new Apple A5X processor with a graphics processor, a 5-megapixel camera, HD 1080p video recording, voice dictation. The fourth generation added the Apple A6X processor and replaces the 30-pin connector with an all-digital Lightning connector, the iPad Air added the Apple A7 processor and the Apple M7 motion coprocessor, and reduced the thickness for the first time since the iPad 2. The iPad Air 2 added the Apple A8X processor, the Apple M8 motion coprocessor, an 8-megapixel camera, and the Touch ID fingerprint sensor, there have been four versions of the iPad Mini. The first generation features a screen size of 7.9 inches and features similar internal specifications as the iPad 2 except it uses the Lightning connector. The iPad Mini 2 features the Retina Display, the Apple A7 processor, the iPad Mini 3 features the Touch ID fingerprint sensor. The iPad Mini 4 features the Apple A8 and the Apple M8 motion coprocessor, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs said in a 1983 speech that the companys strategy is really simple. What we want to do is we want to put a great computer in a book that you can carry around with you. And we really want to do it with a link in it so you don’t have to hook up to anything and you’re in communication with all of these larger databases. Apples first tablet computer was the Newton MessagePad 100, introduced in 1993, powered by an ARM6 processor core developed by ARM, Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo based tablet, the PenLite, but decided not to sell it in order to avoid hurting MessagePad sales. Apple released several more Newton-based PDAs, the one, the MessagePad 2100, was discontinued in 1998. Apple re-entered the mobile-computing markets in 2007 with the iPhone, smaller than the iPad, but featuring a camera and mobile phone, it pioneered the multi-touch finger-sensitive touchscreen interface of Apples iOS mobile operating system. By late 2009, the release had been rumored for several years
22.
IBooks
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IBooks is an e-book application by Apple Inc. for its iOS and macOS operating systems and devices. It was announced in conjunction with the iPad on January 27,2010, initially, iBooks was not pre-loaded onto iOS devices, but users could install it free of charge from the iTunes App Store. With the release of iOS8, it became an integrated app, on June 10,2013, at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, Craig Federighi announced that iBooks would also be provided with OS X Mavericks in fall 2013. It primarily receives EPUB content from the iBooks Store, but users can add their own EPUB. Additionally, the files can be downloaded to iBooks through Safari or Apple Mail and it is also capable of displaying e-books that incorporate multimedia. According to product information as of March 2010, iBooks will be able to read the contents of any page using VoiceOver. On January 19,2012 at a special event in New York City, Apple announced the free release of iBooks 2. The iBooks Author Conference, the gathering of digital content creators around Apples iBooks Author, has convened since 2015. A2017 conference has been announced for later this year, with keynote from NASA, iBooks was announced alongside the iPad at a press conference in January 2010. The store itself, however, was released in America three days before the iPad with the introduction of iTunes 9.1 and this was supposedly to prevent too much traffic on Apples servers, as they have been overloaded with previous releases of the iPhone. On the day of its launch, on March 31,2010, on April 8,2010, Apple announced that iBooks would be updated to support the iPhone and iPod Touch with iOS4. As a result, iBooks will not be supported on first-generation iPhones, on June 8,2010 at the WWDC Keynote it was announced that iBooks would be updated that month to read PDF files as well as have the ability to annotate both PDFs and eBooks. As of July 1, Apple expanded iBooks availability to Canada, upon its release for older devices running iOS4, such as the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch, iBooks received criticism for its slow performance. However, a July 19 update from Apple offered several improvements, on September 27,2011, Apple expanded the premium store to the Republic of Ireland. On January 19,2012, Apple announced the release of the iBooks 2 app, allowing users to purchase, the new app will support digital textbooks that can display interactive diagrams, audio and video on the iPad. Apple also released a tool called iBooks Author. The software allows users to create these interactive textbooks themselves, on October 23,2012, Apple announced iBooks 3. On June 10,2013, Apple announced iBooks for OS X Mavericks
23.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
24.
Kobo Inc.
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Rakuten Kobo Inc. is a Canadian company which sells e-books, e-readers and tablet computers. It is headquartered in Toronto and is a subsidiary of the Japanese e-commerce conglomerate Rakuten, the name Kobo is an anagram of book. It originated as Shortcovers, a cloud e-reading service launched by the Canadian bookstore chain Indigo Books, in December 2009, Indigo renamed the service Kobo and spun it off into an independent company. Indigo remained the majority owner, with investors including Borders Group, Cheung Kong Holdings, as of March 2010, Indigo Books & Music owned 58% of Kobo Inc. Rakuten acquired the company from these owners in January 2012, on May 23,2016, Waterstones announced it had sold its ebook business to Rakuten Kobo Inc. and as of June 14,2016, users must access their ebooks via Kobos ebook site. Kobo produces several e-readers with e-paper screens, on the cheaper end, its lineup consists of the base model Kobo Touch, the smaller Kobo Mini, and the Kobo Glo, which has an illuminated screen. On the higher end, it includes the Kobo Aura, the Kobo Aura HD, which adds a higher resolution screen, and these e-readers compete with the Amazon Kindle and Barnes & Noble Nook product lines. Kobo also produces the Kobo Arc family of Android tablets, which it introduced in 2012 and it previously sold the Kobo Vox, a 7-inch Android tablet released in 2011. Kobo offers free reading applications for Windows and OS X computers and Android, iOS, BlackBerry, in June 2015, Kobo received a Top Developer badge in the Google Play store. Kobos bookstore was opened in 2010 and it is currently localized for 16 countries and comprises 4 million titles. Content sold on the Kobo Bookstore include eBooks, newspapers, the majority of titles are sold in the open ePub format, albeit with DRM. Several digital book stores have closed down and transferred their users to Kobos bookstore and this includes the defunct Borders eBook Store, as well as the Sony Reader Store. Both have provided tools for users to migrate purchases and information to Kobos offering, on 17 July 2012, Kobo launched a self-publishing platform called Kobo Writing Life. By July 2014,250,000 books written by 30,000 authors have been published through this program, Kobo sells its devices online and through physical retail channels. The company has partnerships with Cheung Kong Holdings, W H Smith, Whitcoulls, FNAC. Kobo also has a program partnering with independent bookstores to sell their devices, according to the EVP of business development, Todd Humphrey, From day 1, we made it our goal and a priority to be international. If we werent international, we were not going to get the scale and we were not going to be able to get the pricing that some of our competitors would get to. In the middle of 2014, Kobo claimed to serve 18 million readers in over 190 countries with over 17,600 online and physical retail channels
25.
