Ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium is the collection of filamentous fungal hyphae emanating from ectomycorrhizas. It may be composed of fine, hydrophilic hypha which branches frequently to explore
Ectomycorrhizas and short-distance extramatrical mycelium
Ectomycorrhizas on Picea glauca roots surrounded by extramatrical mycelium
Ectomycorrhizal Laccaria fruit bodies in forest community
Cortinarius ectomycorrhizas and extramatrical mycelium on Pseudotsuga menziesii roots
Rhizosphere
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The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome. Soil pores in the rhizosphere
Some rhizosphere processes in the soil (A) Root system architecture is concerned with structural features of the root and responds to with environmental stimuli. (B) The rhizosphere produces photosynthetically fixed carbon that exudes into the soil and influences soil physicochemical gradients. (C) Free-living or parasitic nematodes interact with the rhizosphere via signaling interactions. (D) Mycorrhizal fungi create intimate relationships with the roots and engage in nutrient exchange. (E) Bacterial composition is distinct upon different parts, age, type of the roots.
Communication in the rhizosphere Actors and interactions in the rhizosphere: Inter-kingdom and intra-kingdom communication involving plants and microbes in the rhizosphere, including the consistent role of rhizobia. VOCs = volatile organic compounds; PGP = plant growth promoting; AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Root nodules, each containing billions of Rhizobiaceae bacteria
Growth chamber designs for studying rhizosphere interactions (A) Rhizotron/Rhizobox set up, (B) Rhizobox with side-compartment, (C) vertical root mat chambers; a modular option is show where the plant can be pre-grown in a separate compartment and transplanted afterward onto the main examination chamber, inset shows a modular set up option, (D) horizontal root mat in rhizobox, (E) Mycorrhizal compartments, (F) split-root systems shown here in a rhizobox set up; (G) Nylon bag to separate root and root-free soil; roots may be restricted in the bag or the soil may be protected from root penetration by the bag.