Economy of Hong Kong

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Economy of Hong Kong
Skyline - Hong Kong, China.jpg
CurrencyHong Kong dollar (HKD)
1 April – 31 March
Trade organisations
APEC and WTO
Statistics
GDP2,662,637 million HKD (340.1 billion USD, at current market prices, 2017) PPP: $444.6 billion (2016.)
PPP per capita rank: 8th
GDP PPP per capita rank: 10th with USD $58,552 (2016)[1]
GDP growth
3.7% (2017)[2]
GDP per capita
HK$360,220; 2017 (US$46,000; 2017)[3]
GDP by sector
agriculture: (0.1%) industry: (9%) services: (90.9%) (2016 est.)
1.7% (2017)[4]
Population below poverty line
N/A
53.9 (2017)
Labour force
3.968.7 million (July 2017)[5]
Labour force by occupation
manufacturing (6.5%), construction (2.1%), wholesale and retail trade, restaurants, and hotels (43.3%), financing, insurance, and real estate (20.7%), transport and communications (7.8%), community and social services (19.5%)
Unemployment3.1% (July 2017)[6]
Main industries
textiles, clothing, tourism, banking, shipping, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks
Decrease 5th (2018)[7]
External
Exports$460.6 billion (2016)
Main export partners
 Mainland China 54.1%
 United States 7.7%
(2017 est.)[8]
Imports$514.5 billion (2016)
Main import partners
 Mainland China 44.6%
 Singapore 6.4%
 Japan 6.1%
 South Korea 5.5%
 United States 5.2%
(2017 est.)[9]
FDI stock
1,034.1 billion HKD (132.7 billion USD, 2016, direct investment inflow)
Public finances
HK$1.5 billion (2014)
Revenues$78.2 billion (2017-2018)
Expenses$60.5 billion (2017)
Economic aidN/A
Standard & Poor's:[10]
AAA (Domestic)
AAA (Foreign)
AAA (T&C Assessment)
Outlook: Stable[11]
Moody's:[11]
Aa1
Outlook: Stable
Fitch:[11]
AA+
Outlook: Stable
Foreign reserves
US$431 billion (December 2017)[12]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong's service-oriented economy is characterized by its low taxation, almost free port trade and well established international financial market.[13] Its currency, called the Hong Kong dollar, is legally issued by three major international commercial banks,[14] and pegged to the US dollar.[15][16] Interest rates are determined by the individual banks in Hong Kong to ensure they are market driven.[17] There is no officially recognised central banking system, although the Hong Kong Monetary Authority functions as a financial regulatory authority.[18][19]

According to the Index of Economic Freedom,[20] Hong Kong has had the highest degree of economic freedom in the world since the inception of the index in 1995. Its economy is governed under positive non-interventionism, and is highly dependent on international trade and finance. For this reason it is regarded as among the most favorable places to start a company. In fact, a recent study[21] shows that Hong Kong has come from 998 registered start-ups in 2014 to over 2800 in 2018, with eCommerce (22%), Fintech (12%), Software (12%) and Advertising (11%) companies comprising the majority.[22] The Economic Freedom of the World Index listed Hong Kong as the number one country, with a score of 8.97, in 2015.[23]

Hong Kong's economic strengths include a sound banking system, virtually no public debt, a strong legal system, ample foreign exchange reserves at around US $408 billion as of mid-2017, rigorous anti-corruption measures and close ties with mainland China.[24] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is a favourable destination for international firms and firms from mainland China to be listed due to Hong Kong's highly internationalised and modernised financial industry along with its capital market in Asia, its size, regulations and available financial tools, which are comparable to London and New York.[25][26]

Hong Kong's gross domestic product has grown 180 times between 1961 and 1997. Also, the GDP per capita rose by 87 times within the same time frame.[27] Its economy is slightly larger than Israel's or Ireland's[28][29][30] and its GDP per capita at purchasing power parity was the sixth highest globally in 2011, higher than the United States and the Netherlands and slightly lower than Brunei. In 2009, Hong Kong's real economic growth fell by 2.8% as a result of the global financial turmoil.[citation needed]