Barnes & Noble
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Barnes & Noble, Inc. is a Fortune 500 company, the largest retail bookseller in the United States, and one of the nations leading retailers of content, digital media, and educational products. As of January 6,2017, the company operates 638 retail stores in all 50 U. S. states. After a series of mergers and bankruptcies in the American bookstore industry since the 1990s, previously, Barnes and Noble operated the chain of small B. Dalton Booksellers stores in malls until they announced the liquidation of the chain. The company is known for large retail outlets, many of which contain a café serving Starbucks coffee and other consumables, from cannolis to spinach and feta pretzels. Most stores sell books, magazines, newspapers, DVDs, graphic novels, gifts, games, toys, music, Barnes & Noble originated in 1886 with a bookstore called Arthur Hinds & Company, located in the Cooper Union Building in New York City. In the fall of 1886, Gilbert Clifford Noble, a then-recent Harvard graduate from Westfield, in 1894, Noble was made a partner, and the name of the shop was changed to Hinds & Noble. In 1901, Hinds & Noble moved to 31–35 W. 15th Street, in 1917, Noble bought out Hinds and entered into a partnership with William Barnes, son of his old friend Charles, the name of the store was changed accordingly to Barnes & Noble. In 1930, Noble sold his share of the company to William Barnes son John Wilcox Barnes, Noble died on June 6,1936, at the age of 72. In the long history of the bookstore, the partnership was a brief interlude of thirteen years. In 1932, at the height of the Great Depression, the moved to a flagship location on 18th Street and Fifth Avenue. The Noble family retained ownership of a publishing business. In 1940, the store was one of the first businesses to feature Muzak and that decade the company opened stores in Brooklyn and Chicago. William Barnes died in 1945, at the age of 78, John Barnes died in 1964, and the company was sold to the conglomerate Amtel two years later. The business was purchased in 1971, by Leonard Riggio for $1.2 million, by then, it had been badly mismanaged over the prior two years and consisted only of a significantly reduced wholesale operation and a single retail location—the store at 105 Fifth Avenue. Between the 1970s and the 1980s, Barnes & Noble opened smaller discount stores and they also began to publish their own books to be sold to mail-order customers. These titles were primarily affordable reissues of out-of-print titles and selling them through mail-order catalogs allowed Barnes & Noble to reach new customers nationwide. Barnes & Noble continued to expand throughout the 1980s, and it purchased the primarily shopping mall-based B. Dalton chain from Dayton Hudson in 1986, the last B. Dalton stores were scheduled to close in January 2010. In 1989, Barnes and Noble had purchased the 22-store chain Bookstop, the acquisition of the 797 B. Dalton bookstores turned the company into a nationwide retailer, and by the end of fiscal year 1999, the second-largest online bookseller in the United States
26.
PocketBook International
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PocketBook is a multinational company which produces e-book readers based on E Ink technology, as well as multimedia readers and Android-based tablet computers, under the PocketBook brand. The company was founded in 2007 in Kyiv, Ukraine and its headquarters is located at Lugano in Switzerland. PocketBook is the fourth largest global manufacturer of e-readers, the devices are assembled at the Foxconn, Wisky, Yitoa and other factories. As of December 2013, PocketBook claimed it had sold two million e-reader and tablet devices. BookLand – an electronic platform from PocketBook with a goal to sell fiction, educational, BookLand offers more than 1,500,000 titles of electronic content in 17 languages. KidRead – a project which helps to manage the time a child spends on a mobile device and this application was created to get children more involved in reading as well as to monitor and test a childs literary knowledge. The KidRead project consists of the website kidread. com and Android application for multimedia readers, ReadRate – a search-and-recommend service whose main goal is to help users to select books. The ReadRate online platform may help users with information on the most popular books and inform them about book ratings, literary preferences, feedback, Comparison of e-book readers Comparison of tablet computers Tablet computer Official PocketBook International website Official BookLand website Official KidRead website Official ReadRate website
27.
