1.
Mark Kennedy (politician)
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Mark Raymond Kennedy, is an American businessman, Republican Party politician, and president of the University of North Dakota. Kennedy previously led the George Washington University Graduate School of Political Management, before that, he served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2007. Kennedy did not seek re-election in 2006, instead running for the U. S. Senate and he lost the general election to Democratic–Farmer–Labor nominee Amy Klobuchar. Kennedy graduated from Pequot Lakes High School in 1975, and St. Johns University in 1979 and he began his career as a Certified Public Accountant and went on to receive his M. B. A. from the University of Michigans Ross School of Business in 1983. As a senior executive at Federated Department Stores, he helped the company itself for growth to become, as Macys. He was profiled in May 1992s Institutional Investor Magazine, which featured him on its cover as one of “Americas top CFOs”, at ShopKo Stores, he was responsible for merchandising, marketing and store management. In 2000, Kennedy won the Republican nomination for the 2nd district and he had never run for political office before. In the closest congressional race of that cycle, Kennedy defeated Minge by 155 votes and its territory was split up among four neighboring districts. Kennedys home outside Watertown was located just inside the reconfigured 6th district, Kennedy initially expected to face the 6ths three-term incumbent Democrat, Bill Luther. However, the new 6th was somewhat more Republican than its predecessor, instead, Kennedy faced Janet Robert, a lawyer and longtime Democratic activist. In one of the most expensive congressional races in Minnesota history, in 2004, Kennedy faced child safety advocate Patty Wetterling. Kennedy received 54% percent of the vote to Wetterlings 46%. Kennedy ran against DFL candidate and Hennepin County Attorney Amy Klobuchar for the U. S. Senate seat being vacated by DFL Senator Mark Dayton, also in the race were Independence Party candidate Robert Fitzgerald, Green Party candidate Michael Cavlan, and Constitution Party candidate Ben Powers. Klobuchar won the election, receiving 58% of the vote to Kennedys 38%, Kennedys support of the War in Iraq during the 2006 U. S. A proponent of trade, Kennedy voted in favor of in giving the President Fast track Authority. In Congress, Kennedy supported the Bush tax cuts, he voted for the Medicare Prescription Drug Plan, Kennedys record of included partnering with twenty Democrats to lead legislation and having more than half the Democrats in the House co-sponsor bills he introduced. Kennedy refers to himself as 100% Pro-Life and he voted in favor of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, and voted to sustain President Bushs veto on the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005. In 2007, Kennedy was appointed to the President’s Advisory Committee on Trade Policy, ACTPN, a part of the Office of the United States Trade Representative, considers trade policy issues in the context of overall national interest
2.
United States Secretary of Agriculture
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The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The current Acting Secretary is Mike Young, who has held the office since the inauguration of Donald Trump on January 20,2017, the position carries similar responsibilities to those of agriculture ministers in other governments. The 297,000 mi2 of national forests and grasslands are managed by the United States Forest Service, the safety of food produced that are produced in the United States and sold here is ensured by the United States Food Safety and Inspection Service. The Food Stamp Program works with the states to provide food to low-income people, advice for farmers and gardeners is provided by the United States Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service. The Washington Post reports that he said There are days when I have literally nothing to do, president Obama asked him to stay and asked him to look into the problem of opioid addiction. The following is a list of Secretaries of Agriculture, since the creation of the office in 1889, parties Democratic Republican As of April 2017, there are nine living former Secretaries of Agriculture, the oldest being Robert Bergland. The most recent Secretary of Agriculture to die was Clayton Yeutter, the most recently serving Secretary to die was Edward Rell Madigan on December 7,1994. United States Department of Agriculture website
3.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
4.
Mike Johanns
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Michael Owen Mike Johanns is a former United States Senator from Nebraska, serving from 2009 to 2015. He served as the Governor of Nebraska from 1999 until 2005, in 2005, he was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as the Secretary of Agriculture, where he served from 2005 from 2007, becoming the fourth Nebraskan to hold that position. Born in Osage, Iowa, Johanns is the graduate of Saint Marys University of Minnesota and he began his career as an attorney working in private practice before he clerked for the Nebraska Supreme Court. Elected to the Lancaster County Board as a Democrat in 1983, Johanns served there until 1987, in 1991, he was elected the 47th Mayor of Lincoln, and was reelected in 1995. In Nebraskas 1998 gubernatorial election, Johanns defeated Democratic political aide Bill Hoppner and was reelected in 2002 defeating insurance executive Stormy Dean, in 2008, Johanns ran for the Republican nomination to replace retiring U. S. He won the Republican primary, defeating businessman Pat Flynn, and later won the general election, defeating Democratic challenger Scott Kleeb. He was sworn in on January 3,2009, and along with Jim Risch of Idaho, on February 18,2013, Johanns announced that he would not run for reelection to a second term in 2014. Johanns was born in Osage, Iowa, the son of Adeline Lucy and his father was of German and some Luxembourgian ancestry, and his maternal grandparents immigrated from Poland. He grew up living and working on his familys farm and he graduated from Osage Community High School in 1968 and went on to study at Saint Marys University of Minnesota in Winona, where he received his Bachelor of Arts in Communications in 1971. Johanns earned his Juris Doctor from Creighton University School of Law, after his graduation, he clerked for Nebraska Supreme Court Judge Hale McCown from 1974 to 1975, before practicing law for Cronin and Hannon in ONeill, Nebraska from 1975 to 1976. He was a partner at Nelson, Johanns, Morris, Holdeman, and Titus, a law firm he founded in Lincoln, Nebraska in 1976, Johanns served on the Lancaster County Board from 1983 to 1987 as a Democrat. In 1988, he was elected as a Republican to the Lincoln City Council, on May 7,1991, he was elected the 47th Mayor of Lincoln, defeating incumbent Mayor Bill Harris, with 54% of the vote. He took office as Mayor on December 3,1991, in 1995, Johanns won reelection with no opposition, becoming the first Mayor of Lincoln to do so since the 1950s. He was succeeded by Dale Young, who was appointed by the Lincoln City Council, Johanns began campaigning early in Nebraskas 1998 gubernatorial election, holding his first campaign event in October 1995. S. Johanns visited all of Nebraskas 93 counties, traveling over 100,000 miles and he also saw backlash from comments he made about his second wife, that he got her to swear that she was a virgin who was saving herself for marriage. His campaign also vigorously attacked Johanns in a flier for allowing obscene, the broadcasts showed a man urinating in public, though Johanns tried to stop the program, the airing was protected by a federal lawsuit. I hope the people of the state will get out and vote, Hagel also added that his tactics embarrassed Nebraska. Though the race was seen as a dead heat the day before the primary, Johanns won with 40% of the vote, to Breslows 29% and Christensens 28%
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Tom Vilsack
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Thomas James Tom Vilsack is an American politician who served as the United States Secretary of Agriculture from 2009 until 2017. A member of the Iowa Democratic Party, Vilsack served as the 40th Governor of Iowa from 1999 to 2007. On November 30,2006, he launched his candidacy for nomination for President of the United States by the Democratic Party in the 2008 election. Barack Obama announced Vilsacks selection to be Secretary of Agriculture on December 17,2008 and his nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate by unanimous consent on January 20,2009. Until his January 13,2017 resignation one week prior to the end of Obamas second term as president, Cabinet who had served since Obama took office. Thus Vilsacks departure left no members of Obamas Cabinet who were serving when Obama took office, on July 19,2016, the Washington Post reported that Vilsack was on Hillary Clintons two-person shortlist to be her running mate for that years presidential election. Virginia Senator Tim Kaine was ultimately selected and he was adopted in 1951 by Bud and Dolly Vilsack, who renamed him Thomas. Bud Vilsack was an agent and insurance salesman. Vilsack attended Shady Side Academy, a high school in Pittsburgh. He received a degree in 1972 from Hamilton College in New York. While at Hamilton he joined the Delta Upsilon Fraternity and he received a Juris Doctor in 1975 from Albany Law School of Union University, New York. He married Christie Vilsack in 1973, and moved with her to her hometown of Mount Pleasant, Iowa and this led him to involvement in the local Chamber of Commerce and United Way. He and his wife volunteered in the 1987 presidential campaign of Joe Biden, after the mayor of Mount Pleasant was gunned down in December,1986, Vilsack led a fundraising drive to build a memorial fountain. The deceased mayors father asked Vilsack to run for mayor of Mount Pleasant, he was elected and he was elected to the Iowa Senate in 1992. Following his election, he worked on legislation requiring companies who received state tax incentives to provide better pay and he helped pass a law for workers to receive health coverage when changing jobs, and helped re-design Iowas Workforce Development Department. He also wrote a bill to have the State of Iowa assume a 50% share of local county mental health costs, in 1998, Terry Branstad chose not to seek re-election after sixteen years as governor. The Iowa Republican Party nominated Jim Ross Lightfoot, a former U. S. Representative, Vilsack defeated former Iowa Supreme Court Justice Mark McCormick in the Democratic primary and chose Sally Pederson as his running mate. Lightfoot was the favorite to succeed Branstad and polls consistently showed him in the lead
6.