By the late 20th century, Hong Kong was the seventh largest port in the world and second only to New York and Rotterdam in terms of container throughput. Hong Kong is a full Member of World Trade Organization.[31] The Kwai Chung container complex was[when?] the largest in Asia; while Hong Kong shipping owners were[when?] second only to those of Greece in terms of total tonnage holdings in the world. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the sixth largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of about US$3.732 trillion.[citation needed]

Hong Kong has also had an abundant supply of labour from the regions nearby. A skilled labour force coupled with the adoption of modern British/Western business methods and technology ensured that opportunities for external trade, investment, and recruitment were maximised. Prices and wages in Hong Kong are relatively flexible, depending on the performance and stability of the economy of Hong Kong.[32]

Hong Kong raises revenues from the sale and taxation of land and through attracting international businesses to provide capital for its public finance, due to its low tax policy. According to Healy Consultants, Hong Kong has the most attractive business environment within East Asia, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment (FDI).[33] In 2013, Hong Kong was the third largest recipient of FDI in the world.[34]

Hong Kong ranked fourth on the Tax Justice Network's 2011 Financial Secrecy Index.[35]

The Hong Kong Government was the fourth highest ranked Asian government[36] in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI), a measure of a government's information and communication technologies in 2016, and ranked 13th globally.[37]

Stock exchange[edit]

Main article: Hong Kong Stock Exchange

The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the sixth largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of about US$3.732 trillion as of mid-2017. In 2006, the value of initial public offerings (IPO) conducted in Hong Kong was second highest in the world after London.[38] In 2009, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of IPO capital, becoming the largest centre of IPOs in the world.[39] The exchange is the world's 10th largest by turnover and third largest in China.[40][citation needed]

Economic predictions[edit]

Cathay Pacific City, the headquarters of Cathay Pacific

Since the 1997 handover, Hong Kong's economic future became far more exposed to the challenges of economic globalisation and the direct competition from cities in mainland China. In particular, Shanghai claimed to have a geographical advantage. The Shanghai municipal government dreamt of turning the city into China's main economic centre by as early as 2010. The target is to allow Shanghai to catch up to New York by 2040–2050.[41]

Positive non-interventionism[edit]

Main article: Positive non-interventionism

Hong Kong's economic policy has often been cited by economists such as Milton Friedman and the Cato Institute as an example of laissez-faire capitalism, attributing the city's success to the policy. However, others have argued that the economic strategy is not adequately characterised by the term laissez-faire.[42] They point out that there are still many ways in which the government is involved in the economy, some of which exceed the degree of involvement in other capitalist countries. For example, the government is involved in public works projects, healthcare, education, and social welfare spending. Further, although rates of taxation on personal and corporate income are low by international standards, unlike most other countries Hong Kong's government raises a significant portion of its revenues from land leases and land taxation. All land in Hong Kong is owned by the government and is leased to private developers and users on fixed terms, for fees which are paid to the state treasury. By restricting the sale of land leases, the Hong Kong government keeps the price of land at what some consider as artificially high prices and this allows the government to support public spending with a low tax rate on income and profit.[43]

The economy functions well into the night.

Economic freedom[edit]

Further information: Economic freedom

Hong Kong has been ranked as the world's freest economy in the Index of Economic Freedom of The Heritage Foundation for 24 consecutive years, since its inception in 1995.[20][44] The index measures restrictions on business, trade, investment, finance, property rights and labour, and considers the impact of corruption, government size and monetary controls in 183 economies. Hong Kong is the only economy to have scored 90 points or above on the 100-point scale, achieved in 2014 and 2018.[45]

Economic data[edit]

Treemap of Hong Kong export in 2014

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation under 2 % is in green.[46]

