1.
Provinces of Indonesia
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Indonesian territory is composed of 34 provinces. A province is the highest tier of the local government divisions of Indonesia, provinces are further divided into regencies and cities, which are in turn subdivided into sub-districts. Each province has its own government, headed by a governor. The governor and members of representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. Five provinces have special status, Aceh, for the use of the law as the regional law of the province. Special Region of Yogyakarta, a sovereign monarchy within Indonesia with the sultan Hamengkubuwono as hereditary Governor, SR Yogyakarta refused to call themselves as the province according to Law No. 12/2012 about The Speciality of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Papua, for implementation of sustainable development. West Papua, for granting implementation of sustainable development, the provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units. This clickable map shows provinces of Indonesia as of 25 October 2012, click on a province name to go to its main article. A considerable number of new provinces have been proposed in addition to the 34 existing provinces of Indonesia, as of 2013, the government has targeted the creation of eight new provinces by 2020, by splitting several of the existing provinces. On 25 October 2013, the Indonesian House of Representatives began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies and 8 new provinces
2.
Kelimutu
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Kelimutu is a volcano, close to the small town of Moni in central Flores island in Indonesia. The volcano is around 50 km to the east of Ende, Indonesia, the mountain has three crater lakes which differ in color. Their colors periodically and unpredictably change due to a reaction, apparently independent from each other. Between January and November 2016, the colors of the craters changed six times, the volcano contains three striking summit crater lakes of varying colors. Tiwu Ata Bupu is usually blue and is the westernmost of the three lakes, the other two lakes, Tiwu Koo Fai Nuwa Muri and Tiwu Ata Polo are separated by a shared crater wall and are typically green or red respectively. The lake colors vary on a periodic basis, subaqueous fumaroles are the probable cause of active upwelling that occurs at the two eastern lakes. The lakes have been a source of minor eruptions in historical time. The scenic lakes are a popular tourist destination, Kelimutu is also of interest to geologists because the three lakes have different colors yet are at the crest of the same volcano. According to Kelimutu National Park officials, the changes as a result of chemical reactions resulting from the minerals contained in the lake perhaps triggered by volcano gas activity. Kawah Putih lake in West Java, south of Bandung, is another lake in Indonesia with some similarities to the lakes at Kelimutu. In the early days of developing the national park in the Kelimutu area. More recently, forest rangers have worked to better relations with nearby village communities. Kelimutu is one of the listed as a ribu in Indonesia which are mountains in Indonesia which are more than 1,000 meters high. The area is said to have begun to attract attention after being noticed by a regional Dutch military commander, B. van Suchtelen in 1915, bouman wrote about the site in 1929. The closest airports are Maumere, and Ende, there are regular flights to Ende from Bali. The drive from Ende to Moni, the town at the base of Kelimutu where accommodation is available, takes about 3 hours, while from Moni to Kelimutu vehicle park, usually tourists sleep one night to catch sunrise at Kelimutu. Kelimutu National Park List of volcanoes in Indonesia Kelimutu travel guide from Wikivoyage Volume 28,3, pp. 137-306 of the Geochemical Journal is a special issue of the journal dedicated to Volcanic lakes
3.
Labuan Bajo
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Labuan Bajo is a fishing town located at the western end of Flores in the Nusa Tenggara region of east Indonesia. Once a small fishing village, Labuan Bajo in Flores is now a bustling center of tourism. It is the point for trips to Komodo Island and Rinca Island. Nearby Kanawa and Seraya Islands are an opportunity to do some diving and snorkeling. Within a few hours of Labuan Bajo can be found several waterfalls, trekking, the town is quite small and can easily be traversed on foot. There are various interesting churches and a mosque, ojeks and bemos pass every 5 minutes if you get tired of walking. You can rent a motorcycle for 75,000 Rp. per day, there are now 4 working ATMs in the town and the road is paved. Komodo Airport is located just 2 km from the center of Labuan Bajo and has 4-6 daily flights arriving from Bali, the port has daily ferry departures to Bima and weekly or bi-weekly departures to Denpasar and Sulawesi. The local economy in the town is centered around the port and tourism, local shops and restaurants. Most of the tourists are European, many from Italy, Australia. The wider area produces fish and palm oil, there is also an amount of subsistence agriculture in the villages in the region where living standards are still low. Levels of poverty in the areas are high. Labuan Bajo travel guide from Wikivoyage Labuan Bajo Information
4.
Komodo (island)
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Komodo is one of the 17,508 islands that compose the Republic of Indonesia. The island is notable as the habitat of the Komodo dragon, the largest lizard on Earth. Komodo Island has an area of 390 square kilometres and a human population of over two thousand. The people of the island are descendants of convicts who were exiled to the island. The people are adherents of Islam but there are also Christian. Komodo is part of the Lesser Sunda chain of islands and forms part of the Komodo National Park, in addition, the island is a popular destination for diving. Administratively, it is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province, Komodo is part of the Lesser Sunda chain of islands and forms part of the Komodo National Park. It lies between the larger neighboring islands Sumbawa to the west and Flores to the east. The islands surface area covers 390 square kilometres, the earliest stories of a dragon existing in the region circulated widely and attracted considerable attention. The creature was allegedly a dragon which inhabited an island in the Lesser Sunda Islands. The Dutch sailors reported that the creature measured up to seven metres in length with a large body, hearing the reports, Lieutenant Steyn van Hensbroek, an official of the Dutch Colonial Administration in Flores, planned a trip to Komodo Island. He armed himself, and accompanied by a team of soldiers he landed on the island, after a few days, Hensbroek managed to kill one of the lizards. Van Hensbroek took the dragon to headquarters where measurements were taken and it was approximately 2.1 metres long, with a shape very similar to that of a lizard. More samples were then photographed by Peter A. Ouwens, the Director of the Zoological Museum and Botanical Gardens in Bogor, the records that Ouwens made are the first reliable documentation of details about what is now called the Komodo dragon. Ouwens was keen to obtain additional samples and he recruited hunters who killed two dragons measuring 3.1 metres and 3.35 metres as well as capturing two pups, each measuring less than one metre. Ouwens carried out studies on the samples and concluded that the Komodo dragon was not a flame-thrower but was a type of monitor lizard, research results were published in 1912. Ouwens named the giant lizard Varanus komodoensis, realizing the significance of the dragons on Komodo Island as an endangered species, the Dutch government issued a regulation on the protection of the lizards on Komodo Island in 1915. The Komodo dragon became something of a living legend, in the decades since the Komodo was discovered, various scientific expeditions from a range of countries have carried out field research on the dragons on Komodo Island
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
7.