Governor of North Dakota
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The Governor of North Dakota is the head of the executive branch of North Dakotas state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The Constitution of the State of North Dakota specifies that the power is vested in the governor in Section 1. Section 7 indicates that the governor is the executive of the state. The governor shall have the responsibility to see that the business is well administered. The dates that political parties meet to nominate candidates for state offices varies by party. Here is an overview of this 2016 general election cycle, On April 1,2016, the Republican nominee for governor, Doug Burgum, was announced at the Republican Partys state convention on June 14,2016. Burgum joined Brent Sanford, the lieutenant gubernatorial candidate, together becoming the combined Republican choice in the 2016 general election, Burgum and Sanford are seeking the two top elected official positions in the executive branch. The Libertarian candidate seeking election as North Dakotas governor in 2016 is Marty Riske, the lieutenant governor candidate for the Libertarian party is Joshua Voytek. Together, Riske and Voytek will present a unified, single option for the top two slots in the branch for the state in Novembers general election. The North Dakota Libertarian Party convention was held November 7,2015, the dates of the general election for the office of governor are set by the North Dakota legislative assembly. Traditionally, the election date coincides with the U. S. Presidential election which is the first Tuesday of November in even years, the next gubernatorial election in North Dakota is slated for November 3,2020. The current Governor of North Dakota is Republican Doug Burgum and he became governor December 15,2016 following his election on November 8,2016. According to the constitution, the governor and the lieutenant governor must be elected on a joint ballot. In North Dakota, each candidate for governor appears printed on the ballot with the candidate for lieutenant governor of the political party. A single vote is cast for both offices, no option is available to the voter. Therefore, a voter may not choose a candidate for governor from one political party. In addition to his leading the executive branch offices, the Governor has the right to sign or veto laws
7.
John Hoeven
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John Henry Hoeven III /ˈhoʊvən/ is an American politician and the senior United States Senator from North Dakota, in office since 2011. A member of the North Dakota Republican Party, he served as the 31st Governor of North Dakota from December 2000 to December 2010. Hoeven was elected to the U. S. Senate in the November 2,2010 general election and he replaced junior Senator Byron L. Dorgan, who chose not to seek re-election. Hoeven became the senior Senator in 2013 after Kent Conrad retired and was replaced by Heidi Heitkamp, prior to his election to the Governors office, Hoeven served as the president of the nations only state-owned bank, the Bank of North Dakota, from 1993 to 2000. Hoeven was born in Bismarck, North Dakota, the son of Patricia Trish and John Henry Jack Hoeven and his ancestry includes Dutch, Swedish, and English. He attended Dartmouth College, where he belonged to the Alpha Chi Alpha Fraternity and he then earned an MBA from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, and was a banker in Minot, North Dakota prior to pursuing a political career. From 1993 to 2000, he was the president and CEO of the state-owned Bank of North Dakota. He sought the office of the Governor of North Dakota as a Republican in 2000, in 2004, when up for re-election, Hoeven faced Democratic challenger Joe Satrom. Hoeven won re-election by a margin of 71 to 28 percent. On September 25,2007, Hoevens deputy press secretary, Don Larson, another Hoeven staff member, Don Canton, said this was not a formal re-election announcement, but one would be coming later in the fall. On November 13, Governor Hoeven made his announcement and campaign kickoff with stops in Fargo, Grand Forks, Bismarck. On November 4,2008 Hoeven won a resounding victory carrying 74% of the vote over the Democratic opponent Tim Mathern with 24% of the vote. This is the first time in North Dakotas history that any governor has won three terms in office, though the record for serving is still maintained by Gov. Bill Guy who served 12 years. Hoevens governorship included the expansion and diversification of the states economy, North Dakota has gained nearly 40,000 new jobs since he took office. The states wages and personal incomes continue to grow faster than the national average, in the past few years, the state led the nation in export growth. In late 2006, the states reserve rose past $600 million, as of December 2009, Hoeven was the most popular governor in the nation. His approval rating stood at 87 percent with only 10 percent disapproving, in January 2007, Hoeven became the nations most senior governor, having been inaugurated on December 15,2000, as established by the North Dakota Constitution. Making him the first Republican Senator to represent North Dakota since 1987, since 2013, Hoeven has been the dean—the most senior member—of North Dakotas congressional delegation
8.
Bismarck, North Dakota
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Bismarck is the capital of the U. S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County. It is the second-most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo, the citys population was 61,272 at the 2010 census, while its metropolitan population was 129,517. In 2015, Forbes magazine ranked Bismarck as the seventh fastest-growing small city in the United States, Bismarck was founded by European Americans in 1872 on the east bank of the Missouri River. It has been North Dakotas capital city since 1889, when the state was created from the Dakota Territory, Bismarck is located across the river from Mandan, named after a historic Native American tribe of the area. The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area, the North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, is in central Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city, as a hub of retail and health care, Bismarck is the economic center of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota. For thousands of years, present-day central North Dakota was inhabited by indigenous peoples, the historic Mandan Native American tribe occupied the area long before Europeans arrived. The Hidatsa name of Bismarck is mirahacii arumaaguash, the Arikara name is ituhtaáwe and it had been an area of Mandan settlement. Later the new town was called Edwinton, after Edwin Ferry Johnson and its construction of railroads in the territory attracted workers and settlers. In 1873, the Northern Pacific Railway renamed the city as Bismarck, railroad officials hoped to attract German immigrant settlers to the area and German investment in the railroad. The discovery of gold in the nearby Black Hills of South Dakota the following year was an impetus for growth. Thousands of miners came to the area, encroaching on what the Lakota considered sacred territory, Bismarck became a freight-shipping center on the Custer Route from the Black Hills. In 1883 Bismarck was designated as the capital of the Dakota Territory, Bismarck is located at 46°48′48″N 100°46′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 31.23 square miles. The city has developed around downtown Bismarck, the center of historic development and it is distinctive because the citys major shopping center, Kirkwood Mall, is located in the center city rather than in the suburbs. Several other major stores are in the vicinity of Kirkwood Mall. The two Bismarck hospitals, St. Alexius Medical Center and Sanford Health are both downtown, the streets are lined with small stores and restaurants, providing numerous amenities. Much recent commercial and residential growth has taken place in the section of the city
9.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
10.