Boox
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Onyx Boox or BOOX is a brand of e-book reader produced by Onyx International Inc. Like most e-book readers, the Boox uses electronic paper technology, the Onyx Boox i63ML Newton device is the first eReader with access to Google Play. It has a 1 GHz processor, 512Mb DDR and 8 Gb internal storage memory, Onyx Boox M92 is a device with a 9.7 inch E Ink Pearl screen with electromagnetic touch, 1200×825 resolution and 16 level grey scale. It supports the Hanvon stylus for touchscreen navigation and note taking and it was released in November 2011. An Android-based smart phone and e-reader, the screen of which will be a 4.3 inch e-Ink display. The specs indicate it will be a device and will lack the 850 MHz band that is needed in the USA. The Onyx BOOX C65 is an Android-based device with a 6-inch E Ink HD EPD multi-touch capacitive touch screen with 1024x758 pixel resolution at 212 ppi and 16 grey levels. It comes in two versions, the C65HD Storia and the C65ML AfterGlow, the latter with a Modern Front-Light system. Specifications for the device include a 1 GHz Cortex A8 CPU,512 MB RAM,4 GB flash memory,802.11 b/g/n WiFi, weight,186 g, Size, 170x117x8.7 mm. The Onyx BOOX C67 is an Android-based device with a 6-inch E Ink HD EPD multi-touch capacitive touch screen with 1024x758 pixel resolution at 212 ppi and 16 grey levels and it comes in two versions, the C67ML and the C67ML Afterglow 2. Specifications for the device include a 1 GHz Cortex-A9 dual core cpu,512 MB RAM,4 GB flash memory,802.11 b/g/n WiFi, weight,186 g, Size, 171x117x9 mm. The Onyx BOOX T68 is an Android 4.0 based e-reader/tablet with 6.8 inch E Ink Pearl HD screen and it runs on a 1Ghz Freescale i. MX6 ARM Cortex A9 processor. The Onyx BOOX i86 is an Android 4.0 based e-reader with 8 inch E Ink Pearl 1600x1200, infrared touchscreen and it comes with 512MB RAM, 4GB of storage, a microSD card slot, audio jack, wifi, bluetooth. Comparison of e-book readers Comparison of tablet computers E-Ink E-Paper Official website
28.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
29.
Windows Phone
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Windows Phone is a family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones as the replacement successor to Windows Mobile and Zune. Windows Phone features a new user interface derived from Metro design language, unlike Windows Mobile, it is primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market. It was first launched in October 2010 with Windows Phone 7, Windows Phone 8.1 is the latest public release of the operating system, released to manufacturing on April 14,2014. Work on a major Windows Mobile update may have begun as early as 2004 under the codename Photon, but work moved slowly, in 2008, Microsoft reorganized the Windows Mobile group and started work on a new mobile operating system. The product was to be released in 2009 as Windows Phone, one result was that the new OS would not be compatible with Windows Mobile applications. Lieberman said that Microsoft was attempting to look at the phone market in a new way. The event focused largely on setting up a new global mobile ecosystem, suggesting competition with Android, Elop stated the reason for choosing Windows Phone over Android, saying, the single most important word is differentiation. Entering the Android environment late, we knew we would have a hard time differentiating, while Nokia would have had more long-term creative control with Android, Elop enjoyed familiarity with his past company where he had been a top executive. Jo Harlow, whom Elop tapped to run Nokias smartphone business, rearranged her team to match the structure led by Microsofts VP of Windows Phone, Myerson was quoted as saying, I can trust her with what she tells me. She uses that same direct and genuine communication to motivate her team, the first Nokia Lumia Windows Phones, the Lumia 800 and Lumia 710, were announced in October 2011 at Nokia World 2011. At the Consumer Electronics Show in 2012 Nokia announced the Lumia 900, featuring a 4. 3-inch AMOLED ClearBlack display, the Lumia 900 was one of the first Windows Phones to support LTE and was released on AT&T on April 8. An international version launched in Q22012, with a UK launch in May 2012, the Lumia 610 was the first Nokia Windows Phone to run the Tango Variant and was aimed at emerging markets. On September 2,2013, Microsoft announced a deal to acquire Nokias mobile phone division outright, Microsoft managers revealed that the acquisition was made because Nokia was driving the development of the Windows Phone platform to better match their products. The merger was completed after regulatory approval in all markets in April 2014. As a result, Nokias hardware division is now a subsidiary of Microsoft operating under the name Microsoft Mobile, in February 2014, Nokia released the Nokia X series of smartphones, using a version of Android forked from the Android Open Source Project. Windows Phone 7 was announced at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, on February 15,2010, in 2011, Microsoft released Windows Phone 7.5 Mango. A minor update released in 2012 known as Tango, along with bug fixes. The update included a start screen, additional color schemes
30.