Kupang
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Not to be confused with Tanjung Kupang in Johore Kupang is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara, and has an estimated population in 2011 of 349,344. It is the biggest city and port on the island of Timor, Kupang was an important port and trading point during the Portuguese and Dutch colonial eras. There are ruins and remnant signs of the presence in the city. Representatives of the Dutch East India Company approached Kupang in 1613 after having conquered the Portuguese fort on Solor, at this time the place and its hinterland was governed by a raja of the Helong tribe which claimed descent from Ceram in Maluku. Kupang was well situated for strategic control over parts of Timor, moreover, the Koinino River provided fresh water for the inhabitants. A VOC-Helong agreement was made, but due to the lack of VOC commitment on Timor, Kupang was later influenced by the Portuguese mestizo population of Flores, a Portuguese stronghold was established by the 1640s. However, the VOC was firmly established on Solor in 1646, in January 1653 a Dutch fortification, Fort Concordia, was built on a height to the left of the river estuary. Kupang became the base of the Dutch struggle against the Portuguese and they were followed by two other groups, Amfoan and Taebenu. The Helong raja remained the lord of the land but was dependent on the VOC authorities. Apart from the old Helong territory, Timor was largely dominated by the Portuguese up to 1749, the Dutch set up a European administration with a chief executive and a council. Affairs with the populations were regulated through regular meetings. The Kupang administration handled affairs with the VOC-allied islands Rote, Savu, Chinese traders and artisans settled by the early 18th century and soon became indispensable for the economic life. The town area was settled by various indigenous groups from the region. In 1752 the population was 827 Christians and an number of non-Christians. Nevertheless, some of this influence contracted after 1761 due to incompetence, Kupang was the final destination of William Bligh who was set adrift in an open boat during the Mutiny on the Bounty. The Mutiny on the Bounty took place about 30 nautical miles from Tofua in the Tonga islands and he recorded the distance as 3,618 nautical miles. He passed through the difficult Torres Strait along the way and landed on 14 June, the only casualty of his voyage was a crewman named John Norton who was stoned to death by the natives of Tofua, the first island they tried to land on. News of the journey of Captain Bligh inspired the escape of a party of convicts from the colony at Sydney Cove
8.
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
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The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle is an Indonesian political party, and the party of the current president of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. The PDI-P was founded and is led by Megawati Sukarnoputri, president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004, and daughter of Sukarno. Megawati was forced out from the leadership of the Indonesian Democratic Party by the government of Indonesia under Suharto in 1996, Megawati formed the PDI-P in 1999, after Suharto resigned and restrictions on political parties were lifted. The partys centre-left ideology is based on the official Indonesian national philosophy and it is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and Progressive Alliance. This result was not recognised by the government, which continued to push for Budi Harjono, its candidate for the chairpersonship. A Special Congress was held where the Government expected to have Harjono elected and her position was consolidated further when a PDI National Assembly ratified the results of the congress. In June 1996, another National Congress was held in the city of Medan, to which Megawati was not invited, with the governments backing, Suryadi, a former hairperson was re-elected as PDIs Chairperson. Megawati refused to acknowledge the results of this congress and continued to see herself as the leader of the PDI. On the morning of 27 July 1996, Suryadi threatened to take back PDIs Headquarters in Jakarta, Suryadis supporters attacked the PDI Headquarters and faced resistance from Megawati supporters who had been stationed there since the National Congress in Medan. In the ensuing clash, Megawatis supporters managed to hold on to the headquarters, a riot ensued — at that stage considered the worst that Jakarta had seen during the New Order years — which was followed by a government crackdown. The government later blamed the riots on the Peoples Democracy Party, despite being overthrown as chairperson by Suryadi and the government, the event lifted Megawatis profile immensely, providing both sympathy and national popularity. The PDI was now divided into two factions, Megawatis faction and Suryadis faction, Megawatis faction had wanted to participate in the 1997 legislative elections, but the government only recognized Suryadis faction. In the elections, Megawati and her supporters threw their support behind the United Development Party, Megawati was elected Chairperson of PDI-P and was nominated for the Indonesian presidency in 1999. PDI-P was by far the most popular political party coming into the 1999 legislative elections, with 33% of the votes, PDI-P emerged with the largest share. As the 1999 MPR General Session loomed closer, it was expected that PDI-P would once again play the dominant role, however, despite winning the Legislative Elections, PDI-P did not have absolute majority. Despite this however, PDI-P never formed a coalition with any of the political parties in the lead up to the 1999 MPR General Session. The closest thing PDI-P had to a coalition was an alliance with Abdurrahman Wahids National Awakening Party. The Presidency looked set to be contested by Megawati and the then incumbent BJ Habibie of Golkar who was looking for a second term, however, MPR Chairman Amien Rais had other ideas as he formed a coalition called the Central Axis which consisted of Muslim Parties
9.
Mount Mutis
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Mount Mutis is the highest point of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, at 2,427 metres above sea level. It is located in the Gunung Mutis Nature Reserve in the South Central Timor Regency,150 km from Kupang, the mountain is a popular climbing site. The Dayuan people believe that the Almighty, who gives rain, wing, amongst local groups living in the area near Mt Mutis there is some concern that the development of local resources by mining and timber companies is doing environmental damage in the region. The area around Mt Mutis is an Indonesian national park of approximately 12,000 ha in size, environmental management is a major concern for the managers of the park
10.
Ethnic group
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An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. Unlike other social groups, ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which one lives, in some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society. Ethnic groups, derived from the historical founder population, often continue to speak related languages. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is possible for individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group. Ethnicity is often used synonymously with terms such as nation or people. In English, it can also have the connotation of something exotic, generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, the largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals, while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity, whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis. The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ἔθνος ethnos, the inherited English language term for this concept is folk, used alongside the latinate people since the late Middle English period. In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan, as the Septuagint used ta ethne to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews. The Greek term in antiquity could refer to any large group, a host of men. In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of peculiar to a race, people or nation, the abstract ethnicity had been used for paganism in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an ethnic character. The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972, depending on the context that is used, the term nationality may either be used synonymously with ethnicity, or synonymously with citizenship. The process that results in the emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, the Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus gave an account of what defined Greek ethnic identity in his day, enumerating shared descent. Whether ethnicity qualifies as a universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf and they regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently, one is between primordialism and instrumentalism. In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as a given, even coercive
11.
Atoni
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The Atoni people are an ethnic group on Timor, in Indonesian West Timor and the East Timorese enclave of Oecussi-Ambeno. The Atoni live in villages consisting of 50 to 60 people, each village is surrounded with stone fence or shrubs, with fields, the houses usually form a circular cluster, or following the road after the introduction of a road. According to ethnographer Clarke Cunningham, their culture is notable for its spatial symbolism, male-female principle is important, as with the duality of sun-earth, light-dark, open-close, dry season-wet season, outer-inner, central-periphery, secular-sacral, right-left, and so on. This in turn affects the spatial configuration of an Atoni house, the right side of the house is always male, whereas the left is female. The center of the house is male, while the periphery of the house is female, the interior of the house is female, the terrace is male. The house is female and the yard is male and this principle conceived the Atoni house as a microcosmos. The house also expresses social order, a more elaborate house is called Ume Atoni. The house is male in quality. The Atoni entertains their guest in a house called Lopo. A Lopo is always located in front of a house and is oriented to the road, furthermore, each cardinal direction is associated with a gender, as are different parts of a house. Sex and gender do not always line up, as an important lord is called a female-man, and is always a man. Clarke E. Cunningham, Atoni Borrowing Of Children, An Aspect Of Mediation, in, Spiro, american Ethnological Society Proceedings, Annual Spring Meeting, Seattle,1965. Clarke E. Cunningham, Categories Of Descent Groups In A Timorese Village, in, Oceania 37,1966, herbert W. Jardner, Textilien der Atoni. Variationen eines Stils in West-Timor, unpubl, herbert W. Jardner, Die Kuan Fatu-Chronik. Form und Kontext der mümdlichen Dichtung der Atoin Meto, Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für Indonesische und Südseesprachen der Unsiversität Hamburg, Band 23, herbert W. und Heidrun Jardner, Eingefangene Fäden. Textile Verzierungstechniken in West-Timor, Indonesien, Austronesia Bd.1, andrew R. McWilliam, Harvest of the nakaf, A Study of Headhunting Among the Atoni of West Timor, B. Litt. thesis, Australian National University,1982. Andrew R. McWilliam, Narrating the gate and the path, place and precedence in South West Timor, Ph. D. thesis Australian National University,1989. The Political System Of The Atoni Of Timor, Verhandelingen Koninklijk Instituut 60,1971, media related to Atoin Meto at Wikimedia Commons
12.