University of North Dakota
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The University of North Dakota is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota, UND was founded as a flagship university with a strong liberal arts foundation, but has grown into a prominent scientific research university. It is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as having high research activity, UND is ranked among the top 100 public universities in the country by U. S. News & World Report, and is widely regarded as the top university in the American Northern Plains region. The University offers a variety of professional and specialized programs, including the schools of law. Its best known college is perhaps its John D, UND maintains nationally competitive programs in aerospace, health sciences, political science, nutrition, energy and environmental protection, and engineering research, among others. North Dakotas athletic teams compete in the NCAAs Division I, most teams compete as members of the Big Sky Conference, with the exceptions of mens hockey, womens hockey, and swimming. The mens ice hockey team has a history as one of the top in the nation. They have won eight championships, and play in the Ralph Engelstad Arena. UND was founded in 1883, six years before North Dakota became a state, Grand Forks native George H. Walsh submitted the bill to the Territorial Legislature of Dakota Territory that called for the new state of North Dakotas university to be in Grand Forks. The first classes were held on September 8,1884, the first building at UND, Old Main, housed all classrooms, offices, dorm rooms, and a library. In the 1880s, UND consisted of only a few acres of property, surrounded by farms and fields, students living off campus had to take a train or a horse and carriage bus, dubbed the Black Maria, from downtown to the campus. As the university grew, more buildings were constructed on campus, however, there were several major interruptions in the life of the university. In 1918, UND was the countrys hardest-hit single institution by the flu epidemic that killed 1,400 people in North Dakota alone, later that year, classes were suspended so the campus could become an army base for soldiers during World War I. During the Great Depression, UND provided free housing to students willing to do manual labor on campus, camp Depression, as it was called, consisted of railroad cabooses that housed eight male students each. Camp Depression students did not get regular meals from the cafeteria and had to be satisfied with only free leftovers, however, Grand Forks citizens often opened their homes and kitchen tables to many of these young men. After World War II, enrollment quickly grew to more than 3,000, a large amount of housing and several academic buildings had to be built on campus. The 1950s saw the rise of the Fighting Sioux hockey tradition, in the 1960s and 1970s, many student protests occurred at UND. The largest occurred in May 1970 when over 1,500 students protested the Kent State shootings, in 1975, enrollment swelled to a record 8,500
11.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
12.
University of Denver
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The University of Denver is a coeducational, four-year university in Denver, Colorado. Founded in 1864, it is the oldest independent private university in the Rocky Mountain Region of the United States, DU enrolls approximately 5,600 undergraduate students and 6,100 graduate students. The 125-acre main campus is an arboretum and is located primarily in the University Neighborhood. The seminary was founded as a Methodist institution and struggled in the years of its existence. In 1880 it was renamed the University of Denver, although doing business as the University of Denver, DU is still legally named Colorado Seminary. The university grew and prospered alongside the growth, appealing primarily to a regional student body prior to World War II. The heart of the campus has a number of historic buildings, the longest-standing building is University Hall, built in the Romanesque Revival style which has served DU since 1890. The cornerstone to this building is one mile above sea level. Just a few blocks off campus sits the historic Chamberlin Observatory, still a fully operational observatory, it is open to the public twice a week as well as one Saturday a month. The central campus area also includes Evans Chapel, an 1870s-vintage small church which was located in downtown Denver. Buchtel Tower is all that remains of the former Buchtel Chapel, the administrative offices are located in the Mary Reed Building, a former library built in 1932 in the Collegiate Gothic style. Margery Reed Hall was also built in the gothic style in 1929. Margery Reed Hall has recently been designated to house the Undergraduate Program for the Daniels College of Business, the update for the building was to include more classroom space, a larger hall to host guest speakers, as well as mechanical and technical improvements. In 2005 the Graduate School of Social Work completed the renovation and significant expansion of its building, in autumn 2003, DU opened a new $63.5 million facility for its College of Law, what was later named the Sturm College of Law. The building includes a library with personal computers accessible to students. Donald and Susan Sturm, owners of Denver-based American National Bank, had given $20 million to the University of Denver College of Law, the gift is the largest single donation in the 112-year history of the law school and among the largest gifts ever to the university. The Daniels College of Business was completed in September 1999 at the cost of $25 million, F. W. Olin Hall was built in 1997 to house Biological and Natural Sciences. Olin Hall promotes an exceptional collaborative learning and study space for DU science students, additionally, the university opened the $70 million Robert and Judi Newman Center for Performing Arts, which houses the acclaimed Lamont School of Music
13.
German Americans
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The German American ethnic group consists of Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world, none of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York, immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States — more than doubling the population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, there is a German belt that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry and they were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, the arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where Germania—German-speaking districts—soon emerged, German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished, traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio. The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values and they generally opposed womens suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and he was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons, often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted Germans, most were Lutheran or German Reformed, many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812, in 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, helped them get to her colonies in America, the trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus
14.
Sigma Nu
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Sigma Nu is an undergraduate college fraternity founded at the Virginia Military Institute on January 1,1869. The fraternitys existence remained secret until the founders publicly announced their new society on January 1,1869, since its founding, Sigma Nu has more than 279 active and inactive chapters and colonies across the United States and Canada and has initiated more than 227,000 members. Sigma Nu, Kappa Alpha Order and Alpha Tau Omega make up the Lexington Triad, Sigma Nu prides itself on its anti-hazing principles, upon which the organization was founded and continues to uphold through its anti-hazing initiative. The fraternitys values are summarized as an adherence to the principles of love, honor, because of its military heritage, Sigma Nu retains many military trappings in its chapter ranks and traditions, and places importance on the concept of personal honor. In 1945, William Yates inspired the formation of the Sigma Nu Inc and its name was changed to the Sigma Nu Educational Foundation, Inc. The foundation assists collegiate members with financial aid supplements, and the fraternity in the development of a leadership program, James Frank Hopkins, Greenfield Quarles, and James McIlvaine Riley enrolled at the Virginia Military Institute in 1866. Hopkins entered the institute at the age of 21 and was, at the time, both Hopkins and Quarles had served in the American Civil War as Confederate soldiers. At this time, many societies were being formed on the VMI campus. In Hopkins third year at VMI, he joined the Masonic Lodge in Lexington, the masons inspired him to create a similar organization at VMI. Hopkins shared his ideas with Quarles and Riley, and in October 1868, the three founders would go on to bring others into the Legion of Honor over the rest of the year. On January 1,1869, the founders, along with the rest of the members of the Legion of Honor, the first year of Sigma Nu also saw the creation of the Badge, the original Constitution, and the Law. The Badge designed by Hopkins stands mostly unchanged from its original form, the badges were first introduced in the spring of 1869. Early members, Edward Arthur and Linton Buck, both wrote the original Constitution and Law, respectively, some conflict arose because Arthur had been a member of the Honduras Emigrant Society and had included some influences from that organization in the constitution. Linton Buck felt these influences should be removed and his revision became the first Law of Sigma Nu. This first chapter of Sigma Nu chose as its motto nulli secundus, there were many efforts in the beginning years to establish chapters at other schools. By 1883, Alpha chapter attempted to establish 11 additional chapters, one of the many factors was the anti-fraternity sentiment during this time period. Kappa chapter established in 1881, at North Georgia College & State University, gave the fraternity an important member, Howard suggested that the fraternity drop the use of Roman numerals for chapter designation in favor of using a Greek letter designation. He is also responsible for the creation of The Delta, Sigma Nus fraternity magazine, the name The Delta originated from the location of the three active chapters of Sigma Nu forming a Delta
15.
North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party
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The North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party is the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party of the United States. This political organization is the outcome of a merger of two parties, the state previously had a three-party political system, the North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party has roots in the Progressive Era of American history. Although they did not alter the control of the Republican Party during this era, progressives found support in the Norwegian-settled state, by 1906, Progressive sympathies were growing in opposition to what most saw as complete control of state politics by the railroads of the day. The initial organization and calls for reform laid a foundation that would grow into a statewide socialist workers movement that eventually spread throughout the Midwest. The prewar decade was marked by a series of progressive successes, subsequent years would see the end of Alexander McKenzie and his Republican political machine. By 1908, the first State electoral primaries solidified his retirement and that year the Republican Party, free from McKenzies conservative influence, crafted a progressive party platform. Progressive Democratic Governor John Burke enjoyed support of progressive Republicans, North Dakota again demonstrated its progressive sympathies in 1912, when the state held the first United States Presidential Preference Primary on March 19. North Dakota Republicans favored progressive presidential candidate Robert M, la Follette over Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. P. Because of such opposition, Woodrow Wilson carried the state in November, hanna was elected governor in 1912 and 1914. Once in office, he and his legislative allies halted the creation of a grain elevator. Townley came to Bismarck, North Dakota in 1915, he saw strife between a conservative legislature and farmers interest groups, with his background in organizing farmers for the Socialist Party, Socialist activity had begun in North Dakota in 1900 when Arthur Basset organized a socialist club in Fargo. Townley brought his expertise to North Dakota and he knew that with the recent strife in Bismarck between a conservative legislature and the American Society of Equity and its farm following, the time was ripe for a political revolution. Townley resolved to organize the farmers, so that they could control the primaries and this was the organization of the Farmers Nonpartisan League. The Method of Organization was simple, scientific and successful, organizers carefully went forth in ever increasing numbers to sell the idea to the farmers and to get their support for the new movement. The league grew in leaps and bounds, the first members were pledged in February 1915. Before midsummer, there were 10,000 members, and before winter set-in, the Nonpartisan League membership pledge was $2.50 a year, it later rose to nine dollars a year. The goals of the league were to use their collective best efforts to secure the nomination and election of men for office within the state, the League Program was concise and to the point. The determination of the league fulfilled their pledge and many of their planks passed legislation, the growth of far left sympathies was on the rise in North Dakota
16.