Kobo eReader
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The Kobo eReader is an e-reader produced by Toronto-based Kobo Inc. The companys name is an anagram of book, the original version was released in May 2010 and was marketed as a minimalist alternative to the more expensive e-book readers available at the time. Like most e-readers, the Kobo uses an electronic ink screen, the LCD tablet versions were released between 2011 and 2013. All Kobo readers require connection to the Internet during the setup phase. Kobo e-readers support viewing EPUB, Adobe PDF, plain text, HTML and it also supports many other formats unofficially such as ZIM. The Kobo Touch 2.0 was released on 8 September 2015, the E Ink Pearl 6-inch display with a resolution of 800×600 and 167 ppi. The exterior is similar in appearance to the Kobo Glo HD, the Kobo Aura One was released on 6 September 2016 and it is the first e-reader with a 7. 8-inch E Ink Carta HD waterproof display with a 300 ppi screen. The Aura One weighs 252 grams and measures 195 mm by 138.5 mm by 6.9 mm and it has Wi-Fi,8 GB internal storage, and has 512 MB RAM. The Aura One is lit by nine white LEDs and eight RGB LEDs around the frame, the additional RGB LEDs allow the device to have a night reading mode that limits the blue light that comes from white LEDs. It was the first Kobo eReader with built-in OverDrive support, the Kobo Aura Edition 2 was released with the Kobo Aura One in September 2016 as a refreshed version of a beloved classic. It has a 6-inch E Ink Carta display with a resolution of 1024x768 at 212 ppi, the exterior styling is similar to the Kobo Aura One. Unlike the original Kobo Aura, there is no MicroSD slot, the specifications are otherwise similar to the original Kobo Aura. Kobo Inc. announced its first e-reader on 24 March 2010 and it was officially released on 1 May 2010. It had expandable memory, holding an additional 4 GB via an SD slot and it was available in black or white and came preloaded with 100 public domain books. It was manufactured by Netronix Inc. a Taiwan based company with factories in Taiwan, the pricing strategy of the original Kobo, at USD$149, was to rival the Amazon Kindle, which was USD$110 more expensive. However, in June 2010, just after the Kobo was released and its pricing strategy in Australia was similarly aggressive where it was available for A$199, again A$100 less than the Kindle. Borders Australia said that hoped to sell high volumes of the Kobo to drive up sales at their e-content store. In December 2010, the original Kobos feature set was updated with an update to more closely match the Wifi model
31.
Microform
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Microforms are any forms, either films or paper, containing microreproductions of documents for transmission, storage, reading, and printing. Microform images are commonly reduced to about one twenty-fifth of the original document size, for special purposes, greater optical reductions may be used. All microform images may be provided as positives or negatives, more often the latter, three formats are common, microfilm, aperture cards and microfiche. Microcards, a no longer produced, were similar to microfiche. Using the daguerreotype process, John Benjamin Dancer was one of the first to produce microphotographs and he achieved a reduction ratio of 160,1. The idea that microphotography could be no more than a novelty was an opinion shared by the 1858 Dictionary of Photography, microphotography was first suggested as a document preservation method in 1851 by James Glaisher, an astronomer, and in 1853 by John Herschel. Both men attended the 1851 Great Exhibition in London, where the exhibit on photography greatly influenced Glaisher and he called it the most remarkable discovery of modern times, and argued in his official report for using microphotography to preserve documents. The developments in microphotography continued through the decades, but it was not until the turn of the century that its potential for practical usage was seized by a wider audience. In 1896, Canadian engineer Reginald A. Fessenden suggested microforms were a solution to engineers unwieldy. He proposed that up to 150,000,000 words could be made to fit in an inch. In 1906, Paul Otlet and Robert Goldschmidt proposed the livre microphotographique as a way to alleviate the cost, in 1925, the team spoke of a massive library where each volume existed as master negatives and positives, and where items were printed on demand for interested patrons. In the 1920s microfilm began to be used in a commercial setting, New York City banker George McCarthy was issued a patent in 1925 for his Checkograph machine, designed to make micrographic copies of cancelled checks for permanent storage by financial institutions. In 1928, the Eastman Kodak Company bought McCarthys invention and began marketing check microfilming devices under its Recordak division, binkley, which looked closely at microform’s potential to serve small print runs of academic or technical materials. In 1935, Kodaks Recordak division began filming and publishing The New York Times on reels of 35 millimeter microfilm and this method of information storage received the sanction of the American Library Association at its annual meeting in 1936, when it officially endorsed microforms. Roll microfilm proved far more satisfactory as a medium than earlier methods of film information storage, such as the Photoscope, the Film-O-Graph, the Fiske-O-Scope. The year 1938 also saw another major event in the history of microfilm when University Microfilms International was established by Eugene Power, for the next half century, UMI would dominate the field, filming and distributing microfilm editions of current and past publications and academic dissertations. After another short-lived name change, UMI was made a part of ProQuest Information, systems that mount microfilm images in punched cards have been widely used for archival storage of engineering information. This permits automated reproduction, as well as permitting mechanical card-sorting equipment to sort, aperture card mounted microfilm is roughly 3% of the size and space of conventional paper or vellum engineering drawings
32.