Manggarai people
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The Manggarai are an ethnic group found in western Flores in the East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Manggarai people are spread across three districts in the province, namely the West Manggarai Regency, Manggarai Regency and East Manggarai Regency. According to historical records, they have been occupied alternately by other such as the Bima people from the island of Sumbawa. As of the late 20th century, there are about 500,000 Manggarai people and their political system is clan-based, led by a chief clan called Todo. This people practices patrilineal descent system, and historically they live in villages of which consists at least two clans, the Manggarai people are known to have series of ritual as a thanksgiving for the life that has been given to them to live in a certain time period. Among others are, - Penti Manggarai, a ceremony of harvest thanksgiving celebration, barong Lodok, a ritual that invites the guardian spirit to the center of Lingko. Barong Wae, a ritual to invite ancestral spirits to be a watcher over springs, barong Compang, a ceremony of summoning a village guardian spirit at night. Wisi Loce, this ceremony is conducted so that all spirits who are invited are able to wait a moment before the climax of the Penti ceremony, libur Kilo, a ceremony of thanksgiving for the welfare of each family in their homes. Caci performance usually begins with Danding dance performances, before the caci warriors display their abilities to hit, the dance is commonly referred to as Tandak Manggarai, a dance performed on stage to predict the outcome of the Caci competition. Mbehel, a West Mangarrai mountain tribe Rangko trive from Sulawesi island Joshua Project — Manggarai Ethnic People in all countries Manggarai Map — Satellite Images of Manggarai
13.
Sumba people
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Sumba Island is inhabited by the Sumba people, and is divided by two regencies, namely West Sumba Regency and East Sumba Regency. They refer to themselves as Tau Humba, the Sumbese have been able to retain much of their culture despite foreign influences that arrived long ago on the Lesser Sunda Islands. The traditional religion of the Marapu region, which includes both ancestral worship and deity worship is very much alive among the Sumbese society. There are genealogical bonds between the Sumbese and those of the Sawu Island, according to a myth of origin, they come from two ancestors, Hawu Meha and Humba Meha. Hawu Meha gave birth to the Sawunese who initially lived in Sumba Island, the offspring of Humba Meha remained in Sumba. The most important part of the attire of Sumba is located on the body cover in the form of large sheets of hinggi fabric for men. From the hinggi and lau fabrics which is made by weaving techniques and its application of muti and hada are revealed as various symbols in the social and economic context. Pasola is the cultural feast of the Sumba people and is considered one of Indonesias cultural richness, in West Sumba Regency, people come from far away just to watch the pasola, a competition whereby two teams compete in throwing blunted spears at each other. Fabrics are used as covering up to the chest and shoulders covered with the same color as the sarong. The head dress is decorated with plain-colored tiara that comes with hiduhai or hi kara, above the forehead is pinned with metal jewelry such as gold or gilding which called maraga. While the ear are decorated with mamuli jewelry in the form of golden necklaces are also used on the neck and dangles right up to the chest
14.
Belu Regency
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Belu Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in December 20,1958, Belu Regency has its seat in Atambua, in December 2012 a separate Regency - Malaka Regency - was created from the southern half of Belu Regency. This regency is served with 2 TV Channel, which are, TVRI Nasional Belu TV. The Belu Regency was until 2013 divided into 24 districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population, in 2013, the 12 southern kecamatan were removed to form the new Malaka Regency, leaving the 12 northern kecamatan in Belu Regency
15.
Lamaholot people
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The Lamahalot or Solor people are an indigenous tribe located on Flores Island, Indonesia, and some smaller islands around it. Lamaholot people speak the Lamaholot language with different dialects, the number of speakers counts between 150,000 and 200,000 and those who live on mainland Flores can speak Bahasa Nagi as well. Most Lamaholot people are Roman Catholics, some of them are Muslims or devotees of a traditional monotheistic religion who believe in a god whom they call Lera Wulan Tanah Ekan. Lamaholots famous traditional dance is a war known as Hedung
16.
Rote Island
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Rote Island is an island of Indonesia, part of the East Nusa Tenggara province of the Lesser Sunda Islands. According to legend, this island got its name accidentally when a lost Portuguese sailor arrived and asked a farmer where he was, the surprised farmer, who could not speak Portuguese, introduced himself, Rote. Rote lies 500 km northwest of the Australian coast and 170 km north of the Ashmore, the island is situated to the southwest of the larger island of Timor. To the north is the Savu Sea, and to the south is the Timor Sea, to the west is Savu and Sumba. The uninhabited Ndana island, just south of Rote, with an area of 14 km2, is the southernmost island of Indonesia. Along with some nearby small islands, such as Ndao island, it forms the kabupaten of Rote Ndao Regency. Rote island has an area of 1,200 km2, the main town, Baa, is located on the northern side of the island. Rote has a good area in the south around the village of Nemberala. There is a ferry to the island from Kupang, the provincial capital on West Timor. The trip between Kupang and Baa takes around two hours, wings Air Operates daily flights between Rote and Kupang. Flight time is about 30 minutes, Rote consists of rolling hills, terraced plantations, acacia palm, savanna and some forests. The Rotinese depend, like the Savunese, on the palm for basic survival but also as a supplement to their income from fishing. Agriculture is the form of employment. Fishing is also important, especially in the village of Papela. Rote has many historical relics including fine antique Chinese porcelain, as well as ancient arts, several prominent Indonesian figures were born in Rote. A popular music instrument, Sasando, is made of palm leaves, in the eastern part of the island is a pond in Landu Village that has non-poisonous jellyfish. The pond also has a sandy beach. The critically endangered Rote Island snake-necked turtle is endemic to Rote Island, the US-born Australian scholar, Prof James J Fox, has written extensively about Rotinese culture
17.