Kent Conrad
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Gaylord Kent Conrad is a former United States Senator from North Dakota. He is a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party, the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party, first elected to the Senate in 1986, he served as chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Budget Committee for twelve years. On January 18,2011, Conrad announced that he would not run for re-election in 2012, Conrad said in a statement that it was more important that I spend my time and energy trying to focus on solving the nations budget woes than be distracted by another campaign. Fellow Democrat Heidi Heitkamp was elected to replace him, Conrad currently co-chairs the Bipartisan Policy Centers Commission on Retirement Security and Personal Savings. Conrad is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One, Conrad was born in Bismarck, North Dakota, the son of Abigail and Gaylord E. Conrad. He lived much of his life in Bismarck. Orphaned at an age, he was raised by his grandparents. He attended Roosevelt Elementary and Hughes Junior High, and spent several years at Wheelus Air Base high school in Tripoli and he graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy before attending college at Stanford, and received an M. B. A. from The George Washington University. His first wife, Pam, is the sister of former U. S. Secretary of Agriculture, on Valentines Day 1987, Conrad married Lucy Calautti, his 1986 Senate campaign manager who is currently a lobbyist for Major League Baseball. After graduating from college, he became a servant, working as an assistant to the North Dakota State Tax Commissioner, Byron Dorgan. Conrad made his first entry into politics when he ran unsuccessfully for the North Dakota Auditors office in 1976, in 1980, Conrad succeeded Dorgan as Tax Commissioner. Conrad was state tax commissioner until 1986, when he ran for the Senate and that same year, he was commended by The American for his knowledge of economic issues. Conrad endorsed Senator Barack Obama for the 2008 Democratic Presidential Race, Conrad was a leading member of the Gang of 10, a conservative group which pushed for much greater offshore drilling in sensitive environmental areas. He was well known for using charts as visual aids when speaking in the Senate, in the 2009 negotiations over reforming Americas healthcare system, Conrad strongly opposed any public option. The AFL-CIO announced they would fund a challenge against Conrad in 2012 if he continued to oppose a public option. On September 29,2009, Senator Conrad voted with Senate Finance Committee Republicans against an amendment to a health care bill that would have provided for a public insurance option. He was supportive of the Stupak-Pitts Amendment, which places limits on taxpayer-funded abortions in the context of the November 2009 Affordable Health Care for America Act, Conrad is more politically conservative than most Democrats. He has voted consistently in favor of banning the partial-birth abortion medical procedure and he also opposes public funding of abortion
17.
North Dakota
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North Dakota is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2,1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo, North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The development has driven strong job and population growth, and low unemployment, North Dakota is located in the U. S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east, South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a marker in Rugby. With an area of 70,762 square miles, North Dakota is the 19th largest state, the western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The states high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet, the region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the United States, the central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the consists of the flat Red River Valley. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east. Eastern North Dakota is overall flat, however, there are significant hills, most of the state is covered in grassland, crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants, the state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America located near Rugby, North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are rather extreme because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with equal distances to the North Pole. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to plant hardiness is very low. Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans and their tribes included the Mandan people, the Dakota people and the Yanktonai, the latter two from the Lakota peoples. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, in 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, with the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and his successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2,1889
18.
Mr. Bubble
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Mr. Bubble is a brand of bath products made by The Village Company. The brand is the #1 brand of products in the United States according to AC Nielsen Data. The brands slogan is Makes Getting Clean Almost as Much Fun as Getting Dirty, in 2011 Mr. Bubble celebrated its 50th birthday. Mr. Bubble was invented by Harold Schafer and the Gold Seal Company in North Dakota, USA, Gold Seal manufactured and distributed Mr. Bubble until 1986 when it was sold to Airwick Industries which was soon purchased by Reckitt & Coleman. R&C sold the brand to J. W. Childs Assoc as a part of their Personal Care Group, Ascendia Brands, Inc. purchased Mr. Bubble in 2005 from Playtex Products which had acquired the Personal Care Group in 1997. In August 2008, Ascendia Brands, Inc. filed for bankruptcy, the Village Company LLC, a supplier of brand-name bath, shower, and personal care products in Chaska, Minnesota, purchased the Mr. Bubble Brand from Ascendia Brands in October 2008. A purchase price was not disclosed, in March 2009, a new Mr. Bubble Foam Soap was introduced, available in both Original and Extra Gentle varieties. In 2010, Mr. Bubble Moisturizing Hand Soap was introduced, in addition, the bubble bath products have been reformulated to be tear-free and hypo-allergenic. In 2011 the brand celebrated its 50th birthday with the launch of a new character design, Mr. Bubble is distinct from but frequently confused with Mr. Bubbles, a solution for blowing bubbles which is a product of Tootsietoy/Chemtoy/Strombecker Corp. Circa 1970 the powdered version had its phosphate removed and its total surfactant reduced, with modified starch added as a diluent, for a time the powder included a taurate-based surfactant. In the Family Guy episode If Im Dyin, Im Lyin and this includes the tub water being blood, to which Stewie Griffin comments, How positively delightful. Its as if someone stabbed Mr. Bubble, in The Simpsons episode My Sister, My Sitter, Lisa tells Bart that he can use Mr. Bubble to wash his hands and says Its like giving your fingers a bubble bath. Eddie Murphy mentions it on his 1983 TV stand up show Eddie Murphy Delirious and it is also mentioned in the 1987 film Gold Through the Fire. Mr. Bubble makes a cameo behind the head of Navin Johnson during a scene in the movie The Jerk
19.
Discovery Channel
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Discovery Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is the flagship television property of Discovery Communications, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. S. Flagship channel and its various owned or licensed television channels internationally, programming on the flagship Discovery Channel in the U. S. A popular annual feature on the channel is Shark Week, which airs on Discovery during the summer months, as of February 2015, Discovery Channel is available to approximately 96,589,000 pay television households in the United States. John Hendricks founded the channel and its parent company, Cable Educational Network Inc. in 1982, several investors raised $5 million in start-up capital to launch the network. The Discovery Channel began broadcasting on June 17,1985 and it was initially available to 156,000 households and broadcast for 12 hours each day between 3 p. m. and 3 a. m. About 75 percent of its content had never been broadcast on U. S. television before. In its early years, the focus centered on educational programming in the form of cultural and wildlife documentaries. It also broadcast some Soviet programming during this time, including the news program Vremya, in 1988, the channel premiered the nightly program World Monitor. By 1990, the channel was available in over 50 million households, the drop in viewership was widely attributed to an over-reliance on a few hit series, such as Monster Garage and American Chopper. Some critics said such shows strayed from Discoverys intention of providing more educationally based shows aimed at helping viewers learn about the world around them, in 2005, Discovery changed its programming focus to include more popular science and historical themes. The networks ratings eventually recovered in 2006, the network was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards that year for shows including The Flight that Fought Back and Deadliest Catch. In 2007, Discovery Channels top series included the Emmy Award- and Peabody Award-winning Planet Earth, Dirty Jobs, MythBusters, Discovery Channels 2008 lineup included Fight Quest and Smash Lab. On September 1,2010, 43-year-old James Jay Lee entered the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, Lee fired at least one shot and held several employees hostage, he was later shot dead by police. Lee had published criticisms of the network at Savetheplanetprotest. com, in December 2015, Discovery Communications launched its TV Everywhere service, Discovery Go, which features live and video-on-demand content from Discovery Channel and eight of its sister networks. Popular programs on the channel have included the Shark Week programming event, Deadliest Catch, MythBusters, How Its Made, Dirty Jobs, Cash Cab, Christopher Lowell won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2000 for The Christopher Lowell Show. After the 2007 victory with the Spaniard Alberto Contador, Discovery Channel discontinued the cycling sponsorship, Discovery Channel Radio was a radio network, whose programming consisted of audio versions of popular programs from the Discovery Communications family of television channels. Discovery Channel Radio was previously carried by XM Satellite Radio, until its removal from the provider in early September 2005, sirius Satellite Radio dropped Discovery Radio from its lineup on February 21,2007, it was also carried on both of Canadas major satellite radio services. Discovery Channel lent its brand to stores in malls and other locations across America
20.