Barnes & Noble Nook 1st Edition
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The Nook 1st Edition is the first generation of the Nook e-book reader developed by American book retailer Barnes & Noble, based on the Android platform. The device was announced in the United States in October 2009 and was released the next month, the Nook includes Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity, a six-inch E Ink display, and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device. In June 2010 Barnes & Noble announced a Wi-Fi-only model of the Nook, the second-generation Nook, the Nook Simple Touch, was announced May 25,2011 with a June 10 release date. This version made its debut on November 22,2009, at a price of $259 and comes with built-in 3G + Wi-Fi connectivity for free access to the Barnes. The price was reduced to $199 on June 21,2010, the final price drop was made on May 25,2011, to a closeout price of $169 at the same time of the announcement of the new Nook, named the Nook Simple Touch. This version made its debut on June 21,2010, at a price of $149. It is a version of the Nook 1st Edition that supports Wi-Fi only and not 3G Wireless and it is physically easily distinguishable from the 3G + Wi-fi gray-backed version, due to its white back color. A price reduction was made on May 25,2011, dropping to a price of $119 in accord with the announcement of the new Nook. The original Nook provides an electronic ink display for viewing digital content with most navigation. Pages are turned using arrow buttons on each side of the Nook or by making swipe gesture on touch screen, the original Nook connects to Barnes and Nobles digital store through a free connection to AT&Ts 3G network or through available Wi-Fi connections. Users can read books without a connection, disconnecting the wireless connection can extend the batterys charge to up to ten days. The device has a MicroSD expansion slot for storage and a user-replaceable rechargeable battery. The battery can be charged through either an AC adapter or a micro-USB2.0 cable, the device also includes a web browser, a built-in dictionary, Chess and Sudoku, an audio player, speakers, and a 3.5 mm headphone jack. Adobe has undertaken to support for that combination in future releases of Adobe Acrobat mobile software. Only the original Nook and the Nook Color support sound files, Nook supports image file formats JPG, GIF, PNG, and BMP, used for book cover thumbnails, wallpapers, and screen savers. The Nook provides a LendMe feature allowing users to share books with other people. The buyer is permitted to share a book once with one user for up to two weeks. Users will be able to share purchased books with others who are using Barnes & Nobles reader application software for Android, BlackBerry, iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch, Mac OS X, the Nook system recognizes physical Barnes & Noble stores
33.
Nook GlowLight
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The Barnes & Noble Nook is a brand of e-readers developed by American book retailer Barnes & Noble, based on the Android platform. The original device was announced in the United States in October 2009, the original Nook had a six-inch E-paper display and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device and was capable of Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity. The original nook was followed in November 2010 by a color LCD device called the Nook Color, in June 2011 by the Nook Simple Touch, and in November 2011 and February 2012 by the Nook Tablet. On April 30,2012, Barnes & Noble entered into a partnership with Microsoft that will spin off the Nook, on August 28,2012, Barnes and Noble announced partnerships with retailers in the UK, which began offering the Nook digital products in October 2012. In December 2014, B&N purchased Microsofts Nook shares, ending the partnership, Nook users may read nearly any Nook Store e-book, digital magazines or newspapers for one hour once per day while connected to the stores Wi-Fi. This may encourage customers to visit B&N stores, the Nook name and Identity was devised and created by the Brand Development Group at R/GA. Nook was initially rejected as a name by Barnes & Noble and this decision pivoted on the information contained within an NPR article which suggested that women readers tend to read more than men. The name is claimed by Rex Wilder when he was consulting for Ammunition Design Group. The Nook software is run on Android 4.4 KitKat, the GlowLight Plus uses a Freescale i. MX61 GHz CPU and has 512MB RAM. Since the device runs Android 4.4, third party apps, due to the lack of physical buttons, initial set up to install third party apps is done through a USB connection to a computer. In February 2014, B&N announced a new Nook color tablet would be released in 2014, in June 2014, Barnes & Noble announced it would be teaming up with Samsung to develop co-branded tablets titled the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook. The devices would feature Samsungs hardware with a 7-inch display, the Galaxy Tab 4 Nook was released in the US in August 21,2014, with B&Ns Nook Division focusing on the software and content, and Samsung focusing on the hardware. The product specs, matching the Samsung Galaxy Tab 47.0 and it launched with a US$199 retail price. In May 2015, the price was reduced to $149, in September 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab S28 LCD tablet that includes some Samsung and B&N software. It uses Android 5.0.99 retail price, in October 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab E Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab 9.6 LCD tablet that includes some Samsung, B&N and Microsoft software. In November 2016, B&N released the Nook Tablet 7, which is a Nook branded Chinese tablet 7 screen has a resolution of 600 x 1024 and it is using Android 6.0 Marshmallow with Nook apps included with a 1. 3GHz MediaTek CPU. It has 8GB storage, a card slot, Wi-Fi. It weighs 8.8 ounces and has a battery for up to 7 hours, the device has two versions, a Nook that includes Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity, and one that only includes Wi-Fi
34.
Bookeen
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Bookeen is French company dealing with e-books and consumer electronics. In 2003 after the failure of Cytale two former engineers of Cytale, Laurent Picard and Michaël Dahan, bought the property of the Cytale reading device. They founded the company, Bookeen, to produce dedicated ebook reading devices and their first product was the Cybook Gen1. The Cybook Gen1 was Bookeens only product until 2006/2007, when they began exploring E-ink screens, at the time, E-Ink screens were a new technology and claimed to have a near paper-like appearance that did not cause eyestrain. In late 2007 Bookeen began selling the Cybook Gen3, their first eBook reader to use an E-Ink screen, at the end of 2008, Bookeen started to claim future support for the ePub eBook format. The current firmware supporting it for all models, however, this firmware can not support the older Mobipocket format, another firmware with support for Mobipocket is still made available so the user can select the desired format. When the frontline model of Bookeen was introduced 2014, the Swedish twin version was also manufactured and sold by AdLibirs in the Scandinavian market. In 2009 they also announced a new product the Cybook Opus a smaller version of the Cybook Gen3 but with improvements, improved shape, accelerometer,1 GB of user memory. June 2010 Bookeen published a much improved firmware for Gen3 and Opus devices, in August 2011, Bookeen launches its own e-book store called BookeenStore. com with ePub and PDF format books, and a selection of free e-books with no DRM. In 2014, Bookeen launches the Cybook Muse, the new 6 inches connected ebook reader and latter en 2014, the Cybook Ocean, Cybook Orizon Comparison of e-book readers Official Website Official Books store Website Interview in French of Laurent Picard and Michael Dahan
35.