Year GDP
(in Bil. US$ PPP) 		GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP) 		GDP growth
(real) 		Inflation rate
(in Percent) 		Unemployment
(in Percent) 		Government debt
(in % of GDP)
1980 34.5 6,771 Increase10.3 % Negative increase4.4 % 3.8 % n/a
1981 Increase41.2 Increase7,897 Increase9.2 % Negative increase9.5 % Negative increase3.9 % n/a
1982 Increase45.0 Increase8,497 Increase2.9 % Negative increase11.0 % Positive decrease3.5 % n/a
1983 Increase49.6 Increase9,207 Increase6.0 % Negative increase9.9 % Negative increase4.4 % n/a
1984 Increase56.5 Increase10,330 Increase10.0 % Negative increase8.8 % Positive decrease3.9 % n/a
1985 Increase58.7 Increase10,602 Increase0.7 % Negative increase3.5 % Positive decrease3.2 % n/a
1986 Increase66.6 Increase11,875 Increase11.1 % Negative increase3.6 % Positive decrease2.8 % n/a
1987 Increase77.4 Increase13,732 Increase13.4 % Negative increase5.7 % Positive decrease1.7 % n/a
1988 Increase86.9 Increase15,220 Increase8.5 % Negative increase7.8 % Positive decrease1.4 % n/a
1989 Increase92.4 Increase16,017 Increase2.3 % Negative increase10.2 % Positive decrease1.1 % n/a
1990 Increase99.5 Increase17,169 Increase3.8 % Negative increase10.3 % Negative increase1.3 % n/a
1991 Increase108.6 Increase18,548 Increase5.7 % Negative increase11.2 % Negative increase1.8 % n/a
1992 Increase118.0 Increase19,906 Increase6.2 % Negative increase9.6 % Negative increase2.0 % n/a
1993 Increase128.3 Increase21,245 Increase6.2 % Negative increase8.8 % Steady2.0 % n/a
1994 Increase139.0 Increase22,551 Increase6.0 % Negative increase8.8 % Positive decrease1.9 % n/a
1995 Increase145.2 Increase23,001 Increase2.4 % Negative increase9.0 % Negative increase3.2 % n/a
1996 Increase154.2 Increase23,843 Increase4.3 % Negative increase6.3 % Positive decrease2.8 % n/a
1997 Increase164.8 Increase25,292 Increase5.1 % Negative increase5.8 % Positive decrease2.2 % n/a
1998 Decrease156.8 Decrease23,819 Decrease−5.9 % Negative increase2.8 % Negative increase4.7 % n/a
1999 Increase163.2 Increase24,587 Increase2.5 % Positive decrease−4.0 % Negative increase6.2 % n/a
2000 Increase179.7 Increase26,776 Increase7.7 % Positive decrease−3.7 % Positive decrease4.9 % n/a
2001 Increase184.8 Increase27,462 Increase0.6 % Positive decrease−1.6 % Negative increase5.1 % 3.3 %
2002 Increase190.7 Increase28,365 Increase1.7 % Positive decrease−3.0 % Negative increase7.3 % Negative increase3.5 %
2003 Increase200.5 Increase29,646 Increase3.1 % Positive decrease−2.6 % Negative increase7.9 % Positive decrease1.6 %
2004 Increase224.0 Increase32,948 Increase8.7 % Positive decrease−0.4 % Positive decrease6.8 % Positive decrease1.5 %
2005 Increase248.3 Increase36,306 Increase7.4 % Increase0.9 % Positive decrease5.6 % Positive decrease1.4 %
2006 Increase273.9 Increase39,668 Increase5.7 % Increase2.0 % Positive decrease4.8 % Positive decrease1.1 %
2007 Increase299.3 Increase43,143 Increase6.5 % Increase2.0 % Positive decrease4.0 % Positive decrease1.0 %
2008 Increase311.7 Increase44,761 Increase2.1 % Negative increase4.3 % Positive decrease3.5 % Positive decrease0.9 %
2009 Decrease306.4 Decrease43,787 Decrease−2.6 % Increase0.6 % Negative increase5.3 % Positive decrease0.7 %
2010 Increase331.1 Increase46,948 Increase6.8 % Negative increase2.3 % Positive decrease4.3 % Positive decrease0.6 %
2011 Increase354.2 Increase49,819 Increase4.8 % Negative increase5.3 % Positive decrease3.4 % Steady0.6 %
2012 Increase366.8 Increase51,157 Increase1.7 % Negative increase4.1 % Positive decrease3.3 % Positive decrease0.5 %
2013 Increase384.3 Increase53,299 Increase3.1 % Negative increase4.3 % Negative increase3.4 % Steady0.5 %
2014 Increase402.0 Increase55,431 Increase2.8 % Negative increase4.4 % Positive decrease3.3 % Positive decrease0.1 %
2015 Increase416.1 Increase56,924 Increase2.4 % Negative increase3.0 % Steady3.3 % Steady0.1 %
2016 Increase430.4 Increase58,345 Increase2.1 % Negative increase2.4 % Negative increase3.4 % Steady0.1 %
2017 Increase454.9 Increase61,393 Increase3.8 % Increase1.5 % Positive decrease3.1 % Steady0.1 %

