Ali ibn Abi Talib was acclaimed in 656 CE as the fourth caliph after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Following the 656 assassination of the third caliph Uthman in Medina by provincial rebel
Allegiance is given to Ali, electing him as caliph, following the Assassination of Uthman (from an Ottoman manuscript of the late 16th/17th century)
A Persian miniature from Khawran Namah depicts Ali killing a dragon with his sword Zulfiqar.
Ali receiving the Bay'ah, folio from a manuscript by Ottoman Sufi writer and poet Lāmiʿī, late 16th century
Arabic caligraphic seal in Hagia Sophia
Rashidun
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The Rashidun are the first four caliphs who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad, namely Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
Ottoman miniature paintings depicting Muhammad (center) and the Rashidun caliphs (anticlockwise) Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, and Uthman, c. 16th century
Islamic coin, time of the Rashidun. Imitation of Sasanid Empire ruler Khosrau II type. BYS (Bishapur) mint. Dated YE 25 = AH 36 (AD 656). Sasanian style bust imitating Khosrau II right; bismillah in margin/ Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames; date to left, mint name to right.
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