Kobo Touch
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The Kobo Touch is the third generation of the Kobo e-reader device designed by Kobo Inc. It was revealed on 23 May 2011 and was released in the U. S. on 10 June 2011 at a price of $129.99, the Kobo Touch 2.0, the successor to the Touch, was released in September 2015. This model of the Kobo Touch improved upon its predecessors by using a zForce touch-sensitive display, hence its name, the infrared based touch inferface does not require electrical conductivity, allowing for the user to interact with the device when wearing gloves. Other improvements included an E Ink Pearl screen, a processor capable of smooth PDF panning,802. 11n Wi-Fi capability. The Kobo Touch shipped in five colours, lilac, blue, silver, black and it is made of a soft matte plastic. The back of every Kobo device features a quilted pattern, like the original Kobo model, the Touch is manufactured in Taiwan. The Kobo Touch was introduced to compete with Amazons Kindle and Barnes & Nobles Nook. By not including a keyboard like the Kindle Keyboard, and leaving only a home button on the front face of the device. The 2GB of memory was similar to what competitors offered, this allows for the storage of approximately 1000 books. With a 32GB microSD card that can be inserted in the side of the Kobo Touch, battery life of the Kobo Touch is estimated to be approximately one month, assuming reading for 30 minutes a day and Wi-Fi turned off. Three variants of the Kobo Touch were released, N905, N905B, the first was the original Kobo Touch, the second was the model with advertisements, the third was the low-cost model introduced after the release of the Kobo Glo. Kobo Touch runs on the Kobo Touch Firmware, based on the Linux kernel, the software is available in 8 languages and 2 variants, English, French, Canadian French, Japanese, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Brazilian Portuguese. The main screen shows tiles that automatically update based on actions the user has performed, tiles may appear for books, newspapers, magazines, store categories, or games the user has recently read, browsed, or played, respectively. The main screen is called Reading Life. The main application, the reader, supports a variety of ebook formats, ePub, PDF, Adobe DRM, MOBI, RTF, HTML, TXT, Comic Book Archive file, JPEG, PNG, BMP, GIF. By flicking or tapping a side of the screen, the user may advance to the page or previous page. Adjusting the font is possible with a feature called TypeGenius, users can change the weight, sharpness, highlighting, adding notes, and looking up definitions in the built-in dictionaries is also possible by long-tapping a passage in any part of the book. The Kobo Touch also provides statistics about reading progress, average reading time per session, total time read, pages turned, books can be viewed in a list view or grid view in the users library
36.
Kobo Glo
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The Kobo Glo is the fourth generation of Kobo eReader devices designed and marketed by Kobo Inc. It was revealed on 6 September 2012 and arrived at retail 14 October 2012 with a price of $129.99 USD/CAD and it is the successor to the popular Kobo Touch was introduced alongside the Kobo Mini and Kobo Arc. The Glo was succeeded in 2015 by the higher-resolution Glo HD, with 4GB built-in storage, the distinguishing feature of this device is the frontlighting technology, allowing a user to read in the dark. By lighting from the front, the light is less intrusive than an LCD and this light is called the ComfortLight. This light is controlled with a button and the software, according to Kobo, having a uniform distribution of the light across the screen was accomplished with a nano-printed fibre-optic film. Other improvements to the include a faster processor for snappier performance, a much higher resolution screen, a larger battery. The Kobo Glo shipped in 4 colours, Black Night, Pink Sunset, Blue Moon, the back no longer features the quilt pattern found in most of the companys products since its inception, it now has a diamond criss-cross pattern. It is made of the same soft matte plastic used in the Kobo Touch, Kobo advertises a month of reading with light and Wi-Fi off, assuming 30 minutes of reading per day. It also claims up to 70 hours of reading with the light on. Kobo Glo runs on the Kobo Firmware, based on the Linux kernel, the software is available in 8 languages and 2 variants, English, French, Canadian French, Japanese, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Brazilian Portuguese. The main screen shows tiles that automatically update based on actions the user has performed, tiles may appear for books, newspapers, magazines, store categories, or games the user has recently read, browsed, or played, respectively. The main screen is called Reading Life and this software feature originated on the Kobo Aura HD and was brought to the Kobo Glo with a software update. The main application, the reader, supports a variety of ebook formats, ePub, PDF, Adobe DRM, RTF, HTML, TXT, Comic Book Archive file, JPEG, PNG, BMP, GIF. By flicking or tapping a side of the screen, the user may advance to the page or previous page. Adjusting the font is possible with a feature called TypeGenius, users can change the weight, sharpness, highlighting, adding notes, and looking up definitions in the built-in dictionaries is also possible by long-tapping a passage in any part of the book. The Kobo Glo also provides statistics about reading progress, average reading time per session, total time read, pages turned, books can be viewed in a list view or grid view in the users library. They can be arranged based on title, author, file size, file type, users can also arrange their books into collections. Users may also download books through the use of the Kobo Bookstore, adding books to a wishlist, purchasing books, and browsing through the library can be done on the Kobo itself thanks to the Wi-Fi chip
37.