Religion
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Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holy places, that aim mostly to give a meaning to life. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has considered a source of religious beliefs. There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, about 84% of the worlds population is affiliated with one of the five largest religions, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or forms of folk religion. With the onset of the modernisation of and the revolution in the western world. The religiously unaffiliated demographic include those who do not identify with any religion, atheists. While the religiously unaffiliated have grown globally, many of the religiously unaffiliated still have various religious beliefs, about 16% of the worlds population is religiously unaffiliated. The study of religion encompasses a variety of academic disciplines, including theology, comparative religion. Theories of religion offer various explanations for the origins and workings of religion, Religion is derived from the Latin religiō, the ultimate origins of which are obscure. One possible interpretation traced to Cicero, connects lego read, i. e. re with lego in the sense of choose, go over again or consider carefully. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders, we hear of the religion of the Golden Fleece, of a knight of the religion of Avys. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religio was understood as a virtue of worship, never as doctrine, practice. In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations and it was in the 19th century that the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism first emerged. Max Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, what is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law. Some languages have words that can be translated as religion, but they may use them in a different way. For example, the Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as religion, throughout classical South Asia, the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions. Medieval Japan at first had a union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power. There is no equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities
18.
Roman Catholicism
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
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Protestantism
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
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Islam
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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the word of God. Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered, certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders, most Muslims are of one of two denominations, Sunni or Shia. Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, sizable Muslim communities are also found in Horn of Africa, Europe, China, Russia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Northern Borneo, Caucasus and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world, Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means voluntary submission to God, Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means submission or surrender. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the verb form. The word sometimes has connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as a state, Whomsoever God desires to guide. Other verses connect Islām and dīn, Today, I have perfected your religion for you, I have completed My blessing upon you, still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān, Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies. This term has fallen out of use and is said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims religion
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Languages
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Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics, questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought, 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky, estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on an arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in whistling, signed and this is because human language is modality-independent. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings, human language has the properties of productivity and displacement, and relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure affords a wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication. Language is processed in different locations in the human brain. Humans acquire language through interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old. The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture, a group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family. The languages of the Dravidian family that are mostly in Southern India include Tamil. Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100. The English word language derives ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s tongue, speech, language through Latin lingua, language, tongue, and Old French language. The word is used to refer to codes, ciphers. Unlike conventional human languages, a language in this sense is a system of signs for encoding and decoding information. This article specifically concerns the properties of human language as it is studied in the discipline of linguistics. As an object of study, language has two primary meanings, an abstract concept, and a specific linguistic system, e. g. French
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Indonesian language
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Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. It is a register of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, of its large population, the majority speak Indonesian, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. However, most formal education, and nearly all national mass media, governance, administration, judiciary, the Indonesian name for the language is Bahasa Indonesia or sometimes simplified as Bahasa. This term is occasionally found in English and other languages. Indonesian is a register of Riau Malay, which despite its common name is not the Malay dialect native to Riau. Originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra, Malay has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium and it might be attributed to its ancestor, the Old Malay language. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is the oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, trade contacts carried on by various ethnic peoples at the time were the main vehicle for spreading the Old Malay language, which was the main communications medium among the traders. Ultimately, the Old Malay language became a lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago, Indonesian is essentially the same language as the official Malaysian, Singaporean and Brunei standards of Malay. However, it does differ from Malaysian in several respects, with differences in pronunciation and these differences are due mainly to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian. Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar, which was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by other spoken languages of the islands. Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the classical Malay of earlier centuries, even though modern Malaysian has been influenced, in lexicon as well as in syntax. The question of whether High Malay or Low Malay was the parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language, however, the language had never been dominant among the population of the Indonesian archipelago as it was limited to mercantile activity. The VOC adopted the Malay language as the language of their trading outpost in the east. Following the bankruptcy of the VOC the Dutch crown took control of the colony in 1799 and it was then that education in. Even then, Dutch administrators were reluctant to promote the use of Dutch compared to other colonial regimes. Dutch thus remained the language of a elite, in 1940
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Tetum language
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Tetum /ˈtɛtʊm/, also Tetun, is an Austronesian language spoken on the island of Timor. It is spoken in Belu Regency in Indonesian West Timor, and across the border in East Timor, in East Timor a creolized form, Tetun Dili, is widely spoken fluently as a second language, without previous contact, Tetum and Tetun Dili are not mutually intelligible. Besides the grammatical simplification involved in creolization, Tetun Dili has been influenced by the vocabulary of Portuguese. Tetum has four dialects, Tetun-Dili, or Tetun-Prasa, is spoken in the capital, Dili, ethnologue classifies it as a Tetun-based creole. Tetun-Terik is spoken in the south and southwestern coastal regions, the Nanaek dialect is spoken in the village of Metinaro, on the coastal road between Dili and Manatuto. Tetun-Belu and Tetun-Terik are not spoken or well understood outside their home territories, Tetun-Prasa is the form of Tetum that is spoken throughout East Timor. Although Portuguese was the language of Portuguese Timor until 1975. When East Timor gained its independence on 20 May 2002, Tetum, in addition to regional varieties of Tetum in East Timor, there are variations in vocabulary and pronunciation, partly due to Portuguese and Indonesian influence. The Tetum spoken by East Timorese migrants in Portugal and Australia is more Portuguese-influenced, as many of those speakers were not educated in Indonesian. The Tetum name for East Timor is Timór Lorosae, which means Timor of the sun, or, less poetically, East Timor, lorosae comes from loro sun and sae to rise. The noun for word is liafuan, from lia voice and fuan fruit, Tetum has many hybrid words, which are combinations of indigenous and Portuguese words. These often include an indigenous Tetum verb, with a Portuguese suffix -dór, for example, han handór – glutton. Hateten hatetendór – chatterbox, talkative person, obrigadu/Obrigada – Thank you, said by a male/female. Examples, A common occurrence is to use such as Senhora for a woman or names rather than pronouns when addressing people. Example, The second person singular pronoun Ó is used generously with children or if the speaker intends to address someone of high social status, example, The plural is not normally marked on nouns, but the word sira they can express it when necessary. Feto woman/women → feto sira women However, the plural ending -s of nouns of Portuguese origin is retained. g. g, I and they, and ita, which is inclusive, e. g. you, I, and they. Ami-nia karreta – our car ita-nia rain – our country Nouns derived from verbs or adjectives are formed with affixes, for example the suffix -nain. Hakerek write → hakerek-nain writer The suffix -nain can also be used with nouns, uma house → uma-nain householder In more traditional forms of Tetum, the circumfix ma- -k is used instead of -nain