Scrapheap Challenge
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Scrapheap Challenge is an engineering game show produced by RDF Media and broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. In the show, teams of contestants had 10 hours in which to build a machine that could do a specific task. The format was exported to the United States, where it was known as Junkyard Wars, the US show was also produced by RDF Media, and was originally shown on The Learning Channel. Repeats have aired on another Discovery network, the Science Channel, a campaign has recently been launched on Facebook and Twitter to try and convince the producers to bring back the series. A typical episode featured a competition between two 4-person teams, each consisting of three members, plus an expert in the field related to the particular challenge. The judge for each episode is typically a specialist in versions of the machine being constructed, the challenges are many and varied, usually involving teams constructing a machine to achieve a particular objective. The final showdown usually consisted of either head-to-head races or individually run timed events, examples of challenges included making a jet car, a bridging machine, a car-crusher, and a machine to fling a British Leyland Mini as far as possible. The show also draws its inspiration from the 1980s TV series The Great Egg Race, the UK show was originally presented by Robert Llewellyn, joined in series 2-4 by producer Cathy Rogers, and in series 5-10 by Lisa Rogers. For series 11, both hosts were replaced with former Scrapheap contestant and judge Dick Strawbridge, Series 1 was titled Scrapheap, and pitted the same two teams against each other each week. From series 2, the show was renamed Scrapheap Challenge and featured a tournament between teams drawn from the general public. From series 3, a champion of champions contest was initiated, Series 3 and 4 included a single US team in the field. Series 3 had The Nerds, and series 4 had The Mulewrights brought in at the last minute when one team couldnt travel due to a livestock epidemic, both US teams made it to the final round. The first eight episodes aired between 15 April and 3 June, and the episodes between 4 November and 23 December 2007. Series 11 saw Dick Strawbridge return as an expert and judge, the show was now produced by RDF Bristol and Exec. producer Jane Lomas and series producer John Macnish had to deliver the new series on a fraction of the budget of previous series. As well as a change in presenters the format of the series changed dramatically with teams of scrappers from across the UK competing against Dick Strawbridges home team known as Dicks Diamonds. At the end of episode a battle to determine the weeks champion scrappers took place in a public venue in front of crowds of cheering fans. Series 11 of the UK show had its premiere in Australia on ABC2. A spin-off series, Scrapheap Challenge, The Scrappy Races was instituted in 2003 and was broadcast following the main series and it was also presented by Robert Llewellyn and Lisa Rogers
21.
Byron Dorgan
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Byron Leslie Dorgan is a former United States Senator and United States Congressman from North Dakota and currently serves as a senior policy advisor for the Washington, DC law firm Arent Fox LLP. He served 12 years in the U. S. House and 18 years in the Senate, in 2010, Dorgan announced that he would not seek re-election in the 2010 North Dakota senate election. In addition to his work at Arent Fox, Dorgan serves as a Senior Fellow at the Bipartisan Policy Center, Dorgan is also a New York Times best-selling author of four books, including two on economic and political issues and two novels described as eco-thrillers. Dorgan was born in Dickinson, North Dakota, the son of Dorothy and Emmett Patrick Dorgan and his fathers family was of Irish and Swedish ancestry, while his mothers was German and Norwegian. He graduated from Regent High School and earned a Bachelor of Science from the University of North Dakota, Dorgan worked for the Martin-Marietta Corporation in the aerospace industry. Dorgans public service began at age 26, when he was appointed North Dakota State Tax Commissioner to a fill a vacancy opened upon the death of the incumbent tax commissioner. He was the youngest constitutional officer in North Dakotas history and he was re-elected to that office by large margins in 1972 and 1976, and was chosen one of Ten Outstanding State Officials in the United States by the Washington Monthly magazine. His future Senate colleague Kent Conrad worked in the office before succeeding Dorgan at this post. Dorgan ran unsuccessfully for a seat in Congress in 1974 and he was elected to the United States House of Representatives in his second bid in 1980. He was a member from 1981 until 1992, being re-elected five times, in 1992, the Democratic incumbent, Kent Conrad opted not to run for re-election because of a campaign promise. Dorgan won the election for the seat, however, that September the states other senator, Quentin Burdick, died and Conrad ran for the seat in the special election. Conrad took the new seat in 1992 and Dorgan assumed Conrads old seat a few weeks early, Dorgan was re-elected in 1998 and 2004. Conrad later was elected for a term from North Dakotas other Senate seat. When Dorgan was chairman of the Democratic Policy Committee, he was one of the most powerful Democrats in the Senate and he was considered something of a liberal hero. In the later years of his Senate career, he had been sought by the national media for comment on political issues. He was an opponent of continuing the U. S. embargo toward Cuba. He was instrumental in passing legislation to remove the embargo as it applied to the sale of food and he introduced, with varying levels of success, several amendments to end the U. S. prohibition on travel to Cuba, and to terminate funds for anti-Castro broadcasting. Dorgan was Chairman of the Senate Energy and Water Appropriations Subcommittee and was senior member of the Senate Energy Committee
22.
The Bismarck Tribune
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The Bismarck Tribune is a daily newspaper printed in Bismarck, North Dakota. Founded in 1873, it is the daily newspaper for south-central. Its average daily circulation is 31,081 on Sundays and 27,620 on weekdays, one notable cofounder of -- and reporter for -- the paper was Mark H. Kellogg. The editorial viewpoint is conservative, though it endorsed John Kerry for president in 2004, the Tribunes first claim to fame in 1876, when the three-year-old paper published one of the first reports of George Custers last stand at the Little Bighorn. In 1938 the paper won a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service after publishing a series of articles called Self-Help in the Dust Bowl, the Bismarck Tribune is owned by Lee Enterprises
23.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
24.
Midwestern Governors Association
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The MGA was created in December 1962, when articles of organization were adopted at the first annual meeting in Chicago. The members of the association are the governors of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, the MGA staff supports projects undertaken by the governors and by the MGA working groups to promote regional cooperation and problem-solving. These multi-state groups of government officials work to enhance economic development in the Midwestern states, issues they have recently addressed include agriculture, workforce development, international trade and tourism promotion. The MGA also has Gold and Silver business partners, corresponding to the different contribution, the current MGA Chair is Scott Walker of Wisconsin. The Vice Chair is Sam Brownback of Kansas, the Immediate Past Chair is Mark Dayton of Minnesota
25.