Kobo Mini
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The Kobo Mini is a miniature, touch-based e-book reader produced by Kobo Inc. Kobo Mini was introduced on 6 September 2012, with the Kobo Glo, marketed with the slogan Small is a Big Deal, it was targeted to those who wanted a pocket-sized device. Kobo Mini includes an E Ink screen for legibility in direct sunlight and it also included 2 GB of internal storage. A distinguishing feature included SnapBacks available in three colors at launch with the distinct Kobo quilt pattern, Kobo Mini was available in two colours, black, and white. The Kobo Mini was intended to compete with the basic Kindle and Nook Simple Touch, with a price, identical screen resolution. Advantages included the smaller dimensions and lighter weight, Kobo claims the battery lasts for a month, assuming 30 minutes of reading a day and Wi-Fi turned off. Charging the Kobo, as well as transferring documents, is accomplished with the micro-USB connecting port, Kobo Mini runs on the Kobo Firmware, based on the Linux kernel. The software is available in 8 languages and 2 variants, English, French, Canadian French, Japanese, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, the main screen shows tiles that automatically update based on actions the user has performed. Tiles may appear for books, newspapers, magazines, store categories, or games the user has read, browsed, or played. The main screen is called Reading Life, the main application used by the Kobo Mini is the digital reader for books, newspaper, magazines and any document in the ePub, Kobo ePub, HTML, CBZ, CBA, MOBI, or PDF file formats. The reader may adjust the font size, weight, and sharpness with a tool called TypeGenius to further enhance readability. Highlighting, adding notes, and looking up definitions by long tapping a word or section in a book is also possible, many libraries, such as the Ottawa Public Library and the Toronto Public Library, offer a Kobo-compatible program for borrowing library books. EPub with DRM requires a separate sign-in to authenticate the use of the DRM materials at Adobe, to buy books, the reader may open the Kobo Bookstore. The user may use the desktop client or a third party app to sync books to Kobo Mini. By purchasing the ebook through the bookstore, the highlights, bookmarks. For example, reading to 54% on Kobo Mini will allow the user to resume at 54% while reading on their Kobo Glo, an achievement system is built-in, by reaching reading goals, the user will gain badges. This also provides statistics about the book the user is reading, for example, average time spent reading, pages flipped, number of books finished. Four experimental apps are included, but Kobo does not provide support for them
38.
Kobo Aura
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The Kobo Aura is the fifth generation of E-book readers designed and marketed by Kobo Inc. It was revealed 27 August 2013 at Kobos Beyond the Book Event in New York City, available for pre-order the same day, it cost $149.99 USD/CAD. The Kobo Aura featured several improvements to its predecessor, the Kobo Glo. The screen is now a plastic panel, featuring an edge to edge display without a raised border found in predecessors. It uses E Inks Regal waveform technology along with Pearl HD, the touch screen, now based on capacitive touch, is more responsive than the infrared touch present in its previous products and allows for the use of multitouch. This can be used to control the frontlight built into the device, the Kobo Aura also featured a redesigned body. Shorter and more square than its competitors, the Kindle Paperwhite and Nook Glowlight, the back is of a similar design to the Kobo Aura HD, with an angular design reminiscent of crumpled pages of a book. The Kobo Aura shipped in 2 colours, black and pink, Kobo also sold an accessory to the Kobo Aura called the Sleepcover, a case that would wake the Kobo Aura from sleep when opened and put the Aura to sleep when closed. This case uses magnets, similar to Apples Smart Cover, Kobo claims the battery will last for over 2 months with 30 minutes of reading a day, ComfortLight turned on or off, and Wi-Fi turned off. Kobo Aura runs on the Kobo Firmware, based on the Linux kernel, the software is available in 8 languages and 2 variants, English, French, Canadian French, Japanese, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Brazilian Portuguese. The main screen shows tiles that automatically update based on actions the user has performed, tiles may appear for books, newspapers, magazines, store categories, or games the user has recently read, browsed, or played, respectively. The main screen is called Reading Life, the main application, the digital reader, supports a variety of ebook formats, ePub, PDF, Adobe DRM, RTF, HTML, TXT, Comic Book Archive file, JPEG, PNG, BMP, GIF, and TIFF. By flicking or tapping a side of the screen, the user may advance to the page or previous page. Highlighting, adding notes, and looking up definitions in the built-in dictionaries is also possible by long-tapping a passage in any part of the book, with the introduction of the Kobo Aura, Kobo introduced a new software feature called Beyond the Book. Similar to Amazons X-Ray feature, Beyond the Book allows a user to more information about part of the book, providing similar topics, books. The Kobo Aura also provides statistics about reading progress, average reading time per session, total time read, pages turned, and the percentage of books completed. Adding fonts is possible on the Kobo Aura, By creating a directory called fonts and putting any OTF or TTF font into this directory, a user can use any font on their Kobo Aura. Adjusting the font is possible with a feature called TypeGenius, users can change the weight, sharpness, books can be viewed in a list view or grid view in the users library
39.