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Time in Indonesia
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The Indonesian archipelago geographically stretches across four time zones from UTC+6 in Aceh to UTC+9 in Western Papua. The border between central and eastern time zones runs north from the tip of Timor to the eastern tip of Sulawesi. Daylight saving time is not currently observed in almost all of Indonesia due to its tropical location, the only unofficial exception of this is Muara Teweh and Maurainu, which unofficially uses Western Indonesian Daylight Time. All provinces in the island of Java including major cities such as, Bandung, Surabaya, Jakarta, Semarang, two provinces in Kalimantan island, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Including major cities such as, Pontianak, Palangkaraya, and Sampit, Muara Teweh and Maurainu unofficially uses Western Indonesian Daylight Time, which has the same time as Central Indonesian Time. All provinces in the Lesser Sunda Islands including major cities such as, Denpasar, Mataram, three provinces in Kalimantan island, North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, including major cities such as, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Samarinda, and Tarakan. IANA time zone identifier is Asia/Makassar Indonesia Eastern Standard Time is observed in, Maluku Islands including major cities such as, Ambon City, Ternate City. All provinces in West Papua including major cities such as, Jayapura, Biak, all provinces in Papua including all major islands in the province. IANA time zone identifier is Asia/Jayapura It observed since January 1,1988. Central and Southern Sumatra Time, was observed in Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, Java, Bali, and Borneo Time, was observed in Java, Bali, Madura and Kalimantan. Celebes Time, was observed in Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands, moluccan Time, was observed in Ternate, Namlea, Ambon, Sofifi and Banda. West Irian Time was observed in West Irian and it observed during November 1,1932 to August 31,1944. Dutch New Guinea Time, was observed in West Irian during named Dutch New Guinea because Netherlands still hold West Irian. It observed from September 1,1944 to December 31,1963, Daylight saving time was observed in Jakarta from May 1,1948 to May 1,1950. Its UTC offset during daylight saving time is UTC+08,00. tab, asia/Jakarta Asia/Pontianak Asia/Makassar Asia/Jayapura ASEAN Common Time Time in Malaysia Time in the Philippines Time in Singapore UTC+8 Indonesian Standard Time
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Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia
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All motorized vehicles including motorcycles in Indonesia are required to have registration plates. The plates need to be displayed in front and at the back of the vehicles. Except for some cases, every vehicle license plate in Indonesia follows the following format, LL NNNN LL where L are letters of the Latin alphabet. The first single or double letters denote the area of registration and this is followed by numbers, which can range from one to four digits. This is then followed by one or two letters although they may be optional, for example, DK1855 BS is a vehicle registered in Bali region, because it begins with DK. A smaller numbers being added to the bottom or the top of the plate, indicates the month and year where the plate will expire, a new format was recently introduced which have three ending letters, due to the increase of motorized vehicle numbers. At first, this format is used for motorcycles since July 2008 until present, for cars in Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi, in the last three letters of this new format, the first letter divides the Jakarta area into sub areas. For example, The first letter of the number plate for Jakarta vehicles is B. For example, B1886 CC indicates it is from Jakarta, but under the new system, the B indicator is not enough. There are now three ending letters and it is representing Jakarta, because the three cities are represented as sub areas of Jakarta, because the distance from Jakarta and those three cities are very near. The lettering convention to denote area of registration is a legacy of the Dutch colonial era, instead, they follow the old system of Dutch Karesidenan or residencies. In General, plates that start with K are from Kalimantan Island, D for the group of islands east of Java, such as Bali, Lombok. B is generally used in Sumatra but only alongside another letter - B as a letter is only for vehicles registered in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. Red on white, Vehicles that have not been registered yet, Black on yellow, Public transportation, such as buses, taxis, angkot, auto rickshaws and trucks. Black on Red, Vehicles belonging to foreign countries, commonly used by foreign embassies or vehicles belonging to International organizations. Black on White, Vehicles belonging to foreign countries, commonly used by foreign embassies or vehicles belonging to International organizations. White on Blue, Belongs to rickshaws in Surabaya, mainly coded SB Black on green, Free Zone vehicles. Blue on white, Vehicles belonging to foreign countries, but this one is used before it has been registered
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Human Development Index
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The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the level is higher. The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, while the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that the IHDI is the actual level of human development, and the HDI can be viewed as an index of potential human development. The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme, nobel laureate Amartya Sen, utilized Haqs work in his own work on human capabilities. The following three indices are used,1, Life Expectancy Index = LE −2085 −20 LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20. Education Index = MYSI + EYSI22.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index = MYS15 Fifteen is the maximum of this indicator for 2025. 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index = EYS18 Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a degree in most countries. Income Index = ln − ln ln − ln II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100. Finally, the HDI is the mean of the previous three normalized indices, HDI = LEI ⋅ EI ⋅ II3. Standard of living, as indicated by the logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report, the formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme. The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on March 21,2017, below is the list of the very high human development countries, = increase. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed relative to the ranking in the 2015 report, the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is a measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data. Countries in the top quartile of HDI with a missing IHDI, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on December 14,2015, below is the list of the very high human development countries, = increase. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed relative to the ranking in the 2014 report, the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is a measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account. Note, The green arrows, red arrows, and blue dashes represent changes in rank, the rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data
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East Sumba Regency
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East Sumba Regency is one of the four regencies which divide the island of Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Waingapu is the capital of East Sumba Regency, the population of East Sumba Regency is 190,214. Currently, Umbu Mehang Kunda Airport has 1,850 runway with 30 meters wide and it will be extended 600 meters and predicted to complete before Sail Komodo 2013 in October 2013
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South Central Timor Regency
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South Central Timor Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in 1958, the regency has its seat in Soe, Mount Mutis, the highest mountain in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, is in the northern part of the regency. International visitors have noted that the rich in bird life. The local economy in the area is poor and underdeveloped, subsistence agriculture is the main economic activity in many villages. In addition, when opportunities are available, some local village communities sometimes undertake unregulated mining or other resource-based activities, for example, in the Kolbano Beach area south of Soe, there is a local industry in the collection of coloured stones. The stones, which come in a range of shapes and sizes, are sold to local companies. The companies in turn export the stones to countries such as Australia, China, Malaysia, sacks of stones sell for between Rp 10,000 to Rp 25,000. Local villagers are reported to be able to earn around Rp 50,000 per day collecting stones although there are complaints that the prices paid to workers who collect the stones are too low. However, there are concerns amongst some local community groups, such as the Molo people in the Mount Mutis Sanctuary, there has been social resistance, for example, to the activities of mining firms conducting marble quarrying. Partly as a result of the resistance, marble mining firms abandoned their work in the area in 2010. The regency is divided into 32 districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population
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Lesser Sunda Islands