Barbara Pyle
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She co-created and served as the executive producer on the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers and is the founder of the Captain Planet Foundation. She is currently a supporter and driving force for the Planeteer Movement. Barbara Pyle first met Ted Turner in 1980 when she was photographing the Americas Cup for TIME Magazine, Turner, immediately impressed with Pyles media savvy and commitment to environmental issues, hired her as Vice President of Environmental Policy at TBS. Pyle served over two decades in this role and was responsible for creation of the Turner Environment Division and setting the companys environmental broadcast agenda, Pyle branded TBS as the Environmental Network. Simultaneously, she was CNNs Environmental Editor where she introduced and oversaw environmental news reporting and programming on both CNN and TBS. With Jane Fonda serving as host, Pyle executive produced the ground-breaking and award-winning show People Count which put a face on global issues addressed by a series of United Nations summits, Pyles activism was firmly grounded in media production. Pyle traveled around the world to film series, acting both as executive producer and reporter. People Count aired domestically on CNN and TBS, and internationally on CNN International, the Day of Five Billion created an energetic video representing the birth of the five billionth person on earth. John, Nona Hendryx, Youssou NDour and renowned authors Isaac Asimov, clarke, and Kurt Vonnegut amongst many others. Her film One Child - One Voice was the centerpiece of the United Nations Save the Earth media campaign and this film initiated a letter-writing campaign in support of the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The film was distributed to over 100 countries and more than one million postcards were received from around the world for the Tree of Life in Rio. For her professional work, humanitarian efforts and activism, Barbara has received dozens of personal commendations, Pyle has brought environmental issues closer to the hearts and minds of people the world over. As a writer, director and producer of television programs, she has inspired countless individuals to care about the environment. Pyle focuses on the rights of women and native peoples, as well as serving on several boards addressing environmental concerns. Heartfelt in her concern for and dedication to these critical issues, Pyle often says, Our world will not be saved by any one big decision. Choices by people like you and me and we may be the last generation to be able to make these choices. In 1989, Pyle and Ted Turner together conceived the series Captain Planet, Pyle and her team, Nick Boxer and Thom Beers, rose to the challenge of producing an animated series that could yield a generation of environmentally-literate youth. Captain Planet became the worlds first eco-superhero, and Pyle based the five Planeteers on real-life people who inspired her during the shows pre-production in 1989, the series launched in September 1990 and ran for six seasons with a total of 113 episodes
26.
North Dakota Badlands
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Theodore Roosevelt National Park is a United States National Park comprising three geographically separated areas of badlands in western North Dakota. The park was named for U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt, the park covers 70,446 acres of land in three sections, the North Unit, the South Unit, and the Elkhorn Ranch Unit. The parks larger South Unit lies alongside Interstate 94 near Medora, the smaller North Unit is situated about 80 mi north of the South Unit, on U. S. Highway 85, just south of Watford City, North Dakota. Roosevelts Elkhorn Ranch is located between the North and South units, approximately 20 mi west of US85 and Fairfield, the Little Missouri River flows through all three units of the park. The Maah Daah Hey Trail connects all three units, the park received 753,880 recreational visitors in 2016, which is an increase of 30% from the prior year. Roosevelt first came to the North Dakota badlands to hunt bison in September 1883, during that first short trip, he got his bison and fell in love with the rugged lifestyle and the perfect freedom of the West. He invested $14,000 in the Maltese Cross Ranch, which was already being managed by Sylvane Ferris and that winter, Ferris and Merrifield built the Maltese Cross Cabin. After the death of both his wife and his mother on February 14,1884, Teddy Roosevelt returned to his North Dakota ranch seeking solitude and time to heal. That summer, he started his second ranch, the Elkhorn Ranch,35 miles north of Medora, Teddy Roosevelt took great interest in his ranches and in hunting in the West, detailing his experiences in pieces published in eastern newspapers and magazines. He wrote three works on his life in the West, Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman. Following Theodore Roosevelts death in 1919, the Little Missouri Badlands were explored to determine possible park sites, civilian Conservation Corps camps were established in both of the future park units from 1934 to 1941, and they developed roads and other structures in use today. The area was designated the Roosevelt Recreation Demonstration Area in 1935, in 1946 it was transferred to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as the Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge. President Truman established the Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park on April 25,1947, in 1978, in addition to boundary adjustments and the establishment of 29,920 acres of the Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness, the parks designation was changed to Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Both main units of the park have scenic drives, approximately 100 miles of foot and horse trails, wildlife viewing, and opportunities for back country hiking and camping. There are three developed campgrounds, Juniper Campground in the North Unit, Cottonwood Campground in the South Unit, one of the most popular attractions is wildlife viewing. Bison may be dangerous and visitors are advised to them from a distance. Bison, elk, and bighorn sheep have been reintroduced to the park. The scenery changes constantly in relationship with the seasons, the brown, dormant grass dominates from late summer through the winter, but explodes into green color in the early summer along with hundreds of species of flowering plants
27.
Theodore Roosevelt National Park
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Theodore Roosevelt National Park is a United States National Park comprising three geographically separated areas of badlands in western North Dakota. The park was named for U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt, the park covers 70,446 acres of land in three sections, the North Unit, the South Unit, and the Elkhorn Ranch Unit. The parks larger South Unit lies alongside Interstate 94 near Medora, the smaller North Unit is situated about 80 mi north of the South Unit, on U. S. Highway 85, just south of Watford City, North Dakota. Roosevelts Elkhorn Ranch is located between the North and South units, approximately 20 mi west of US85 and Fairfield, the Little Missouri River flows through all three units of the park. The Maah Daah Hey Trail connects all three units, the park received 753,880 recreational visitors in 2016, which is an increase of 30% from the prior year. Roosevelt first came to the North Dakota badlands to hunt bison in September 1883, during that first short trip, he got his bison and fell in love with the rugged lifestyle and the perfect freedom of the West. He invested $14,000 in the Maltese Cross Ranch, which was already being managed by Sylvane Ferris and that winter, Ferris and Merrifield built the Maltese Cross Cabin. After the death of both his wife and his mother on February 14,1884, Teddy Roosevelt returned to his North Dakota ranch seeking solitude and time to heal. That summer, he started his second ranch, the Elkhorn Ranch,35 miles north of Medora, Teddy Roosevelt took great interest in his ranches and in hunting in the West, detailing his experiences in pieces published in eastern newspapers and magazines. He wrote three works on his life in the West, Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman. Following Theodore Roosevelts death in 1919, the Little Missouri Badlands were explored to determine possible park sites, civilian Conservation Corps camps were established in both of the future park units from 1934 to 1941, and they developed roads and other structures in use today. The area was designated the Roosevelt Recreation Demonstration Area in 1935, in 1946 it was transferred to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as the Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge. President Truman established the Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park on April 25,1947, in 1978, in addition to boundary adjustments and the establishment of 29,920 acres of the Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness, the parks designation was changed to Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Both main units of the park have scenic drives, approximately 100 miles of foot and horse trails, wildlife viewing, and opportunities for back country hiking and camping. There are three developed campgrounds, Juniper Campground in the North Unit, Cottonwood Campground in the South Unit, one of the most popular attractions is wildlife viewing. Bison may be dangerous and visitors are advised to them from a distance. Bison, elk, and bighorn sheep have been reintroduced to the park. The scenery changes constantly in relationship with the seasons, the brown, dormant grass dominates from late summer through the winter, but explodes into green color in the early summer along with hundreds of species of flowering plants
28.
Republican Governors Association
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The Republican Governors Association is a Washington, D. C. -based 527 organization founded in 1963, consisting of U. S. state and territorial Republican governors. In 2017 the RGA chairman is Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin and its Democratic Party counterpart is the Democratic Governors Association. The RGA is not directly affiliated with the non-partisan National Governors Association, in addition to governors of U. S. states, the RGA also offers membership to Republican governors of U. S. territories. In the 18 months ending June 30,2010, the RGA raised $58 million, RGA Official Website Contributors and Expenditures at OpenSecrets. org
29.
United States Secretary of the Army
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The Secretary of the Army is nominated by the President and confirmed by the U. S. Senate, the Secretary of the Army is a non-Cabinet position serving under the Secretary of Defense. Robert M. Speer took office as Acting Secretary on January 20,2017 and he will perform his duties until the U. S. Senate confirms a new Army Secretary, Karl M. Schneider will perform the duties of Undersecretary of the Army. Mr. Speer was formerly Assistant Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Army is in effect the chief executive officer of the Department of the Army, and the Chief of Staff of the Army works directly for the Secretary of the Army. The Secretary presents and justifies Army policies, plans, programs, and budgets to the Secretary of Defense, other executive branch officials, the Secretary also communicates Army policies, plans, programs, capabilities, and accomplishments to the public. As necessary, the Secretary convenes meetings with the leadership of the Army to debate issues, provide direction. The Secretary is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, other offices may be established by law or by the Secretary of the Army. No more than 1,865 officers of the Army on the active-duty list may be assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Army and on the Army Staff
30.