Kobo Aura HD
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The Kobo Aura HD is a limited-edition Kobo eReader device designed and marketed by Kobo Inc. It was revealed 15 April 2013 and allowed for preorders the next day at a price of $169.99 USD/CAD and it arrived in stores in Canada and the United Kingdom on 25 April 2013. The marketing slogan of the Kobo Aura HD was The eReader, in October 2014 the Kobo Aura H2O was launched, it has a similar screen resolution to the Kobo Aura HD but has a waterproof coating. Kobos CEO announced in March 2015 that the Kobo Aura HD was officially discontinued, the screen offered by the Aura HD offered 30% more screen real estate than the 6 inch screens of competitors. It was also of a higher resolution, with a WXGA+1440 ×1080 screen offering 265 ppi, with Pearl E ink technology. This screen was marketed as the ClarityScreen+ by Kobo, the Aura HD shipped in three colours, espresso, ivory, and onyx. It was made of a new material, whereas previous Kobo eReaders used a soft matte plastic. This was accompanied with a back design, resembling crumpled pages of a physical book. The CPU is 1 GHz Freescale i. MX507, built-in memory totaled 4GB, allowing 3000 books to be stored on the device. This was expandable via microSD card slot, adding up to 32GB of storage was possible, the ComfortLight introduced in the Kobo Glo was also present in the Kobo Aura, allowing a user to read in the dark. Battery life was estimated to be up to 2 months, assuming 30 minutes of reading a day, Kobo Aura HD runs on the Kobo Firmware, based on the Linux kernel. The software is available in 8 languages and 2 variants, English, French, Canadian French, Japanese, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Brazilian Portuguese. The operating system was redesigned with the launch of the Aura HD, featuring a new library view, the main screen shows tiles that automatically update based on actions the user has performed. Tiles may appear for books, newspapers, magazines, store categories, or games the user has read, browsed, or played. The main screen is called Reading Life, originally the name of the statistics and gamification feature of Kobo eReaders. The main application, the reader, supports a variety of ebook formats, ePub, PDF, Adobe DRM, RTF, HTML, TXT, Comic Book Archive file, JPEG, PNG, BMP, GIF. By flicking or tapping a side of the screen, the user may advance to the page or previous page. Finetuning a font in a book is possible with a feature called TypeGenius, users can change the weight, sharpness, highlighting, adding notes, and looking up definitions in the built-in dictionaries is also possible by long-tapping a passage in any part of the book
40.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
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Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
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Portable Document Format
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The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
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Text file
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A text file is a kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file exists within a file system. The end of a file is often denoted by placing one or more special characters. Such markers were required under the CP/M and MS-DOS operating systems, on modern operating systems such as Windows and Unix-like systems, text files do not contain any special EOF character. Text file refers to a type of container, while plain text refers to a type of content, Text files can contain plain text, but they are not limited to such. At a generic level of description, there are two kinds of files, text files and binary files. Because of their simplicity, text files are used for storage of information. They avoid some of the problems encountered with other formats, such as endianness, padding bytes. Further, when data corruption occurs in a file, it is often easier to recover. A disadvantage of text files is that usually have a low entropy. A simple text file needs no additional metadata to assist the reader in interpretation, and therefore may contain no data at all, the ASCII character set is the most common format for English-language text files, and is generally assumed to be the default file format in many situations. For accented and other characters, it is necessary to choose a character encoding. In many systems, this is chosen on the basis of the locale setting on the computer it is read on. Common character encodings include ISO 8859-1 for many European languages, because many encodings have only a limited repertoire of characters, they are often only usable to represent text in a limited subset of human languages. Unicode is an attempt to create a standard for representing all known languages. On most operating systems the name text file refers to file format that only plain text content with very little formatting. Such files can be viewed and edited on text terminals or in text editors. Text files usually have the MIME type text/plain, usually with additional information indicating an encoding, MS-DOS and Windows use a common text file format, with each line of text separated by a two-character combination, carriage return and line feed
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EPUB
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EPUB is an e-book file format with the extension. epub that can be downloaded and read on devices like smartphones, tablets, computers, or e-readers. It is a standard published by the International Digital Publishing Forum. The term is short for electronic publication and is sometimes styled ePub, EPUB became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007, superseding the older Open eBook standard. The Book Industry Study Group endorses EPUB3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the book publishing industry should rally around a single standard. EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based e-book format, that is, EPUB2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update approved in September 2010. The EPUB3.0 specification became effective in October 2011, new major features include support for precise layout or specialized formatting, such as for comic books, and MathML support. The current version of EPUB is 3.1, effective January 5,2017, the format specification underwent reorganization and clean-up, format supports remotely-hosted resources and new font formats and uses more pure HTML and CSS. In May 2016 IDPF Members approved World Wide Web Consortium merger, to align the publishing industry. Like an HTML web site, the format supports inline raster and vector images, metadata and this could affect the level of support for various DRM systems on devices and the portability of purchased e-books. Consequently, such DRM incompatibility may segment the EPUB format along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of a standard format. It is also used on many software readers such as iBooks on iOS and Google Books on Android. IBooks also supports the proprietary format, which is based on the EPUB format. As final product As in the eBook market PDF format is not generally sold at sites that sell eBooks, the main EPUB producers are suppliers of public domain and open licensed content, as Project Gutenberg, PubMed Central, SciELO and many others. In that context is growing and replacing the PDF format, data interchange EPUB is a popular way to feed ebook creation process, because is an open format and is based in HTML, while Amazons format is proprietary. EPUB is the first step content format in many production process, an EPUB file is a ZIP archive that contains, in effect, a website—including HTML files, images, CSS style sheets, and other assets. EPUB3 is the latest version, by using HTML5, publications can contain video, audio, and interactivity, just like websites in web browsers. An ePub publication is delivered as a single file and this file is an unencrypted zipped archive containing a set of interrelated resources. An OCF Abstract Container defines a system model for the contents of the container
Media related to E-book readers at Wikimedia Commons