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The Lesser Sunda Islands or Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara or Kepulauan Sunda Kecil are a group of islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands, the islands are part of a volcanic arc, the Sunda Arc, formed by subduction along the Sunda Trench in the Java Sea. The main Lesser Sunda Islands are, from west to east, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Alor archipelago, Barat Daya Islands, and Tanimbar Islands. The Lesser Sundas comprise many islands, most of which are part of Indonesia and are administered as the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, the eastern half of Timor is part of East Timor. The Lesser Sunda Islands consist of two geologically distinct archipelagos, the northern archipelago, which includes Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Wetar, is volcanic in origin. A number of volcanoes, like Mount Rinjani on Lombok, are still active while others. The northern archipelago began to be formed during the Pliocene, about 15 million years ago, the islands of the southern archipelago, including Sumba, Timor and Babar, are non-volcanic and appear to belong to the Australian plate. The geology and ecology of the northern archipelago share a history, characteristics and processes with the southern Maluku Islands. Lying at the collision of two plates, the Lesser Sunda Islands comprise some of the most geologically complex and active regions in the world. There are a number of volcanoes located on the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Lesser Sunda Islands differ from the large islands of Java or Sumatra in consisting of many small islands, sometimes divided by deep oceanic trenches. Movement of flora and fauna between islands is limited, leading to the evolution of a rate of localized species. The islands east of the Lombok Strait are part of Wallacea and these islands have the driest climate in Indonesia. Thorn trees used to be common in coastal areas of the islands but have largely been cleared. These islands are home to species including seventeen endemic birds. More than half of the vegetation of the islands has been cleared for planting of rice and other crops, for settlement. Only Sumbawa now contains an area of intact natural forest, while Komodo, Rincah. While many ecological problems affect both small islands and large landmasses, small islands suffer their particular problems and are exposed to external forces. Development pressures on small islands are increasing, although their effects are not always anticipated, although Indonesia is richly endowed with natural resources, the resources of the small islands of Nusa Tenggara are limited and specialised, furthermore human resources in particular are limited
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West Timor
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West Timor is the western and Indonesian portion of the island of Timor and part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara. During the colonial period it was known as Dutch Timor and was a centre of Dutch loyalists during the Indonesian National Revolution, from 1949 to 1975 it was known as Indonesian Timor. European colonization of Timor began in the 16th century, although the Portuguese claimed the island of Timor in 1520, the Dutch settled West Timor in 1640, forcing the Portuguese out to East Timor. The subsequent collapse of the company meant that in 1799, the returned to official Dutch rule. Finally, in 1914, the border between East and West Timor was finalized by a treaty between Portugal and the Netherlands that was signed in 1859 and modified in 1893. West Timor had the status of residentie within the Dutch East Indies, japan conquered the island during World War II in early 1942. Upon Indonesian independence, West Timor became part of the new Republic of Indonesia, West Timor is a political region that comprises the western half of Timor island with the exception of Oecusse district and forms a part of the Indonesian province of Nusa Tenggara Timur. The land area of West Timor is 15,850 square kilometres, the highest point of West Timor is Mount Mutis, at 2,427 metres. Rote Island, the southernmost island of Indonesia, is southwest of West Timor, West Timors largest town and chief port is Kupang, the capital of Nusa Tenggara Timur province. West Timor is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province and it was formerly split into the City of Kupang and four regencies, from west to east these are, Kupang, Timor Tengah Selatan, Timor Tengah Utara and Belu. However, a fifth regency – Malaka – was in 2012 formed from the half of Belu Regency. Note the administrative area has shrunk as Rote Ndao Regency and Sabu Raijua Regency were split off in 2002 and 2009 respectively from Kupang Regency, the island accounts for 35. 5% of the provincial population. Note that the figues for Belu Regency include those for Malaka Regency, there were approximately 1.8 million inhabitants in 2008, some of them refugees who had fled the 1999 violence in East Timor. In addition to the language, Indonesian, native languages belonging to the Fabronic Stock of the Austronesian group of languages are spoken in West Timor. These languages include Uab Meto, Tetum, Ndaonese, Rotinese, knowledge of Dutch is now limited to the older generations. West Timors main religions/faiths are Catholicism, Protestantism and Islam, from the Catholic missionary Apostolic Vicariate of Dutch Timor stem the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kupang and its suffragan Diocese of Atambua. West Timor has an unemployment rate of 2. 39%. 30% of the population lived below the poverty line in 1998, as of 2012, the economy is mainly agricultural, using slash-and-burn methods to produce corn, rice, coffee, copra and fruit
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Flores
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Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the eastern half of Indonesia. The population was 1,831,000 in the 2010 census, the name Flores is derived from the Portuguese for flowers. Flores is located east of Sumbawa and Komodo and west of Lembata, to the south, across the Sumba Strait, is Sumba island and to the north, beyond the Flores Sea, is Sulawesi. Unlike most islands in the Indonesian archipelago, the name Flores was given by the Portuguese, from Cabo de Flores and this part of the island, originally called Kopondai, was so named by the Portuguese because of the flowering Delonix regia trees found there. The original name of Flores was Nipa, referring to the serpent, Portuguese traders and missionaries came to Flores in the 16th century, mainly to Larantuka and Sikka. Their influence is still discernible in Sikkas language, culture and religion, the first Portuguese visit took place in 1511, through the expedition of António de Abreu and his vice-captain Francisco Serrão, en route through the Sunda islands. The Dominican order was important in this island, as well as in the neighbouring islands of Timor and Solor. When in 1613 the Dutch attacked the Fortress of Solor, the population of this fort, led by the Dominicans, moved to the town of Larantuka. This population was mixed, of Portuguese and local islanders descent and Larantuqueiros, Topasses or, as Dutch knew them, the Larantuqueiros or Topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. This group used Portuguese as the language for worship, Malay as the language of trade and their Language is Portuguese, and the religion they have, is Romish. They seem in Words to acknowledge the King of Portugal for their Sovereign and they speak indifferently the Malayan and their own native Languages, as well as Portuguese. In 1846, Dutch and Portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories, lima Lopes did so without the consent of Lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores. After this, Flores became part of the territory of Dutch East Indies, during World War II a Japanese invasion force landed at Reo on 14 May 1942 and occupied Flores. After the war Flores became part of independent Indonesia, on 12 December 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale occurred, killing 2,500 people in and around Maumere, including islands off the North coast. Flores is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province, Flores has 39. 1% of the East Nusa Tenggara provincial population as of 2010, and the most Indonesians of all islands in the province. Kelimutu National Park is the national park designated on Flores to protect endangered species. The Flores giant rat is endemic to the island. These giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism, Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean Stegodon, the most recent disappearing approximately 12,000 years ago and the diminutive Homo floresiensis
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Sumba
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Sumba is an island in eastern Indonesia. It is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands and is in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Sumba has an area of 11,153 square kilometres, and the population was 656,259 at the 2010 Census. Before colonization by western Europeans in the 1500s, Sumba was inhabited by Melanesian and Austronesian people, in 1522, through the Portuguese, the first ships from Europe arrived. By 1866 Sumba belonged to the Dutch East Indies, although the island did not come under real Dutch administration until the 20th century, jesuits opened a mission in Laura, West Sumba in 1866. Historically, this island exported sandalwood and was known as Sandalwood Island, despite contact with western cultures, Sumba is one of the few places in the world where megalithic burials are used as a living tradition to inter prominent individuals when they die. Burial in megaliths is a practice that was used in parts of the world during the Neolithic. It has survived to this day in Sumba and has raised significant interest from scholars, at Anakalang, for instance, quadrangular adzes have been unearthed. Another long-lasting tradition is the sometimes lethal game of pasola, in teams of often several hundred horse-riders fight with spears. On August 19,1977, an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale occurred and caused a tsunami,316 people were killed on the island and islands off the west coast. The largest town on the island is the port of Waingapu. The landscape is low, limestone hills, rather than the steep volcanoes of many Indonesian islands, there is a dry season from May to November and a rainy season from December to April. The western side of the island is fertile and more heavily populated than the east. Due to its flora and fauna Sumba has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as the Sumba deciduous forests ecoregion. Although generally thought to be part of the Gondwana southern hemisphere supercontinent, recent research suggests that it might have detached from the South East Asia margin. Sumba is in the Wallacea ecozone, having a mixture of plants, most of the island was originally covered in deciduous monsoon forest while the south-facing slopes, which remain moist during the dry season, were evergreen rainforest. Saltwater crocodiles can still be found in some areas, the Sumba hornbill or Julang Sumba is under increasing threat of extinction. Indiscriminate deforestation is threatening their survival, the population is estimated at less than 4,000 with an average density of six individuals per square kilometer. A hornbill can fly to and fro over an area of up to 100 square kilometers, most of the original forest has been cleared for the planting of maize, cassava, and other crops so only small isolated patches remain