WDAY (AM)
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WDAY is North Dakotas oldest radio station, having first signed on in 1922. WDAY is licensed to Fargo, North Dakota and is owned Forum Communications, Forum also owns ABC network affiliate WDAY-TV6 and The Forum newspaper in Fargo. Forum Communications also owns ABC affiliate WDAZ-TV8 in Grand Forks and several newspapers and TV stations in North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota. The Forum bought 49 percent of the station in 1935 to become the largest shareholder, WDAYs power is 10,000 watts and it uses a three tower directional antenna to protect other stations on 970 kHz. On January 8,1935, the U. S. Federal Communications Commission approved increasing WDAYs power to 5000 watts, in March 2013, the power was increased to 10,000 watts. WDAYs signal covers the eastern half of North Dakota, west central Minnesota, northeastern South Dakota, the transmitter is near 210th Street South in Barnesville, Minnesota and the studios are on 8th Street South in Fargo. Most stations west of the Mississippi have call letters begin with K. However. In 1923, the line was shifted to the Mississippi River. 970 WDAY features local news and talk shows during the day on weekdays, evenings feature nationally syndicated programming, mostly from the Westwood One Network. They include Dave Ramsey, Jim Bohannon and Red Eye Radio, on weekends, the station airs programs on money, health, religion, computers and home repair, including syndicated shows from Kim Komando, Gary Sullivan and Leo Laporte. Some hours begin with news from ABC News Radio. The station also airs sports programming from the University of North Dakota. On May 30,2011, a severe thunderstorm damaged WDAYs AM Radio tower system, of its three towers, one completely collapsed, the second snapped approximately two-thirds of the way up, and the third remained standing but severely mangled, knocking WDAY off the air. The FCC granted WDAY a construction permit to make it a 10,000 watt full-time signal from its new transmitter, which began broadcasting at full power in March 2013
31.
Fargo, North Dakota
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Fargo is the most populous city in the state of North Dakota, accounting for over 15% of the state population. Fargo is also the county seat of Cass County, according to the 2015 United States Census estimates, its population was 118,523. In 2014, Forbes magazine ranked Fargo as the fourth fastest-growing small city in the United States. Founded in 1871 and located on the Red River of the North floodplain, Fargo is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, in addition, Fargo is home to North Dakota State University. Historically part of Sioux territory, the area that is present-day Fargo was a stopping point for steamboats traversing the Red River during the 1870s and 1880s. The city was originally named Centralia, but was later renamed Fargo after Northern Pacific Railway director, the area started to flourish after the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the city became known as the Gateway to the West. During the 1880s, Fargo became the capital of the Midwest because of lenient divorce laws. A major fire struck the city on June 7,1893, but the city was immediately rebuilt with new buildings made of brick, new streets, and a water system. More than 246 new buildings were built within 1 year, there were several rumors concerning the cause of the fire. The North Dakota Agricultural College was founded in 1890 as North Dakotas land-grant university, in 1960, NDAC became known as North Dakota State University. Early in the century, the industry flourished, and in 1905. Fargo-Moorhead boomed after World War II and the city grew rapidly despite being hit by a violent tornado in 1957, the tornado destroyed a large portion of the north end of the city. Ted Fujita, famous for his Fujita tornado scale, analyzed pictures of the Fargo tornado and these were the first major scientific descriptive terms associated with tornadoes. The coming of two interstates revolutionized travel in the region and pushed growth of Fargo to the south and west of the city limits. In 1972, the West Acres Shopping Center, currently the largest shopping mall in North Dakota, was constructed near the intersection of the two Interstates and this mall would become the catalyst for retail growth in the area. Fargo has continued to expand rapidly but steadily, since the mid-1980s, the bulk of new residential growth has occurred in the south and southwest areas of the city due to geographic constraints on the north side. The citys major retail districts on the southwest side have likewise seen rapid development, downtown Fargo has been gentrified due in part to investments by the city and private developers in the Renaissance Zone. Most older neighborhoods, such as Horace Mann, have either avoided decline or been revitalized through housing rehabilitation promoted by planning agencies to strengthen the citys core, NDSU has grown rapidly into a major research university, and forms a major component of the citys identity and economy
32.
Americans for Prosperity
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Americans for Prosperity, founded in 2004, is a conservative political advocacy group in the United States. Receiving funding from the businessmen and philanthropist brothers David H. Koch and Charles Koch, after the 2009 inauguration of President Barack Obama, AFP helped transform the Tea Party movement into a political force. It helped turn back cap and trade, the major environmental proposal of Obamas first term, AFP advocated for limits on the collective bargaining rights of public-sector trade unions and for right-to-work laws, and it opposed raising the federal minimum wage. AFP played a role in the achievement of the Republican majority in the House of Representatives in 2010. In the 2014 mid-term election cycle, AFP led all groups, other political action committees. AFPs scope of operations has drawn comparisons to political parties, AFP, an educational social welfare organization, and the associated Americans for Prosperity Foundation, a public charity, are tax-exempt nonprofits. As a tax-exempt nonprofit, AFP is not legally required to disclose its donors to the general public, the extent of AFPs political activities while operating as a tax-exempt entity has raised concerns among some campaign finance watchdogs regarding the transparency of its funding. AFPs founding was funded by businessmen and philanthropist brothers David H. Koch and Charles Koch, the Americans for Prosperity Foundation is the Koch brothers’ primary political advocacy group. According to a spokesperson from Koch Industries, the Koch companies do not direct the activities of AFP, AFPs original stated mission was educating citizens about economic policy and mobilizing citizens as advocates in the public policy process. It is focused on responsibility, and in particular on cutting taxes, reducing regulation of business. According to FactCheck. org, AFP seeks to free markets and entrepreneurship by advocating lower taxes and limited government spending. Its leaders view the organization as a counterbalance to the progressive movements unions, from 2004 to 2007, AFP was led by Nancy Pfotenhauer. In 2005, the Kochs hired political strategist Tim Phillips to work at AFP, AFP had a staff of 116 employees in September 2012, and the next year it had chapters in 34 states and reported a membership of 2.3 million. In June 2014, it had 240 employees in 32 states, AFP has been active in national, state, and local elections. AFP registered to lobby in 2014, according to FactCheck. org, by 2011, AFP had emerged as one of the most influential conservative issue advocacy groups on the national and state political scene. The Los Angeles Times said AFP performed roles typical of national, Tim Phillips is president of both AFP and the AFP Foundation. AFP has been called both the political and educational arm of the AFP Foundation, AFP and the AFP Foundation share offices and staff. As of 2014, New Jersey businesswoman Frayda Levin chaired the board of directors of AFP, other directors include Pfotenhauer, former U. S. government official and economist James C. Miller III, James E. Stephenson, and Mark Holden
33.