GDP[47][edit]

  • GDP (nominal, 2017) – HK$2,669,009 million
  • GDP – real growth rate: +3.7% (2017)
  • GDP – per capita: HK$360,000 (2017)
  • GDP – composition by sector [48] (2015):
    • Finance and insurance: 17.6%
    • Tourism: 5.0%
    • Trade: 22.2%
    • Professional Services: 12.4%
    • Other Sectors: 42.8%
Economy of Hong Kong
Identity
Resources
Companies
Other Hong Kong topics
Hong Kong Portal

Population[47][edit]

  • Population: – 7.409 million (end-2017), +0.9% p.a. (2015–16)
  • Unemployment rate: 2.9% (2017)
  • Labour Force Participation Rate [49] (2009):
    • Overall: 60.3%[50]
    • Male: 45.8%
    • Female: 54.2%
    • Age 15–24: 8.5%
    • Age 25–39: 36.8%
    • Age 39+: 43.7%

Labour[51][edit]

  • Labour force: 3.9 million (mid-2017)
  • Employed: 3.86 million (96.8%, mid-2017)
    • Public administration, social and personal services 510,321
    • Finance and insurance 223.221
    • Import/export, wholesale and retail trade 808,251
    • Transport, storage, postal and courier service 178,1
  • Average Work Week: 45 hours
  • Unemployed: 128,200 (3.1%, mid-2017)
  • Underemployed: 44,200 (1.2%, mid-2017)

FY 2017–18 budget[edit]

  • Total Revenues: HK$612.4 billion
  • Total Expenditures: HK$474.4 billion
  • Balance: HK$138 billion
  • Government debt HK$11,227.5 million (US$1.44 billion; 30 June 2011)[52]

Trade (selective data for various years)[edit]

  • Two-way Trade: US$823.9 billion, +23.6% (2010), +11.1% p.a. (1986–2010)
    • With mainland China:' $402.6 billion, +24.2% (2010), 48.9% share
  • Exports: $459.4 billion, -0.5% (2016)
    • To mainland China:' $205.7 billion, +26.5% (2010), 52.7% share
  • Re-exports: $381.2 billion, +22.8% (2010), +14.3% p.a. (1986–2010)
    • To mainland China:' $247.7 (2016)
  • Imports: $513.8 billion, +9.1% (2016),
    • From mainland China:' $245.3 billion (2016)

Poverty[edit]