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Timor
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Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, north of the Timor Sea. The island is divided between the states of East Timor, on the eastern part, and Indonesia, on the western part. The Indonesian part, also known as West Timor, constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara, within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District. The island covers an area of 30,777 square kilometres, the name is a variant of timur, Malay for east, it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Anthropologists identify eleven distinct ethno-linguistic groups in Timor, the largest are the Atoni of western Timor, and the Tetum of central and eastern Timor. Most indigenous Timorese languages belong to the Timor–Babar branch of the Austronesian languages spoken throughout the Indonesian archipelago, the non-Austronesian languages are thought to be related to languages spoken on Halmahera and in Western New Guinea. Some are so mixed it is difficult to tell which family they descend from, the official languages of East Timor are Tetum and Portuguese, while in West Timor it is Indonesian. Indonesian is also spoken and understood in East Timor. Islam and Animism make up most of the remainder at about 5% each across the island, Timor is located north of Australia, and is one of the easternmost Sunda Islands. Timor is the island of the Outer Banda Arc, which has been upthrust by collision with the Australian continent. Timor has older geology and lacks the volcanic nature of the northern Lesser Sunda Islands, the orientation of the main axis of the island also differs from its neighbors. These features have been explained as the result of being on the edge of the Indo-Australian Plate as it meets the Eurasian Plate. The climate includes a dry season with hot winds blowing over from Australia. Rivers on the island include the Southern and Northern Laclo Rivers in East Timor, the largest towns on the island are the provincial capital of Kupang in West Timor, Indonesia and the Portuguese colonial towns of Dili the capital, and Baucau in East Timor. Poor roads make transport to inland areas difficult, in East Timor especially, East Timor is a poor country, with health issues including malaria and dengue fever. Sources of revenue include gas and oil in the Timor Sea, coffee growing, the natural vegetation was tropical dry broadleaf forests with an undergrowth of shrubs and grasses supporting a rich wildlife. However much of the original forest has been cleared for farming, especially on the coasts of Timor, apart from one large block in the centre of Timor only patches remain. This ecoregion is part of the Wallacea area with a mixture of plants and animals of Asian and Australasian origin, it lies in the part of Wallacea
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East Timor
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East Timor or Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a sovereign state in Maritime Southeast Asia. It comprises the half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse. The countrys size is about 15,410 km2, nine days later, it was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesias 27th province the following year. The Indonesian occupation of East Timor was characterised by a highly violent decades-long conflict between separatist groups and the Indonesian military, in 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory. East Timor became the first new state of the 21st century on 20 May 2002 and joined the United Nations. In 2011, East Timor announced its intention to gain status in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations by applying to become its eleventh member. It is one of two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines. In Indonesian, the country is called Timor Timur, thus using the Portuguese name for the island followed by the word for east, the official names under the Constitution are Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in English, República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese and Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum. Humans first settled in East Timor 42,000 years ago, descendants of at least three waves of migration are believed still to live in East Timor. The first is described by anthropologists as people of the Veddo-Australoid type, around 3000 BC, a second migration brought Melanesians. The earlier Veddo-Australoid peoples withdrew at this time to the mountainous interior, finally, proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina. Hakka traders are among those descended from this final group, Timorese origin myths tell of ancestors that sailed around the eastern end of Timor arriving on land in the south. Some stories recount Timorese ancestors journeying from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra, austronesians migrated to Timor, and are thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island. Thirdly, Proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina, before European colonialism, Timor was included in Chinese and Indian trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. It was the abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century. During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms, the Portuguese established outposts in Timor and Maluku. Effective European occupation of a part of the territory began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded. For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a trading post until the late nineteenth century, with minimal investment in infrastructure, health
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Lombok
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Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and it is roughly circular, with a tail to the southwest, about 70 kilometres across and a total area of about 4,514 square kilometres. The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram and it is somewhat similar in size and density with neighboring Bali and shares some cultural heritage, but is administratively part of Nusa Tenggara Barat along with sparsely populated Sumbawa. It is surrounded by a number of smaller islands locally called Gili, the island was home to some 3.17 million Indonesians as recorded in the decennial 2010 census, the latest estimate gives the population as 3,311,044. Lombok is under the administration of the Governor of the province of West Nusa Tenggara, the province is administered from the provincial capital of Mataram in West Lombok. The island is divided into four kabupaten and one kota. They are as follows, with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census and according to the latest official estimates, before this time it was made up of numerous competing and feuding petty states each of which were presided over by a Sasak prince. This disunity was taken advantage of by the neighbouring Balinese who took control of western Lombok in the seventeenth century. The Makassarese meanwhile invaded eastern Lombok from their colonies in neighbouring Sumbawa, the Dutch had first visited Lombok in 1674 and the Dutch East India Company concluded its first treaty with the Sasak Princess of Lombok. The Balinese had managed to take over the island by 1750. In 1838, the Mataram kingdom brought its rivals under control, relations between the Sasak and Balinese in western Lombok were largely harmonious and intermarriage was common. In the islands east, however, relations were less cordial, while Sasak village government remained in place, the village head became little more than a tax collector for the Balinese. Villagers became a kind of serf and Sasak aristocracy lost much of its power, during one of the many Sasak peasant rebellions against the Balinese, Sasak chiefs sent envoys to the Dutch in Bali and invited them to rule Lombok. In June 1894, the general of the Dutch East Indies, Van der Wijck. He sent an army to Lombok and the Balinese raja capitulated to Dutch demands. The younger princes however overruled the raja and attacked and routed the Dutch, the Dutch counterattacked overrunning Mataram and the raja surrendered. The entire island was annexed to the Netherlands East Indies in 1895, the Dutch ruled over Lomboks 500,000 people with a force of no more than 250 by cultivating the support of the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy. The Dutch are remembered in Lombok as liberators from Balinese hegemony, during World War II a Japanese invasion force comprising elements of the 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet invaded and occupied the Lesser Sunda Islands, including the island of Lombok
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Sumbawa