Political activities of the Koch brothers
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The political activities of the Koch brothers include the financial and political influence of Charles G. and David H. Koch on United States politics. This influence is seen both directly and indirectly via various political and public policy organizations supported by the Koch brothers, the Koch brothers are the sons of Fred C. Koch, who founded Koch Industries, the second-largest privately held company in the United States, having bought out two other brothers interests, they remain in control of the family business, the fortune which they inherited from their father, and the Koch family foundations. The brothers have made significant financial contributions to libertarian and conservative think tanks and their network of groups pledging to spend $889 million from 2009–2016 and its infrastructure has been said by Politico to rival that of the Republican National Committee. By 2010, they had donated more than $100 million to dozens of free-market, the phrase Koch brothers generally refers to the sons of Fred C. The most politically active sons are Charles Koch and David H. Koch who bought out their brothers Frederick, David H. Koch was the Libertarian Partys vice-presidential candidate in 1980. He advocated for the abolition of Social Security, the FBI, the CIA, Koch put $500,000 of his own money into the race, and he and Ed Clark, his presidential running mate, won 1. 1% of the vote. The experience of running for office caused David Koch to change course, E are not a nation that debates issues. By 1984, David had parted company with the Libertarian Party, because, he said, they nominated a ticket I wasnt happy with, David Koch has voiced support for gay marriage and U. S. military withdrawal from the Middle East. He has also stated that the government should consider defense spending cuts, interested in maintaining their privacy, Charles and David prefer to donate to non-profit groups who do not disclose their donors. Charles Koch supported his brothers candidacy for Vice President on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1980, after the bid, Charles told a reporter that conventional politics tends to be a nasty, corrupting business. Im interested in advancing libertarian ideas, the brothers promote the ideal of economic freedom as essential to societys well-being. Koch Industries describes itself as being committed to free societies and free market principles, in 2014, Charles Koch wrote an op-ed for the Wall Street Journal, describing his agenda. Koch wrote that our critics would have you believe were un-American and trying to rig the system and he described his opponents as Collectivists who promise heaven but deliver hell. Senator Jerry Moran placed the article into the Congressional Record, in 2008, the three main Koch family foundations contributed to 34 political and policy organizations, three of which they founded, and several of which they directed. As of 2011, Koch Industries political action committee had donated more than $2.6 million to candidates, the Koch brothers support primarily Republican candidates and in 2010 they supported California Proposition 23, which would have suspended the states Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006. The brothers pledged to donate $60 million in the 2012 election season to defeat President Barack Obama, according to the Center for Responsive Politics, of $274 million in anonymous 2012 contributions, at least $86 million is attributed to donor groups in the Koch network. According to Mother Jones, Koch Industries Political Action Committee contributed the second largest donation to Scott Walkers 2010 campaign for governor of Wisconsin
34.
State of the Union
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The State of the Union address is a speech presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new presidents term. The address not only reports on the condition of the nation but also allows the President to outline his legislative agenda, during most of the countrys first century, the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress. With the advent of radio and television, the address is now broadcast live across the country on most networks, although the language of this Section of the Constitution is not specific, by tradition, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3, before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report. When a presidential inauguration occurs in January, the date may be delayed until February, what began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, to reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET. George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8,1790, in New York City, in 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical. Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy, however, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, for many years, the speech was referred to as the Presidents Annual Message to Congress. The actual term State of the Union first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23,1933 changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February. The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term, in years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night, only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U. S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night. Calvin Coolidges 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, harry S. Trumans 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Johnsons address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening, three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Ronald Reagans 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed
35.
The Humane Society of the United States
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The Humane Society of the United States, based in Washington, D. C. In 2013, the Chronicle of Philanthropy identified HSUS as the 136th largest charity in the United States in its Philanthropy 400 listing. As of 2001, the major campaigns targeted five issues, factory farming, animal fighting, the fur trade, puppy mills. The organization works on a range of animal issues, including companion animals, wildlife, farm animals, horses and other equines. HSUS reported its revenue as US$129 million and net assets of US$215 million as of December 31,2014, HSUS pursues its global work through an affiliate, Humane Society International, which listed staff members in 17 nations for 2013. Other affiliated entities include the Doris Day Animal League, founded by the actress Doris Day, together with its affiliate, the Fund for Animals, HSUS operates animal sanctuaries in five states. HSUS does not run local shelters or oversee local animal care and control agencies, it promotes best practices, HSUS formed after a schism surfaced in the American Humane Association over pound seizure, rodeo, and other issue of policy. The values that shaped HSUSs formation in 1954, came in some degree from the movement that originated in the 1860s in the United States. The idea of kindness to animals made significant inroads in American culture in the following the Civil War. The most immediate influence on 1950s-era advocates, including those associated with HSUS, was the reverence-for-life concept advanced by Albert Schweitzer. Myers and his colleagues found another exemplar of their values in Joseph Wood Krutch, whose writings reflected a level of appreciation for wilderness. With The Great Chain of Life, Krutch established himself as a philosopher of humaneness, the growing environmental movement of the early 1970s also influenced the ethical and practical evolution of HSUS. The burgeoning crisis of pollution and wildlife-habitat loss made the public aware that humans needed to change their behavior toward other living things. By that time, too, the treatment of animals had become a topic of discussion within moral philosophy. The debate spilled over into public consciousness with the publication of Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation, Singer’s book sought to recast concern for animals as a justice-based cause like the movements for civil rights and women’s rights. Most of what Singer wrote concerning the prevention or reduction of suffering was in harmony with HSUS’s objectives. Singer’s philosophy did not rest upon the rights of animals, the 1980s witnessed a flourishing of concern about animals and a proliferation of new organizations, many influenced by the emergence of a philosophy holding that animals had inherent rights. Those committed to the purest form of animal rights rejected any use of animals
36.
Sioux
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The Sioux /ˈsuː/ are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The term can refer to any group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nations many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on divisions, the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota. The Santee Dakota reside in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota, the Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota, collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena, reside in the Minnesota River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux, and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota, the actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton, are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting, the name Sioux was adopted in English by the 1760s from French. It is abbreviated from Nadouessioux, first attested by Jean Nicolet in 1640, the name is sometimes said to be derived from an Ojibwe exonym for the Sioux meaning little snakes. The spelling in -x is due to the French plural marker, the Proto-Algonquian form *na·towe·wa, meaning Northern Iroquoian, has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake. An alternative explanation is derivation from an exonym na·towe·ssiw, from a verb meaning to speak a foreign language. The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag, presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper, the historical Sioux referred to the Great Sioux Nation as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, meaning Seven Council Fires. Each fire was a symbol of an oyate, the seven nations that comprise the Sioux are, Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute, Sisíthuŋwaŋ, the Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ, Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, and the Thítȟuŋwaŋ. The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, the seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850, today the Teton, Santee and the Minnesota Dakota, and Yankton/Yanktonai are usually known, respectively, as the Lakota, Eastern Dakota, or Western Dakota. In any of the three dialects, Lakota or Dakota translate to mean friend or ally, referring to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation. The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi River during the seventeenth century, by 1700 some had migrated to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants, the French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudsons Bay Company. The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when Radisson and Groseilliers reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659–60
37.
North Dakota Fighting Hawks
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The North Dakota Fighting Hawks are the athletic teams that represent the University of North Dakota, located in the city of Grand Forks, North Dakota. The Fighting Hawks also competed in the WAC in baseball until dropping the sport after the 2016 season, on January 24,2017, reports stated that North Dakota would leave the Big Sky Conference to join the Summit League in all sports but football beginning in 2019. The school would join the Missouri Valley Football Conference for football in 2020, the rumored changes became official on January 26, when UND, the Summit League, and the MVFC announced the Fighting Hawks move to the Summit in 2018 and the MVFC at the reported 2020 date. Notes Having won eight championships, the mens hockey team is easily the most recognized of UND teams. A charter member of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference, the Fighting Hawks play in the $100+ million Ralph Engelstad Arena, the womens ice hockey team is a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association and competes in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women ice hockey. The current womens coach is Brian Idalski in his sixth season. The mens football games are held in the Alerus Center. The Letterwinners Hall of Fame recognizes the efforts and achievements of former UND student-athletes, coaches, inductees are selected by the UND Letterwinners Association and representatives of the UND athletic department. The Hall of Fame induction ceremony, sponsored by the UND Letterwinners Association, is held each fall in conjunction with a football game, the Hall of Fame is located on the upper concourse at the south end of the Ralph Engelstad Arena. UNDs nickname was originally The Flickertails, but was changed to The Sioux in 1930. UNDs former athletic logo, revealed in 1999, a Native American figure, was designed by Bennett Brien, after more than a decade of controversy, the name and logo were retired in 2012. On November 18,2015, it was revealed at a conference held by President Robert Kelley that Fighting Hawks, with 57. 24% of the vote. University of North Dakota Sports Network North Dakota Fighting Hawks baseball Official website