It was reported in 2013 that at least 100,000 persons were living in cage homes in the poor districts of Hong Kong.[53]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Hong Kong SAR: Gross domestic product per capita, current prices (U.S. dollars)". World Economic Outlook Database, September 2011. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  2. ^ National Income – Publications. Census and Statistics Department, Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  3. ^ National Income – Publications. Census and Statistics Department, Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  4. ^ Census and Statistics Department (June 2014). "Monthly Report on the Consumer Price Index" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Statistics on Labour Force, Unemployment and Underemployment". Census and Statistics Department.
  6. ^ Labour – Overview Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Census and Statistics Department, Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  7. ^ "Ease of Doing Business in Hong Kong SAR, China". Doingbusiness.org. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
  8. ^ "Export Partners of Hong Kong". The World Factbook. 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  9. ^ "Import Partners of Hong Kong". The World Factbook. 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  10. ^ "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  11. ^ a b c Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (15 April 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  12. ^ "International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity – HONG KONG". International Monetary Fund. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  13. ^ "The Profitability of the Banking Sector in Hong Kong" (PDF). Hkma.gov.hk. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  14. ^ LEGAL TENDER NOTES ISSUE ORDINANCE. Legislation.gov.hk (30 June 1997)
  15. ^ "Monetary Stability" (PDF). Hkma.gov.hk. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  16. ^ "Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity in April 2007" (PDF). Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007. Bank for International Settlements: 7. September 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  17. ^ Gough, Neil; Sang-Hun, Choe (19 July 2012). "Asian Financial Regulators Examine Local Lending Rates". The New York Times.
  18. ^ "The Hong Kong Association of Banks". Hkab.org.hk.
  19. ^ Chiu, Peter. "Hong Kong's Banking Industry Facing Keen Competition". Revues.org.
  20. ^ a b "Index of Economic Freedom". Heritage Foundation.
  21. ^ WHub (2018). "Hong Kong Start Up Ecosystem Whitepaper".
  22. ^ "RootBranded | Mindshift Magazine". RootBranded | Saving Great Ideas from Obscurity. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
  23. ^ "Economic Freedom". Fraser Institute. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  24. ^ "Hong Kong". U.S. Department of State.
  25. ^ "London retains financial services crown". Financial Times.
  26. ^ "The Global Financial Centres Index 13" (PDF). Zyen.com. March 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  27. ^ Rikkie Yeung (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-963-0.
  28. ^ "Nominal GDP list of countries. Data for the year 2010". World Economic Outlook Database, September 2011. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  29. ^ "Gross domestic product (2009)" (PDF). The World Bank: World Development Indicators database. World Bank. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  30. ^ Field listing – GDP (official exchange rate), The World Factbook
  31. ^ Hong Kong, China – Member information. WTO. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  32. ^ Hong Kong Monetary Authority (30 December 2009). "A Structural Investigation into the Price and Wage Dynamics in Hong Kong" (PDF).
  33. ^ "Hong Kong Company Formation". Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  34. ^ "UNCTAD World Investment Report". UNCTAD. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  36. ^ After Singapore, S. Korea and Taiwan
  37. ^ "Global Information Technology Report 2016". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  38. ^ Hong Kong surpasses New York in IPOs, International Herald Tribune, 25 December 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
  39. ^ "Hong Kong IPOs May Raise Record $48 Billion in 2010, E&Y Says". Bloomberg. 21 December 2009.
  40. ^ After Shenzhen and Shanghai
  41. ^ Richardson, Harry W. Bae, Chang-Hee C. [2005] (2005) Globalization and Urban Development: Advances in Spatial Science. ISBN 3-540-22362-2
  42. ^ Journal of Contemporary China (2000), 9(24) 291–308 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  43. ^ Geocities. "Doesn't Hong Kong show the potentials of "free market" capitalism?". Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  44. ^ "The World's Freest Economy Is Also Its Least-Affordable Housing Market". Bloomburg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  45. ^ "2014 Index of Economic Freedom – Hong Kong". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  46. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
  47. ^ a b "Gross Domestic Product (GDP)". Census and Statistics Department. 2016-11-11.
  48. ^ "The Four Key Industries and Other Selected Industries". Census and Statistics Department. 2016-11-29.
  49. ^ Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department
  50. ^ "Table 1 ： Summary Statistics" (PDF).
  51. ^ Quarterly Report on General Household Survey, July to September 2009, Census and Statistics Department
  52. ^ Financial results for the three months ended June 30, 2011. Info.gov.hk (30 June 2011). Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  53. ^ Clarin.com. "Vivir en jaulas, el drama de miles de chinos pobres en Hong Kong". Clarin.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.

External links[edit]

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