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Sumbawa is an Indonesian island, in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain, with Lombok to the west, Flores to the east, and Sumba further to the southeast. It is part of the province of West Nusa Tenggara, traditionally the island is known as the source of sappanwood used to make red dye, as well as honey and sandalwood. Its savanna-like climate and vast grassland is used to breed horses and cattle, Sumbawa has an area of 15,448 square kilometres or 5,965 square miles with a current population of around 1.39 million. It marks the boundary between the islands to the west, which were influenced by religion and culture spreading from India, in particular this applies to both Hinduism and Islam. The 14th-century Nagarakretagama mentioned several principalities identified to be on Sumbawa, Dompu, Bima, Sape, four principalities in western Sumbawa were dependencies of the Majapahit Empire of eastern Java. Because of Sumbawas natural resources, it was invaded by outside forces – from Javanese, Balinese, Makassarese, Dutch. The Dutch first arrived in 1605, but did not effectively rule Sumbawa until the early 20th century, the Balinese kingdom of Gelgel ruled western Sumbawa for a short period as well. Historical evidence indicates that people on Sumbawa island were known in the East Indies for their honey, horses, sappan wood for producing red dye, the area was thought to be highly productive agriculturally. In the 18th century the Dutch introduced coffee plantation on the slopes of Mount Tambora. Sumbawa is administratively divided into four regencies and one kota and they are, Islam was introduced via the Makassarese language of Sulawesi island. Sumbawa has historically had two major groups who spoke languages that were unintelligible to each other. One group centered in the side of the island speaks Basa Semawa which is similar to the Sasak language from Lombok. They were once separated by the Tambora culture, which spoke a related to neither. After the demise of Tambora, the kingdoms located in Sumbawa Besar and this division of the island into two parts remains today, Sumbawa Besar and Bima are the two largest towns on the island, and are the centers of distinct cultural groups that share the island. The population of the island was 1.33 million at the latest decennial census in 2010, there are a number of large surrounding islands, most notably are Moyo Island, volcanically active Sangeang Island, and the tourist Komodo Islands to the east. There are a number of offshore islands which fall within the regencies based on Sumbawa Island. It is an island, including Mount Tambora which exploded in April 1815. The eruption killed as many as 72,000 and it also apparently destroyed a small culture of Southeast Asian affinity, known to archaeologists as the Tambora culture
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Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
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The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read at 10.00 a. m. on Friday,17 August 1945. In 2005, the Netherlands declared that they had decided to accept de facto 17 August 1945 as Indonesias independence date, in a 2013 interview the Indonesian historian Sukotjo, amongst others, asked the Dutch government to formally acknowledge the date of independence as 17 August 1945. The United Nations, who mediated in the conflict, formally acknowledge the date of independence as 27 December 1949, the document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day. The draft was prepared only a few hours earlier, on the night of 16 August, by Sukarno, Hatta, the original Indonesian Declaration of Independence was typed by Sayuti Melik. Maeda himself was sleeping in his room upstairs and he was agreeable to the idea of Indonesias independence, and had lent his house for the drafting of the declaration. Marshal Terauchi, the highest-ranking Japanese leader in South East Asia and son of Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake, was however against Indonesias independence, the declaration was to be signed by the 27 members of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence symbolically representing the new nations diversity. The particular act was inspired by a similar spirit of the United States Declaration of Independence. Instead, the radical activists demanded that the signatures of six of them were to be put on the document. All parties involved in the moment finally agreed on a compromise solution which only included Sukarno. There was no evidence for the growing suspicions, as the Japanese had already surrendered to the Allies. An English translation of the proclamation was broadcast overseas, proklamasi Kami, bangsa Indonesia, dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Hal2 jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d. l. l, 17-8-45, changed to hari 17, boelan 8, tahoen 05, Wakil-Wakil Bangsa Indonesia, changed to Atas nama bangsa Indonesia. P R O K L A M A S I Kami, bangsa Indonesia, hal-hal jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d. l. l. Diselenggarakan dengan tjara saksama dan dalam tempo jang sesingkat-singkatnja, djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05 Atas nama bangsa Indonesia, Soekarno/Hatta. An English translation published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as of October 1948 included the speech as read by Sukarno. It incorporated remarks made immediately prior to and after the actual proclamation, PROCLAMATION WE THE PEOPLE OF INDONESIA HEREBY DECLARE THE INDEPENDENCE OF INDONESIA. MATTERS WHICH CONCERN THE TRANSFER OF POWER AND OTHER THINGS WILL BE EXECUTED BY CAREFUL MEANS AND IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME. DJAKARTA,17 AUGUST1945 IN THE NAME OF THE PEOPLE OF INDONESIA SOEKARNO/HATTA This proclamation is printed in the front of the Rp.100,000 Indonesian banknote of the year 1999 and 2004 series, java in a Time of Revolution, Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946
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State of East Indonesia
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The State of East Indonesia was a post-World War II federal state formed in eastern Netherlands East Indies by the Netherlands in 1948. It was established in 1946, became part of the United States of Indonesia in 1949 and it comprised all the islands to the east of Borneo and of Java. From the end of World War II, Indonesian republicans had been trying to secure Indonesian independence from Dutch colonial control, from 16–25 July 1946, the Dutch organised a conference in the town of Malino on Celebes as part of their attempt to arrange a federal solution for Indonesia. The Malino Conference resulted in plans for a state in Borneo and another for East Indonesia, later that year, the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia with the Linggadjati Agreement of 15 November. The Denpasar Conference of 18–24 December was held to work out the specifics of a state to be called the State of the Great East and that state was established on 24 December and, on 27 December, renamed the State of East Indonesia. With the realisation of the United States of Indonesia on 27 December 1949, in much of Indonesia, the federal USI was seen as an illegitimate regime foisted on the islands by the Dutch, and many of the federal states began to merge with the Republic of Indonesia. However many in East Indonesia, with its population and greater number of Christians. East Indonesia had already dealt with the Twelfth Province secessionist movement in Minahasa in 1948, the USI was dissolved on 17 August 1950 and the rebellion in the Moluccas was crushed in November of the same year. The state was to have a president who would appoint a cabinet. A number of powers were reserved for the future United States of Indonesia. Balinese nobleman Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati was elected president at the Denpasar Conference that established the state, the Provisional Representative Body for the State of East Indonesia, initially consisting of the 70 participants of the Denpasar Conference, opened its first session on 22 April 1947. The state had a cabinet appointed by the president but much real power remained with the Dutch East Indies authorities. E. Within the residencies were 13 autonomous regions, the residencies were to be eliminated after the construction of functioning administration in the 13 regions. Complicating this structure was the fact that More than 75% of the State of East Indonesia comprised autonomous regions, the Autonomous Region Regulation of 1938 gave the swaprajas wide de jure autonomy but most of the rajas were puppets of Dutch administrators. The remaining area of the state not part of the swaprajas comprised directly governed regions, directly governed areas included Minahasa, the South Moluccas, Gorontalo, the districts of Macassar and Bonthain, and Lombok. The following were the residencies and their autonomous regions, from the Formation of the State of East Indonesia Towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since c,1200, Third Edition, Palgrave Publisher,2001 History and rulers of Indonesian states, 1946–1950 at WorldStatesmen. org William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden, ed. Indonesia, A country study. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division
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United States of Indonesia
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This transfer ended the four-year conflict between Indonesian nationalists and the Netherlands that was fought over for control of Indonesia. It lasted less than a year, before being replaced by the unitary Republic of Indonesia, the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference took place in The Hague from August to November 1949. The Peoples Representative Council consisted of 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the states according to their populations. The Senate had two members from each constituent part of the RUSI regardless of population, making 32 members in total, the state was governed according to the Federal Constitution of 1949, which had been drawn up on the sidelines of the Round Table Conference. It had a cabinet of 16 members, led by Prime Minister Hatta, over the first half of 1950, the non-Republic states gradually dissolved themselves into the Republic. Kahin, George McTurnan, Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia, Cornell University Press, indrayana, Denny, Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002, PT Gramedia, ISBN 978-979-709-394-5 Legge, J. D. Indonesia, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c
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